kop-10k_20171231.htm

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing sales price of the Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2017 was $735.2 million (affiliates, for this purpose, have been deemed to be Directors and executive officers of Koppers Holdings Inc.).

As of January 31, 2018, 20,778,448 shares of Common Stock of the registrant were issued and outstanding.

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

This report and the documents incorporated herein by reference contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and may include, but are not limited to, statements about sales levels, restructuring, profitability and anticipated synergies, expenses and cash outflows. All forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. All statements contained herein that are not clearly historical in nature are forward-looking, and words such as “believe”, “anticipate”, “expect”, “estimate”, “may”, “will”, “should”, “continue”, “plans”, “intends”, “likely” or other similar words or phrases are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement contained herein, regarding expectations with respect to sales, earnings, cash flows, operating efficiencies, product introduction or expansion, the benefits of acquisitions and divestitures or other matters, are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and contingencies.

Many of these risks, uncertainties and contingencies are beyond our control, and may cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from anticipated results, performance or achievements. Factors that might affect such forward-looking statements include, among other things:

We caution you that the foregoing list of important factors may not contain all of the material factors that are important to you. In addition, in light of these risks and uncertainties, the matters referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this report and the documents incorporated by reference herein may not in fact occur. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.

In this report, unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, (i) the term “Koppers”, “Koppers Holdings”, the “Company”, “we” or “us” refers to Koppers Holdings Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, (ii) the term “KH” refers to Koppers Holdings Inc. and not any of its subsidiaries and (iii) the term “KI” refers to Koppers Inc. and not any of its subsidiaries. Koppers Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Koppers Holdings Inc. Koppers Holdings Inc. has substantially no operations independent of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries. The use of these terms is not intended to imply that Koppers Holdings and Koppers Inc. are not separate and distinct legal entities from each other and from their respective subsidiaries.

Koppers Holdings Inc. was incorporated in November 2004 as a holding company for Koppers Inc. We are a leading integrated global provider of treated wood products, wood treatment chemicals, and carbon compounds. Our products and services are used in a variety of niche applications in a diverse range of end-markets, including the railroad, specialty chemical, utility, residential lumber, agriculture, aluminum, steel, rubber, and construction industries. We serve our customers through a comprehensive global manufacturing and distribution network, with manufacturing facilities located in North America, South America, Australasia, China and Europe.

We operate three principal business segments: Railroad and Utility Products and Services (“RUPS”), Performance Chemicals (“PC”), and Carbon Materials and Chemicals (“CMC”).

We believe our three business segments command leading market positions. Through our RUPS business, we believe that we are the largest supplier of railroad crossties to the North American railroads. Through our CMC business, we believe we are the largest global supplier of creosote to the North American railroad industry. Through our PC business, we believe that we are the largest global manufacturer and supplier of water-based wood preservatives and wood specialty additives to treaters who supply the residential, agricultural and industrial pressure-treated wood markets.

Our RUPS and CMC operations are, to a substantial extent, vertically integrated. Through our CMC business, we process coal tar into a variety of products, including creosote, which is an intermediate material necessary in the pressure treatment of wood crossties and other related railroad products. The majority of the creosote we produce in North America and Europe is sold internally to our RUPS business for treating railroad crossties.

Our RUPS business sells treated and untreated wood products, rail joint bars and services primarily to the railroad markets in the United States and Canada and the utility market in Australia. We also operate a railroad services business that conducts engineering, design, repair and inspection services for railroad bridges, serving the same customer base as our North American railroad business.

Railroad products and services include procuring and treating items such as crossties, switch ties and various types of lumber used for railroad bridges and crossings. Railroad products also include manufacturing and selling rail joint bars, which are steel bars used to join rails together for railroads. Utility products, located in Australia, include the pressure treatment of transmission and distribution poles for electric and telephone utilities. The RUPS business operates 13 wood treating plants and one rail joint bar manufacturing facility located throughout the United States, Canada and Australia. Our network of plants is strategically located near timber supplies to enable us to access raw materials and service customers effectively. In addition, our crosstie treating plants are typically adjacent to our largest railroad customers’ rail lines.

Our RUPS business manufactures its primary products and sells them directly to our customers through long-term contracts and purchase orders negotiated by our regional sales personnel and coordinated through our marketing group at corporate headquarters.

Hardwoods, such as oak and other species, are the major raw materials in wood crossties. Hardwood prices, which account for more than 50 percent of a finished crosstie’s cost, fluctuate with the demand from other hardwood lumber markets, such as oak flooring, pallets and other specialty lumber products. Weather conditions can be a factor in the supply of raw material, as unusually wet or inclement conditions may make it difficult to harvest timber.

In the United States, hardwood lumber for crossties is procured by us from hundreds of small sawmills throughout the northeastern, midwestern and southern areas of the country. The crossties are shipped via rail car or trucked directly to one of our crosstie treating plants, all of which are on line with a major railroad. The crossties are either air-stacked for a period of six to nine months or artificially dried by a process called boultonizing. Once dried, the crossties are pressure treated with creosote, a product of our CMC business. A substantial portion of our crossties are treated with borate, which is purchased from PC, in combination with creosote.

We believe we are the largest supplier of railroad crossties in North America. We have one principal competitor, Stella-Jones Inc., and several smaller regional competitors in the North American market. Competitive factors in the railroad crosstie market include price, quality, location, service and security of supply. We believe we have a competitive advantage due to our ability to obtain internally-sourced creosote and borate and our national network of treating plants which have direct access to our major customers’ rail lines. These advantages provide for security of supply and logistics advantages for our customers. We believe our Australian utility pole business is the largest producer of utility poles for the electrical communications utilities in Australia.

Our RUPS business’ largest customer base is the North American Class I railroad market, which buys approximately 74 percent of all crossties produced in the United States and Canada. Approximately 75 percent of our North American RUPS sales are under long-term contracts and we currently supply all North American Class I railroads. We also have relationships with many of the approximately 550 short-line and regional rail lines. This also forms the customer base for our rail joint bar products. The railroad crosstie market is a mature market with approximately 17 million replacement crossties (both wood and non-wood) purchased during 2017.

Demand for railroad crossties may decline during winter months due to inclement weather conditions which make it difficult to harvest lumber and to install railroad crossties. As a result, operating results may vary from quarter to quarter depending on the severity of weather conditions and other variables affecting our products.

Utility poles are produced mainly from the eucalyptus species in Australia. Most of these poles are purchased from large timber owners and individual landowners and shipped to one of our pole-peeling facilities. In Australia, in addition to utility poles, we market smaller poles to the agricultural landscape and vineyard markets. We treat poles with a variety of preservatives, including copper chromated arsenates, which we produce internally, and pentachlorophenol.

Our PC business maintains sales and manufacturing operations in the United States, Canada, Europe, South America, Australia and New Zealand. The primary products supplied by PC are copper-based wood preservatives, including micronized copper quaternary and micronized copper azole (“MicroPro®”), micronized pigments (MicroShades®), alkaline copper quaternary, amine copper azole and chromated copper arsenate. The primary applications for these products include decking, fencing, utility poles, construction lumber and timbers, and vineyard stakes. Because we are a global supplier of wood preservatives, we face various competitors in all the geographic regions in which we participate.

PC supplies nine of the ten largest lumber treating companies in the United States, the largest treated wood market in the world, in addition to the three largest lumber treating companies in Canada. In North America, our PC business is vertically integrated through the manufacturing of copper compounds for our copper-based wood preservatives. We purchase and process approximately 25 million pounds of scrap copper, our key raw material, to meet the annual demand of this major market. Once the scrap copper is purchased, it is shipped to our manufacturing plants in Hubbell, Michigan and Millington, Tennessee for further processing into other copper compounds. We utilize swap contracts to hedge our exposure to copper price risk.

We believe that being vertically integrated in copper manufacturing provides PC with an important competitive advantage and also provides our customers with the security of a continuous supply of wood preservatives. Likewise, we believe that our marketing, engineering, and technical support services provide added value to our customer base, who supply pressure-treated wood products to large retailers and independent lumber dealers. We believe another competitive advantage is provided by our strategic sourcing group, which procures scrap copper and other raw materials, such as chromic acid, tebuconazole, arsenic trioxide, dispersants and various biocides and co-biocides through the global market.

Our CMC business manufactures its primary products and sells them directly to our global customer base under long-term contracts or through purchase orders negotiated by our regional sales personnel and coordinated through our global marketing group in the United States. Our four coal tar distillation facilities and five carbon materials terminals give us the ability to offer customers multiple sourcing and a consistent supply of high quality products.

In 2014, we embarked on a plan to restructure our CMC operating footprint that reduced our global number of coal tar distillation facilities from the 11 that existed as of January 1, 2014 to four in total as of December 31, 2017. Our CMC business has experienced challenges over the past few years due to the closure of aluminum smelters that has occurred in North America, Western Europe and Australia. The smelting of aluminum requires significant amounts of energy, which is a major cost component for the aluminum industry. As a result, new production facilities are being built in regions with low energy costs such as the Middle East, while regions with higher energy costs such as North America, Western Europe and Australia have seen significant amounts of smelting capacity idled or closed over the last several years.

Creosote, carbon pitch, naphthalene, and carbon black feedstock are produced through the distillation of coal tar, a by-product generated through the processing of coal into coke for use in steel and iron manufacturing. Coal tar distillation involves the conversion of coal tar into a variety of intermediate chemical products in processes beginning with distillation. During the distillation process, heat and vacuum are utilized to separate coal tar into three primary components: chemical oils (approximately 20 percent), distillate (approximately 30 percent), and carbon pitch (approximately 50 percent).

In the United States, our primary coal tar raw material supply contracts generally have terms ranging from three to ten years, and most provide options for renewal. Pricing under these contracts is either formula-based or negotiated on a quarterly or semi-annual basis. Our primary European tar supply contract has a remaining term of approximately eight years and thereafter extends indefinitely unless terminated by a one-year advance notice and contains formula-based tar pricing. Our primary Australian supply contracts have terms ranging from five to ten years and contain formula-based pricing which is adjusted on an annual or semi-annual basis. Finally, in China, we have a raw material contract in place with our joint venture partner. This contract is coterminous with the applicable joint venture arrangement and provides for formula-based pricing adjusted on a monthly or quarterly basis.

PC’s global research group is located in the United States, with supplemental resources in the United Kingdom. We believe our investment in research and development keeps us on the leading edge of new wood preservation technologies. The wood preserving intellectual property that the PC research group has developed and patented remains a very important part of our wood preservative portfolio. This intellectual property includes micronizing various chemical and additive formulations and the methods of treating wood with these formulations. In particular, one of our patented technologies, MicroPro® wood preservative, has been adopted since its commercialization by many of our wood treating customers and the industry’s retailers and lumber dealers. The earliest expiration date for patents relating to micronized wood preservative compositions is April 9, 2024.

Research activities related to our CMC business are directed toward new product development regarding alternate uses for coal tar and technical service efforts to promote the use of creosote and vacuum-distilled carbon pitch.

Expenditures for research and development were $9.0 million, $6.6 million and $5.2 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

In 1988, we acquired the “Koppers” trademark from Koppers Company, Inc. The association of the name with the chemical, building, wood preservation and coke industries is beneficial to our company, as it represents long-standing, high quality products. Trademarks relating to our PC business, such as “MicroPro®”, “Protim” and “Solignum” are important in this segment of our business, and as long as we continue to use the name “Koppers” and the trademarks associated with our wood preservation business and comply with applicable registration requirements, our right to use the name “Koppers” and the other trademarks should continue without expiration. The expiration of other trademark rights is not expected to materially affect our business.

Generally, Koppers does not manufacture its products against a backlog of orders. Inventory and production levels are typically driven by expectations of future demand based on contractual obligations.

Demand for residential, commercial, and agricultural treated lumber may decline during winter months due to weather conditions. In addition, inclement or winter weather may affect access to certain raw materials or impact operations at our facilities. As a result, operating results may vary from quarter to quarter depending on the severity of weather conditions and other variables affecting our products. Historically, our operating results have been significantly lower in the first and fourth calendar quarters as compared to the second and third calendar quarters.

Please see Note 9, “Segment Information,” under Item 8 of this Form 10-K for financial information relating to business segments and geographic areas. See also “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business – Demand for our products is cyclical and we may experience prolonged depressed market conditions for our products.”

Koppers has a significant investment in non-U.S. operations. Therefore, we are subject to certain risks that are inherent to foreign operations, including complying with applicable laws relating to foreign practices, the laws of foreign countries in which we operate, political and economic conditions in international markets and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. See also “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business – We are subject to risks inherent in foreign operations, including additional legal regulation, changes in social, political and economic conditions.”

Our operations and properties are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and human health and safety, including those concerning the treatment, storage and disposal of wastes, the investigation and remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater, the discharge of effluents into waterways, the emission of substances into the air, as well as various health and safety matters. Environmental laws and regulations are subject to frequent amendment and have historically become more stringent over time. We have incurred and could incur in the future significant costs if we fail to comply with liabilities under environmental laws and regulations, including cleanup costs, civil and criminal penalties, injunctive relief and denial or loss of, or imposition of significant restrictions on, environmental permits. In addition, we have been and could in the future be subject to suit by private parties in connection with alleged violations of, or liabilities under, environmental laws and regulations. Additional information on environmental matters is available in Item 1A under “Risks Related to Our Business” and Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.”

As of December 31, 2017, we had 853 salaried employees and 947 non-salaried employees. Listed below is a breakdown of employees by our businesses, including administration.

Approximately 538 of our employees are represented by a number of different labor unions and are covered under numerous labor agreements. The labor contract at one of our facilities covering 76 employees is scheduled to expire in July 2018.

Our Internet address is www.koppers.com. Our recent filings on Form 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K and any amendments to those documents can be accessed without charge on our website under Investor Relations – SEC Filings as soon as reasonably practicable after such filings are made with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The contents of our internet site are not incorporated by reference into this document.

You should carefully consider the risks described below before investing in our publicly traded securities. Our business is subject to the risks that affect many other companies, such as competition, technological obsolescence, labor relations, general economic conditions, geopolitical events and international operations.

Fluctuations in the price, quality and availability of our primary raw materials could reduce our profitability.

Our operations depend on an adequate supply of quality raw materials being available on a timely basis. The loss of a key source of supply or a delay in shipments could cause a significant increase in our operating expenses. For example, our operations are highly dependent on a relatively small number of freight transportation services. We are also dependent on specialized ocean-going transport vessels that we lease to deliver raw materials to our facilities and finished goods to our

customers. Interruptions in such freight services could impair our ability to receive raw materials and ship finished products in a timely manner. We are also exposed to price and quality risks associated with raw material purchases. Such risks include the following:

If the costs of raw materials increase significantly and we are unable to offset the increased costs with higher selling prices, our profitability will decline.

As of December 31, 2017, we had total outstanding debt of $688.7 million, and approximately $203.3 million of additional unused borrowing capacity under our Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). Our substantial leverage could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, expose us to interest rate risk associated with our variable rate debt and prevent us from meeting our obligations under the Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) and the Revolving Credit Facility as described in Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Our high degree of leverage could have important consequences to us, including:

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future, subject to the restrictions contained in our Revolving Credit Facility and the indenture governing the 2025 Notes. If new indebtedness is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify.

Our debt agreements contain restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business.

Our Revolving Credit Facility and the indenture governing the 2025 Notes contain various covenants that limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. These covenants limit our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to, among other things:

In addition, under the Revolving Credit Facility, we are required to meet specified financial ratios in order to undertake certain actions, and we are required to maintain a specified minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and a maximum senior secured leverage ratio. Our ability to meet those tests can be affected by events beyond our control, and we cannot assure you that we will meet them. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under our Revolving Credit Facility. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under our Revolving Credit Facility, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If we were unable to repay those amounts, the lenders under our Revolving Credit Facility could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure such indebtedness. We have pledged substantially all of our assets as collateral under our Revolving Credit Facility. If the lenders under our Revolving Credit Facility accelerate the repayment of borrowings, we cannot assure you that we will have sufficient assets to repay our Revolving Credit Facility, as well as our unsecured indebtedness, including notes.

Conditions in the global economy and global capital markets may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In recent history, the U.S. and global economy and capital markets have experienced significant uncertainties and volatility. Our business and operating results can be significantly affected by global economic issues. Our customers may experience deterioration of their business during the adverse business cycles. They may experience cash flow shortages and may have difficulty obtaining financing. As a result, our customers may delay or cancel plans to purchase our products and may not be able to fulfill their payment obligations to us in a timely fashion. Our suppliers may be experiencing similar conditions which could impact their ability to supply us with raw materials and otherwise fulfill their obligations to us. If global economic conditions deteriorate significantly, there could be a material adverse effect to our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In addition, we rely on our Revolving Credit Facility with a consortium of banks to provide us with liquidity to meet our working capital needs. Our ability to fund our liquidity needs and working capital requirements could be impacted in the event that disruptions in the credit markets result in the banks being unable to lend to us under our Revolving Credit Facility.

Global economic issues could prevent us from accurately forecasting demand for our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.

Adverse global economic issues, market instability and volatile commodity price fluctuations make it increasingly difficult for us, our customers and our suppliers to accurately forecast future product demands and sales prices, which could cause us to procure raw materials in excess of end-product demand. This could cause a material increase to our inventory carrying costs and, in the event of falling market prices for our end products, result in significant charges to write-down inventory to market prices.

Intellectual property rights are important to our business. If our patents are declared invalid or our trade secrets become known to our competitors, our ability to compete may be adversely affected.

Proprietary protection of our processes, apparatuses and other technology is important to our business, particularly in our PC business. Consequently, we may have to rely on judicial enforcement of our patents and other proprietary rights, which is generally a time consuming and expensive process. While a presumption of validity exists with respect to patents issued to us in the U.S., there can be no assurance that any of our patents will not be challenged, invalidated,

circumvented or rendered unenforceable. Furthermore, if any pending patent application filed by us does not result in an issued patent, or if patents are issued to us, but such patents do not provide meaningful protection of our intellectual property, or if patents issued to us expire, then our ability to compete may be adversely affected. Additionally, our competitors or other third parties may obtain patents that restrict or preclude our ability to lawfully produce or sell our products in a competitive manner, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow and financial condition. The growth of our business also depends on our ability to develop new intellectual property rights, including patents, and the successful implementation of innovation initiatives. There can be no assurance that our efforts to do so will be successful and the failure to do so could negatively impact our results of operations.

We also rely upon unpatented proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position, particularly in our PC business. While it is our policy to enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and third parties to protect our intellectual property, these confidentiality agreements may be breached or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how, and adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets and know-how. In addition, others could obtain knowledge of our trade secrets through independent development or other access by legal means. The failure of our patents or confidentiality agreements to protect our processes, apparatuses, technology, trade secrets or proprietary know-how could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow and financial condition.

At December 31, 2017, the net carrying value of long-lived assets (property, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets) totaled $645.8 million. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, we periodically assess these assets to determine if they are impaired. In the past three years, we have recognized a total of $21.9 million of fixed asset impairment charges at various CMC coal tar distillation facilities and RUPS wood treating plants. In 2015 we recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $67.2 million related to our CMC business segment. Significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptions to our business, unexpected significant changes or planned changes in use of the assets, divestitures and market capitalization declines may result in impairments to goodwill and other long-lived assets. Future impairment charges could significantly affect our results of operations in the periods recognized. Impairment charges would also reduce our shareholders’ equity and could affect compliance with the covenants in our debt agreements.

We may not be able to compete successfully in any or all of the industry segments in which we operate.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive, and this competition could harm our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. If we are unable to respond successfully to changing competitive conditions, the demand for our products could be affected. We believe that the most significant competitive factor for our products is selling price. Some of our competitors have greater financial resources and larger capitalization than we do and, as a result, they may be better positioned to compete in a declining market.

Demand for our products is cyclical and we may experience prolonged depressed market conditions for our products.

Our products are sold primarily into markets which historically have been cyclical, such as wood preservation, aluminum and specialty chemicals.

We are dependent on major customers for a significant portion of our net sales, and the loss of one or more of our major customers could result in a significant reduction in our profitability as a whole or the profitability of a particular product.

Although no one customer accounts for more than six percent of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017, our top ten customers accounted for approximately 40 percent of our net sales. The loss of a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow and financial condition.

Our products may be rendered obsolete or less attractive by changes in regulatory, legislative or industry requirements.

Changes in regulatory, legislative or industry requirements may render certain of our products obsolete or less attractive. Our ability to anticipate changes in these requirements, especially changes in regulatory standards, will be a significant factor in our ability to remain competitive. We may not be able to comply in the future with new regulatory, legislative and/or industrial standards that may be necessary for us to remain competitive and certain of our products may, as a result, become obsolete or less attractive to our customers.

The development of new technologies or changes in our customers’ products could reduce the demand for our products.

Our products are used for a variety of applications by our customers. Changes in our customers’ products or processes may enable our customers to reduce consumption of the products we produce or make our products unnecessary. Customers may also find alternative materials or processes that no longer require our products.

As a producer of wood preservatives, we may incur additional costs under our warranties or otherwise for claims related to treated-wood products.

We provide limited warranties on certain treated-wood products. These limited warranties cover treated-wood products that are produced by certain of our customers who use wood preservatives supplied by us. The limited warranties generally provide for replacement of properly treated-wood (treated-wood only) or refund of the purchase price for the treated-wood product that prematurely fails due to fungal decay or termite attack. From time to time, we (or our customers) receive claims under these warranties or other claims relating to alleged failures of treated-wood products. Our profitability could be adversely affected if the amount of warranty claims against us or our customers significantly increase.

Hazards associated with chemical manufacturing may cause suspensions or interruptions of our operations.

Due to the nature of our business, we are exposed to the hazards associated with chemical manufacturing and the related use, storage and transportation of raw materials, products and wastes in our manufacturing facilities and our distribution centers, such as fires, explosions and accidents that could lead to a suspension or interruption of operations. Any disruption could reduce the productivity and profitability of a particular manufacturing facility or of our company as a whole. Other hazards include the following:

These hazards, among others, may cause personal injury and loss of life, damage to property and contamination of the environment, which could lead to government fines or work stoppage injunctions, cleanup costs and lawsuits by injured persons. While we are unable to predict the outcome of such matters, if determined adversely to us, we may not have adequate insurance to cover related costs or liabilities and, if not, we may not have sufficient cash flow to pay for such costs or liabilities. Such outcomes could harm our customer goodwill and reduce our profitability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow and results from operations.

We are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations and may incur significant costs as a result of continued compliance with, violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations.

Like other companies involved in environmentally sensitive businesses, our operations and properties are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations, including those concerning the following, among other things:

We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant costs to comply with environmental laws and regulations and as a result of remedial obligations. We could incur significant costs, including cleanup costs, fines, civil and criminal sanctions and claims by third parties for property damage and personal injury, as a result of violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations. We accrue for environmental liabilities when a determination can be made that they are probable and reasonably estimable. Total environmental reserves at December 31, 2017 were $13.9 million, which include provisions primarily for environmental remediation. In addition, we incur significant annual operating expenses related to environmental matters and significant capital expenditures related to environmental control facilities. Capital expenditures related to environmental control facilities in 2018 are expected to total approximately $10.9 million, funded by operations. Contamination has been identified and is being investigated and remediated at many of our sites by us or other parties. We believe that we will have continuing significant expenditures associated with compliance with environmental laws and regulations and, to the extent not covered by insurance or available recoveries under third-party indemnification arrangements, for present and future remediation efforts at plant sites and third-party waste sites and other liabilities associated with environmental matters. There can be no assurance that these expenditures will not exceed current estimates and will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow and results of operations.

Actual costs and liabilities to us may exceed forecasted amounts. Moreover, currently unknown environmental issues, such as the discovery of additional contamination or the imposition of additional sampling or cleanup obligations with respect to our sites or third-party sites, may result in significant additional costs, and potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with future changes to environmental laws and regulations or the interpretation or enforcement thereof. We also are involved in various litigation and proceedings relating to environmental matters and toxic tort claims.

Changes in applicable tax regulations and resolutions of tax disputes could negatively affect our financial results.

We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The changes included in the Tax Act are broad and complex. As rule making bodies and new legislation are enacted to interpret the Tax Act, these changes may adjust the estimates provided in this report. The changes may possibly be material, due to, among other things, the Treasury Department’s promulgation of regulations and guidance that interpret the Tax Act, corrective technical legislative amendments that may change the Tax Act, any changes in accounting standards for income taxes or related interpretations in response to the Tax Act, or any updates or changes to estimates the company has utilized to calculate the transition impacts, including impacts from changes to current year earnings estimates and foreign exchange rates of foreign subsidiaries.

In addition, it is uncertain how each country where we do business may react to the Tax Act. As these and other tax laws and related regulations change, our financial results could be materially impacted. Given the unpredictability of these possible changes, it is difficult to assess whether the overall effect of these potential tax changes would be positive or negative for our earnings and cash flow, but such changes could adversely impact our financial results.

We are also subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and other tax authorities, including state revenue agencies and foreign governments. While we regularly assess the likelihood of favorable or unfavorable

outcomes resulting from examinations by the IRS and other tax authorities to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes, there can be no assurance that the actual outcome resulting from these examinations will not materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Future climate change regulation could result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for our products.

Although the United States has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol, a number of federal laws related to “greenhouse gas,” or “GHG,” emissions have been considered by Congress. Additionally, various federal, state and regional regulations and initiatives have been enacted or are being considered.

Member States of the European Union each have an overall cap on emissions which are approved by the European Commission and implement the European Union Emissions Trading Directive as a commitment to the Kyoto Protocol. Under this Directive, organizations apply to the Member State for an allowance of GHG emissions. These allowances are tradable so as to enable companies that manage to reduce their GHG emissions to sell their excess allowances to companies that are not reaching their emissions objectives. Failure to purchase sufficient allowances will require the purchase of allowances at a current market price.

Any laws or regulations that may be adopted to restrict or reduce emissions of GHGs could cause an increase to our raw material costs, could require us to incur increased operating costs and could have an adverse effect on demand for our products.

Beazer East and Beazer Limited may not continue to meet their obligations to indemnify us.

Under the terms of the asset purchase agreement between us and Koppers Company, Inc. (now known as Beazer East, Inc.) upon the formation of Koppers Inc. in 1988, subject to certain limitations, Beazer East and Beazer Limited assumed the liability for and indemnified us against, among other things, certain clean-up liabilities for contamination occurring prior to the purchase date at sites acquired from Beazer East and certain third-party claims arising from such contamination (the “Indemnity”). Beazer East and Beazer Limited (which are indirect subsidiaries of Heidelberg Cement AG) may not continue to meet their obligations. Beazer East could in the future choose to challenge its obligations under the Indemnity or our satisfaction of the conditions to indemnification imposed on us thereunder. The government and other third parties may have the right under applicable environmental laws to seek relief directly from us for any and all such costs and liabilities. In July 2004, we entered into an agreement with Beazer East to amend the December 29, 1988 asset purchase agreement to provide, among other things, for the continued tender of pre-closing environmental liabilities to Beazer East under the Indemnity through July 2019. As consideration for the agreement, we, among other things, paid Beazer East $7.0 million and agreed to share toxic tort litigation defense costs arising from sites acquired from Beazer East. Qualified expenditures under the Indemnity are not subject to a monetary limit.

The Indemnity provides for the resolution of issues between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East by an arbitrator on an expedited basis upon the request of either party. The arbitrator could be asked, among other things, to make a determination regarding the allocation of environmental responsibilities between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East. Arbitration decisions under the Indemnity are final and binding on the parties. Periodically, issues have arisen between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East and/or other indemnitors that have been resolved without arbitration. From time to time, Koppers Inc. and Beazer East have engaged in discussions that involve, among other things, the allocation of environmental costs related to certain operating and closed facilities.

Without reimbursement under the Indemnity, the obligation to pay the costs and assume the liabilities relating to these matters would have a significant impact on our net income. Furthermore, without reimbursement, we could be required to record a contingent liability on our balance sheet with respect to environmental matters covered by the Indemnity, which could result in our having significant negative net worth. Finally, the Indemnity does not afford us indemnification against environmental costs and liabilities attributable to acts or omissions occurring after the closing of the acquisition of assets from Beazer East under the asset purchase agreement, nor is the Indemnity applicable to liabilities arising in connection with other acquisitions by us after that closing.

We maintain property, casualty, general liability, workers’ compensation, pollution legal liability and other insurance, but such insurance may not cover all risks associated with the hazards of our business and is subject to limitations, including deductibles and maximum limits. We may incur losses beyond the limits, or outside the coverage, of our insurance policies, including liabilities for environmental compliance and remediation. In addition, from time to time, various types of insurance for companies in our industry have not been available on commercially acceptable terms or, in some cases, have not been available at all. In the future, we may not be able to obtain coverage at current levels, and our premiums may increase significantly on coverage that we maintain.

Our quarterly operating results fluctuate due to a variety of factors that are outside our control, including inclement weather conditions, which in the past have caused a decline in our operating results. For example, adverse weather conditions have at times negatively impacted our supply chain as wet conditions impacted logging operations, reducing our ability to procure crossties. In addition, adverse weather conditions have had a negative impact on our customers in our pavement sealer and wood preservation businesses, resulting in a negative impact on our sales of these products. Moreover, demand for many of our products declines during periods of inclement weather.

We are subject to risks inherent in foreign operations, including additional legal regulation, changes in social, political and economic conditions.

We have operations in the United States, Australia, Denmark, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, China and Canada, among others, and sell our products in many foreign countries. For the year ended December 31, 2017, net sales from products sold by our foreign subsidiaries accounted for approximately 40 percent of our total net sales.

Doing business on a global basis requires us to comply with the laws and regulations of the U.S. government and various international jurisdictions. These regulations place restrictions on our operations, trade practices and partners and investment decisions. In particular, our international operations are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption laws and regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and economic sanction programs administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. Violations of these laws and regulations may result in civil or criminal penalties, including fines.

In addition, as a global business, we are also exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Our international revenues could be reduced by currency fluctuations or devaluations. Changes in currency exchange rates could lower our reported revenues and could require us to reduce our prices to remain competitive in foreign markets, which could also reduce our profitability. We have not historically hedged our financial statement exposure and, as a result, we could incur unanticipated losses. We are also subject to potentially increasing transportation and shipping costs associated with international operations. Furthermore, we are also exposed to risks associated with changes in the laws and policies governing foreign investments in countries where we have operations as well as, to a lesser extent, changes in U.S. laws and regulations relating to foreign trade and investment.

Our strategy to selectively pursue complementary acquisitions may present unforeseen integration obstacles or costs.

Our business strategy includes the potential acquisition of businesses and entering into joint ventures and other business combinations that we expect would complement and expand our existing products and the markets where we sell our products. We may not be able to successfully identify suitable acquisition or joint venture opportunities or complete any particular acquisition, combination, joint venture or other transaction on acceptable terms. We cannot predict the timing and success of our efforts to acquire any particular business. Also, efforts to acquire other businesses or the implementation of other elements of this business strategy may divert managerial resources away from our business operations. In addition, our ability to engage in strategic acquisitions may depend on our ability to raise substantial capital and we may not be able to raise the funds necessary to implement our acquisition strategy on terms satisfactory to us, if at all. Our failure to identify suitable acquisition or joint venture opportunities may restrict our ability to grow our business. In addition, we may not be able to successfully integrate businesses that we acquire in the future or have recently acquired, which could lead to increased operating costs, a failure to realize anticipated operating synergies, or both.

Litigation against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend, and due to the nature of our business and products, we may be liable for damages arising out of our acts or omissions, which may have a material adverse effect on us.

We are a defendant in a significant number of lawsuits in which the plaintiffs claim they have suffered a variety of illnesses (including cancer) and/or property damage as a result of exposure to coal tar pitch, benzene, wood treatment chemicals and other chemicals. In addition, we are regularly subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as workers’ compensation claims, governmental investigations, employment disputes, and customer and supplier disputes arising out of the conduct of our business. We also are involved in various litigation and proceedings relating to environmental matters. Litigation could result in substantial costs and may divert management’s attention and resources away from the day-to-day operation of our business.

We are indemnified for certain product liability exposures under the Indemnity with Beazer East related to products sold prior to the closing of the acquisition of assets from Beazer East. Beazer East and Beazer Limited may not continue to meet their indemnification obligations. In addition, Beazer East could choose to challenge its indemnification obligations or our satisfaction of the conditions to indemnification imposed on us thereunder. If for any reason (including disputed coverage or financial incapability) one or more of such parties fail to perform their obligations and we are held liable for or otherwise required to pay all or part of such liabilities without reimbursement, the imposition of such liabilities on us could

have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Furthermore, we could be required to record a contingent liability on our balance sheet with respect to such matters, which could result in us having significant negative net worth.

Labor disputes could disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our management and may cause a decline in our production and a reduction in our profitability.

Many of our employees are represented by a number of different labor unions and are covered under numerous labor agreements. Typically, a number of our labor agreements are scheduled to expire each year. We may not be able to reach new agreements without union action or on terms satisfactory to us. Any future labor disputes with any such unions could result in strikes or other labor protests, which could disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our management from operating our business. If we were to experience a strike or work stoppage, it may be difficult for us to find a sufficient number of employees with the necessary skills to replace these employees. Any such labor disputes could cause a decline in our production and a reduction in our profitability.

Our post-retirement obligations are currently underfunded. We may be required to make significant cash payments to our pension and other post-retirement plans, which will reduce the cash available for our business.

As of December 31, 2017, our benefit obligation under our defined benefit pension plans exceeded the fair value of plan assets by $30.3 million. Our pension asset funding to total pension obligation ratio was 76 percent as of December 31, 2017. The underfunding was caused, in large part, by fluctuations in the financial markets that have caused the value of the assets in our defined benefit pension plans to be significantly lower than anticipated and by fluctuations in interest rates which increased the discounted pension liabilities. In addition, our obligations for other post-retirement benefit obligations are unfunded and total $11.1 million at December 31, 2017.

During the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we contributed $12.1 million and $5.3 million, respectively, to our post-retirement benefit plans. Management expects that any future obligations under our post-retirement benefit plans that are not currently funded will be funded from our future cash flow from operations. If our contributions to our post-retirement benefit plans are insufficient to fund the post-retirement benefit plans adequately to cover our future obligations, the performance of the assets in our pension plans does not meet our expectations or other actuarial assumptions or mandatory funding laws are modified, our contributions to our post-retirement benefit plans could be materially higher than we expect, thus reducing the cash available for our business.

We may incur significant charges in the event we close all or part of a manufacturing plant or facility.

We periodically assess our manufacturing operations in order to manufacture and distribute our products in the most efficient manner. Based on our assessments, we may make capital improvements to modernize certain units, move manufacturing or distribution capabilities from one plant or facility to another plant or facility, discontinue manufacturing or distributing certain products or close all or part of a manufacturing plant or facility, any of which could cause us to incur significant charges. The actual costs to close a manufacturing facility may exceed our original cost estimate and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flow from operations and results from operations.

We depend on our senior management team and other key employees and the loss of these employees could adversely affect our business.

Our success is dependent on the management, experience and leadership skills of our senior management team and key employees. The loss of any of these individuals or an inability to attract, retain and maintain additional personnel with similar industry experience could prevent us from implementing our business strategy. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our existing senior management and key personnel or to attract additional qualified personnel when needed. Senior management or key personnel may retire from time to time, and our employment agreements with these individuals may expire from time to time.

We may be subject to information technology systems failures, network disruptions and breaches of data security.

We depend on integrated information systems to conduct our business. Information technology systems failures, including risks associated with upgrading our systems or in successfully integrating information technology and other systems in connection with the integration of businesses we acquire, network disruptions and breaches of data security could disrupt our operations by impeding our processing of transactions, our ability to protect customer or company information and our financial reporting. Our computer systems, including our back-up systems, could be damaged or interrupted by power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, internal or external security breaches, events such as fires, earthquakes, floods, tornadoes and hurricanes, and/or errors by our employees. Although we have taken steps to

address these concerns, there can be no assurance that a system failure or data security breach will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

There has been significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of equity securities, which is unrelated to the financial performance of the companies issuing the securities. These types of broad market fluctuations may negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

Some specific factors that may have a significant effect on our common stock market price include the following:

We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our company will continue to support an active trading market for our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) or otherwise or how liquid that market will continue to be. If there does not continue to be an active trading market for our common stock, you may have difficulty selling any of our common stock that you buy.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of a substantial amount of our common stock may depress the price of the shares of our common stock.

Future sales, or the perception or the availability for sale in the public market, of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through future sales of equity securities at a time and price that we deem appropriate.

We may issue shares of our common stock, or other securities, from time to time as consideration for future acquisitions and investments. We may also issue shares of our common stock, or other securities, in connection with employee stock compensation programs, employee stock purchase programs and board of directors’ compensation. In addition, we may issue shares of our common stock or other securities in public or private offerings as part of our efforts to raise additional capital. In the event any such acquisition, investment, issuance under stock compensation programs or offering is significant, the number of shares of our common stock or the number or aggregate principal amount, as the case may be, of other securities that we may issue may in turn be significant. We may also grant registration rights covering those shares or other securities in connection with any such acquisitions and investments. Any additional capital raised through the sale of our equity securities may dilute your percentage ownership in us.

We are not required to pay dividends, and our shareholders are not guaranteed, and do not have contractual rights, to receive dividends. Our board of directors may decide at any time, in its discretion, to change or revoke our dividend policy. In February 2015 our board of directors made the decision to suspend our dividend. We currently intend to use the annual cash savings from such dividend suspension to preserve financial flexibility while funding our strategic growth initiatives and debt repayments. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our board of directors deems relevant.

The ability of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments or distributions to us will depend on our operating results and may be restricted by, among other things, the covenants in Koppers Inc.’s Revolving Credit Facility. Our ability to pay dividends is also limited by the indenture governing the 2025 Notes as well as Pennsylvania law and may in the future be limited by the covenants of any future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. If a dividend is paid in violation of Pennsylvania law, each director approving the dividend could be liable to the corporation if

the director did not act with such care as a person of ordinary prudence would use under similar circumstances. Directors are entitled to rely in good faith on information provided by employees of the corporation and experts retained by the corporation. Directors who are held liable would be entitled to contribution from any shareholders who received an unlawful dividend knowing it to be unlawful. Furthermore, we are a holding company with no operations, and unless we receive dividends, distributions, advances, transfers of funds or other payments from our subsidiaries, we will be unable to pay dividends on our common stock.

Provisions of our charter documents may inhibit a takeover, which could negatively affect our stock price.

Provisions of our charter documents and the Business Corporation Law of Pennsylvania, the state in which we are incorporated, could discourage potential acquisition proposals or make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of our company, even if doing so might be beneficial to our shareholders. Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (our “Articles of Incorporation”) and our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (our “Bylaws”) provide for various procedural and other requirements that could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. For example, our Articles of Incorporation authorize our board of directors to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of unissued series of preferred stock without any vote or action by our shareholders. Our board of directors can therefore authorize and issue shares of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting or other rights of holders of our common stock. The following additional provisions could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions:

These provisions may discourage acquisition proposals and may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock or may delay, prevent or deter a merger, acquisition, tender offer or proxy contest, which may negatively affect our stock price.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness, including the 2025 Notes, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, including the 2025 Notes.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness, including the 2025 Notes. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. In the absence of such operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. Our Revolving Credit Facility restricts our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from the disposition. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain the proceeds that we could realize from them and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due.

The covenants in Koppers Inc.’s Revolving Credit Facility impose restrictions that may limit our ability to take certain actions. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in the acceleration of our outstanding indebtedness.

Koppers Inc.’s Revolving Credit Facility contains minimum fixed charge coverage and maximum senior secured leverage ratios. Additionally, the Revolving Credit Facility includes covenants limiting liens, mergers, asset sales, dividends and the incurrence of debt. Our ability to borrow under Koppers Inc.’s Revolving Credit Facility will depend upon satisfaction of these covenants. Events beyond our control can affect our ability to meet those covenants.

If we are unable to meet the terms of our financial covenants, or if we breach any of these covenants, a default could occur. A default, if not waived, would entitle our lenders to declare all amounts borrowed immediately due and payable, which could also cause the acceleration of obligations under certain other agreements. In the event of acceleration of our outstanding indebtedness, there can be no assurance that we would be able to repay our debt or obtain new financing to refinance our debt. Even if new financing is made available to us, it may not be on terms acceptable to us.

Federal or state laws allow courts, under specific circumstances, to void debts, including guarantees, and could require holders of 2025 Notes to return payments received from guarantors.

The 2025 Notes are guaranteed by Koppers Holdings and the wholly-owned domestic restricted subsidiaries of Koppers Inc. If a bankruptcy proceeding or lawsuit were to be initiated, the 2025 Notes and the guarantees of the 2025 Notes could come under review for federal or state fraudulent transfer violations. Under federal bankruptcy law and comparable provisions of state fraudulent transfer laws, obligations under the 2025 Notes or a guarantee of the 2025 Notes could be voided, or claims in respect of the 2025 Notes or a guarantee of the 2025 Notes could be subordinated to all other debts of the debtor or that guarantor if, among other things, the debtor or the guarantor, at the time it incurred the debt evidenced by such 2025 Notes or guarantee:

In addition, any payment by the debtor or guarantor under the 2025 Notes or guarantee of the 2025 Notes could be voided and required to be returned to the debtor or guarantor, as the case may be, or deposited in a fund for the benefit of the creditors of the debtor or guarantor.

The measure of insolvency for purposes of these fraudulent transfer laws will vary depending upon the law applied in any proceeding to determine whether a fraudulent transfer has occurred. Generally, however, a debtor or a guarantor would be considered insolvent if:

We cannot be sure as to the standards that a court would use to determine whether or not a guarantor was solvent at the relevant time, or, regardless of the standard that the court uses, that the issuance of the guarantees of the 2025 Notes would not be voided or subordinated to the guarantor’s other debt. If a guarantee is legally challenged, it could also be subject to the claim that, because it was incurred for our benefit, and only indirectly for the benefit of the guarantor, the obligations of the guarantor were incurred for less than fair consideration. A court could thus void the obligations under a guarantee or subordinate a guarantee to a guarantor’s other debt or take other action detrimental to holders of the 2025 Notes.

The following chart sets forth information regarding our production facilities. Generally, our production and port facilities are suitable and adequate for the purposes for which they are intended and overall have sufficient capacity to conduct business in the upcoming year.

Primary Product Line	Location	Description of Property Interest
Railroad and Utility Products and Services
Railroad crossties	Ashcroft, British Columbia, Canada	Owned
Utility poles	Bunbury, Western Australia, Australia	Owned/Leased
Railroad crossties	Denver, Colorado	Owned
Railroad crossties	Florence, South Carolina	Owned
Railroad crossties	Galesburg, Illinois	Leased
Utility poles	Grafton, New South Wales, Australia	Owned
Railroad crossties	Guthrie, Kentucky	Owned
Rail joint bars	Huntington, West Virginia	Leased
Utility poles	Longford, Tasmania, Australia	Owned
Railroad structures	Madison, Wisconsin	Owned
Railroad crossties	Muncy, Pennsylvania	Owned
Railroad crossties	North Little Rock, Arkansas	Owned
Railroad crossties	Roanoke, Virginia	Owned
Railroad crossties	Somerville, Texas	Owned
Pine products	Takura, Queensland, Australia	Leased

Performance Chemicals
Wood preservation chemicals	Auckland, New Zealand	Owned
Wood preservation chemicals	Christchurch, New Zealand	Owned
Wood preservation chemicals	Darlington, United Kingdom	Owned
Wood preservation chemicals	Geelong, Victoria, Australia	Owned
Intermediate copper products	Hubbell, Michigan	Leased
Wood preservation chemicals	Millington, Tennessee	Owned
Wood preservation chemicals	Mt. Gambier, South Australia, Australia	Owned
Wood preservation chemicals	Rock Hill, South Carolina	Owned

Carbon Materials and Chemicals
Coal tar chemicals	Follansbee, West Virginia	Owned
Carbon products	Mayfield, New South Wales, Australia	Owned
Carbon products	Nyborg, Denmark	Owned/Leased
Carbon products	Pizhou, Jiangsu Province, China	Leased
Carbon products, phthalic anhydride	Stickney, Illinois	Owned

Our corporate offices are located in leased office space in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The lease term expires on December 31, 2028. We also own office space in Griffin, Georgia.

We are involved in litigation and other proceedings relating to environmental laws and regulations, toxic tort, product liability and other matters. An adverse outcome for certain of these cases could result in a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows and results of operations. The information related to legal matters set forth in Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of Koppers Holdings Inc. is hereby incorporated by reference.

The following table sets forth the names, ages and positions of our and Koppers Inc.’s executive officers as of February 27, 2018. Our executive officers hold their positions until the annual meeting of the board of directors or until their respective successors are elected and qualified.

Mr. Ball was elected President and Chief Executive Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. in January 2015. From May 2014 through December 2014, Mr. Ball served as Chief Operating Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. From May 2014 until August 2014, Mr. Ball served as both Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. He served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. from September 2010 to May 2014. Mr. Ball has served as a Director of Koppers Holdings Inc. since February 2015 and as a Director of Koppers Inc. since May 2013.

Mr. Dowd was elected Global Vice President of Safety, Health, Environmental, and Process Excellence, Koppers Inc. in January 2016. From July 2012 to December 2015, Mr. Dowd served as Vice President, North American Carbon Materials and Chemicals, Koppers Inc.

Mr. Fenwick was elected Vice President, Performance Chemicals, Koppers Inc. in May 2017. Mr. Fenwick has also served as Vice President of Koppers Performance Chemicals Inc. (formerly known as Osmose, Inc.) from our acquisition of Osmose, Inc. in August 2014. Also, prior to our acquisition of Osmose, Inc., Mr. Fenwick served as Vice President, Customer Services for Osmose, Inc. since May 2011.

Mr. Groves joined Koppers Inc. and was elected Vice President, Human Resources in May 2011.

Ms. Hyde was elected Vice President, Corporate Strategy and Risk Management in November 2017. From January 2016 to October 2017, Ms. Hyde served as Vice President, Risk Management and Deputy General Counsel of Koppers Inc. From January 2005 to December 2015, Ms. Hyde served as Vice President, Safety and Environmental Affairs of Koppers Inc.

Mr. Lacy was elected Chief Administrative Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. in January 2018. Mr. Lacy had previously served as Senior Vice President, Administration, General Counsel and Secretary of Koppers Holdings Inc. since November 2004 and served as Senior Vice President, Administration, General Counsel and Secretary of Koppers Inc. since January 2004. Mr. Lacy has served as a Director of Koppers Inc. since May 2013.

Mr. Loadman was elected Senior Vice President, Railroad Products and Services, Koppers Inc. in February 2015. Mr. Loadman had previously served as Vice President, Railroad and Utility Products and Services of Koppers Inc. since May 2011.

Mr. McCormack was elected Vice President, Australasian Operations of Koppers Inc. in May 2014. Prior to that, Mr. McCormack served as Vice President, Australian Operations of Koppers Inc. from November 2006 to May 2014.

Mr. Nielsen was elected Vice President, North American and European Carbon Materials and Chemicals, Koppers Inc. in January 2016. Prior to that, Mr. Nielsen served as Vice President, European Operations of Koppers Inc. from February

2014 to December 2015. Prior to that, Mr. Nielsen served as Operations Manager, European Operations of Koppers Inc. from October 2010 to January 2014.

Mr. Reeder was elected Senior Vice President, Performance Chemicals, Koppers Inc. in January 2016. Mr. Reeder served as Senior Vice President of Americas Wood Preserving of Koppers Performance Chemicals Inc. (formerly known as Osmose, Inc.) from our acquisition of Osmose, Inc. in August 2014 until December 2015. Prior to our acquisition of Osmose, Inc., Mr. Reeder served as Senior Vice President of U.S. Wood Preserving for Osmose, Inc. since 2010.

Mr. Sullivan was elected Senior Vice President, Global Carbon Materials & Chemicals, Koppers Inc. in April 2014. Mr. Sullivan had been elected Vice President of Business Development, Koppers Inc. in June 2013. Prior to joining Koppers, from March 2012 through May 2013, Mr. Sullivan was Senior Vice President, Americas of Calgon Carbon Corporation (granulated activated carbon products and treatment systems).

Ms. Tronsberg-Deihle was elected Treasurer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. in August 2008.

Mr. Zhu has served as Vice President, China Operations of Koppers Inc. since March 2011.

Mr. Zugay was elected Chief Financial Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. in August 2014. Prior to joining Koppers, Mr. Zugay was Co-Chief Executive Officer for Michael Baker Corporation (engineering and other consulting services) from December 2012 to October 2013. Mr. Zugay served as Chief Financial Officer of Michael Baker Corporation from February 2009 to January 2014. Mr. Zugay has served as a Director of Koppers Inc. since May 2015.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The number of registered holders of Koppers common shares at January 31, 2018 was 102.

See Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements below for information concerning dividends and high and low market prices of our common shares during the past two years.

In 2006, our board of directors adopted a dividend policy that provided for quarterly dividends, payable at the discretion of our board of directors. Dividends will be considered if cash generated by our business is in excess of our expected cash needs. Our expected cash needs include operating expenses and working capital requirements, interest and principal payments on our indebtedness, capital expenditures, incremental costs associated with being a public company, acquisitions, taxes and certain other costs. On an annual basis we expect to pay dividends, if declared, with cash flow from operations, but, due to seasonal or other temporary fluctuations in cash flow, we may from time to time use temporary short-term borrowings to pay quarterly dividends.

We are not required to pay dividends, and our shareholders will not be guaranteed, or have contractual or other rights, to receive dividends. Nevertheless, our board of directors may decide, in its discretion, at any time, to otherwise modify or repeal the dividend policy. We historically had issued a quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per share of our common stock every quarter for the past two years ended December 31, 2014. In February 2015, our board of directors decided to suspend our quarterly cash dividend and no dividends were declared in 2015, 2016 or 2017. We currently intend to use the annual cash savings from such dividend suspension to preserve financial flexibility while funding our strategic growth initiatives and debt repayments. Any future determination to declare and pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, after taking into account our financial results, capital requirements and other factors it may deem relevant.

Because we are a holding company, substantially all the assets shown on our consolidated balance sheet are held by our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our earnings and cash flow and our ability to pay dividends are dependent upon the earnings and cash flows of our subsidiaries and the distribution or other payment of such earnings to us in the form of dividends. Our ability to pay dividends is restricted by limitations on the ability of our only direct subsidiary, Koppers Inc., to pay dividends, as a result of limitations imposed by Koppers Inc.’s credit agreement, the indenture governing Koppers Inc.’s 2025 Notes and by Pennsylvania law. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Restrictions on Dividends to Koppers Holdings.”

Under the current $75 million share repurchase program approved in November 2011, the Company repurchased 100,000 shares at an average price per share of $38.58 in May 2017. The approximate dollar value of common shares that may yet be purchased under this program is $48.9 million. The repurchase program has no expiration date.

The following table contains our selected historical consolidated financial data for the five years ended December 31, 2017. The selected historical consolidated financial data for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. This selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Koppers’ Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as well as Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016		2015			2014			2013
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share amounts)
Statement of Operations Data:
Net sales	$	1,475.5		$	1,416.2	$	1,626.9		$	1,555.0		$	1,478.3
Depreciation and amortization		49.8			52.9		59.0			44.0			29.7
Impairment and restructuring charges ⁽¹⁾		16.2			20.1		42.2			17.9			11.9
Goodwill impairment⁽²⁾		0.0			0.0		67.2			0.0			0.0
Operating profit (loss)		112.1			86.4		(29.6	)		33.2			100.3
Interest expense		42.5			50.8		50.7			39.1			26.8
Income (loss) from continuing operations		31.3			27.1		(75.9	)		(40.0	)		40.2
(Loss) income from discontinued operations		(0.8	)		0.6		(0.1	)		0.6			(0.1	)
Net income (loss) ⁽³⁾		30.5			27.7		(76.0	)		(39.4	)		40.1
Net income (loss) attributable to Koppers		29.1			29.3		(72.0	)		(32.4	)		40.4
Earnings (loss) from Continuing Operations Per Common Share Data:
Basic – continuing operations	$	1.44		$	1.39	$	(3.50	)	$	(1.61	)	$	1.96
Diluted – continuing operations		1.36			1.36		(3.50	)		(1.61	)		1.94
Weighted average common shares outstanding (in thousands):
Basic		20,754			20,636		20,541			20,463			20,575
Diluted		22,000			21,055		20,541			20,463			20,815
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	60.3		$	20.8	$	21.8		$	51.1		$	82.2
Total assets ⁽⁴⁾		1,200.2			1,087.5		1,137.9			1,308.4			792.1
Total debt ⁽⁴⁾		677.0			662.4		722.3			836.0			295.9
Other Data:
Capital expenditures	$	67.5		$	49.9	$	40.7		$	83.8		$	72.9
Cash dividends declared per common share	$	0.00		$	0.00	$	0.00		$	1.00		$	1.00

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We are a leading integrated global provider of treated wood products, wood preservation chemicals and carbon compounds. Our products and services are used in a variety of niche applications in a diverse range of end-markets, including the railroad, specialty chemical, utility, residential lumber, agriculture, aluminum, steel, rubber and construction industries. We serve our customers through a comprehensive global manufacturing and distribution network, with manufacturing facilities located in North America, South America, Australasia, China and Europe.

We operate three principal businesses: Railroad and Utility Products and Services (“RUPS”), Performance Chemicals (“PC”) and Carbon Materials and Chemicals (“CMC”).

Through our RUPS business, we believe that we are the largest supplier of railroad crossties to the North American railroads. Our other treated wood products include utility poles for the electric and telephone utility industries in Australia. We also provide rail joint bar products as well as various services to the railroad industry. Through our PC business, we believe that we are the global leader in developing, manufacturing and marketing wood preservation chemicals and wood treatment technologies for use in the pressure treating of lumber for residential, industrial and agricultural applications. Our CMC business processes coal tar into a variety of products, including creosote, carbon pitch, carbon black feedstock, naphthalene and phthalic anhydride, which are intermediate materials necessary in the pressure treatment of wood, the production of aluminum, the production of carbon black, the production of high-strength concrete, and the production of plasticizers and specialty chemicals, respectively.

Our businesses and results of operations are affected by various competitive and other factors including (i) the impact of global economic conditions on demand for our products, including the impact of imported products from competitors in certain regions where we operate; (ii) raw materials pricing and availability, in particular the cost and availability of hardwood lumber for railroad crossties, scrap copper prices, and the cost and amount of coal tar available in global markets, which is negatively affected by reductions in blast furnace steel production; (iii) volatility in oil prices, which impacts the cost of coal tar and certain other raw materials, as well as selling prices and margins for certain of our products including carbon black feedstock, phthalic anhydride, and naphthalene; (iv) competitive conditions in global markets such as carbon pitch and needle coke; and (v) changes in foreign exchange rates.

The primary end-market for RUPS is the North American railroad industry, which has an installed base of approximately 700 million wood crossties that require periodic replacement. As a result, demand has historically been in the range of 22-25 million wood crossties annually. We sell treated and untreated wood products, rail joint bars and services primarily to the railroad markets in the United States and Canada, and utility poles to the utility sector in Australia. We also operate a railroad services business that conducts engineering, design, repair and inspection services primarily for railroad bridges in the U.S. and Canada.

The supply of untreated crossties can vary at times based upon weather conditions in addition to other factors. We have a nationwide wood procurement team that maintains close working relationships with a network of sawmills. We procure untreated crossties, either on behalf of our customers, or for future treating. We also procure switch ties and various other types of lumber used for railroad bridges and crossings. Untreated crossties go through a six- to nine-month air seasoning process before they are ready to be pressure treated. After the air seasoning process is complete, the crossties are pressure treated using creosote-only treatment or a combined creosote and borate treatment. During any given year, there is a seasonal effect in the winter months on our crosstie business depending on weather conditions for harvesting lumber and installation.

In 2017, the major companies in the rail industry have substantially reduced both operating and capital spending from peak spending levels, which has had a negative short-term impact on sales of various products and services that we provide to that industry. Current year revenues and profitability have reflected a decline year-over-year due to the effects of lower demand caused by continued reductions in capital budgets for most North American Class I railroads. The lower demand has caused the market to reduce raw material purchase prices primarily in the Eastern U.S. which will further reduce our year-over-year revenues and have an unfavorable impact on our profitability as well. Furthermore, lower Class I demand has also resulted in price reductions for the products we supply the commercial railroad business due to higher crosstie inventory levels in the marketplace. We currently supply all seven of the North American Class I railroads and have long-standing relationships with these customers. Approximately 75 percent of our North American sales are under long-term contracts and we believe that we are positioned to maintain or grow our current market position.

Overall, the long-term prognosis for the railroad industry and the products and services that we provide to it remains favorable. Currently, the railroad industry is managing the cyclical downturn in the oil and gas industry, while looking to replace demand lost due to a long-term reduction in coal production. At the same time, the railroads are building their revenue base of shipments of non-energy related products. In the near term, railroad customers have scaled back and are focusing on cutting their operating costs and working capital, as evidenced by the industry trending away from their traditional model of holding ties in inventory during the air-seasoning process. The Association of American Railroads (“AAR”) reported that the total U.S. rail carload traffic for 2017 was up 2.9 percent year-over-year and intermodal units were 3.9 percent higher than prior year. Together, the total combined U.S. traffic for 2017 increased 3.4 percent compared to last year which is consistent with industry forecasts. The AAR reports that the decline in coal transportation, due to low natural gas prices and environmental concerns regarding the burning of coal, has been more than offset by other major categories of freight. However, the lower volumes in coal being transported has resulted in a decrease in heavy-haul traffic. Consequently, the Class I railroads have been deferring some of the maintenance and repair activities and right-sizing inventory levels as they look to conserve cash. We expect that demand for crosstie replacements will only be marginally better in 2018 due to lower spending trends.

From a long-term perspective, there remains a need for sustained investment in infrastructure and capacity expansion. We believe that with our vertical integration capabilities in wood treatment and strong customer relationships, we will benefit from increased infrastructure and capacity expansion to the extent it occurs.

The largest geographic market for wood treating chemicals sold by our PC business is in North America, and the largest application for our products is the residential remodeling market. We also have a market presence in Europe, South America, Australia and New Zealand. Product demand for our PC business has historically been influenced by existing home sales, which is a leading indicator of consumer spending on remodeling projects. The National Association of Realtors reported existing home sales increased two percent in 2017, which favorably impacted repair and remodeling activity. According to the Leading Indicator of Remodeling Activity (the “LIRA”), strong gains in home renovation and repair are expected to continue into mid-2018.

We believe that PC is the largest global manufacturer and supplier of water-based wood preservatives and wood specialty additives to treaters who supply pressure treated wood products to large retailers and independent lumber dealers. These retailers and dealers, in turn, serve the residential, agricultural and industrial pressure-treated wood market. Our primary products are copper-based wood preservatives, including micronized copper azole (“MicroPro®”) and micronized pigments (“MicroShades®”). Applications for these products include decking, fencing, utility poles, construction lumber and other outdoor structures. We continue to invest in research and development activities at various locations around the world, particularly in areas that have high fungal decay and termite activity, in order to assess the performance and efficacy of various wood preservation systems.

As most of the products sold by PC are copper-based products, changes in the price and availability of copper can have a significant impact on product pricing and margins. We attempt to moderate the variability in copper pricing over time by entering into hedging transactions for the majority of our copper needs, which primarily range from six months up to 30 months. These hedges typically match expected customer purchases and receive hedge accounting treatment. From time to time, we enter into swap transactions that do not qualify for hedge accounting.

In North America, we are vertically integrated due to our manufacturing capabilities for copper compounds for our copper-based wood preservatives. We believe our vertical integration is part of our proprietary processes and reflects an important competitive advantage. In addition, we believe this provides our customers with the security of a continuous supply of wood preservative chemicals. Beginning in mid-2016, we have seen large retailers and lumber dealers opting for a product mix with higher levels of preservative retention driven primarily by changes in treated wood product application standards. This shift towards a higher retention product mix simplifies the treating and stocking processes for the treaters that purchase PC products and their end-customers, as well as provides for higher quality products that will better withstand the effects of insects and fungal decay. Even though it is difficult to predict competitive trends and to quantify the total impact it will have on PC sales, operating profit, and cash flow, we believe the shift to higher retention product mix continued into 2017 but has moderated as the market completes this transition.

Overall, the market for existing homes continues to show mixed signals as affordability pressures persisted and interested buyers significantly outweighed housing inventory. The National Association of Realtors reported that total existing home sales subsided for the month of December, but on an annual basis was higher than the prior year by 1.1 percent and was the best sales year in 11 years. In January 2018, existing-home sales slumped for the second consecutive month and experienced the largest decline on an annual basis in over three years, with all major regions experiencing monthly and annual sales declines. Total housing inventory has been declining and the lack of available housing has resulted in upward pressure on prices. At the same time, 2018 is expected to be another strong year for residential renovations and repairs with growth accelerating as the year progresses, according to the Leading Indicator of Remodeling Activity (“LIRA”)

reported by the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. Due to steady gains in the broader economy as well as ongoing restoration efforts related to recent natural disasters in the United States, the LIRA projects that homeowner spending on improvements and repairs will approach $340 billion in 2018, an increase of 7.5 percent from estimated 2017 spending. Additionally, the Consumer Confidence Index®, as reported by The Conference Board, continues to show improvement over the prior year which should provide a positive backdrop for housing-related demand. In general, consumers’ expectations remain at historically strong levels, which suggests continued economic growth. From a cost perspective, our raw material costs have been increasing, primarily due to copper pricing which trended higher for 2017 and continuing into 2018. Our strategy is to hedge a majority of our requirements over a one-to-three year time frame in order to provide short-term certainty of our cost structure by lessening the impact that may arise in rapidly fluctuating commodity markets.

The primary products produced by CMC are creosote, which is a registered pesticide in the U.S. and used primarily in the pressure treatment of railroad crossties, and carbon pitch, which is sold primarily to the aluminum industry for the production of carbon anodes used in the smelting of aluminum. We have reduced capacity in our CMC plants in North America and Europe over the past several years to levels required to meet creosote demand in North America for the treatment of railroad crossties. We currently supply our North American RUPS business with 100 percent of its creosote requirements. As discussed in the RUPS outlook, there was a decrease in 2017 spending for railroad infrastructure. This results in a shift in excess distillate production to the less profitable carbon black feedstock market until demand for creosote returns to historical levels.

While the sale of carbon pitch remains a significant portion of our sales volume, the reduction of aluminum smelting capacity in the United States, Australia and Western Europe has led to sharply lower demand for carbon pitch over the past several years. Accordingly, we have experienced significantly lower sales volumes due to the reduction in aluminum production in parts of the world where the majority of our production facilities are located. In 2017, the aluminum production in the U.S. was relatively flat due to the reduction of global inventories, modestly improved economic demand, and more historically consistent levels of global aluminum production.

The availability of coal tar, the primary raw material for our CMC business, is linked to levels of metallurgical coke production. As the global steel industry, excluding Asia, has reduced the production of steel using metallurgical coke, the volumes of coal tar have also been reduced. For the past decade, the coal tar distillation industry has operated in an excess capacity mode, which further increased the competition for a limited amount of coal tar in North America. Over the past three years we have consolidated our operating footprint and significantly lowered production levels at the same time that we added distribution assets to move finished products from Europe to the U.S. in a more efficient manner. As a result, our raw material needs in North America have been significantly less than historically required. In the past twelve months, we entered into several new long-term supply agreements to further lower our overall input costs and redistribute our finished product pricing risk.

Throughout much of 2017, there has been an overall tightened market supply of coal tar and carbon pitch in China and it has put upward pressure on both raw materials and finished product pricing. This is due to an ongoing initiative by the Chinese government to reduce pollution and improve air quality. The impact has been the shutdown of older steel and coking capacity that does not meet environmental and emissions standards and has driven increased demand for products requiring coal tar pitch. The pricing for coal tar products in the region has increased significantly and as a result, our recently constructed coal-tar distillation facility serving those markets has benefited from these changes in regulations. In Australia, the market has also been favorable since pricing is correlated to the trends seen in China. Going into 2018, we expect to continue benefiting from favorable market conditions, however, there will be a partial offset as raw material pricing that lagged 2017 price increases will eventually catch up in 2018.

We embarked on a plan to restructure our CMC operating footprint that reduced our global number of coal tar distillation facilities from the eleven that existed as of January 1, 2014 to four as of December 31, 2017. The remaining facilities are located in regions where we believe we hold key competitive advantages that allow us to better serve our global customers: Stickney, Illinois; Nyborg, Denmark; Mayfield, Australia; and Jiangsu Province, China.

As a result of the reduction in operating capacity at the seven closed or sold coal tar distillation facilities, we have incurred substantial restructuring and impairment costs over the last four years. As a result of these initiatives, we expect additional restructuring and related charges to earnings of $5 million to $12 million through 2020. The overall expected future cash requirements for the CMC plant closures are estimated to be approximately $30 million through 2020. There may be additional curtailments or closures at our other CMC facilities as part of our efforts to reduce our cost structure and improve capacity utilization in our business.

Through these restructuring initiatives, we are significantly transforming our CMC business model by streamlining the operating footprint and reducing our primary reliance on and exposure to the carbon pitch markets. We believe that the

extensive and ongoing efforts to reduce our fixed cost structure will result in a sustainable improvement in earnings in addition to lower volatility in cash flow.

Our quarterly operating results fluctuate due to a variety of factors that are outside of our control, including inclement weather conditions, which in the past have affected operating results. Operations at some of our facilities have at times been reduced during the winter months. Moreover, demand for some of our products declines during periods of inclement weather. As a result of the foregoing, we anticipate that we may experience material fluctuations in quarterly operating results. Historically, our operating results have been significantly lower in the first and fourth calendar quarters as compared to the second and third calendar quarters.

Results of Operations – Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016

Net sales for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are summarized by segment in the following table:

Railroad and Utility Products and Services net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased by $73.9 million or 13 percent compared to the prior year. The sales decrease was primarily due to lower sales volumes of crossties and railroad bridge services, partially offset by higher sales volumes of utility products. Sales of crossties and railroad bridge services declined by $72.3 million. The reduction in treated crossties and structure services is attributed to lower spending in the rail industry across both the Class I and commercial markets. In addition, commercial crosstie pricing has been reduced due to an over-supply of crossties in the commercial market. Sales of utility products increased by $4.0 million due to increased demand for structural timber in Australia.

Performance Chemicals net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $17.8 million or five percent compared to the prior year. The sales increase was due primarily to higher North American sales volumes for some copper-based wood preservatives and additives. Higher sales volumes were driven primarily by favorable market trends in the repair and remodeling markets and existing home sales as well as treated wood dealers stocking and selling treated wood with higher preservative retention levels. These gains were offset in part by higher customer development costs, which are reflected as a reduction of net sales, compared to the prior year.

Carbon Materials and Chemicals net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $115.4 million or 26 percent compared to the prior year due mainly to higher sales prices for carbon black feedstock, carbon pitch and coal tar chemicals with higher sales volumes for carbon black feedstock and coal tar chemicals, partially offset by lower creosote volumes. Our strategy is to sell as much distillate production to the higher value wood preservative market, however there was a reduction in creosote volume driven by lower demand for treated crossties during 2017. The excess distillate was sold as carbon black feedstock. Sales of coal tar chemicals increased over the prior year period due to increases in sales volumes and pricing of phthalic anhydride and naphthalene. The increases, in part, were driven by the effect of higher orthoxylene prices, which favorably impact phthalic anhydride market prices. Higher sales prices for carbon pitch and carbon black feedstock in Australasia and Europe were driven primarily by reduced supply in those regions.

Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was 78 percent for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to 80 percent in the prior year due mainly to higher gross margins for CMC driven by lower raw material and shipping costs and higher sales prices in certain regions. In addition, a sales mix shift for PC improved our results as higher gross margins were driven by increased sales volumes in higher margin product lines. This more than offset lower sales volumes and gross margins from RUPS due to reduced sales volumes of crossties and railroad services combined with reduced margins in the commercial crosstie market as a result of inventory over-supply.

Depreciation and amortization charges for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $3.1 million lower when compared to the prior year period due mainly to a reduction in assets, excluding assets under construction, related to our shutdown of distillation facilities in the United States and United Kingdom.

Gain on sale of business of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 reflected the sale of our CMC tar distillation properties and assets in the United Kingdom in July 2016.

Impairment and restructuring charges were $3.9 million lower for the year ended December 31, 2017 due mainly to a prior year accrual for exited real estate lease obligations, net of estimated sublease revenue, at our closed coal tar distillation facility in Uithoorn, the Netherlands, as well as severance charges related to our closed coal tar distillation CMC facilities in the United Kingdom and impairment charges for the remaining fixed assets at our coal tar distillation facility in Clairton, Pennsylvania. Current year charges consist of restructuring-related storage tank decommissioning costs and accelerated depreciation for the remaining fixed assets at our coal tar distillation facilities in Clairton, Pennsylvania and Follansbee, West Virginia.

Loss on pension settlement for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $5.6 million higher when compared to the prior year. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company offered a cash lump sum or annuity buyout to its terminated deferred vested participants in its U.S. defined benefit pension plan. Approximately 100 participants elected either a lump sum payout or annuity from a third-party provider. The total dollar amount paid out of our defined benefit plan assets was $3.1 million and the Company recorded a pension settlement charge of $1.2 million related to this transaction.

In the third quarter of 2017, the Company completed an irrevocable transaction with an insurance company to annuitize approximately $31 million of retiree pension obligations in its U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan for a selected group of retirees. The transaction was funded by transferring a similar amount of assets from the pension plan to the insurance company. Subsequent to this transfer, the insurance company has assumed all remaining pension obligations associated with these retirees. The Company recorded a pension settlement loss of $8.8 million in the third quarter of 2017.

In the third quarter of 2016, the Company offered a cash lump sum or annuity buyout to its terminated deferred vested participants in its U.S. defined benefit pension plan. Approximately 375 participants elected either a lump sum payout or annuity from a third-party provider. The total dollar amount paid out of our defined benefit plan assets was $13.9 million and the Company recorded a pension settlement charge of $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $6.7 million higher when compared to the prior year due mainly to increases in consulting costs and stock-based compensation expense offset by decreases in customer development costs.

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $8.3 million lower when compared to the prior year as a result of reduced average debt levels and reduced interest rates related to our 2025 Notes and our Revolving Credit Facility.

Loss on extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $13.3 million higher when compared to the prior year period. In the current year period, all of our senior notes due 2019 were repurchased at a premium to carrying value and accordingly, we realized a loss on extinguishment of debt totaling $10.0 million consisting of $7.3 million for bond premium and bond tender expenses and $2.7 million for the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs. In addition, we repaid our term loan in full and entered into a new Revolving Credit Facility and recorded a loss of $3.3 million for the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $17.6 million higher when compared to the prior year period. The increase in tax expense is due to the Tax Act that was passed by Congress on December 22, 2017.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law. The Tax Act significantly revises the U.S. corporate income tax system by, among other things, lowering the corporate income tax rate to 21 percent from 35 percent and imposing a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. Most of the Tax Act’s changes are applicable for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017.

Changes in tax rates and tax laws to deferred taxes are accounted for in the period of legislative enactment. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. As a result of the corporate rate reduction to 21 percent, the Company recorded a charge of $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from reducing the value of our net deferred tax assets in the U.S.

The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 48.1 percent. The effective income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 without the effect of the Tax Act were 14.1 percent and 29.6 percent, respectively. The decrease in the effective income tax rate is primarily due to an increase in foreign pre-tax earnings that are taxed at more favorable rates. Additionally, in the prior period, we incurred losses in certain foreign subsidiaries that did not generate a tax benefit, which increased our effective tax rate for that prior period.

Segment operating profit for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 is summarized by segment in the following table:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			% Change
(Dollars in millions)
Operating profit (loss):
Railroad and Utility Products and Services	$	25.3		$	52.5			-52	%
Performance Chemicals		71.4			63.5			12	%
Carbon Materials and Chemicals		27.4			(23.6	)		216	%
Corporate		(12.0	)		(6.0	)		-100	%
	$	112.1		$	86.4			30	%
Operating profit (loss) as a percentage of net sales:
Railroad and Utility Products and Services		4.9	%		9.0	%		-4.1	%
Performance Chemicals		17.4	%		16.1	%		1.3	%
Carbon Materials and Chemicals		5.0	%		(5.4	)%		10.4	%
		7.6	%		6.1	%		1.5	%

Railroad and Utility Products and Services operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased by $27.2 million or 52 percent compared to the prior year. Operating profit as a percentage of sales decreased to 4.9 percent from 9.0 percent. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 was impacted by reduced sales volumes of crossties and railroad services combined with reduced margins in the commercial crosstie market as a result of inventory over-supply in the commercial market. The negative impact from these factors was slightly offset by favorable volumes and sales mix of rail joint products and utility products.

Performance Chemicals operating profit increased by $7.9 million or 12 percent compared to the prior year. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales for PC increased to 17.4 percent from 16.1 percent in the prior year. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2017 was positively impacted due primarily to higher North American sales volumes for copper-based wood preservatives. Sales volumes have improved due to favorable market trends in the repair and remodeling markets and existing home sales. Higher sales volumes were also driven primarily by changes in treated wood product application standards in 2016 resulting in treated wood dealers stocking and selling more high retention ground contact treated wood, which moderated in 2017 as dealer inventory has been sufficiently restocked with higher retention treated wood. Although we hedge the majority of our copper purchases, higher copper prices partially offset our increases in sales and operating profit margin for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Carbon Materials and Chemicals operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $51.0 million or 216 percent compared to the prior year. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales for CMC increased to 5.0 percent from a loss of 5.4 percent in the prior year period. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2017 was positively affected by lower raw material and shipping costs and higher sales prices in certain regions. In addition to this, in recent quarters there has been an overall tightened market supply of coal tar and carbon pitch in China. This is due to an ongoing shutdown of steel and coking capacity that does not meet environmental and emissions requirements. The pricing for coal tar products in the region has increased significantly and as a result, our recently constructed coal-tar distillation facility serving those markets has a competitive advantage. These positive impacts were partially offset by lower sales volumes in North America and certain costs incurred, such as asset retirement charges, as we continue to consolidate our North American footprint.

Corporate operating loss increased by $6.0 million or 100 percent compared to the prior year period. Operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily impacted by charges of $10.0 million related to pension settlements during the current year period. Operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily impacted by charges of $4.4 million related to a pension settlement during the prior year period.

Results of Operations – Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015

Net sales for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 are summarized by segment in the following table:

Railroad and Utility Products and Services net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $70.5 million or 11 percent compared to the prior year. The sales decrease was primarily due to lower sales volumes of treated crossties and utility products. Sales of treated crossties declined by $52.2 million or ten percent. The reduction in treated crossties is attributed to lower spending in the rail industry due to the impact of reduced freight car loadings and rail traffic across both the Class I and commercial markets. In addition, commercial pricing has been reduced due to an over-supply of crossties in the railroad market.

The decrease in sales of utility products was due to reduced demand in the Australian utility pole market combined with the Company’s decision in 2015 to exit the utility pole business in the United States. Approximately $9.6 million or 14 percent of the sales decline from prior year is due to the Company’s exit from non-core businesses in the United States, including the utility pole business and a dimensional lumber treating plant.

Performance Chemicals net sales increased by $36.9 million or 10 percent compared to the prior year. The sales increase was due primarily to higher North American sales volumes for some copper-based wood preservatives and additives. Higher sales volumes were driven primarily by favorable market trends in the repair and remodeling markets and existing home sales as well as treated wood dealers stocking and selling treated wood with higher preservative retention levels. These gains were offset in part by higher customer development costs, which are reflected as a reduction of net sales, compared to the prior year period.

Carbon Materials and Chemicals net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $177.1 million or 29 percent compared to the prior year due mainly to lower sales volumes for carbon pitch, carbon black feedstock and other coal tar products with lower sales prices for carbon pitch and phthalic anhydride, partially offset by higher phthalic anhydride volumes. The reduction in carbon black feedstock sales volumes was driven by our strategy to reduce total distillate production and direct as much production as possible to the higher value wood preservative market. Carbon pitch sales volumes were lower in the United States and China. Reduced volume of carbon pitch in the United States is due to the reduction of aluminum manufacturing capacity. Sales of coal tar chemicals increased over the prior year period due to an increase in sales volumes of phthalic anhydride. The increase in volume was partially offset by a reduction in pricing driven by the effect of lower orthoxylene pricing on phthalic anhydride.

Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was 80 percent for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to 84 percent in the prior year due mainly to a sales mix shift as higher gross margins for PC driven by increased sales volumes and lower costs more than offset lower sales volumes and gross margins from CMC due to restructuring activities.

Depreciation and amortization charges for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $6.1 million lower when compared to the prior year period due mainly to a reduction in assets related to our shutdown of distillation facilities in the United States and United Kingdom as well as accelerated depreciation and asset retirement obligation amortization in the prior year period related to the closure of our wood treating facility in Green Spring, West Virginia.

Gain on sale of business of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 reflected the sale of our CMC tar distillation properties and assets in the United Kingdom in July 2016. Gain on sale of business of $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 reflected the sale of our North American utility pole business in January 2015.

Impairment and restructuring charges were $22.1 million lower for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily related to the decision in the prior year to discontinue coal tar distillation activities at two CMC plants located in the United States and two CMC plants located in the United Kingdom. The remaining 2015 charges were related to the RUPS closure of a wood treating plant in Green Spring, West Virginia. The $20.1 million of impairment and restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2016 was due mainly to an accrual for future real estate lease obligations, net of estimated sublease revenue, at our closed coal tar distillation facility in Uithoorn, the Netherlands, as well as severance charges related to our closed coal tar distillation CMC facilities in the United Kingdom and impairment charges for the remaining fixed assets at our coal tar distillation facility in Clairton, Pennsylvania. The remaining 2016 charges were related to the exit of three non-core RUPS businesses in the United States.

Goodwill impairment charges were $67.2 million for 2015. The 2015 charges reflected the complete write-down of goodwill for the Carbon Materials and Chemicals business. There was no goodwill impairment in 2016.

Loss on pension settlement for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $4.4 million higher when compared to the prior year. In 2016, the Company offered a cash lump sum or annuity buyout to its terminated deferred vested participants in its U.S. defined benefit pension plan. Approximately 375 participants elected either a lump sum payout or annuity from a third-party provider. The total dollar amount paid out of our defined benefit plan assets was $13.9 million and the Company recorded a pension settlement charge of $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $2.0 million higher when compared to the prior year due mainly to increases in short-term incentive expense and stock compensation expense in the current year period.

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $0.1 million higher when compared to the prior year as a result of the write-off of debt issuance costs totaling $2.0 million in 2016 due to the reduction of borrowing capacity under our revolving credit agreement partially offset by reduced average debt levels as compared to the prior year period.

Income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $15.6 million higher when compared to the prior year period. This increase is primarily due to significantly higher pre-tax earnings when compared to the prior year period. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 was 29.6 percent. The primary reason the effective tax rate differs from the United States federal statutory tax rate of 35.0 percent is the higher amount of pre-tax earnings in jurisdictions that have a statutory tax rate less than the United States federal statutory tax rate. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2015 was 5.3 percent. The effective tax rate in the prior year period differed from the United States federal statutory tax rate of 35.0 percent primarily due to goodwill impairment charges that were not deductible in certain foreign jurisdictions along with recording a valuation allowance for certain state and foreign net operating losses and temporary differences.

Segment operating profit for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 is summarized by segment in the following table:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			% Change
(Dollars in millions)
Operating profit (loss):
Railroad and Utility Products and Services	$	52.5		$	62.2			-16	%
Performance Chemicals		63.5			39.0			63	%
Carbon Materials and Chemicals		(23.6	)		(125.0	)		-81	%
Corporate		(6.0	)		(5.8	)		3	%
	$	86.4		$	(29.6	)		392	%
Operating profit (loss) as a percentage of net sales:
Railroad and Utility Products and Services		9.0	%		9.5	%		-0.5	%
Performance Chemicals		16.1	%		10.9	%		5.2	%
Carbon Materials and Chemicals		(5.4	)%		(20.4	)%		15.0	%
		6.1	%		(1.8	)%		7.9	%

Railroad and Utility Products and Services operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $9.7 million or 16 percent compared to the prior year. Operating profit as a percentage of sales decreased to 9.0 percent from 9.5 percent. The decrease in operating profit is due primarily to costs related to the Company’s decision to exit a utility pole business and a dimensional lumber plant in the United States. The combined reduction in operating profit due to exiting these businesses was $7.5 million.

In addition, operating profit declined due to reduced sales volumes of crossties, utility poles, and rail joints combined with reduced margins in the commercial crosstie market as a result of inventory over-supply in the railroad market. The negative impact from these factors was partially offset by a favorable sales mix of higher margin products and services including increased crosstie treatment and bridge services. Cost savings related to the closure of the Green Spring, West Virginia facility provided an additional benefit in the second half of 2016.

Performance Chemicals operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $24.5 million or 63 percent compared to the prior year. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales for PC increased to 16.1 percent from 10.9 percent in the prior year. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2016 was positively impacted due primarily to higher North American sales volumes for copper-based wood preservatives. Higher sales volumes were driven primarily by changes in treated wood product application standards resulting in treated wood dealers stocking and selling more high retention ground contact treated wood.

Sales volumes have also improved due to favorable market trends in the repair and remodeling markets and existing home sales. Favorable non-recurring items, including the reversal of an environmental liability, resulted in approximately $3.7 million of operating profit in the current year.

Carbon Materials and Chemicals operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $101.4 million or 81 percent compared to the prior year. Operating loss in the prior year included a goodwill impairment charge of $67.2 million and other asset impairment charges and restructuring charges of $34.7 million. Operating loss was positively affected by lower raw material costs and restructuring cost savings in North America. Lower sales prices in most product lines, accelerated depreciation, costs to restructure operations and unabsorbed fixed costs partially offset the positive impacts.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $101.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $119.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The net decrease of $17.7 million in cash from operations was due primarily to higher working capital usage compared to the prior year period principally as a result of an increase in accounts receivable in the current year period due to an increase in sales.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $119.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $127.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The net decrease of $8.2 million in cash from operations was due primarily to higher working capital usage compared to the prior year period principally as a result of an increase in inventory in the current year period and the receipt of a cash advance payment of $30.0 million to Koppers (Jiangsu) Carbon Chemical Company Limited (“KJCC”) due to the amendment of a soft pitch supply agreement with its customer in the prior year period.

Net cash used in investing activities was $56.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $53.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in net cash used by investing activities of $2.8 million is primarily due to current year capital expenditures to expand production capacity at PC in the United States and continued spending on the new naphthalene unit construction at our CMC plant in Stickney, Illinois offset by cash proceeds of $9.5 million from the loan repayment by TKK.

Net cash used in investing activities was $53.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $41.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in net cash used by investing activities of $12.6 million is due to an increase in capital expenditures of $9.2 million and cash transferred to the acquirer of our CMC coal tar distillation facilities in the United Kingdom in exchange for the buyer assuming historical environmental and asset retirement obligations. The prior year period reflected $12.5 million for the acquisition of the KMG creosote business which was partially offset by $12.3 million of cash proceeds from the sale of the North American utility pole business in the first quarter of 2015.

Net cash used in financing activities was $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to net cash used in financing activities of $62.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The cash provided by financing activities in the current period reflected net borrowings of revolving credit of $54.3 million offset by net repayments of long-term debt of $46.7 million, payment of debt issuance costs of $11.0 million from the issuance of new debt and repurchases of common stock of $5.1 million. The cash used in financing activities in the prior year period reflected net repayments of revolving credit and long-term debt of $29.7 million and $31.7 million, respectively.

Net cash used in financing activities was $62.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to net cash used in financing activities of $123.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The difference is due mainly to net debt repayments totaling $61.4 million in 2016 as compared to repayments of $113.4 million in the prior year. The remaining offset is due to $8.7 million of dividends paid in the prior year compared to no dividends paid in the current year.

Dividends paid were $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Dividends paid in 2015 include $3.5 million of dividends paid to the non-controlling interest shareholder of Koppers (China) Carbon & Chemical Company Limited, our 60-percent owned subsidiary, and $5.2 million in dividends to Koppers Holdings shareholders relating to dividends declared in November 2014. There were no dividends paid during 2017 or 2016.

In January 2017, Koppers Inc. completed a private placement offering of $500.0 million 6.00 percent Senior Notes due 2025. The 2025 Notes will pay interest semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15, beginning on August 15, 2017, and will mature on February 15, 2025 unless earlier redeemed or repurchased. The 2025 Notes are unsecured and are guaranteed by Koppers Holdings Inc. and certain of Koppers Inc.’s domestic subsidiaries.

Koppers Inc. used the proceeds from the offering of the 2025 Notes to repay its outstanding term loan and to fund a tender offer to repurchase its senior notes due 2019 (the “2019 Notes”). The tender offer for the 2019 Notes was completed in early February 2017. Any 2019 Notes remaining outstanding following the tender offer were called for

redemption and Koppers Inc. concurrently satisfied and discharged its remaining obligations under the indenture governing the 2019 Notes.

In February 2017, the Company entered into a new $400.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility. The maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility is February 2022. In February 2018, the Company amended its $400.0 million Revolving Credit Facility to increase its capacity to $600.0 million. The interest rate on the amended Revolving Credit Facility is variable and is based on LIBOR. Terms under the amended Revolving Credit Facility are substantially consistent with the original Revolving Credit Facility.

Expenses associated with the redemption of the 2019 Notes, the repayment of our term loan and placement of the Revolving Credit Facility were $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and are included in “Loss on Extinguishment of Debt” in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. These costs consist of tender offer premiums, legal fees and write off of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Koppers Holdings depends on the dividends from the earnings of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet its financial obligations, including the payment of any declared dividend of Koppers Holdings. The Revolving Credit Facility prohibits Koppers Inc. from making dividend payments to Koppers Holdings unless (1) such dividend payments are permitted by the indenture governing Koppers Inc.’s 2025 Notes, (2) no event of default or potential default has occurred or is continuing under our Revolving Credit Facility, and (3) we are in pro forma compliance with our fixed charge coverage ratio covenant after giving effect to such dividend. The indenture governing the 2025 Notes restrict Koppers Inc.’s ability to finance our payment of dividends if (1) a default has occurred or would result from such financing, (2) Koppers Inc., or a restricted subsidiary of Koppers Inc. which is not a guarantor under the applicable indenture, is not able to incur additional indebtedness (as defined in the applicable indenture), and (3) the sum of all restricted payments (as defined in the applicable indenture) have exceeded the permitted amount (which we refer to as the “basket”) at such point in time.

The basket is governed by a formula based on the sum of a beginning amount, plus or minus a percentage of Koppers Inc.’s consolidated net income (as defined in the applicable indenture), plus the net proceeds of Koppers Inc.’s qualified stock issuance or conversions of debt to qualified stock, plus the net proceeds from the sale of or a reduction in an investment (as defined in the applicable indenture) or the value of the assets of an unrestricted subsidiary which is designated a restricted subsidiary. At December 31, 2017 the basket totaled $141.0 million. Notwithstanding such restrictions, the indenture governing the 2025 Notes permits an additional aggregate amount of $0.30 per share each fiscal quarter to finance dividends on the capital stock of Koppers Holdings, whether or not there is any basket availability, provided that at the time of such payment, no default in the indenture has occurred or would result from financing the dividends.

In addition, certain required coverage ratios in Koppers Inc.’s Revolving Credit Facility may restrict the ability of Koppers Inc. to pay dividends. Koppers Holdings suspended its dividend in February 2015 and does not expect to declare any dividends for the foreseeable future.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets of Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings and their material domestic subsidiaries. The Revolving Credit Facility contains certain covenants for Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries that limit capital expenditures, additional indebtedness, liens, dividends and investments or acquisitions. In addition, such covenants give rise to events of default upon the failure by Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries to meet certain financial ratios.

As of December 31, 2017, we had $203.3 million of unused revolving credit availability for working capital purposes after restrictions by various debt covenants and certain letter of credit commitments. As of December 31, 2017, $41.7 million of commitments were utilized by outstanding letters of credit.

The following table summarizes our estimated liquidity as of December 31, 2017 (dollars in millions):

Our need for cash in the next twelve months relates primarily to contractual obligations which include debt service, purchase commitments and operating leases, as well as working capital, capital maintenance programs and the funding of plant consolidation and rationalizations. We may also use cash to pursue additional potential strategic acquisitions. Capital expenditures in 2018, excluding acquisitions, are expected to total approximately $60 million and are expected to be funded by cash from operations. In addition, we expect to utilize an additional $30 million to $40 million of working capital during 2018, primarily due to increases in inventory and impacts on accounts receivable and accounts payable as we transition a customer to a revised railroad crosstie supply agreement.

The following table details our projected payments for our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017. The table is based upon available information and certain assumptions we believe to be reasonable.

	Payments Due by Period
	Total		2018		2019-2020		2021-2022		Later years
(in millions)
Long-term debt ⁽¹⁾	$	688.7	$	11.4	$	22.3	$	155.0	$	500.0
Interest on debt		236.9		37.3		73.4		66.2		60.0
Operating leases		171.5		43.7		46.0		31.6		50.2
Federal tax payments ⁽²⁾		4.7		0.8		0.8		1.0		2.1
Purchase commitments ⁽³⁾		427.1		137.0		142.2		64.6		83.3
Total contractual cash obligations	$	1,528.9	$	230.2	$	284.7	$	318.4	$	695.6

Pension and other employee benefit plan funding obligations (for defined benefit plans) are not included in the table above. We expect defined benefit plan contributions to total approximately $5.4 million in 2018. Estimated funding obligations are determined by asset performance, workforce and retiree demographics, tax and employment laws and other actuarial assumptions which may change the annual funding obligations in addition to decisions to fund in excess of statutorily required amounts. The funded status of our defined benefit plans is disclosed in Note 15 in our consolidated financial statements.

As of December 31, 2017, there was $8.7 million of tax liabilities related to unrecognized tax benefits. Because of the high degree of uncertainty regarding the timing of future cash outflows associated with these liabilities, we are unable to estimate the years in which settlement will occur with the respective taxing authorities. See Note 10 in our consolidated financial statements for further information.

The following table details our projected payments for other significant commercial commitments as of December 31, 2017. The table is based upon available information and certain assumptions we believe to be reasonable.

The covenants that affect availability of the Revolving Credit Facility and which may restrict the ability of Koppers Inc. to pay dividends include the following financial ratios:

We are currently in compliance with all covenants governing the Revolving Credit Facility. Our continued ability to meet those financial ratios can be affected by events beyond our control, however, excluding possible acquisitions, we currently expect that our net cash flows from operating activities and funds available from our Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to provide for our working capital needs and capital spending requirements over the next twelve months.

We are subject to foreign currency translation fluctuations due to our foreign operations. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, exchange rate fluctuations resulted in an increase to comprehensive income of $17.0 million, a decrease of $4.3 million and a decrease of $20.6 million, respectively. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses result from transactions denominated in a currency which is different from the currency used by the entity to prepare its financial statements. Foreign currency transaction (gains) losses were $(2.3) million, $(1.3) million and $10.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Information regarding recently issued accounting guidance is contained in Note 3 “New Accounting Pronouncements” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires management to use judgment in making estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses, assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. The following accounting policies are based on, among other things, judgments and assumptions made by management that include inherent risks and uncertainties. Our management’s estimates are based on the relevant information available at the end of each period.

Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue from product sales at the time of shipment or when title passes to the customer. We recognize revenue related to the procurement of certain untreated railroad crossties upon transfer of title, which occurs upon delivery to our plant and acceptance by the customer. Service revenue, consisting primarily of wood treating services, is recognized at the time the service is provided. Our recognition of revenue with respect to untreated crossties meets all the recognition criteria of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 13.A.3, including transfer of title and risk of ownership, the existence of fixed purchase commitments and delivery schedules established by the customer and the completion of all performance obligations by us.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” ASU 2014-09 requires an entity to recognize revenue in a manner that depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2014-09, the FASB issued multiple ASUs which either amended or clarified ASU 2014-09. Collectively, the revenue recognition ASUs are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company has decided to use the modified retrospective method for transition in which the cumulative effect will be recognized at the date of adoption with no restatement of comparative periods presented.

The Company has a project team that has completed its analysis of significant contracts with customers across all major business units to assess the impact of the adoption of the ASUs on the Company’s financial statements and disclosures. We utilized a bottom-up approach to analyze the impact of the standard on our contract portfolio by reviewing our current accounting policies and practices to identify potential differences that would result from applying the requirements of the new standard to our revenue contracts. In addition, we identified and implemented appropriate changes to our business processes, systems and internal controls to support recognition and disclosure under the new standard. The implementation team has reported the findings and progress of the project to management and the Audit Committee on a frequent basis over the last year.

Substantially all of the Company’s contracts with its customers are ship and invoice arrangements where revenue is recognized at the time of shipment or delivery. The Company has identified certain arrangements where revenue will be accelerated upon adoption as the related performance obligations under the contract have been satisfied and control of the goods or services have been transferred to the customer prior to shipment. After assessing the results of the completed analysis, the Company calculated the cumulative effect to the opening balance of retained earnings to be recognized at the date of adoption on January 1, 2018 as an increase of approximately $1 million, including approximately $5 million in revenue not recognized in 2017. The impact of adopting ASU 2014-09 is primarily related to certain post-grading services of treated cross-ties within our RUPS segment where those specific performance obligations were fulfilled prior to shipment and historically not recognized as revenue until shipped.

Inventories. In the United States, CMC and RUPS inventories are valued at the lower of cost, utilizing the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) basis, or market. PC inventories are valued at the lower of cost, utilizing the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis, or market. Market represents replacement cost for raw materials and net realizable value for work in process and finished goods. LIFO inventories constituted approximately 52 percent and 65 percent of the FIFO inventory value at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recorded inventory write-downs of $0.4 million, $0.6 million

and $1.4 million, respectively, related to lower of cost or market conditions for our subsidiaries that value inventory on the FIFO basis.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill is not amortized but is assessed for impairment at least on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In making this assessment, management relies on various factors, including operating results, estimated future cash flows, and business plans. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and in our management’s judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. Because management’s judgment is involved in performing goodwill impairment analyses, there is risk that the carrying value of goodwill is overstated.

Goodwill valuations are performed using projected operating results of the relevant reporting units. We have four reporting units for purposes of goodwill evaluation. These units consist of our CMC operating segment, our PC operating segment, our Railroad Products and Services reporting unit and our Koppers Wood Products reporting unit. Railroad Products and Services and Koppers Wood Products are one level below our RUPS operating segment. The Railroad Products and Services reporting unit primarily serves the rail industry in the United States and the Koppers Wood Products reporting unit primarily serves the utility markets in Australia.

Goodwill remaining on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2017 is $188.2 million and is substantially all related to our PC operating segment. We determined that no impairment of goodwill at any of our reporting units was required as of December 31, 2017.

In 2015, we determined in the first step of the goodwill analysis that the carrying value of the CMC reporting unit exceeded the fair value so we performed the second step of the impairment analysis in order to determine the implied fair value of CMC’s goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill represents the excess of fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value amounts assigned to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit as if it were to be acquired in a business combination and the current fair value of the reporting unit (as calculated in the first step) was the purchase price. Any amount remaining after this allocation represents the implied fair value of goodwill. Based upon this analysis and the observed negative factors including a declining market capitalization, downsizing of the global aluminum markets and continued decline in spot and forward oil pricing, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $67.2 million for the CMC reporting unit in the fourth quarter of 2015. As a result of the goodwill impairment charge, there is no goodwill remaining for the CMC reporting unit.

Identifiable intangible assets that do not have indefinite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. We have identifiable intangible assets of $129.6 million as of December 31, 2017. We annually evaluate the remaining useful life of the intangible asset being amortized to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset will be amortized prospectively over that revised remaining useful life. Identifiable intangible assets are also subject to testing for recoverability whenever events or changes indicate that its carrying value may not be recoverable.

Changes in economic and operating conditions impacting these assumptions could result in goodwill and intangible asset impairments in future periods. Additionally, disruptions to our business such as prolonged recessionary periods or unexpected significant declines in operating results of the relevant reporting units could result in charges for goodwill and other asset impairments in future periods.

Deferred Tax Assets. At December 31, 2017 our balance sheet included $18.4 million of deferred tax assets, which is net of a $44.5 million valuation allowance. We also had $7.4 million of deferred tax liabilities resulting in net deferred tax assets of $11.0 million, substantially all related to our domestic entities. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, management considers various factors, including the expected level of future taxable income, available tax planning strategies and reversals of existing taxable temporary differences.

The realization of a majority of the Company’s deferred tax assets is not subject to any expiration and is dependent upon the reversal of the underlying temporary differences. To the extent future taxable income projections are not achieved, we could be required to record a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 10 includes information on deferred tax activity during the past two years.

Asset Retirement Obligations. We measure asset retirement obligations based upon the applicable accounting guidance, using certain assumptions including estimates regarding the recovery of residues in storage tanks. In the event that operational or regulatory issues vary from our estimates, we could incur additional significant charges to income and increases in cash expenditures related to the disposal of those residues. Certain conditional asset retirement obligations related to facilities have not been recorded in the consolidated financial statements due to uncertainties surrounding the ultimate settlement date and estimate of fair value related to a legal obligation to perform an asset retirement activity. At the date a reasonable estimate of the ultimate settlement can be made, we will record an asset retirement obligation and such amounts may be material to the consolidated financial statements in the period in which they are recorded. In 2017, we recorded additional asset retirement obligations of $9.4 million principally related to the retirement of water

containment systems and storage tank and railcar cleaning costs in the United States. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 2 includes information on expense recognized during the past two years.

Derivative Financial Instruments. We use swap contracts to manage copper price risk associated with forecasted purchases of materials used in our manufacturing processes. Contracts are not held for trading or speculative purposes.

We recognize the fair value of the swap contracts as an asset or liability at each reporting date. We designate most swap contracts as cash flow hedges and the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive (loss) earnings until it is reclassified into earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings. We utilize the dollar offset method to retrospectively measure hedge ineffectiveness. Gains and losses from hedge ineffectiveness are recognized in current earnings. For those swap contracts not designated as a cash flow hedge, gains and losses on the derivative are recorded immediately in earnings. Because of price volatility in the market price of copper and its effect on the dollar offset hedge effectiveness test, we may be required to recognize material unrealized gains and losses as a result of this measurement in current earnings.

Pension and Postretirement Benefits. Accounting for pension and other postretirement benefit obligations involves numerous assumptions, the most significant of which relate to the following:

We develop our demographics and utilize the work of third-party actuaries to assist in the measurement of these obligations. We have selected different discount rates for our pension plans and our other post-retirement benefit plans due to the different projected benefit payment patterns. In determining the assumed discount rates at December 31, 2017, we use our third-party actuary’s discount rate model. This model calculates an equivalent single discount rate for the projected benefit plan cash flows using a hypothetical bond portfolio to match expected cash flows under our benefit plans. The bonds used are rated AA or higher by a recognized rating agency and only non-callable bonds are included with the exception of those with a “make-whole call” feature. The actuary limited the selection to those bonds with a minimum of 100,000 outstanding issues. Outlier bonds whose yields exceeded two standard deviations from the yield curve derived from similar quality bonds were excluded.

Of the assumptions used to measure the year-end obligations and estimated annual net periodic benefit cost, the discount rate has the most significant effect on the periodic benefit cost reported for the plans. Decreasing the discount rates by 0.25 percent for our pension plans and 0.25 percent for our other postretirement benefit plans would increase pension obligations and other postretirement benefit plan obligations by $7.5 million and would decrease defined benefit pension expense and other postretirement benefit plan expense by $0.1 million.

The asset rate of return assumption considers the asset mix of the plans (currently targeted at approximately 30 percent equity securities and 70 percent fixed income securities for the funded pension plans), past performance and other factors, including expected re-allocations of asset mix occurring within a reasonable period of time. Our asset rate of return assumption is 4.62 percent for 2017 defined benefit pension expense. Decreasing the 4.62 percent asset rate of return assumption by 0.25 percent would increase our defined benefit pension expense by $0.5 million.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 15 includes detailed information about the assumptions used to calculate the components of our annual defined benefit pension and other postretirement plan expense, as well as the obligations and accumulated other comprehensive loss reported on the year-end balance sheets.

Litigation and Contingencies. We record liabilities related to legal matters when an adverse outcome is probable and reasonably estimable. To the extent we anticipate favorable outcomes to these matters which ultimately result in adverse outcomes, we could incur material adverse impacts on earnings and cash flows. Because such matters require significant judgments on the part of management, the recorded liabilities could be lower than what is ultimately required. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 20 includes information about litigation and other contingencies.

Environmental Liabilities. We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations and potential liabilities relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety, including, among other things, the cleanup of contaminated sites, the treatment, storage and disposal of wastes, the discharge of effluent into waterways, the emission of substances into the air and various health and safety matters. We expect to incur substantial costs for ongoing compliance with such laws and regulations. We may also incur costs as a result of governmental or third-party claims, or otherwise incur costs, relating to cleanup of, or for injuries resulting from, contamination at sites associated with past and present operations. We accrue for environmental liabilities when a determination can be made that they are probable and reasonably estimable. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 20 includes information about environmental liabilities.

Like other global companies, we are exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The objective of our financial risk management is to minimize the negative impact of commodity price, interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations on our earnings, cash flows and equity.

To manage commodity price risk, we enter into swap contracts for future forecasted purchases of copper. This reduces the impact of commodity price volatility on gross profit. To manage the interest rate risks, we use a combination of fixed and variable rate debt. This reduces the impact of short-term fluctuations in interest rates. To manage foreign currency exchange rate risks, we use forward exchange contracts to hedge firm commitments up to twelve months and all such contracts are marked to market with the recognition of a gain or loss at each reporting period.

The following analyses present the sensitivity of the market value, earnings and cash flows of our financial instruments and foreign operations to hypothetical changes in interest and exchange rates and market prices for copper as if these changes occurred at December 31, 2017. The range of changes chosen for these analyses reflects our view of changes which are reasonably possible over a one-year period. Market values are the present values of projected future cash flows based on the interest rate, exchange rate and copper price assumptions. These forward-looking statements are selective in nature and only address the potential impacts from financial instruments and foreign operations. They do not include other potential effects that could impact our business as a result of these changes.

Commodity Price Sensitivity Analysis. Our exposure to market risk for changes in copper prices relates primarily to the purchase price of the raw material and the fixed price sales agreements we have with customers of our PC segment. We utilize swap contracts to manage this price risk. As of December 31, 2017, we had outstanding copper swap contracts totaling 49.1 million pounds and the fair value of these contracts resulted in a gain of $30.0 million. A portion of the gain totaling $20.3 million, before tax, is recognized in other comprehensive income and a portion of the gain totaling $9.7 million is recognized in income, before tax. Holding other variables constant, if there were a 10 percent reduction in the December 31, 2017 market price of copper, the fair value of these contracts would be a gain of $14.5 million. This hypothetical gain would be allocated only to other comprehensive income of $14.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Interest Rate and Debt Sensitivity Analysis. Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our debt obligations. We have fixed and variable rate debt and the ability to incur variable rate debt under the Koppers Inc. credit agreement.

At December 31, 2017 we had $500.0 million of fixed rate debt and $177.0 million of variable rate debt. Our ratio of fixed rate debt to variable rate debt at December 31, 2017 was approximately 282 percent. For fixed rate debt, interest rate changes affect the fair market value but do not impact earnings or cash flows. For variable rate debt, interest rate changes generally do not affect the fair market value but do impact future earnings and cash flows, assuming other factors are held constant.

Holding other variables constant (such as debt levels and foreign exchange rates), a one percentage point decrease in interest rates at December 31, 2017 would have increased the unrealized fair market value of the fixed rate debt by approximately $7.0 million. The earnings and cash flows for the year ending December 31, 2017, assuming a one percentage point increase in interest rates, would have decreased approximately $1.8 million, holding other variables constant for variable rate debt.

Exchange Rate Sensitivity Analysis. Our exchange rate exposures result primarily from our investment and ongoing operations in Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, Canada, the Netherlands, China and the United Kingdom. Holding other variables constant, if there were a ten percent reduction in all relevant exchange rates, the effect on our earnings, based on actual earnings from foreign operations for the year ended December 31, 2017, would be a reduction of approximately $5.9 million.

The management of Koppers Holdings Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Management has assessed the effectiveness of Koppers Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017. In making this assessment, management has utilized the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Management concluded that based on its assessment, Koppers Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.

The effectiveness of Koppers Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, has been audited by KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that also audited the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, as stated in their attestation report which appears on page 46.

We have audited Koppers Holdings Inc.’s and subsidiaries (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and shareholders’ equity, for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)2 (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”), and our report dated February 27, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Koppers Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows, and shareholders’ equity, for each of the years in the two‑year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)2 (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the two‑year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 27, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have audited the consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and shareholders’ equity of Koppers Holdings Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a). These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated results of operations and cash flows of Koppers Holdings Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
Net sales	$	1,475.5		$	1,416.2		$	1,626.9
Cost of sales (excluding items below)		1,154.1			1,127.9			1,366.7
Depreciation and amortization		49.8			52.9			59.0
Gain on sale of business		0.0			(2.1	)		(3.2	)
Impairment and restructuring charges		16.2			20.1			42.2
Goodwill impairment		0.0			0.0			67.2
Loss on pension settlements		10.0			4.4			0.0
Selling, general and administrative expenses		133.3			126.6			124.6
Operating profit (loss)		112.1			86.4			(29.6	)
Other income, net		4.0			2.9			0.2
Interest expense		42.5			50.8			50.7
Loss on extinguishment of debt		13.3			0.0			0.0
Income (loss) before income taxes		60.3			38.5			(80.1	)
Income tax provision (benefit)		29.0			11.4			(4.2	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations		31.3			27.1			(75.9	)
(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax benefit (expense) of $0.2, $(0.3) and $0.1		(0.8	)		0.6			(0.1	)
Net income (loss)		30.5			27.7			(76.0	)
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		1.4			(1.6	)		(4.0	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Koppers	$	29.1		$	29.3		$	(72.0	)
Earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Koppers common shareholders:
Basic -
Continuing operations	$	1.44		$	1.39		$	(3.50	)
Discontinued operations		(0.04	)		0.03			(0.01	)
Earnings (loss) per basic common share	$	1.40		$	1.42		$	(3.51	)
Diluted -
Continuing operations	$	1.36		$	1.36		$	(3.50	)
Discontinued operations		(0.04	)		0.03			(0.01	)
Earnings (loss) per diluted common share	$	1.32		$	1.39		$	(3.51	)
Weighted average shares outstanding (in thousands):
Basic		20,754			20,636			20,541
Diluted		22,000			21,055			20,541

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016			2015
(Dollars in millions)
Net income (loss)	$	30.5	$	27.7		$	(76.0	)
Changes in other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation adjustment		17.0		(4.3	)		(20.6	)
Derivative financial instrument net gain (loss), net of tax (expense) benefit of $(3.5), $(8.0) and $1.2		6.1		12.9			(2.2	)
Unrecognized pension prior service benefit, net of tax benefit of $0.0, $0.0 and $0.4		0.0		0.0			(0.7	)
Unrecognized pension net gain, net of tax expense of $(2.8), $(2.0) and $(1.0)		8.8		2.3			3.7
Total comprehensive income (loss)		62.4		38.6			(95.8	)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		1.7		(1.9	)		(4.3	)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Koppers	$	60.7	$	40.5		$	(91.5	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	December 31, 2017			December 31, 2016
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	60.3		$	20.8
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $2.5 and $3.8		159.2			136.8
Income tax receivable		1.7			3.8
Inventories, net		236.9			228.7
Loan to related party		0.0			8.9
Other current assets		48.6			39.1
Total current assets		506.7			438.1
Property, plant and equipment, net		328.0			280.8
Goodwill		188.2			186.4
Intangible assets, net		129.6			141.9
Deferred tax assets		18.4			27.1
Other assets		29.3			13.2
Total assets	$	1,200.2		$	1,087.5
Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	141.9		$	144.2
Accrued liabilities		127.9			106.3
Current maturities of long-term debt		11.4			42.6
Total current liabilities		281.2			293.1
Long-term debt		665.6			619.8
Accrued postretirement benefits		46.3			51.6
Deferred tax liabilities		7.3			6.3
Other long-term liabilities		94.0			82.1
Total liabilities		1,094.4			1,052.9
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 20)
Equity
Senior Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued		0.0			0.0
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share; 80,000,000 shares authorized; 22,384,476 and 22,140,680 shares issued		0.2			0.2
Additional paid-in capital		190.6			176.5
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)		7.4			(24.7	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(40.1	)		(68.6	)
Treasury stock, at cost, 1,606,028 and 1,475,792 shares		(58.2	)		(53.0	)
Total Koppers shareholders’ equity		99.9			30.4
Noncontrolling interests		5.9			4.2
Total equity		105.8			34.6
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,200.2		$	1,087.5

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
(Dollars in millions)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	30.5		$	27.7		$	(76.0	)
Adjustments to reconcile net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		49.8			52.9			59.0
Impairment of long-lived assets		3.7			3.5			14.7
Goodwill impairment		0.0			0.0			67.2
Loss on extinguishment of debt		13.3			0.0			0.0
Gain on disposal of assets and investment		(1.5	)		0.0			0.0
Gain on sale of business		0.0			(2.1	)		(3.2	)
Deferred income taxes		1.6			(0.1	)		(16.0	)
Equity loss, net of dividends received		0.0			1.0			3.1
Change in other liabilities		(21.1	)		(5.0	)		(5.5	)
Non-cash interest expense		2.1			5.7			3.6
Stock-based compensation		10.6			8.9			3.8
Deferred revenue		(0.7	)		(0.8	)		27.6
Loss on pension settlement		10.0			4.4			0.0
Other - net		(0.1	)		1.7			5.2
Changes in working capital:
Accounts receivable		(16.0	)		12.7			34.1
Inventories		0.7			(3.3	)		(4.3	)
Accounts payable		(13.6	)		5.0			25.0
Accrued liabilities		31.2			8.4			(19.6	)
Other working capital		1.3			(1.1	)		9.0
Net cash provided by operating activities		101.8			119.5			127.7
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities:
Capital expenditures		(67.5	)		(49.9	)		(40.7	)
Repayments received on loan		9.5			0.0			0.0
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired		0.0			0.0			(15.3	)
Net cash provided by (used in) divestitures and asset sales		1.5			(3.8	)		14.9
Net cash used in investing activities		(56.5	)		(53.7	)		(41.1	)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities:
Borrowings of revolving credit		705.4			595.7			612.1
Repayments of revolving credit		(651.1	)		(625.4	)		(685.9	)
Borrowings of long-term debt		500.0			0.0			1.1
Repayments of long-term debt		(546.7	)		(31.7	)		(40.7	)
Issuances of Common Stock		2.7			0.4			0.0
Repurchases of Common Stock		(5.2	)		(0.3	)		(0.3	)
Payment of debt issuance costs		(11.0	)		(1.4	)		(1.0	)
Dividends paid		0.0			0.0			(8.7	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(5.9	)		(62.7	)		(123.4	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		0.1			(4.1	)		7.5
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		39.5			(1.0	)		(29.3	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		20.8			21.8			51.1
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	60.3		$	20.8		$	21.8
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest	$	37.6		$	42.7		$	43.9
Income taxes, net		16.6			11.6			26.3
Noncash investing activities:
Accrued capital expenditures		7.8			0.0			0.0

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
(Dollars in millions)
Senior Convertible Preferred Stock
Balance at beginning and end of year	$	0.0		$	0.0		$	0.0
Common Stock
Balance at beginning and end of year		0.2			0.2			0.2
Additional paid-in capital
Balance at beginning of year		176.5			167.8			164.5
Employee stock plans		11.4			8.7			3.3
Issuance of common stock		2.7			0.0			0.0
Balance at end of year		190.6			176.5			167.8
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)
Balance at beginning of year		(24.7	)		(54.0	)		18.0
Net income (loss) attributable to Koppers		29.1			29.3			(72.0	)
Tax reform rate change reclassification		3.2			0.0			0.0
Change in accounting standard		(0.2	)		(0.0	)		0.0
Balance at end of year		7.4			(24.7	)		(54.0	)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income
Currency translation adjustment:
Balance at beginning of year		(30.6	)		(26.6	)		(6.3	)
Change in currency translation adjustment		16.8			(4.0	)		(20.3	)
Balance at end of year		(13.8	)		(30.6	)		(26.6	)
Unrecognized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges:
Balance at beginning of year		6.9			(6.0	)		(3.8	)
Tax reform rate change reclassification		2.8			0.0			0.0
Reclassification of unrealized (gains) losses on cash flow hedges to expense, net of tax (expense) benefit of $(5.0), $3.7 and $3.5		(7.1	)		5.6			5.4
Change in cash flow hedges, net of tax (expense) benefit of $(8.5), $(4.3) and $4.7		13.2			7.3			(7.6	)
Balance at end of year		15.8			6.9			(6.0	)
Unrecognized pension prior service cost (benefit):
Balance at beginning of year		0.0			0.0			0.7
Reclassification of unrecognized prior service benefit to income, net of tax benefit of $0.0, $0.0 and $0.4		0.0			0.0			(0.7	)
Balance at end of year		0.0			0.0			0.0
Unrecognized pension net loss:
Balance at beginning of year		(44.9	)		(47.2	)		(50.9	)
Tax reform rate change reclassification		(6.0	)		0.0			0.0
Reclassification of unrecognized pension net loss to expense, net of tax benefit of $4.4, $2.3 and $2.2		7.3			3.9			4.0
Revaluation of unrecognized pension net loss, net of tax benefit of $0.2, $0.3 and $1.2		1.5			(1.6	)		(0.3	)
Balance at end of year		(42.1	)		(44.9	)		(47.2	)
Total balance at end of year		(40.1	)		(68.6	)		(79.8	)
Treasury stock
Balance at beginning of year		(53.0	)		(52.7	)		(52.4	)
Purchases		(5.2	)		(0.3	)		(0.3	)
Balance at end of year		(58.2	)		(53.0	)		(52.7	)
Total Koppers shareholders’ equity (deficit) – end of year		99.9			30.4			(18.5	)
Noncontrolling interests
Balance at beginning of year		4.2			6.1			13.9
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		1.4			(1.6	)		(4.0	)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests		0.0			0.0			(3.5	)
Currency translation adjustment		0.3			(0.3	)		(0.3	)
Balance at end of year		5.9			4.2			6.1
Total equity (deficit) – end of year	$	105.8		$	34.6		$	(12.4	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Parent company of Koppers Inc. – In these financial statements, unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise, when the terms “Koppers,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us,” are used, they mean Koppers Holdings Inc. (“Koppers Holdings”) and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. The use of these terms is not intended to imply that Koppers Holdings and Koppers Inc. are not separate and distinct legal entities from each other and from their respective subsidiaries. Koppers Holdings has no direct operations and no significant assets other than the stock of Koppers Inc. It depends on the dividends from the earnings of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet its financial obligations. The terms of Koppers Inc.’s Revolving Credit Facility prohibit Koppers Inc. from paying dividends and otherwise transferring assets except for certain limited dividends. Further, the terms of the indenture governing Koppers Inc.’s Senior Notes due 2025 significantly restrict Koppers Inc. from paying dividends and otherwise transferring assets to Koppers Holdings.

Business description – The Company is a global integrated provider of treated wood products, wood treatment chemicals and carbon compounds for use in a variety of markets including the railroad, specialty chemical, utility, residential lumber, agriculture, aluminum, steel, rubber and construction industries. The Company’s business is operated through three business segments, Railroad and Utility Products and Services (“RUPS”), Performance Chemicals (“PC”) and Carbon Materials and Chemicals (“CMC”).

The Company’s Railroad and Utility Products and Services segment sells treated and untreated wood products, rail joint bars and services primarily to the railroad industry and treated wood products to the utility industry. Railroad products include procuring and treating items such as crossties, switch ties and various types of lumber used for railroad bridges and crossings and the manufacture of rail joint bars. Utility products include transmission and distribution poles and pilings.

The Company’s Performance Chemicals segment develops, manufactures, and markets wood preservation chemicals and wood treatment technologies and services a diverse range of end-markets including infrastructure, residential and commercial construction and agriculture.

The Company’s Carbon Materials and Chemicals segment is primarily a manufacturer of creosote, carbon pitch, naphthalene, phthalic anhydride and carbon black feedstock. Creosote is used in the treatment of wood and carbon black feedstock is used in the production of carbon black. Carbon pitch is a critical raw material used in the production of aluminum and for the production of steel in electric arc furnaces. Naphthalene is used for the production of phthalic anhydride and as a surfactant in the production of concrete. Phthalic anhydride is used in the production of plasticizers, polyester resins and alkyd paints.

Basis of presentation – The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all majority-owned subsidiaries for which the Company is deemed to exercise control over its operations. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s investments in 20 percent to 50 percent-owned companies in which it has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, the Company’s share of the earnings of these companies is included in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. As of November 2016, the Company had no investments under the equity method of accounting. Certain prior period amounts in the notes to the consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation.

Use of estimates – Accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. require management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingencies on the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates have been prepared on the basis of the most current and best available information and actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Foreign currency translation – For consolidated entities outside of the U.S. that prepare financial statements in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, results of operations and cash flows are translated at average exchange rates during the period, and assets and liabilities are translated at end-of-period exchange rates. Cumulative translation adjustments are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders’ equity.

Foreign currency transaction gains and losses result from transactions denominated in a currency which is different than the currency used by the entity to prepare its financial statements. Foreign currency transaction losses were $2.3 million, $1.3 million and $10.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Revenue recognition – The Company recognizes revenue when the risks and rewards of ownership and title to the product have transferred to the customer. Revenue recognition generally occurs at the point of shipment; however in certain circumstances as shipping terms dictate, revenue is recognized at the point of destination. Shipping and handling costs are included as a component of cost of sales.

The Company recognizes revenue related to the procurement of certain untreated railroad crossties upon transfer of title to the customer, which occurs upon delivery to the Company’s plant and acceptance by the customer. Payment on sales of untreated railroad crossties and wood treating services are generally due within 30 days of the invoice date. Service revenue, consisting primarily of wood treating services, is recognized at the time the service is provided. The Company’s recognition of revenue with respect to untreated crossties meets all the recognition criteria of Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 13.A.3., including transfer of title and risk of ownership, the existence of fixed purchase commitments and delivery schedules established by the customer, and the completion of all performance obligations by the Company. Revenue recognized for untreated crosstie sales for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 amounted to $96.8 million, $129.2 million and $129.8 million, respectively.

Research and development – Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. These costs totaled $9.0 million in 2017, $6.6 million in 2016 and $5.2 million in 2015.

Cash and cash equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and on deposit and investments in highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less.

Accounts receivable – The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. In circumstances where the Company becomes aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations to Koppers, a specific reserve for bad debts is recorded against amounts due. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an inability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.

Inventories – In the United States, CMC and RUPS inventories are valued at the lower of cost, utilizing the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) basis, or market. PC inventories and all other inventories outside of the United States are valued at the lower of cost, utilizing the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis, and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. LIFO inventories constituted approximately 52 percent and 65 percent of the FIFO inventory value at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recorded inventory write-downs of $0.4 million, $0.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively, related to lower of cost and net realizable value for our subsidiaries that value inventory on the FIFO basis.

Property, plant and equipment – Property, plant and equipment are recorded at purchased cost and include improvements which significantly increase capacities or extend useful lives of existing plant and equipment. Depreciation expense is calculated by applying the straight-line method over estimated useful lives. Estimated useful lives for buildings generally range from 10 to 20 years and depreciable lives for machinery and equipment generally range from 3 to 15 years. Net gains and losses related to asset disposals are recognized in earnings in the period in which the disposal occurs. Routine repairs, replacements and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

The Company periodically evaluates whether current facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of its depreciable long-lived assets may not be recoverable. If an asset, or logical grouping of assets, is determined to be impaired, the asset is written down to its fair value using discounted future cash flows and, if available, quoted market prices. Refer to Note 4 “Plant Closures and Discontinued Operations” for additional information.

Goodwill and other intangible assets – Goodwill and other purchased intangible assets are included in the identifiable assets of the business segment to which they have been assigned. The Company performs impairment tests annually for goodwill, and more often as circumstances require. When it is determined that impairment has occurred, an appropriate charge to earnings is recorded. The Company performed its annual impairment test in the fourth quarters of 2017 and 2016, noting no impairment. Refer to Note 14 "Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets" for a discussion of goodwill impairment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Identifiable intangible assets, other than goodwill, are recorded at cost. Identifiable intangible assets that do not have indefinite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

Deferred income taxes – Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax laws is recognized in earnings in the period the new laws are enacted. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that such assets will be realized.

Self-insured liabilities – The Company is self-insured for property, casualty and workers’ compensation exposures up to various stop-loss coverage amounts. Losses are accrued based upon the Company’s estimates of the liability for the related deductibles of claims incurred. Such estimates utilize actuarial methods based on various assumptions, which include but are not limited to, the Company’s historical loss experience and projected loss development factors. In 2017 and 2016, reversals of self-insured liabilities occurred as a result of favorable loss trends related to self-insured claims.

Derivative financial instruments – The Company uses swap contracts to manage copper price risk associated with forecasted purchases of materials used in the Company’s manufacturing processes. The Company uses forward contracts to hedge exposure to currency exchange rate changes on transactions and other commitments denominated in a foreign currency. Contracts are not held for trading or speculative purposes. The Company recognizes the fair value of the swap and forward contracts as an asset or liability at each reporting date. The Company designates certain of the swap and forward contracts as cash flow hedges and the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until it is reclassified into earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses from hedge ineffectiveness are recognized in current earnings. For swap and forward contracts that are not designated as cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of those contracts are recognized immediately in earnings.

Asset retirement obligations – Asset retirement obligations are initially recorded at present value and are capitalized as part of the cost of the related long-lived asset when sufficient information is available to estimate present value. The capitalized costs are subsequently charged to depreciation expense over the estimated useful life of the related long-lived asset. The present value of the obligation is determined by calculating the discounted value of expected future cash flows and accretion expense is recorded each month to ultimately increase this obligation to full value.

The Company recognizes asset retirement obligations for the removal and disposal of residues; dismantling of certain tanks required by governmental authorities; cleaning and dismantling costs for owned rail cars; cleaning costs for leased rail cars and barges; and site demolition, when required by governmental authorities or by contract.

The following table describes changes to the Company’s asset retirement obligation liabilities at December 31, 2017 and 2016:

(a) Revision in estimated cash flows for 2017 and 2016 includes $9.4 and $2.7 million of charges related to restructuring activities, respectively. See Note 4. “Plant Closures and Discontinued Operations” for additional information.

Litigation and contingencies – Amounts associated with litigation and contingencies are accrued when management, after taking into consideration the facts and circumstances of each matter including any settlement offers, has determined that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs for litigation are expensed as incurred with the exception of legal fees relating to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) sites.

Other current assets – Included in other current assets are prepaid expenses totaling $18.6 million and $17.0 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Environmental liabilities – The Company accrues for remediation costs and penalties when the responsibility to remediate is probable and the amount of related cost is reasonably estimable. If only a range of potential liability can be estimated and no amount within the range is more probable than another, the accrual is recorded at the low end of that range. Remediation liabilities are discounted if the amount and timing of the cash disbursements are readily determinable.

Deferred revenue – The Company received an advance payment of $30.0 million in 2015 related to an amendment to a 50-year supply agreement with a customer in China. The deferred revenue associated with this amendment will be amortized over the life of the underlying contract. In addition, the Company defers revenues associated with extended product warranty liabilities based on historical loss experience and sales of extended warranties on certain products. The following table describes changes to the Company’s deferred revenue at December 31, 2017 and 2016:

Stock-based compensation – The Company records compensation expense for non-vested stock options and stock units over the vesting period based on the fair value at the date of grant. No compensation cost is recognized for any stock awards that are forfeited in the event the recipient fails to meet the vesting requirements.

The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” effective January 1, 2017. This ASU makes several modifications related to the accounting for forfeitures of share-based awards, employer tax withholding on share-based compensation and the financial statement presentation of excess tax benefits or deficiencies. The Company elected to account for forfeitures when they occur. The impact of adoption was a decrease to retained earnings of $0.2 million, an increase to deferred tax assets of $0.1 million and an increase to additional paid in capital of $0.3 million.

The Company adopted ASU No. 2018-02, “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” effective October 1, 2017. ASU 2018-02 requires a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted federal corporate income tax rate. The amount of the reclassification is the difference between the tax-effected items that are included in accumulated other comprehensive income and were recorded at the historical 35 percent corporate income tax rate and those same items that are now recorded at the newly enacted 21 percent corporate income tax rate. This difference was $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The Company has completed its analysis of significant contracts with customers across all major business units to assess the impact of the adoption of the ASUs on the Company’s financial statements and disclosures. The Company utilized a bottom-up approach to analyze the impact of the standard on its contract portfolio by reviewing its current accounting policies and practices to identify potential differences that would result from applying the requirements of the new standard to its revenue contracts. In addition, the Company identified and implemented appropriate changes to our business processes, systems and controls to support recognition and disclosure under the new standard. The implementation team has reported the findings and progress of the project to management and the Audit Committee on a frequent basis over the last year.

Substantially all of the Company’s contracts with its customers are ship and invoice arrangements where revenue is recognized at the time of shipment or delivery. The Company has identified certain arrangements where revenue will be accelerated upon adoption as the related performance obligations under the contract have been satisfied and control of the goods or services have been transferred to the customer prior to shipment. After assessing the results of the completed analysis, the Company calculated the cumulative effect to the opening balance of retained earnings recognized at January 1, 2018 will be an increase of approximately $1 million, including approximately $5 million in revenue not recognized as of December 31, 2017. The impact of adopting Topic 606 is primarily related to certain services to untreated cross-ties within our RUPS segment where those specific performance obligations were fulfilled prior to shipment and historically not recognized as revenue until shipped.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.” This ASU amends and simplifies existing guidance in order to allow companies to

more accurately present the economic effects of risk management activities in the financial statements. ASU No. 2017-12 is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and earlier adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt this ASU effective January 1, 2018 and the impact of adoption is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (Topic 350).” The update is intended to simplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The amendments in this update are effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Entities are required to apply the amendments in this update prospectively from the date of adoption. The Company will adopt this ASU effective January 1, 2018 and does not anticipate ASU 2017-04 will impact our financial statements as there is a sufficient excess between the fair value and carrying value of our goodwill.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” The update clarifies how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flow. The amendments in this update are effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” ASU 2016-02 requires an entity to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for all leases with terms of more than one year. Recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses will depend on classification as a finance or operating lease. The standard is effective January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The guidance requires a modified retrospective adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on its consolidated financial statements.

Over the past four years, the Company has been restructuring its Carbon Materials and Chemicals (“CMC”) business unit in order to concentrate its facilities in regions where the Company believes it holds key competitive advantages to better serve its global customers. These closure activities include:

Other closure and divestiture activity relates to the Company’s Railroad Utility Products and Services (“RUPS”) business unit. These actions include:

In addition, in 2011, the Company ceased carbon black production at its CMC facility located in Kurnell, Australia. Costs associated with this closure are included in “(Loss) income from discontinued operations” on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

	Severance and employee benefits			Environmental remediation			Asset retirement			Other			Total
(Dollars in millions)
Reserve at December 31, 2015	$	2.0		$	4.3		$	21.9		$	0.0		$	28.2
Accrual		2.4			0.1			5.6			5.6			13.7
Costs charged against assets		0.0			0.0			0.0			(1.9	)		(1.9	)
Reversal of accrued charges		(1.9	)		(0.5	)		(8.7	)		(0.1	)		(11.2	)
Cash paid		(1.0	)		(2.4	)		(8.1	)		(0.2	)		(11.7	)
Currency translation		(0.1	)		0.0			(0.7	)		(0.2	)		(1.0	)
Reserve at December 31, 2016	$	1.4		$	1.5		$	10.0		$	3.2		$	16.1
Accrual		0.9			2.1			4.7			6.9			14.6
Costs charged against assets		0.0			0.0			0.0			(6.3	)		(6.3	)
Reversal of accrued charges		(0.3	)		0.0			(1.8	)		0.0			(2.1	)
Cash paid		(0.3	)		(1.1	)		(2.4	)		(1.0	)		(4.8	)
Currency translation		0.0			0.2			0.1			0.5			0.8
Reserve at December 31, 2017	$	1.7		$	2.7		$	10.6		$	3.3		$	18.3

During 2016, the Company sold its 30 percent interest in TKK. The Company had loaned $10.0 million, gross of accumulated equity losses of $1.1 million, to TKK, including interest. The loan and interest was fully repaid and the Company recorded a gain of $1.3 million in 2017.

Refer to Note 16 “Debt” for detail on two committed loan facility agreements entered into by our 75-percent owned subsidiary, Koppers (Jiangsu) Carbon Chemical Company Limited (“KJCC”).

Carrying amounts and the related estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

Cash and cash equivalents – The carrying value approximates fair value because of the short maturity of those instruments.

Investments and other assets – Represents the broker-quoted cash surrender value on universal life insurance policies. This asset is classified as Level 2 in the valuation hierarchy and is measured from values received from financial institutions.

Debt – The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt is estimated based on the market prices for the same or similar issuances or on the current rates offered to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities (Level 2). The fair value of the Company’s Revolving Credit Facility approximates carrying value due to the variable rate nature of this instrument.

The computation of basic earnings per common share for the periods presented is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods. The computation of diluted earnings per common share includes the effect of non-vested nonqualified stock options and restricted stock units assuming such options and stock units were outstanding common shares at the beginning of the period. The effect of antidilutive securities is excluded from the computation of diluted loss per common share, if any.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016		2015
(Dollars in millions, except share amounts, in thousands, and per share amounts)
Net income (loss) attributable to Koppers	$	29.1		$	29.3	$	(72.0	)
(Loss) income from discontinued operations		(0.8	)		0.6		(0.1	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Koppers	$	29.9		$	28.7	$	(71.9	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic		20,754			20,636		20,541
Effect of dilutive securities		1,246			419		0
Diluted		22,000			21,055		20,541
Earnings (loss) per common share – continuing operations:
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	1.44		$	1.39	$	(3.50	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share		1.36			1.36		(3.50	)
Other data:
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted earnings per common share		156			415		668

The amended and restated 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”) provides for the grant to eligible persons of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance awards, dividend equivalents and other stock-based awards, which are collectively referred to as the awards.

Under the LTIP, the board of directors grants restricted stock units and performance stock units to certain employee participants (collectively, the “stock units”). For grants to most employees in 2015 and thereafter, the restricted stock units vest in four equal annual installments. Restricted stock units that have one-year vesting periods are also issued under the LTIP to members of the board of directors in connection with annual director compensation and, from time to time, are issued to employees in connection with employee compensation with typical vesting periods of two years or less.

Compensation expense for non-vested stock units is recorded over the vesting period based on the fair value at the date of grant. The fair value of restricted stock units and performance stock units with a performance condition is the market price of the underlying common stock on the date of grant.

Performance stock units granted in 2015 have vesting based upon a performance condition. These performance stock units have three-year performance objectives and all performance stock units have a three-year period for vesting (if the applicable performance objective is achieved). The applicable performance objective is based upon a multi-year cumulative value creation calculation that considers the Company’s financial performance commencing on the first day of each grant year. The number of performance stock units granted represents the target award and participants have the ability to earn between zero and 200 percent (depending on the grant date) of the target award based upon actual performance. If minimum performance criteria are not achieved, no performance stock units will vest. Performance stock units granted in 2014 did not meet the value creation threshold and were forfeited in February 2017. Performance stock units granted in 2015 will vest at 200 percent in March 2018.

Performance stock units granted in 2016 and 2017 have vesting based upon a market condition. These performance stock units have a three-year performance objective and a three-year period for vesting (if the applicable performance objective is achieved). The applicable performance objective is based on the Company’s total shareholder return relative to the Standard & Poors SmallCap 600 Materials Index. The number of performance stock units granted represents the target award and participants have the ability to earn between zero and 200 percent of the target award based upon actual performance. If minimum performance criteria are not achieved, no performance stock units will vest. The Company has the discretion to settle the award in cash rather than shares, although the Company currently expects that all awards will be settled by the issuance of shares.

Compensation expense for non-vested performance stock units with a market condition is recorded over the vesting period based on the fair value at the date of grant. The Company calculated the fair value of the awards on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo valuation model and the assumptions listed below:

Dividends declared, if any, on the Company’s common stock during the period prior to vesting of the stock units are credited at equivalent value as additional stock units and become payable as additional common shares upon vesting. In the event of termination of employment, other than retirement, death or disability, any non-vested stock units are forfeited, including additional stock units credited from dividends. In the event of termination of employment due to retirement, death or disability, pro-rata vesting of the stock units over the service period will result. There are special vesting provisions for the stock units related to a change in control.

The following table shows a summary of the performance stock units as of December 31, 2017:

The following table shows a summary of the status and activity of non-vested stock awards for the year ended December 31, 2017:

Prior to 2015, stock options to most executive officers vest and become exercisable upon the completion of a three-year service period commencing on the grant date. For grants in 2015 and thereafter, the stock options vest in four equal annual installments. The stock options have a term of ten years. In the event of termination of employment, other than retirement, death or disability, any non-vested options are forfeited. In the event of termination of employment due to retirement, death or disability, pro-rata vesting of the options over the service period will result. There are special vesting provisions for the stock options related to a change in control.

Compensation expense for non-vested stock options is recorded over the vesting period based on the fair value at the date of grant. The Company calculated the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton model and the assumptions listed below:

The dividend yield is based on the Company’s current and prospective dividend rate which calculates a continuous dividend yield based upon the market price of the underlying common stock. The Company suspended its dividend in February 2015 and it has not been determined when and if, the dividend will be reinstated. The expected life in years is based on historical exercise data of options previously granted by the Company. Expected volatility is based on the

historical volatility of the Company’s common stock and the historical volatility of certain other similar public companies. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury bill rates for the expected life of the option.

The following table shows a summary of the status and activity of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2017:

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized and cash received from the exercise of stock options for the three years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

As of December 31, 2017 total future compensation expense related to non-vested stock-based compensation arrangements totaled $15.0 million and the weighted-average period over which this expense is expected to be recognized is approximately 25 months.

The Company has three reportable segments: Railroad and Utility Products and Services, Performance Chemicals and Carbon Materials and Chemicals. The Company’s reportable segments contain multiple aggregated business units since management believes the long-term financial performance of these business units is affected by similar economic conditions. The reportable segments are each managed separately because they manufacture and distribute distinct products with different production processes.

The Company’s Railroad and Utility Products and Services segment sells treated and untreated wood products, manufactured products and services primarily to the railroad and public utility markets. Railroad products and services include procuring and treating items such as crossties, switch ties and various types of lumber used for railroad bridges and crossings and the manufacture of rail joint bars. The segment also operates a railroad services business that conducts engineering, design, repair and inspection services for railroad bridges. Utility products include the treating of transmission and distribution poles and pilings.

The Company evaluates performance and determines resource allocations based on a number of factors, the primary measure being operating profit or loss from operations. Operating profit does not include equity in earnings of affiliates, other income, interest expense, income taxes or operating costs of Koppers Holdings Inc. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Intersegment transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

The following table sets forth certain sales and operating data, net of all intersegment transactions, for the Company’s segments for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
(Dollars in millions)
Revenues from external customers:
Railroad and Utility Products and Services	$	512.6		$	586.5		$	657.0
Performance Chemicals		411.2			393.4			356.5
Carbon Materials and Chemicals		551.7			436.3			613.4
Total	$	1,475.5		$	1,416.2		$	1,626.9
Intersegment revenues:
Performance Chemicals	$	6.7		$	8.1		$	8.7
Carbon Materials and Chemicals		79.6			90.2			86.7
Total	$	86.3		$	98.3		$	95.4
Depreciation and amortization expense:
Railroad and Utility Products and Services^(a)	$	11.8		$	11.9		$	14.2
Performance Chemicals		17.9			18.7			19.0
Carbon Materials and Chemicals^(b)		20.1			22.3			25.8
Total	$	49.8		$	52.9		$	59.0
Operating profit (loss):
Railroad and Utility Products and Services^(c)	$	25.3		$	52.5		$	62.2
Performance Chemicals		71.4			63.5			39.0
Carbon Materials and Chemicals^(d)		27.4			(23.6	)		(125.0	)
Corporate^(e)		(12.0	)		(6.0	)		(5.8	)
Total	$	112.1		$	86.4		$	(29.6	)
Capital expenditures (including acquisitions):
Railroad and Utility Products and Services	$	10.6		$	11.2		$	11.1
Performance Chemicals		15.4			7.9			5.8
Carbon Materials and Chemicals		39.7			29.5			37.6
Corporate		1.8			1.3			1.5
Total	$	67.5		$	49.9		$	56.0

The following table sets forth tangible and intangible assets allocated to each of the Company’s segments as of the dates indicated:

	December 31,
	2017		2016
(Dollars in millions)
Segment assets:
Railroad and Utility Products and Services	$	249.7	$	264.2
Performance Chemicals		494.0		442.9
Carbon Materials and Chemicals		414.2		333.0
Segment assets		1,157.9		1,040.1
Cash and cash equivalents		0.7		0.0
Income tax receivable		1.7		3.8
Deferred taxes		29.4		32.5
Property, plant and equipment, net		5.2		4.9
Deferred charges		0.2		0.7
Other		5.1		5.5
Total	$	1,200.2	$	1,087.5
Goodwill:
Railroad and Utility Products and Services	$	10.5	$	9.9
Performance Chemicals		177.7		176.5
Total	$	188.2	$	186.4

	Year		Revenue		Long-lived assets
(Dollars in millions)
United States		2017	$	852.2	$	479.5
		2016		929.3		446.6
		2015		991.2		460.3
Australasia		2017		312.8		131.4
		2016		228.4		124.3
		2015		280.9		132.9
Europe		2017		173.1		44.8
		2016		140.2		31.9
		2015		144.0		32.9
Other countries		2017		137.4		19.4
		2016		118.3		19.5
		2015		210.8		18.3
Total		2017	$	1,475.5	$	675.1
		2016	$	1,416.2	$	622.3
		2015	$	1,626.9	$	644.5

Revenues by geographic area in the above table are attributed by the destination country of the sale. Revenues from non-U.S. countries totaled $623.3 million in 2017, $486.9 million in 2016 and $635.7 million in 2015.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
(Dollars in millions)
Railroad and Utility Products and Services:
Railroad crossties	$	326.7	$	374.0	$	422.0
Utility poles		36.5		34.5		52.4
Creosote		45.3		49.6		45.7
Rail joints		28.2		24.4		28.1
Railroad infrastructure services		34.8		43.4		42.7
Other products		41.1		60.6		66.1
		512.6		586.5		657.0
Performance Chemicals:
Wood preservative products		383.8		365.5		318.6
Other products		27.4		27.9		37.9
		411.2		393.4		356.5
Carbon Materials and Chemicals:
Carbon pitch		223.3		191.0		283.4
Phthalic anhydride		93.5		75.6		65.1
Creosote and carbon black feedstock		89.6		71.3		119.6
Other products		145.3		98.4		145.3
		551.7		436.3		613.4
Total	$	1,475.5	$	1,416.2	$	1,626.9

Components of the Company’s income tax provision from continuing operations are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
(Dollars in millions)
Current:
Federal	$	11.1		$	(1.9	)	$	(4.2	)
State		0.6			1.3			0.2
Foreign		15.7			13.3			16.0
Total current tax provision		27.4			12.7			12.0
Deferred:
Federal		2.6			(1.6	)		(19.2	)
State		(1.2	)		0.5			3.0
Foreign		0.2			(0.2	)		0.0
Total deferred tax provision (benefit)		1.6			(1.3	)		(16.2	)
Total income tax provision (benefit)	$	29.0		$	11.4		$	(4.2	)

Income (loss) before income taxes for 2017, 2016 and 2015 included $81.6 million, $48.2 million and $(15.2) million, respectively, from foreign operations.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cut and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”) was signed into law. The Tax Act significantly revises the U.S. corporate income tax system by, among other things, lowering the corporate income tax rate to 21 percent from 35 percent and imposing a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. Most of the Tax Act’s changes are applicable for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017.

Changes in tax rates and tax laws and their impact on deferred taxes are accounted for in the period of legislative enactment. Shortly after the enactment of the Tax Act, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 118, which allows a company to record a provisional amount when it does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete its accounting for the change in the tax law. The measurement period begins in the reporting period that includes the Tax Act’s enactment date and ends when the company has obtained, prepared and analyzed the information necessary to finalize its accounting, but cannot extend beyond one year from the enactment date. Accordingly, the Company has recorded a reasonable estimate of the effects on its existing deferred tax balances

and the one-time transition tax and will continue to gather additional information related to estimates surrounding the measurement of the impact. Such additional analysis includes collecting and refining necessary data and interpreting additional guidance issued by the tax authorities and other standard-setting bodies. Any adjustments to the Company’s estimates may materially impact our income tax expense in the period in which the adjustments are made.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. However, the Company is still analyzing certain aspects of the Tax Act and is refining its calculations, which could potentially affect the measurement of these balances or potentially give rise to new deferred tax items. The Company estimated the impact of the corporate income tax rate reduction and recorded a provisional charge of $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The Tax Act imposes a one-time transition tax on unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries through December 31, 2017 that have not previously been subject to federal tax. The Company estimated this one-time transition tax and recorded a provisional charge to income tax expense of $13.1 million. This amount has been further reduced by current year domestic net operating losses and other tax credits resulting in an estimated cash payment of approximately $4.7 million that the Company expects to elect to pay in installments over the next eight years. The Company has not yet completed its calculation of the total post-1986 unrepatriated earnings for its foreign subsidiaries and this calculation will not be finalized until the Company’s 2017 federal income tax return is filed. Further, the transition tax is based in part on the amount of those earnings held in cash and other specified assets, which is a defined term under the Tax Act and other provisions that remain subject to interpretation.

For tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, The Tax Act introduces new provisions for U.S. taxation of certain global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) that imposes a minimum tax on earnings of a foreign corporation that are deemed to exceed a certain threshold return relative to the underlying business investment. Due to its complexity and a current lack of guidance on certain elements of the calculation of the tax, the Company is not yet able to determine whether it will adopt a policy to provide deferred tax on existing temporary differences that may result in a future GILTI tax, or treat the tax paid as a period expense in the year incurred.

The provision for income taxes is reconciled with the federal statutory rate as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Federal income tax rate		35.0	%		35.0	%		35.0	%
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit		(1.6	)		(0.8	)		2.3
Foreign earnings taxed at different rates		(21.6	)		(10.1	)		(8.3	)
Transition tax from Tax Act		21.7			0.0			0.0
Deferred tax adjustments from Tax Act		12.3			0.0			0.0
Change in tax contingency reserves		2.2			6.5			1.5
Valuation allowance adjustments		0.9			(1.9	)		(13.0	)
Domestic production activities deduction		0.0			0.0			(0.6	)
Goodwill impairment		0.0			0.0			(10.9	)
Deferred tax adjustments		0.0			(0.2	)		0.4
Other		(0.8	)		1.1			(1.1	)
		48.1	%		29.6	%		5.3	%

As a result of the Tax Act and the one-time mandatory transition tax, all previously unremitted earnings for which a U.S. deferred tax liability had not been accrued have now been subject to U.S. tax. At December 31, 2017, there was approximately $398 million of such unremitted earnings. Substantially all unremitted earnings will remain indefinitely invested in our foreign subsidiaries for the foreseeable future. In the event these earnings are remitted as a dividend, they could be subject to taxation based on currency gains or losses, state taxes, and foreign withholding taxes. We estimate that we will not incur significant additional taxes on those potential remittances.

The amount of income tax expense (benefit) included in comprehensive income (loss) but excluded from net income attributable to Koppers relating to adjustments to copper swap contracts is $3.5 million, $8.0 million, and $(1.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The amount of income tax expense included in comprehensive income (loss) but excluded from net income attributable to Koppers relating to adjustments to reflect the unfunded status of employee post-retirement benefit plans is $2.8 million, $2.0 million, and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The amount of income tax expense included in shareholders’ equity but excluded from net income attributable to Koppers relating to the expense for restricted stock and employee stock options recognized differently for financial and tax reporting purposes is $0.4 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and for income tax purposes.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	December 31,
	2017			2016
(Dollars in millions)
Deferred tax assets:
Federal and state tax loss carryforwards (expiring from 2018-2036)	$	21.2		$	11.3
Tax credits		15.0			15.4
Reserves, including insurance, environmental and deferred revenue		14.3			22.3
Asset retirement obligations		11.9			12.0
Pension and other postretirement benefits obligations		10.8			19.2
Foreign tax loss carryforwards (expiring beginning in 2018)		9.3			10.1
Accrued employee compensation		6.3			8.9
Book/tax inventory accounting differences		1.5			3.5
Other		6.1			6.6
Valuation allowance		(44.5	)		(40.2	)
Total deferred tax assets		51.9			69.1
Deferred tax liabilities:
Tax over book depreciation and amortization		33.2			42.7
Gain on derivative contracts		7.0			4.2
Other		0.7			1.4
Total deferred tax liabilities		40.9			48.3
Net deferred tax assets	$	11.0		$	20.8

A valuation allowance is necessary when it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Certain deferred tax assets reflected above are not expected to be realized and a valuation allowance has been provided for them. Valuation allowances are recorded to offset the following deferred tax assets:

During 2017, the Company generated additional net operating losses in certain states which require each legal entity to file a separate return. As it is not expected that certain entities will generate future taxable income to realize the benefit of these losses, the related valuation allowance was increased by $5.5 million.

Management evaluated the ability to realize the deferred tax assets that are related to our domestic operations, particularly in light of our domestic financial reporting losses. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we considered all positive and negative evidence related to the realization of our net deferred tax assets. This assessment considered, among other matters, the nature and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, and tax planning alternatives. Additionally, there were unusual or non-

recurring charges that greatly attributed to these domestic losses. As a result, management has concluded that its domestic operations will generate sufficient income in periods when these deferred tax assets become deductible and that these deferred tax assets will be realized.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate, was approximately $4.4 million and $5.7 million, respectively.

The Company recognizes interest expense (income) and any related penalties from unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, the Company recognized $(0.6) million, $1.2 million and $(1.5) million, respectively, in interest and penalties. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had accrued interest and penalties of approximately $3.6 million and $4.2 million, respectively.

The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will decrease in the next twelve months by approximately $4 million due to the expirations of certain foreign and state statutes of limitations and potential audit resolutions. The Company does not anticipate significant increases to the amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, individual U.S. state jurisdictions and non-U.S. jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, U.S. state, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2013.

The Company has no remaining investments in unconsolidated companies as of December 31, 2016. During 2016, the Company sold its ownership interest in TKK. See additional information regarding TKK in Note 5, “Related Party Transactions.”

During 2015, the Company sold the assets of KSA Limited Partnership for $2.5 million to a third party resulting in a gain of $0.3 million. KSA Limited Partnership was a 50 percent-owned concrete crosstie operation. No dividends were paid for the three years ended December 31, 2017.

Equity in losses for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were $1.0 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

Depreciation expense, including impairment charges, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 amounted to $37.5 million, $41.6 million and $58.4 million, respectively.

Impairments – Impairment charges for 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $3.7 million, $3.5 million and $14.7 million, respectively. In 2017 and 2016, impairment charges primarily related to the decision to discontinue naphthalene and coal tar distillation activities at CMC plants located in the United States. The 2015 impairment charges primarily related to the decision to discontinue coal tar distillation activities at CMC plants located in the United Kingdom and the United States. The remaining 2015 impairment charges were related to the RUPS wood treating plant in Green Spring, West Virginia.

The change in the carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each business segment for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was as follows:

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the fair value of acquired identifiable tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed from businesses acquired.

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level annually in the fourth quarter and whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The evaluation of goodwill impairment involves using either a qualitative or quantitative approach as outlined in ASC Topic 350. In the fourth quarters of 2017 and 2016, the Company determined that the estimated fair values substantially exceeded the carrying values of all the reporting units, and accordingly, there was no impairment of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company completed its annual goodwill impairment evaluation using the two-step quantitative analysis. In the first step of the analysis, the Company compared the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. The fair value of the reporting units was determined based on a weighting of income and market approaches. Since the carrying value of the CMC reporting unit exceeded the fair value, the Company performed the second step of the impairment analysis in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill represents the excess of fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value amounts assigned to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit as if it were to be acquired in a business combination and the current fair value of the reporting unit (as calculated in the first step) was the purchase price. Any amount remaining after this allocation represents the implied fair value of goodwill.

The implied fair value of the respective reporting unit’s goodwill was then compared to the carrying value of the goodwill and any excess of carrying value over the implied fair value represents the non-cash impairment charge. The results of the second step analysis showed that the implied fair value of goodwill was zero for the CMC reporting unit. Therefore, in 2015, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $67.2 million for the CMC reporting unit. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company observed certain negative factors including a declining market capitalization, downsizing of the global aluminum markets and continued decline in spot and forward oil pricing. As noted elsewhere in this Form 10-K, the Company and its board of directors approved certain strategic changes for the CMC reporting unit during the fourth

quarter of 2015 reflecting the current market environment. The aforementioned negative factors all severely impacted the outlook and corresponding fair value for the Company’s CMC reporting unit and were the primary factors for the goodwill impairment charge recorded during the fourth quarter of 2015. As a result of the goodwill impairment charge, there is no goodwill remaining for the CMC reporting unit as of December 31, 2015.

For purposes of the income approach, fair value was determined based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate (DCF analysis). The Company made assumptions about the amount and timing of future expected cash flows, terminal value growth rates and appropriate discount rates. The amount and timing of future cash flows within the Company’s DCF analysis was based on its most recent operational budgets, long range strategic plans and other estimates. A one half of one percent perpetual growth rate was used to calculate the value of cash flows beyond the last projected period in the Company’s DCF analysis for the CMC reporting unit and reflects its best estimates for stable, perpetual growth of its reporting unit. Actual results may differ from those assumed in the Company’s forecasts. The Company used estimates of market participant weighted average cost of capital as a basis for determining the discount rate of 14 percent applied to the CMC reporting unit’s future expected cash flows, adjusted for risks and uncertainties inherent in the chemical industry and in its internally developed forecasts.

The market approach is based upon an analysis of valuation metrics for companies comparable to the reporting unit. The fair value for the CMC reporting unit was estimated using an appropriate valuation multiple, as well as estimated normalized earnings and an estimated control premium.

In order to further validate the reasonableness of the estimated fair values of the reporting units as of the valuation date in the fourth quarter of 2015, a reconciliation of the aggregate fair values of all reporting units to the Company’s market capitalization was performed using a reasonable control premium.

Goodwill impairment tests in years prior to December 31, 2015 indicated that goodwill was not impaired for any of the Company’s reporting units. Accumulated impairment losses totaled $67.2 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.

The Company’s identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are being amortized over their estimated useful lives and are summarized below:

					December 31,
					2017						2016
	Estimated life in years		Weighted average remaining life in years		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
(Dollars in millions)
Customer contracts	9 to 18			12.2	$	154.7	$	43.9	$	110.8	$	152.5	$	33.6	$	118.9
Technology	4 to 12			4.0		26.8		12.5		14.3		26.7		8.8		17.9
Trademarks	4 to 7			4.0		6.5		2.7		3.8		6.1		1.9		4.2
Supply contracts		10		2.2		2.5		2.0		0.5		2.2		1.5		0.7
Non-compete agreements		12		6.8		1.4		1.2		0.2		1.3		1.1		0.2
Favorable lease agreements		3		0.0		0.7		0.7		0.0		0.6		0.6		0.0
Total				11.1	$	192.6	$	63.0	$	129.6	$	189.4	$	47.5	$	141.9

In 2017, the gross carrying value of identifiable intangible assets increased by $2.7 million due to foreign currency translation. Total amortization expense related to these identifiable intangible assets was $14.6 million, $14.8 million and $15.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for the next five years is summarized below:

The Company and its subsidiaries maintain a number of defined benefit and defined contribution plans to provide retirement benefits for employees in the U.S., as well as employees outside the U.S. These plans are maintained and contributions are made in accordance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), local statutory law or as determined by the board of directors. The defined benefit pension plans generally provide benefits

based upon years of service and compensation. Pension plans are funded except for three domestic non-qualified defined benefit pension plans for certain key executives.

In the U.S., all qualified and two of the non-qualified defined benefit pension plans for salaried and hourly employees have been closed to new participants and have been frozen. Accordingly, these pension plans no longer accrue additional years of service or recognize future increases in compensation for benefit purposes.

The defined contribution plans generally provide retirement assets to employee participants based upon employer and employee contributions to the participant’s individual investment account. The Company also provides retiree medical insurance coverage to certain U.S. employees and a life insurance benefit to most U.S. employees. For salaried employees, the retiree medical and retiree insurance plans have been closed to new participants.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company offered a cash lump sum or annuity buyout to its terminated deferred vested participants in its U.S. defined benefit pension plan. Approximately 100 participants elected either a lump sum payout or annuity from a third-party provider. The total dollar amount paid out of our defined benefit plan assets was $3.1 million and the Company recorded a pension settlement charge of $1.2 million related to this transaction.

In the third quarter of 2017, the Company completed an irrevocable transaction with an insurance company to annuitize approximately $31.3 million of retiree pension obligations in its U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan for a selected group of retirees. The transaction was funded by transferring a similar amount of assets from the pension plan to the insurance company. Subsequent to this transfer, the insurance company has assumed all remaining pension obligations associated with these retirees. This represents approximately 18 percent of the plan’s discounted pension obligation as of that date and the Company recorded a pension settlement loss of $8.8 million in the third quarter of 2017.

Expense related to defined contribution plans totaled $8.9 million, $7.8 million and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

	Year Ended December 31,
	Pension Benefits									Other Benefits
	2017			2016			2015			2017			2016			2015
(Dollars in millions)
Service cost	$	2.0		$	1.7		$	2.0		$	0.1		$	0.1		$	0.1
Interest cost		9.0			11.0			10.9			0.4			0.4			0.4
Expected return on plan assets		(9.6	)		(10.5	)		(12.0	)		0.0			0.0			0.0
Amortization of prior service cost		0.0			0.0			(0.3	)		0.0			0.0			(0.1	)
Amortization of net loss		1.9			2.2			6.6			(0.2	)		(0.4	)		(0.3	)
Settlements and curtailments		10.0			4.4			(0.8	)		0.0			0.0			0.0
Net periodic benefit cost	$	13.3		$	8.8		$	6.4		$	0.3		$	0.1		$	0.1

Net periodic pension cost is expected to be recognized from the amortization of net loss and is estimated to total $1.4 million for all plans in 2018.

The change in the funded status of the pension and postretirement plans as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 is as follows:

	December 31,
	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	2017			2016			2017			2016
(Dollars in millions)
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	243.6		$	257.5		$	10.0		$	9.4
Service cost		2.0			1.7			0.1			0.1
Interest cost		9.0			11.0			0.4			0.4
Actuarial losses		7.3			10.7			1.5			1.0
Settlements		(36.9	)		(13.9	)		0.0			0.0
Currency translation		5.5			(9.9	)		0.0			0.0
Benefits paid		(11.4	)		(13.5	)		(0.9	)		(0.9	)
Benefit obligation at end of year		219.1			243.6			11.1			10.0
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year		200.9			212.4			0.0			0.0
Actual return on plan assets		19.5			20.8			0.0			0.0
Employer contribution		11.2			4.5			0.9			0.9
Settlements		(36.9	)		(13.9	)		0.0			0.0
Currency translation		5.5			(9.4	)		0.0			0.0
Benefits paid		(11.4	)		(13.5	)		(0.9	)		(0.9	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year		188.8			200.9			0.0			0.0
Funded status of the plan	$	(30.3	)	$	(42.7	)	$	(11.1	)	$	(10.0	)
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet consist of:
Noncurrent assets	$	7.0		$	0.8		$	0.0		$	0.0
Current liabilities		1.1			1.1			1.0			0.8
Noncurrent liabilities		36.2			42.4			10.1			9.2
Pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:
Benefit obligation	$	159.9		$	238.7
Fair value of plan assets		122.6			195.3
Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	159.6		$	238.5
Fair value of plan assets		122.6			195.3

The measurement date for all pension and postretirement assets and obligations is December 31 for each respective year.

The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $218.7 million and $243.3 million, respectively.

The expected contributions by the Company for 2018 are estimated to be $4.4 million for pension plans and $1.0 million for other benefit plans.

Benefit payments for pension benefits, which are primarily funded by the pension plan assets, and other benefits, which are funded by general corporate assets and reflecting future expected service as appropriate, are expected to be paid as follows:

The long-term rate of return on assets assumption was determined by using the plan’s asset allocation as described in the plan’s investment policy and modeling a distribution of compound average returns over a time horizon. The model uses asset class return, variance, and correlation assumptions to produce the expected return. The return assumptions used forward looking gross returns influenced by the current bond yields, corporate bond spreads and equity risk premiums based on current market conditions.

In general, the long-term rate of return is the sum of the portion of total assets in each asset class multiplied by the expected return for that class, adjusted for expected expenses to be paid from the assets. To develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption, the Company considered the historical returns and the future expectations for returns for each asset class, as well as the target asset allocation of the pension portfolio.

The weighted average asset allocation for the Company’s pension plans at December 31 by asset category is as follows:

The Company’s investment strategy for its pension plans is to maintain an adequate level of diversification, to reduce interest rate and market risk and to provide adequate liquidity to meet immediate and future benefit payment requirements. The Company’s overall investment strategy is to achieve a mix of growth seeking assets, principally U.S. and international public company equity securities and income generating assets, principally debt securities, real estate and cash. Currently, the Company targets an allocation of 30 percent to 40 percent growth seeking assets and 60 percent to 70 percent income generating assets on an overall basis. The Company utilizes investment managers to assist in identifying and monitoring investments that meet these allocation criteria. With respect to the U.S defined benefit plan, the Company has implemented a strategy of reallocating pension assets from growth seeking assets to income generating assets as certain funded status levels are reached.

The investment valuation policy of the Company is to value investments at fair value. Most of the assets are invested in pooled or commingled investment vehicles. The Company’s interest in these investment vehicles is expressed as a unit of account with a value per unit that is the result of the accumulated values of the underlying investments. Equity securities held within these investment vehicles are typically priced on a daily basis using the closing market price from the

exchange through which the security is traded. Debt securities held within these investment vehicles are typically priced on a daily basis by independent pricing services. The fair value of real estate investments is either priced through a listing on an exchange or are subject to periodic appraisals.

The following table sets forth by level, the Company’s pension plan assets at fair value, within the fair value hierarchy, as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

	As of December 31, 2017
	Quoted prices
	in active		Significant		Significant
	markets for		observable		unobservable
	identical assets		inputs		inputs
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
(Dollars in millions)
U.S. equity securities	$	18.6	$	12.7	$	0.0	$	31.3
International equity securities		15.0		10.2		0.0	25.2
U.S. debt securities		21.4		53.0		2.5	76.9
International debt securities		7.5		34.8		1.0	43.3
Real estate and other investments		0.5		0.8		8.3	9.6
Cash and cash equivalents		0.0		2.5		0.0	2.5
	$	63.0	$	114.0	$	11.8	$	188.8

	As of December 31, 2016
	Quoted prices
	in active		Significant		Significant
	markets for		observable		unobservable
	identical assets		inputs		inputs
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
(Dollars in millions)
U.S. equity securities	$	12.3	$	13.2	$	0.0	$	25.5
International equity securities	12.6			10.9		0.0	23.5
U.S. debt securities	29.7		75.2			3.2	108.1
International debt securities		8.3	24.3			1.1	33.7
Real estate and other investments		0.0	0.5			5.7	6.2
Cash and cash equivalents		0.0	3.9			0.0	3.9
	$	62.9	$	128.0	$	10.0	$	200.9

The table below sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the Level 3 pension plans’ assets for the year ended December 31, 2017:

The 2018 initial health care cost trend rate is assumed to be 6.3 percent and is assumed to decrease gradually to 4.5 percent in 2037 and remain at that level thereafter. The assumed health care cost trend rate has a significant effect on the amounts reported for other postretirement benefit liability. A one-percentage-point change in the assumed health care cost trend rate would have the following effects:

The Company has short-term management incentive plans that pay cash bonuses if certain Company performance goals are met. The charge to operating expense for these plans was $11.2 million in 2017, $10.4 million in 2016 and $9.2 million in 2015.

					December 31,
	Weighted Average Interest Rate			Maturity	2017		2016
Revolving Credit Facility		4.01	%	2022	$	155.0	$	100.1
Term Loan						0.0		232.5
Construction and other loans		4.80	%	2020		33.7		40.4
Senior Notes due 2025		6.00	%	2025		500.0		0.0
Senior Notes due 2019						0.0		298.1
Total debt						688.7		671.1
Less short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt						11.4		42.6
Less unamortized debt issuance costs						11.7		8.7
Long-term debt					$	665.6	$	619.8

In February 2018, the Company amended its $400.0 million Revolving Credit Facility to increase its capacity to $600.0 million. The interest rate on the amended Revolving Credit Facility is variable and is based on LIBOR. Terms under the amended Revolving Credit Facility are substantially consistent with the original Revolving Credit Facility.

In January 2017, Koppers Inc. completed a private placement offering of $500.0 million 6.00 percent Senior Notes due 2025. Koppers Inc. used the proceeds from the offering of the 2025 Notes to repay its outstanding term loan and to fund a tender offer to repurchase its senior notes due 2019.

The 2025 Notes are our senior obligations, are unsecured and are guaranteed by Koppers Holdings Inc. and certain of Koppers Inc.’s domestic subsidiaries. The 2025 Notes pay interest semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 beginning on August 15, 2017 and will mature on February 15, 2025 unless earlier redeemed or repurchased. On or after February 15, 2020, the Company is entitled to redeem all or a portion of the 2025 Senior Notes at a redemption price of 104.5 percent of principal value, declining to a redemption price of 101.5 percent on or after February 15, 2022 until the redemption price is equivalent to the principal value on February 15, 2023.

The indenture governing the 2025 Senior Notes includes customary covenants that restrict, among other things, the ability of Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries to incur additional debt, pay dividends or make certain other restricted payments, incur liens, merge or sell all or substantially all of the assets of Koppers Inc. or its subsidiaries or enter into various transactions with affiliates.

In February 2017, the Company entered into a $400.0 million senior secured Revolving Credit Facility. The maturity date is February 2022 and the interest rate is variable and is based on LIBOR.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets of Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings and their material domestic subsidiaries. The Revolving Credit Facility contains certain covenants for Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries that limit capital expenditures, additional indebtedness, liens, dividends, investments or acquisitions. In addition, such covenants give rise to events of default upon the failure by Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries to meet certain financial ratios.

As of December 31, 2017, the Company had $203.3 million of unused revolving credit availability for working capital purposes after restrictions from certain letter of credit commitments and other covenants. As of December 31, 2017, $41.7 million of commitments were utilized by outstanding letters of credit.

In February 2017, all of the outstanding Koppers Inc. senior notes due 2019 were repurchased at a premium to carrying value and accordingly, the Company realized a loss on extinguishment of debt totaling $10.0 million consisting of $7.3 million for bond premium and bond tender expenses and $2.7 million for the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Also in February 2017, Koppers Inc. repaid its term loan in full and entered into the Revolving Credit Facility. Accordingly, the Company realized a loss of $3.3 million for the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs.

The Company’s 75-percent owned subsidiary KJCC entered into two committed loan facility agreements for a combined commitment of RMB 265 million or approximately $44 million. The third-party bank provided facility has a commitment amount of RMB 198.8 million and the other committed facility of RMB 66.2 million is provided by the 25-percent non-controlling shareholder in KJCC. Borrowings under the third-party bank facility are secured by a letter of credit issued by a bank under the Revolving Credit Facility. KJCC will repay the construction loan portion of the third-party commitment in six installments every six months starting in June 2018 with a final repayment on December 21, 2020, the maturity date of the loans.

At December 31, 2017 the aggregate debt maturities for the next five years are as follows:

Unamortized debt issuance costs (net of accumulated amortization of $1.8 million and $12.0 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively) were $11.7 million and $8.7 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and are included as a deduction from the carrying amount of long-term debt.

Future minimum commitments for operating leases having non-cancelable lease terms in excess of one year are as follows:

Operating lease expense for 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $50.4 million, $50.3 million and $46.4 million, respectively.

The Company utilizes derivative instruments to manage exposures to risks that have been identified and measured and are capable of being controlled. The primary risks managed by the company by using derivative instruments are commodity price risk associated with copper and foreign currency exchange risk associated with a number of currencies, principally the U.S. dollar, the Canadian dollar, the New Zealand dollar, the Euro and British pounds. Swap contracts on copper are used to manage the price risk associated with forecasted purchases of materials used in the Company’s manufacturing processes. Generally, the Company will not hedge cash flow exposures for durations longer than 30 months and the Company has hedged certain volumes of copper through December 2019. The Company enters into foreign currency forward contracts to manage foreign currency risk associated with the Company’s receivable and payable balances in addition to foreign-denominated sales. Generally, the Company enters into master netting arrangements with the counterparties and offsets net derivative positions with the same counterparties. Currently, the Company’s agreements do not require cash collateral.

ASC Topic 815-10, “Derivatives and Hedging,” requires companies to recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value in the balance sheet. Derivative instruments’ fair value is determined using significant other observable inputs, or Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. In accordance with ASC Topic 815-10, the Company designates certain of its commodity swaps as cash flow hedges of forecasted purchases of commodities. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and is reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative instruments representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current earnings. The amount of hedge ineffectiveness charged to profit and loss is not material for any period presented.

For those commodity swaps which are not designated as cash flow hedges, the fair value of the commodity swap is recognized as an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheet and the related gain or loss on the derivative is reported in current earnings.

As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had outstanding copper swap contracts of the following amounts:

As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the fair value of the outstanding copper swap contracts is recorded in the balance sheet as follows:

In the next twelve months the Company estimates that $13.3 million of unrealized gains, net of tax, related to commodity price hedging will be reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings.

See the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income and Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Equity for amounts recorded in other comprehensive income and for amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income for the periods specified below. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the following amounts were recognized in earnings related to copper swap contracts:

As of December 31, 2017, the Company has $4.2 million of U.S. dollar-denominated forward contracts related to foreign currency, which are designated as cash flow hedges. The fair value of these forward contracts, which expire in the next twelve months, is $0.3 million which has been credited to other comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2017. The fair value associated with forward contracts related to foreign currency that are not designated as hedges are immediately charged to earnings. These amounts are classified in cost of sales in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2017, the Company has outstanding foreign currency forward contracts consisting of a gross derivative liability of $0.2 million (recognized in accrued liabilities in the balance sheet) and a gross derivative asset of $0.3 million (recognized in other current assets in the balance sheet). As of December 31, 2016, the Company has outstanding currency forward contracts with a net fair value totaling $1.0 million, consisting of a gross derivative liability of $0.9 million (recognized in accrued liabilities in the balance sheet) and a gross derivative asset of $1.9 million (recognized in other current assets in the balance sheet).

Changes in senior convertible preferred stock, common stock and treasury stock for the three years ended December 31, 2017 are as follows:

	December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
(Shares in thousands)
Senior Convertible Preferred Stock:
Balance at beginning and end of year		0			0			0
Common Stock:
Balance at beginning of year		22,141			22,016			21,938
Issued for employee stock plans		243			125			78
Balance at end of year		22,384			22,141			22,016
Treasury Stock:
Balance at beginning of year		(1,476	)		(1,459	)		(1,443	)
Shares repurchased		(130	)		(17	)		(16	)
Balance at end of year		(1,606	)		(1,476	)		(1,459	)

The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in litigation and various proceedings relating to environmental laws and regulations, toxic tort, product liability and other matters. Certain of these matters are discussed below. The ultimate resolution of these contingencies is subject to significant uncertainty and should the Company or its subsidiaries fail to prevail in any of these legal matters or should several of these legal matters be resolved against the Company or its subsidiaries in the same reporting period, these legal matters could, individually or in the aggregate, be material to the consolidated financial statements.

Coal Tar Pitch Cases. Koppers Inc. is one of several defendants in lawsuits filed in two states in which the plaintiffs claim they suffered a variety of illnesses (including cancer) as a result of exposure to coal tar pitch sold by the defendants. There are 87 plaintiffs in 48 cases pending as of December 31, 2017 compared to 99 plaintiffs in 55 cases as of December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2017, there are 47 cases pending in state court in Pennsylvania, and one case pending in state court in Tennessee.

The plaintiffs in all 48 pending cases seek to recover compensatory damages. Plaintiffs in 44 of those cases also seek to recover punitive damages. The plaintiffs in the 47 cases filed in Pennsylvania seek unspecified damages in excess of the court’s minimum jurisdictional limit. The plaintiff in the Tennessee state court case seeks damages of $15.0 million. The other defendants in these lawsuits vary from case to case and include companies such as Beazer East, Inc. (“Beazer East”), Honeywell International Inc., Graftech International Holdings, Dow Chemical Company, UCAR Carbon Company, Inc., and SGL Carbon Corporation. Discovery is proceeding in these cases. No trial dates have been set in any of these cases.

The Company has not provided a reserve for these lawsuits because, at this time, the Company cannot reasonably determine the probability of a loss, and the amount of loss, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated. The timing of resolution of these cases cannot be reasonably determined. Although Koppers Inc. is vigorously defending these cases, an unfavorable resolution of these matters may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Gainesville. Koppers Inc. operated a utility pole treatment plant in Gainesville, Florida from December 29, 1988 until its closure in 2009. The property upon which the utility pole treatment plant was located was sold by Koppers Inc. to Beazer East in 2010.

In November 2010, a putative class action complaint was filed by residential real property owners located in a neighborhood west of and immediately adjacent to the former utility pole treatment plant in Gainesville. The plaintiffs alleged that chemicals and contaminants from the Gainesville plant contaminated their properties, caused property

damage (diminution in value) and placed residents and owners of the putative class properties at an elevated risk of exposure to and injury from the chemicals at issue. The district court denied the plaintiffs motion for class certification and the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on behalf of five individual plaintiffs in August 2017. In December 2017, the parties have agreed to resolve this litigation with the five remaining individual plaintiffs for an immaterial amount, and the parties have filed a joint stipulation for dismissal.

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations and potential liabilities relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety including, among other things, the cleanup of contaminated sites, the treatment, storage and disposal of wastes, the discharge of effluent into waterways, the emission of substances into the air and various health and safety matters. The Company’s subsidiaries expect to incur substantial costs for ongoing compliance with such laws and regulations. The Company’s subsidiaries may also face governmental or third-party claims, or otherwise incur costs, relating to cleanup of, or for injuries resulting from, contamination at sites associated with past and present operations. The Company accrues for environmental liabilities when a determination can be made that a liability is probable and reasonably estimable.

Environmental and Other Liabilities Retained or Assumed by Others. The Company’s subsidiaries have agreements with former owners of certain of their operating locations under which the former owners retained, assumed and/or agreed to indemnify such subsidiaries against certain environmental and other liabilities. The most significant of these agreements was entered into at Koppers Inc.’s formation on December 29, 1988 (the “Acquisition”). Under the related asset purchase agreement between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East, subject to certain limitations, Beazer East retained the responsibility for and agreed to indemnify Koppers Inc. against certain liabilities, damages, losses and costs, including, with certain limited exceptions, liabilities under and costs to comply with environmental laws to the extent attributable to acts or omissions occurring prior to the Acquisition and liabilities related to products sold by Beazer East prior to the Acquisition (the “Indemnity”). Beazer Limited, the parent company of Beazer East, unconditionally guaranteed Beazer East’s performance of the Indemnity pursuant to a guarantee (the “Guarantee”).

The Indemnity provides different mechanisms, subject to certain limitations, by which Beazer East is obligated to indemnify Koppers Inc. with regard to certain environmental, product and other liabilities and imposes certain conditions on Koppers Inc. before receiving such indemnification, including, in some cases, certain limitations regarding the time period as to which claims for indemnification can be brought. In July 2004, Koppers Inc. and Beazer East agreed to amend the environmental indemnification provisions of the December 29, 1988 asset purchase agreement to extend the indemnification period for pre-closing environmental liabilities through July 2019. As consideration for the amendment, Koppers Inc. paid Beazer East a total of $7.0 million and agreed to share toxic tort litigation defense costs arising from any sites acquired from Beazer East. The July 2004 amendment did not change the provisions of the Indemnity with respect to indemnification for non-environmental claims, such as product liability claims, which claims may continue to be asserted after July 2019.

Qualified expenditures under the Indemnity are not subject to a monetary limit. Qualified expenditures under the Indemnity include (i) environmental cleanup liabilities required by third parties, such as investigation, remediation and closure costs, relating to pre-December 29, 1988 (“Pre-Closing”) acts or omissions of Beazer East or its predecessors; (ii) environmental claims by third parties for personal injuries, property damages and natural resources damages relating to Pre-Closing acts or omissions of Beazer East or its predecessors; (iii) punitive damages for the acts or omissions of Beazer East and its predecessors without regard to the date of the alleged conduct and (iv) product liability claims for products sold by Beazer East or its predecessors without regard to the date of the alleged conduct. If the third-party claims described in sections (i) and (ii) above are not made by July 2019, Beazer East will not be required to pay the costs arising from such claims under the Indemnity. However, with respect to any such claims which are made by July 2019, Beazer East will continue to be responsible for such claims under the Indemnity beyond July 2019. The Indemnity provides for the resolution of issues between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East by an arbitrator on an expedited basis upon the request of either party. The arbitrator could be asked, among other things, to make a determination regarding the allocation of environmental responsibilities between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East. Arbitration decisions under the Indemnity are final and binding on the parties.

Contamination has been identified at most manufacturing and other sites of the Company’s subsidiaries. One site currently owned and operated by Koppers Inc. in the United States is listed on the National Priorities List promulgated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (“CERCLA”). Currently, at the properties acquired from Beazer East (which includes the National Priorities List site and all but one of the sites permitted under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”)), a significant portion of all investigative, cleanup and closure activities are being conducted and paid for by Beazer East pursuant to the terms of the Indemnity. In addition, other of Koppers Inc.’s sites are or have been operated under RCRA and various other environmental permits, and remedial and closure activities are being conducted at some of these sites.

To date, the parties that retained, assumed and/or agreed to indemnify the Company against the liabilities referred to above, including Beazer East, have performed their obligations in all material respects. The Company believes that, for the last three years ended December 31, 2017, amounts paid by Beazer East as a result of its environmental remediation obligations under the Indemnity have averaged, in total, approximately $10 million per year. Periodically, issues have arisen between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East and/or other indemnitors that have been resolved without arbitration. Koppers Inc. and Beazer East engage in discussions from time to time that involve, among other things, the allocation of environmental costs related to certain operating and closed facilities.

If for any reason (including disputed coverage or financial incapability) one or more of such parties fail to perform their obligations and the Company or its subsidiaries are held liable for or otherwise required to pay all or part of such liabilities without reimbursement, the imposition of such liabilities on the Company or its subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Furthermore, the Company could be required to record a contingent liability on its balance sheet with respect to such matters, which could result in a negative impact to the Company’s business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Domestic Environmental Matters. Koppers Inc. has been named as one of the potentially responsible parties (“PRPs”) at the Portland Harbor CERCLA site located on the Willamette River in Oregon. Koppers Inc. operated a coal tar pitch terminal near the site. Koppers Inc. has responded to an Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) information request and has executed a PRP agreement which outlines a private process to develop an allocation of past and future costs among more than 80 parties to the site. Koppers Inc. believes it is a de minimis contributor at the site. The EPA issued its Record of Decision (“ROD”) in January 2017 for the Portland Harbor CERCLA site. The selected remedy includes a combination of sediment removal, capping, enhanced and monitored natural recovery and riverbank improvements. The ROD does not determine who is responsible for remediation costs. The net present value and undiscounted costs of the selected remedy as estimated in the ROD are approximately $1.1 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively. Responsibility for implementing and funding that work will be decided in the separate private allocation process which is ongoing.

Additionally, the Company is involved in two separate natural resource damages assessments at the Portland Harbor site. An assessment is intended to identify damages to natural resources caused by the releases of hazardous substances to the Willamette River and to serve as the foundation to estimate liabilities for settlements of natural resource damages claims or litigation to recover from those who do not settle with the trustee groups. One of the natural resource damage assessments was filed in January 2017 by the Yakama Nation in Oregon federal court. Yakama Nation seeks recovery for future response costs and the costs of assessing injury to natural resources and recovery for past costs of overseeing investigations conducted on the site. Motions to dismiss the case are pending.

In September 2009, Koppers Inc. received a general notice letter notifying it that it may be a PRP at the Newark Bay CERCLA site. In January 2010, Koppers Inc. submitted a response to the general notice letter asserting that Koppers Inc. is a de minimis party at this site.

The Company has accrued the estimated costs of participating in the PRP group at the Portland Harbor and Newark Bay CERCLA sites and estimated de minimis settlement amounts at the sites totaling $2.2 million at December 31, 2017. The actual cost could be materially higher as there has not been a determination of how those costs will be allocated among the PRPs at the sites. Accordingly, an unfavorable resolution of these matters may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

There are two plant sites in the United States related to the Performance Chemicals business where the Company has recorded an environmental remediation liability for soil and groundwater contamination which occurred prior to the Company’s acquisition of the business. As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s estimated environmental remediation liability for these acquired sites totals $4.9 million.

Foreign Environmental Matters. There are two plant sites related to the Performance Chemicals business located in the United Kingdom and Australia where the Company has recorded an environmental remediation liability for soil and groundwater contamination which occurred prior to the acquisition of the business. As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s estimated environmental remediation liability for these acquired sites totals $2.8 million.

In December 2011, the Company ceased manufacturing operations at its Continental Carbon facility located in Kurnell, Australia. The Company has accrued its expected cost of site remediation resulting from the closure of $2.6 million as of December 31, 2017.

Environmental Reserves Rollforward. The following table reflects changes in the accrued liability for environmental matters, of which $5.1 million and $5.2 million are classified as current liabilities at December 31, 2017 and 2016:

The following is a summary of the quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:

	Year Ended December 31, 2017
	1^stQuarter		2^nd Quarter			3^rd Quarter		4^th Quarter			Fiscal Year
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
Statement of operations data:
Net sales	$	346.6	$	378.0		$	384.8	$	366.1		$	1,475.5
Operating profit		27.6		37.6			34.7		12.2			112.1
Income (loss) from continuing operations ^(a)		4.7		20.9			20.0		(14.3	)		31.3
Net income (loss) ^(a)		4.6		19.8			19.9		(13.8	)		30.5
Net income (loss) attributable to Koppers^(a)		4.4		19.7			19.8		(14.8	)		29.1
Common stock data:
Earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Koppers common shareholders: ^(a)(b)
Basic –
Continuing operations	$	0.21	$	1.00		$	0.96	$	(0.73	)	$	1.44
Discontinued operations		0.00		(0.06	)		0.00		0.02			(0.04	)
Earnings (loss) per basic common share	$	0.21	$	0.94		$	0.96	$	(0.71	)	$	1.40
Diluted –
Continuing operations	$	0.20	$	0.95		$	0.91	$	(0.73	)	$	1.36
Discontinued operations		0.00		(0.05	)		0.00		0.02			(0.04	)
Earnings (loss) per diluted common share	$	0.20	$	0.90		$	0.91	$	(0.71	)	$	1.32
Price range of common stock:
High	$	45.85	$	44.80		$	46.55	$	51.80		$	51.80
Low		39.10		33.90			35.17		45.75			33.90

	Year Ended December 31, 2016
	1^stQuarter			2^nd Quarter		3^rd Quarter		4^th Quarter		Fiscal Year
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
Statement of operations data:
Net sales	$	346.8		$	385.1	$	371.1	$	313.2	$	1,416.20
Operating profit		7.8			32.0		27.7		18.9		86.4
Income (loss) from continuing operations		(2.4	)		11.3		12.0		6.2		27.1
Net income (loss)		(1.8	)		11.3		11.9		6.3		27.7
Net income (loss) attributable to Koppers		(1.3	)		12.1		12.1		6.4		29.3
Common stock data:
Earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Koppers common shareholders: ^(b)
Basic –
Continuing operations	$	(0.09	)	$	0.58	$	0.59	$	0.31	$	1.39
Discontinued operations		0.03			0.00		0.00		0.00		0.03
Earnings (loss) per basic common share	$	(0.06	)	$	0.58	$	0.59	$	0.31	$	1.42
Diluted –
Continuing operations	$	(0.09	)	$	0.57	$	0.58	$	0.30	$	1.36
Discontinued operations		0.03			0.00		0.00		0.00		0.03
Earnings (loss) per diluted common share	$	(0.06	)	$	0.57	$	0.58	$	0.30	$	1.39
Price range of common stock:
High	$	23.43		$	31.35	$	33.71	$	42.70	$	42.70
Low		13.58			21.38		28.54		31.28		13.58

(a) Income tax expense for the fourth quarter of 2017 was increased by $20.5 million due to the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act which was signed into law on December 22, 2017.

(b) The cumulative sum of quarterly basic and diluted net income per share amounts may not equal total basic and diluted net income per share amounts for the year due to differences in weighted average and equivalent shares outstanding for each of the periods presented.

22. Subsidiary Guarantor Information for Koppers Inc. 2025 Notes and Shelf Registration

On January 25, 2017, Koppers Inc. issued $500.0 million principal value of Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”). Koppers Holdings and each of Koppers Inc.’s 100 percent-owned material domestic subsidiaries other than Koppers Assurance, Inc. fully and unconditionally guarantee the payment of principal and interest on the 2025 Notes. The domestic guarantor subsidiaries include Koppers World-Wide Ventures Corporation, Koppers Delaware, Inc., Koppers Concrete Products, Inc., Concrete Partners, Inc., Koppers Performance Chemicals Inc., Koppers Railroad Structures Inc., Koppers NZ, LLC, Koppers-Nevada Limited Liability Company, Wood Protection LP, Wood Protection Management LLC and Koppers Asia LLC. Non-guarantor subsidiaries are owned directly or indirectly by Koppers Inc. or are owned directly or indirectly by Koppers World-Wide Ventures Corporation.

The guarantee of a guarantor subsidiary will be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged in the event of:

Under a registration statement on Form S-3, Koppers Holdings may sell a combination of securities, including common stock, debt securities, preferred stock, depository shares, warrants, purchase contracts and units, from time to time in one or more offerings. In addition, Koppers Inc. may sell debt securities from time to time under the registration statement. Debt securities may be fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a joint and several basis, by Koppers Holdings, Koppers Inc. and/or each of Koppers Inc.’s 100 percent-owned material domestic subsidiaries other than Koppers Assurance, Inc. The domestic guarantor subsidiaries are the same as those which guarantee the 2025 Notes. Non-guarantor subsidiaries are owned directly or indirectly by Koppers Inc. or are owned directly or indirectly by Koppers World-Wide Ventures Corporation. The guarantor subsidiaries that issue guarantees, if any, will be determined when a debt offering actually occurs under the registration statement and accordingly, the condensed consolidating financial information for subsidiary guarantors will be revised to identify the subsidiaries that actually provided guarantees. These guarantees will be governed pursuant to a supplement indenture which the trustee and the issuing company would enter into concurrent with the debt offering.

Koppers Holdings depends on the dividends from the earnings of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet its financial obligations, including the payment of any declared dividend of Koppers Holdings. The Revolving Credit Facility prohibits Koppers Inc. from making dividend payments to Koppers Holdings unless (1) such dividend payments are permitted by the indenture governing Koppers Inc.’s 2025 Notes, (2) no event of default or potential default has occurred or is continuing under the credit agreement, and (3) we are in pro forma compliance with our fixed charge coverage ratio covenant after giving effect to such dividend. The indenture governing the 2025 Notes restrict Koppers Inc.’s ability to finance our payment of dividends if (1) a default has occurred or would result from such financing, (2) Koppers Inc., or a restricted subsidiary of Koppers Inc. which is not a guarantor under the applicable indenture is not able to incur additional indebtedness (as defined in the applicable indenture), and (3) the sum of all restricted payments (as defined in the applicable indenture) have exceeded the permitted amount (which we refer to as the “basket”) at such point in time.

The Koppers Inc. Revolving Credit Facility agreement provides for a revolving credit facility at variable rates. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets of Koppers Inc. and its material domestic subsidiaries. The revolving credit facility agreement contains certain covenants for Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries that limit capital expenditures, additional indebtedness, liens, dividends, investments or acquisitions. In addition, such covenants give rise to events of default upon the failure by Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries to meet certain financial ratios.

As of December 31, 2017, Koppers Inc.’s assets exceeded its liabilities by $100.1 million. The amount of restricted net assets unavailable for distribution to Koppers Holdings Inc. by Koppers Inc. totals $31 million as of December 31, 2017. Cash dividends paid to Koppers Holdings Inc. by its subsidiaries totaled $3.8 million, $1.2 million and $6.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

	Parent			Koppers Inc.			Domestic Guarantor Subsidiaries		Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated
(Dollars in millions)
Net sales	$	0.0		$	590.6		$	344.9	$	623.3		$	(83.3	)	$	1,475.5
Cost of sales including depreciation and amortization		0.0			570.9			235.0		496.3			(82.1	)		1,220.1
Loss on pension settlement		0.0			10.0			0.0		0.0			0.0			10.0
Selling, general and administrative		1.9			47.7			43.3		40.4			0.0			133.3
Operating (loss) profit		(1.9	)		(38.0	)		66.6		86.6			(1.2	)		112.1
Other income (loss)		0.0			0.5			2.4		2.3			(1.2	)		4.0
Equity income of subsidiaries		30.3			103.8			64.7		0.0			(198.8	)		0.0
Interest (income) expense		0.0			39.0			0.0		4.7			(1.2	)		42.5
Loss on extinguishment		0.0			13.3			0.0		0.0			0.0			13.3
Income taxes		(0.7	)		(16.4	)		30.0		16.2			(0.1	)		29.0
Income from continuing operations		29.1			30.4			103.7		68.0			(199.9	)		31.3
Discontinued operations		0.0			0.0			0.0		(0.8	)		0.0			(0.8	)
Noncontrolling interests		0.0			0.0			0.0		1.4			0.0			1.4
Net income attributable to Koppers	$	29.1		$	30.4		$	103.7	$	65.8		$	(199.9	)	$	29.1
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Koppers	$	60.7		$	61.8		$	132.8	$	89.2		$	(283.8	)	$	60.7

	Parent			Koppers Inc.			Domestic Guarantor Subsidiaries		Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated
(Dollars in millions)
Net sales	$	0.0		$	660.7		$	350.6	$	504.7		$	(99.8	)	$	1,416.2
Cost of sales including depreciation and amortization		0.0			637.4			252.3		412.4			(101.2	)		1,200.9
Gain on sale of business		0.0			0.0			0.0		(2.1	)		0.0			(2.1	)
Loss on pension settlement		0.0			4.4			0.0		0.0			0.0			4.4
Selling, general and administrative		1.9			43.3			38.2		43.2			0.0			126.6
Operating (loss) profit		(1.9	)		(24.4	)		60.1		51.2			1.4			86.4
Other income (loss)		0.0			0.3			4.1		0.3			(1.8	)		2.9
Equity income of subsidiaries		30.6			79.1			35.9		0.0			(145.6	)		0.0
Interest (income) expense		0.0			47.6			0.0		5.0			(1.8	)		50.8
Income taxes		(0.6	)		(23.2	)		22.2		13.0			0.0			11.4
Income from continuing operations		29.3			30.6			77.9		33.5			(144.2	)		27.1
Discontinued operations		0.0			0.0			0.0		0.6			0.0			0.6
Noncontrolling interests		0.0			0.0			0.0		(1.6	)		0.0			(1.6	)
Net income attributable to Koppers	$	29.3		$	30.6		$	77.9	$	35.7		$	(144.2	)	$	29.3
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Koppers	$	40.5		$	41.3		$	85.0	$	29.6		$	(155.9	)	$	40.5

	Parent			Koppers Inc.			Domestic Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated
(Dollars in millions)
Net sales	$	0.0		$	791.1		$	335.6		$	600.9		$	(100.7	)	$	1,626.9
Cost of sales including depreciation and amortization		0.0			771.7			233.2			562.4			(99.4	)		1,467.9
Gain on sale of business		0.0			(3.2	)		0.0			0.0			0.0			(3.2	)
Goodwill impairment		0.0			43.1			24.1			0.0			0.0			67.2
Selling, general and administrative		1.9			41.3			37.8			43.6			0.0			124.6
Operating (loss) profit		(1.9	)		(61.8	)		40.5			(5.1	)		(1.3	)		(29.6	)
Other income (loss)		0.0			0.5			4.1			(2.4	)		(2.0	)		0.2
Equity income of subsidiaries		(70.8	)		0.9			(27.9	)		0.0			97.8			0.0
Interest expense		0.0			45.8			0.0			6.9			(2.0	)		50.7
Income taxes		(0.7	)		(35.4	)		15.8			16.4			(0.3	)		(4.2	)
(Loss) income from continuing operations		(72.0	)		(70.8	)		0.9			(30.8	)		96.8			(75.9	)
Discontinued operations		0.0			0.0			0.0			(0.1	)		0.0			(0.1	)
Noncontrolling interests		0.0			0.0			0.0			(4.0	)		0.0			(4.0	)
Net income attributable to Koppers	$	(72.0	)	$	(70.8	)	$	0.9		$	(26.9	)	$	96.8		$	(72.0	)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Koppers	$	(91.5	)	$	(90.3	)	$	(18.1	)	$	(41.8	)	$	150.2		$	(91.5	)

	Parent		Koppers Inc.			Domestic Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated
(Dollars in millions)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	0.0	$	0.7		$	0.0		$	59.6		$	0.0		$	60.3
Receivables, net		0.0		48.6			27.7			84.6			0.0			160.9
Affiliated receivables		0.6		19.4			(83.0	)		(12.1	)		75.1			0.0
Inventories, net		0.0		80.4			40.5			117.9			(1.9	)		236.9
Deferred tax assets		0.0		0.0			0.0			(0.1	)		0.1			0.0
Other current assets		0.0		6.6			23.0			18.8			0.2			48.6
Total current assets		0.6		155.7			8.2			268.7			73.5			506.7
Equity investments		99.3		716.3			276.8			(0.1	)		(1,092.3	)		0.0
Property, plant and equipment, net		0.0		155.2			47.3			125.5			0.0			328.0
Goodwill		0.0		0.8			153.1			34.3			0.0			188.2
Intangible assets, net		0.0		7.2			96.7			25.7			0.0			129.6
Deferred tax assets		0.0		29.4			(13.2	)		2.2			0.0			18.4
Affiliated loan receivables		0.0		34.9			224.3			21.4			(280.6	)		0.0
Other assets		0.0		4.4			15.3			9.6			0.0			29.3
Total assets	$	99.9	$	1,103.9		$	808.5		$	487.3		$	(1,299.4	)	$	1,200.2
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Accounts payable	$	0.0	$	65.1		$	32.4		$	44.4		$	0.0		$	141.9
Affiliated payables		0.0		(90.3	)		13.8			2.2			74.3			0.0
Accrued liabilities		0.0		59.9			16.4			51.6			0.0			127.9
Current maturities of long-term debt		0.0		0.1			0.0			11.3			0.0			11.4
Total current liabilities		0.0		34.8			62.6			109.5			74.3			281.2
Long-term debt		0.0		643.3			0.0			22.3			0.0			665.6
Affiliated debt		0.0		233.7			19.3			27.6			(280.6	)		0.0
Other long-term liabilities		0.0		92.0			14.4			41.2			0.0			147.6
Total liabilities		0.0		1,003.8			96.3			200.6			(206.3	)		1,094.4
Koppers shareholders’ equity		99.9		100.1			712.2			280.8			(1,093.1	)		99.9
Noncontrolling interests		0.0		0.0			0.0			5.9			0.0			5.9
Total liabilities and equity	$	99.9	$	1,103.9		$	808.5		$	487.3		$	(1,299.4	)	$	1,200.2

	Parent		Koppers Inc.		Domestic Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries		Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated
(Dollars in millions)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	0.0	$	0.0	$	0.0		$	20.8	$	0.0		$	20.8
Receivables, net		0.0		50.8		25.4			64.4		0.0			140.6
Affiliated receivables		0.7		34.8		32.2			15.4		(83.1	)		0.0
Inventories, net		0.0		106.6		23.9			99.0		(0.8	)		228.7
Other current assets		0.0		5.1		13.4			29.2		0.3			48.0
Total current assets		0.7		197.3		94.9			228.8		(83.6	)		438.1
Equity investments		29.9		697.4		195.4			0.0		(922.7	)		0.0
Property, plant and equipment, net		0.0		126.7		39.6			114.5		0.0			280.8
Goodwill		0.0		0.8		153.1			32.5		0.0			186.4
Intangible assets, net		0.0		7.9		107.1			26.9		0.0			141.9
Deferred tax assets		0.0		29.7		(8.4	)		5.8		0.0			27.1
Affiliated loan receivables		0.0		36.9		205.3			21.9		(264.1	)		0.0
Other assets		0.0		5.5		6.1			1.6		0.0			13.2
Total assets	$	30.6	$	1,102.2	$	793.1		$	432.0	$	(1,270.4	)	$	1,087.5
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Accounts payable	$	0.2	$	69.6	$	38.9		$	35.5	$	0.0		$	144.2
Affiliated payables		0.0		46.0		20.7			24.5		(91.2	)		0.0
Accrued liabilities		0.0		49.5		18.9			37.9		0.0			106.3
Current maturities of long-term debt		0.0		30.2		0.0			12.4		0.0			42.6
Total current liabilities		0.2		195.3		78.5			110.3		(91.2	)		293.1
Long-term debt		0.0		592.0		0.0			27.8		0.0			619.8
Affiliated debt		0.0		209.9		23.5			30.7		(264.1	)		0.0
Other long-term liabilities		0.0		75.0		11.6			53.4		0.0			140.0
Total liabilities		0.2		1,072.2		113.6			222.2		(355.3	)		1,052.9
Koppers shareholders’ equity		30.4		30.0		679.5			205.6		(915.1	)		30.4
Noncontrolling interests		0.0		0.0		0.0			4.2		0.0			4.2
Total liabilities and equity	$	30.6	$	1,102.2	$	793.1		$	432.0	$	(1,270.4	)	$	1,087.5

	Parent			Koppers Inc.			Domestic Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated
(Dollars in millions)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	2.5		$	116.8		$	39.3		$	60.7		$	(117.5	)	$	101.8
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities:
Capital expenditures and acquisitions		0.0			(42.2	)		(13.5	)		(11.8	)		0.0			(67.5	)
Repayments (loans to) from affiliates		0.0			(0.6	)		64.2			18.1			(81.7	)		0.0
Repayment of loan		0.0			0.0			0.0			9.5			0.0			9.5
Net cash proceeds (payments) from divestitures and asset sales		0.0			0.1			1.0			0.4			0.0			1.5
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		0.0			(42.7	)		51.7			16.2			(81.7	)		(56.5	)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities:
(Repayments) borrowings of long-term debt		0.0			17.0			0.0			(9.3	)		(0.1	)		7.6
Borrowings (repayments) of affiliated debt		0.0			(75.6	)		9.1			(15.2	)		81.7			0.0
Deferred financing costs		0.0			(11.0	)		0.0			0.0			0.0			(11.0	)
Dividends paid		0.0			(3.8	)		(100.1	)		(13.7	)		117.6			0.0
Stock repurchased		(2.5	)		0.0			0.0			0.0			0.0			(2.5	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(2.5	)		(73.4	)		(91.0	)		(38.2	)		199.2			(5.9	)
Effect of exchange rates on cash		0.0			0.0			0.0			0.1			0.0			0.1
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		0.0			0.7			0.0			38.8			0.0			39.5
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		0.0			0.0			0.0			20.8			0.0			20.8
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	0.0		$	0.7		$	0.0		$	59.6		$	0.0		$	60.3

	Parent			Koppers Inc.			Domestic Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated
(Dollars in millions)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	(0.1	)	$	106.6		$	77.0		$	29.1		$	(93.1	)	$	119.5
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities:
Capital expenditures and acquisitions		0.0			(30.1	)		(7.1	)		(12.7	)		0.0			(49.9	)
Repayments (loans to) from affiliates		0.0			(6.9	)		16.9			9.8			(19.8	)		0.0
Net cash proceeds (payments) from divestitures and asset sales		0.0			0.0			0.9			(4.7	)		0.0			(3.8	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		0.0			(37.0	)		10.7			(7.6	)		(19.8	)		(53.7	)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities:
(Repayments) borrowings of long-term debt		0.0			(59.9	)		0.1			(1.6	)		0.0			(61.4	)
Borrowings (repayments) of affiliated debt		0.0			(7.2	)		(6.5	)		(6.1	)		19.8			0.0
Deferred financing costs		0.0			(1.4	)		0.0			0.0			0.0			(1.4	)
Dividends paid		0.0			(1.2	)		(82.0	)		(9.9	)		93.1			0.0
Stock repurchased		0.1			0.0			0.0			0.0			0.0			0.1
Net cash used in financing activities		0.1			(69.7	)		(88.4	)		(17.6	)		112.9			(62.7	)
Effect of exchange rates on cash		0.0			0.0			0.0			(4.1	)		0.0			(4.1	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		0.0			(0.1	)		(0.7	)		(0.2	)		0.0			(1.0	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		0.0			0.1			0.7			21.0			0.0			21.8
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	0.0		$	0.0		$	0.0		$	20.8		$	0.0		$	20.8

	Parent			Koppers Inc.			Domestic Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated
(Dollars in millions)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	5.4		$	63.0		$	55.9		$	60.3		$	(56.9	)	$	127.7
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities:
Capital expenditures and acquisitions		0.0			(41.2	)		(5.3	)		(9.5	)		0.0			(56.0	)
(Loans to) repayments from affiliates		0.0			6.3			(5.1	)		9.2			(10.4	)		0.0
Net cash proceeds from divestitures and asset sales		0.0			12.3			2.1			0.5			0.0			14.9
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		0.0			(22.6	)		(8.3	)		0.2			(10.4	)		(41.1	)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities:
Borrowings (repayments) of long-term debt		0.0			(104.2	)		0.1			(9.3	)		0.0			(113.4	)
Borrowings (repayments) of affiliated debt		0.0			71.0			(6.4	)		(75.0	)		10.4			0.0
Deferred financing costs		0.0			(1.0	)		0.0			0.0			0.0			(1.0	)
Dividends paid		(5.1	)		(6.2	)		(40.8	)		(13.5	)		56.9			(8.7	)
Stock (repurchased) issued		(0.3	)		0.0			0.0			0.0			0.0			(0.3	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(5.4	)		(40.4	)		(47.1	)		(97.8	)		67.3			(123.4	)
Effect of exchange rates on cash		0.0			0.1			(0.7	)		8.1			0.0			7.5
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		0.0			0.1			(0.2	)		(29.2	)		0.0			(29.3	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		0.0			0.0			0.9			50.2			0.0			51.1
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	0.0		$	0.1		$	0.7		$	21.0		$	0.0		$	21.8

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that these controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

See Management Report on page 43 for management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting. See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on page 44 for KPMG LLP’s attestation report on internal control over financial reporting.

On February 26, 2018, the Company entered into the First Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”) and amended the Revolving Credit Facility to increase its uncommitted accordion feature, which allows the Company to request increases to the lending commitments of the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility, from $100.0 million to $200.0 million in the aggregate (the “Accordion”). Effective as of February 26, 2018, the Company exercised the Accordion in full, which increased the maximum borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility from $400.0 million to $600.0 million. All other material terms, conditions and covenants with respect to the Revolving Credit Facility remain unchanged.

The foregoing description of the First Amendment is not and does not purport to be a complete statement of the parties’ rights and obligations under the First Amendment and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the First Amendment, a copy of which will be filed as an exhibit to the Company’s next Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The information required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K with respect to directors is contained in our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s fiscal year under the caption “Proxy Item 1 – Proposal for Election of Directors”, and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by this item concerning our executive officers is incorporated by reference herein from Part I of this report under “Executive Officers of the Company”.

The information required by Item 405 of Regulation S-K is included in the Proxy Statement under the caption “General Matters – Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by Item 407(d)(4) and Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K is included in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Board Meetings and Committees” and is incorporated herein by reference.

The audit committee and our board have approved and adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for all directors, officers and employees and a Code of Ethics Applicable to Senior Officers, copies of which are available on our website at www.koppers.com and upon written request by our shareholders at no cost. Requests should be sent to Koppers Holdings Inc., Attention: Corporate Secretary’s Office, 436 Seventh Avenue, Suite 1550, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219. We will describe the date and nature of any amendment to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or Code of Ethics Applicable to Senior Officers or any waiver (implicit or explicit) from a provision of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or Code of Ethics Applicable to Senior Officers within four business days following the date of the amendment or waiver on our Internet website at www.koppers.com. We do not intend to incorporate the contents of our website into this report.

The information required by Item 11 is contained in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Executive Compensation” and “Committee Reports to Shareholders – Management Development and Compensation Committee Report” and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by Item 12 is contained in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Common Stock Ownership” and “Equity Compensation Plans” and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by Item 13 is contained in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Transactions with Related Persons” and “Corporate Governance Matters – Director Independence” and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by Item 14 is contained in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Auditors” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Financial statements filed as part of this report are included in “Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” as listed on the index on page 42.

“Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves is included on page 93. All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is contained in the applicable financial statements or notes thereto.


	Balance at												Balance
	Beginning		Business		Increase		Net			Currency			at End
	of Year		Acquisition		to Expense		Write-offs			Translation			of Year
(Dollars in millions)
2017
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	3.8	$	0.0	$	0.4	$	(1.8	)	$	0.1		$	2.5
Deferred tax valuation allowance	$	40.2	$	0.0	$	4.0	$	(0.5	)	$	0.8		$	44.5
2016
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	6.5	$	0.0	$	0.7	$	(3.4	)	$	0.0		$	3.8
Deferred tax valuation allowance	$	41.9	$	0.0	$	0.9	$	(1.5	)	$	(1.1	)	$	40.2
2015
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	5.6	$	0.0	$	1.3	$	0.0		$	(0.4	)	$	6.5
Deferred tax valuation allowance	$	32.4	$	0.0	$	10.1	$	0.0		$	(0.6	)	$	41.9

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, Koppers Holdings Inc. has duly caused this annual report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this annual report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

Signature	Capacity		Date

/s/ Leroy M. Ball, Jr. Leroy M. Ball, Jr.	Director, President and Chief Executive Officer		February 27, 2018

/s/ Michael J. Zugay Michael J. Zugay	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Principal Accounting Officer)		February 27, 2018

David M. Hillenbrand	Director and Non-Executive Chairman of the Board
Cynthia A. Baldwin	Director
X. Sharon Feng	Director	By	/s/ Leroy M. Ball, Jr.
Albert J. Neupaver	Director		Leroy M. Ball, Jr. Attorney-in-Fact
Louis L. Testoni	Director
Stephen R. Tritch	Director		February 27, 2018
Walter W. Turner	Director
T. Michael Young	Director

Pennsylvania		20-1878963
(State of incorporation)		(IRS Employer Identification No.)

436 Seventh Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219		(412) 227-2001
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share		New York Stock Exchange
Title of Each Class		Name of Exchange on which registered

Business	Salaried		Non-Salaried		Total
Railroad and Utility Products and Services		204		569		773
Performance Chemicals		239		133		372
Carbon Materials and Chemicals		304		239		543
Administration		106		6		112
Total Employees		853		947		1,800

Name	Age	Position
Leroy M. Ball	49	President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc.
Joseph P. Dowd	57	Global Vice President, Safety, Health, Environmental and Process Excellence, Koppers Inc.
Douglas Fenwick	52	Vice President, Performance Chemicals, Koppers Inc.
Daniel R. Groves	51	Vice President, Human Resources, Koppers Inc.
Leslie S. Hyde	57	Vice President, Corporate Strategy and Risk Management, Koppers Inc.
Steven R. Lacy	62	Chief Administrative Officer, General Counsel and Secretary, Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc., and Director of Koppers Inc.
Thomas D. Loadman	63	Senior Vice President, Railroad Products and Services, Koppers Inc.
Mark R. McCormack	58	Vice President, Australasian Operations, Koppers Inc.
Christian A. Nielsen	55	Vice President, North American and European Carbon Materials and Chemicals, Koppers Inc.
Stephen C. Reeder	65	Senior Vice President, Performance Chemicals, Koppers Inc.
James A. Sullivan	54	Senior Vice President, Global Carbon Materials and Chemicals, Koppers Inc.
Louann E. Tronsberg-Deihle	54	Treasurer, Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc.
J. Robin Zhu	53	Vice President, China Operations, Koppers Inc.
Michael J. Zugay	66	Chief Financial Officer, Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc., and Director of Koppers Inc.

Cash and cash equivalents⁽¹⁾	$	60.3
Amount available under revolving credit facility		203.3
Total estimated liquidity	$	263.6

Item		Page
Part I
1.	Business	6
1A.	Risk Factors	9
1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	20
2.	Properties	21
3.	Legal Proceedings	21
4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	21
Executive Officers of the Registrant		22
Part II
5.	Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	24
6.	Selected Financial Data	25
7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	40
8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	41
9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	86
9A.	Controls and Procedures	86
9B.	Other Information	86
Part III
10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	87
11.	Executive Compensation	87
12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	87
13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	87
14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	87
Part IV
15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	88
16.	Form 10-K Summary	88
Signatures
Signatures		94

	Amount of Commitment Expiration Per Period
	Total
	Amounts
	Committed		2018		2019-2020		2021-2022		Later years
(in millions)
Lines of credit (unused)	$	245.0	$	0.0	$	0.0	$	245.0	$	0.0
Standby letters of credit		41.7		41.7		0.0		0.0		0.0
Total other commercial commitments	$	286.7	$	41.7	$	0.0	$	245.0	$	0.0

		Page

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting		42

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		43

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		44

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		45

Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015		46

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015		46

Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017 and 2016		47

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015		48

Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015		49

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		50

	December 31, 2017				December 31, 2016
	Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value
(Dollars in millions)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash	$	60.3	$	60.3	$	20.8	$	20.8
Investments and other assets^(a)		1.1		1.1		1.1		1.1
Financial liabilities:
Long-term debt (including current portion)	$	706.9	$	688.7	$	669.6	$	671.1

	March 2017 Grant			March 2016 Grant
Grant date price per share of performance award	$	44.10		$	18.11
Expected dividend yield per share		0.00	%		0.00	%
Expected volatility		43.50	%		40.86	%
Risk-free interest rate		1.54	%		0.96	%
Look-back period in years		2.83			2.84
Grant date fair value per share of performance award	$	64.02		$	23.70

Performance Period	Minimum Shares		Target Shares		Maximum Shares
2015 – 2017		0		203,953		407,906
2016 – 2018		0		260,588		521,176
2017 – 2019		0		117,010		234,020

	Restricted Stock Units			Performance Stock Units			Total Stock Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Unit
Non-vested at January 1, 2017		279,807			554,388			834,195		$	23.09
Granted		86,779			117,010			203,789		$	55.14
Vested		(128,276	)		0			(128,276	)	$	24.99
Forfeited		(170	)		(89,847	)		(90,017	)	$	37.80
Non-vested at December 31, 2017		238,140			581,551			819,691		$	29.14

	March 2017 Grant			March 2016 Grant			March 2015 Grant
Grant date price per share of stock option award	$	44.10		$	18.11		$	17.57
Expected dividend yield per share		0.00	%		0.00	%		3.40	%
Expected life in years		5.77			5.96			5.75
Expected volatility		39.70	%		40.86	%		42.27	%
Risk-free interest rate		2.13	%		1.45	%		1.73	%
Grant date fair value per share of option awards	$	17.90		$	7.41		$	5.20

	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price per Option		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		935,454		$	26.10
Granted		97,403		$	44.10
Exercised		(90,320	)	$	29.95
Outstanding at December 31, 2017		942,537		$	27.59		6.21	$	22.0
Exercisable at December 31, 2017		530,762		$	30.33		4.80	$	10.9

	Estimated annual amortization
(Dollars in millions)
2018	$	14.5
2019		14.5
2020		14.2
2021		12.3
2022		9.6

	As of December 31, 2017
	Other Investments		Debt Securities
(Dollars in millions)
Balance at beginning of year	$	5.7	$	4.3
Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements		1.9		(1.4	)
Realized and unrealized gains		0.7		0.6
Balance at the end of year	$	8.3	$	3.5
The amount of total gains during the period attributable to the change in unrealized gains relating to Level 3 net assets still held at the reporting date	$	0.2	$	0.1

	1% Increase		1% Decrease
(Dollars in millions)
Increase (decrease) from change in health care cost trend rates:
Postretirement benefit expense	$	0.0	$	0.0
Postretirement benefit liability		0.2		(0.1	)

	Units Outstanding (in Pounds)		Net Fair Value - Asset (Liability)
	December 31,		December 31,
	2017	2016	2017		2016
(Amounts in millions)
Cash flow hedges	37.8	42.6	$	25.5	$	10.6
Not designated as hedges	11.3	6.5		4.5		1.0
Total	49.1	49.1	$	30.0	$	11.6

Exhibit No.		Exhibit
1.1		Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 19, 2017, among Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings Inc., the other guarantors party thereto, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as representative of the initial purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 20, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
2.1		Joint Venture Contract for the establishment of Koppers (Jiangsu) Carbon Chemical Company Limited between Koppers International B.V. and Yizhou Group Company Limited dated September 10, 2012 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2012) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
2.2		Asset Purchase Agreement by and between Tolko Industries Ltd., Koppers Ashcroft Inc. and Koppers Inc., dated as of January 7, 2014 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 filed on March 3, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
2.3		Stock Purchase Agreement by and among Osmose Holdings, Inc., Osmose, Inc., Osmose Railroad Services, Inc., and Koppers Inc., dated as of April 13, 2014 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 2.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 7, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
2.4		Amendment No. 1 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2014, by and among Koppers Inc., Osmose Holdings, Inc., Osmose, Inc. and Osmose Railroad Services, Inc. (incorporated by reference to exhibit 2.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
3.1		Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, as amended on May 7, 2015 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 6, 2015) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
3.2		Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted on August 2, 2017 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 3, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
4.1		Indenture, by and among Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings Inc., the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, dated as of December 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009 filed on February 19, 2010) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
4.3		Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement by and among Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings and the other guarantors party hereto, Goldman, Sachs & Co., Banc of America Securities LLC, RBS Securities Inc. and UBS Securities LLC, dated December 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009 filed on February 19, 2010) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
4.4		Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 24, 2010, to the Indenture dated as of December 1, 2009 among Koppers Ventures LLC, Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings Inc., as Guarantor, each of the subsidiary guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.96 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
4.5		Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 15, 2014, to the Indenture dated as of December 1, 2009 among Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings Inc., as Guarantor, each of the subsidiary guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.97 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
4.6		Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 19, 2017, among Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings Inc., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 20, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
4.7		Indenture, dated as of January 25, 2017, among Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings Inc., the other guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 25, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.1		Asset Purchase Agreement by and between Koppers Inc. and Koppers Company, Inc., dated as of December 28, 1988 (incorporated by reference to respective exhibits to the Koppers Inc. Prospectus filed on February 7, 1994). (P)

Exhibit No.		Exhibit
10.73*		Amendment No. 2 to Employment Agreement with Steven R. Lacy effective December 19, 2012 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.73 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 filed on February 25, 2013) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.76*		2013 Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Time vesting for Walter W. Turner (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.76 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 filed on February 25, 2013) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.77*		2013 Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Performance Vesting for Walter W. Turner (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.77 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 filed on February 25, 2013) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.78*		2013 Notice of Grant of Stock Option for Walter W. Turner (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.78 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 filed on February 25, 2013) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.80*		Form of Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement entered into as of May 6, 2013 between the Company and the named Executive (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.80 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2013) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.81*		Amendment No. 3 to Employment Agreement with Steven R. Lacy effective August 7, 2013 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.81 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 7, 2013) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.84*		2014 Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Time Vesting (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.84 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 filed on March 3, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.85*		2014 Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Time Vesting for Walter W. Turner (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.85 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 filed on March 3, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.92*		Key Employee Non-Competition Agreement, dated November 8, 2006, between Osmose Holdings, Inc. and Paul Goydan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.98 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.93*		Amendment No. 1 to Key Employee Non-Competition Agreement, dated April 2, 2012, between Osmose Holdings, Inc. and Paul Goydan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.99 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.94*		Employment Letter Agreement, dated March 14, 2012, between Osmose, Inc. and Paul Goydan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.100 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.95*		Amendment to Employment Letter Agreement, dated June 25, 2014, by and among Osmose, Inc. and Paul Goydan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.101 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2014) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.97*		Koppers Annual Incentive Plan, as amended February 17, 2016. 2016 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.97 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed on February 29, 2016) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.98*		Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Time Vesting (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.98 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 filed on March 2, 2015) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.99*		Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Performance Vesting (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.99 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 filed on March 2, 2015) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.100*		Notice of Grant of Stock Option (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.100 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 filed on March 2, 2015) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.101*		Executive Income Summary for Paul Goydan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.101 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 filed on March 2, 2015) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.102*		2015 Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Time Vesting for Walter W. Turner (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.102 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 filed on March 2, 2015) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.105*		Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Time Vesting for Stephen C. Reeder (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.105 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed on February 29, 2016) (Commission File No. 001-32737).

Exhibit No.		Exhibit
10.106*		Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Performance Vesting for Stephen C. Reeder (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.106 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed on February 29, 2016) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.107*		2016 Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Performance Vesting (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.107 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2016) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.109		Credit Agreement, dated as of February 17, 2017, by and among Koppers Inc., as Borrower, the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto, PNC Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the other agents party thereto (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.110*		Key Employee Non-Competition Agreement, dated November 8, 2006, by and among Osmose Holdings, Inc. and Stephen C. Reeder (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.110 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.111*		Amendment No. 1 to Key Employee Non-Competition Agreement, dated April 2, 2012, by and among Osmose Holdings, Inc. and Stephen C. Reeder (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.111 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.112*		Employment Letter Agreement, dated March 14, 2012, by and among Osmose, Inc. and Stephen C. Reeder (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.112 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.113*		Amendment to Employment Letter Agreement, dated June 25, 2014, by and among Osmose, Inc. and Stephen C. Reeder (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.113 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.114*		Amendment No. 2 to Employment Letter Agreement, entered into as of May 5, 2017, by and among Koppers Performance Chemicals, Inc. and Stephen C. Reeder (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.114 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.115*		Koppers Holdings Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, filed on April 4, 2017) (Commission File No. 001-32737).
10.116* ***		2018 Restricted Stock Unit Issuance Agreement – Time Vesting for Stephen C. Reeder and Thomas D. Loadman
10.117* ***		2018 Notice of Grant of Stock Option for Stephen C. Reeder and Thomas D. Loadman
12.1***		Computation of ratio of earnings to fixed charges.
21***		List of subsidiaries of the Company.
23.1***		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
23.2***		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24***		Powers of Attorney.
31.1***		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a).
31.2***		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a).
32.1***		Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 1350.
101.INS***		XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH***		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL***		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF***		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB***		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE***		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Koppers Holdings Inc.

BY:		/s/ Michael J. Zugay
		Michael J. Zugay
		Chief Financial Officer