20-F

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2017

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

or

☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

or

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 000-51138

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A	The Republic of Korea
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)	(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

15F, 396 World Cup buk-ro, Mapo-gu,

Seoul 121-795, Korea

(Address of principal executive offices)

Heung Gon Kim

Chief Financial Officer

15F, 396 World Cup buk-ro, Mapo-gu,

Seoul 121-795, Korea

Telephone: 82-2-2132-7000

Fax: 82-2-2132-7070

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common stock, par value Won 500 per share*	The NASDAQ Capital Market
American depositary shares, each representing two shares of common stock

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of American depositary shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: Shares, par value Won 500: 6,948,900

Indicated by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  ☐    No  ☑

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes  ☐    No  ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer  ☐	Accelerated filer  ☐
Non-accelerated filer  ☑	Emerging growth company  ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP  ☑ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board  ☐    Other  ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17  ☐    Item 18  ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  ☐    No  ☑

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS		4
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		4
PART I		6
ITEM 1.	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS	6
ITEM 2.	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	6
ITEM 3.	KEY INFORMATION	6
ITEM 3.A.	Selected Financial Data	6
ITEM 3.B.	Capitalization and Indebtedness	8
ITEM 3.C.	Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds	8
ITEM 3.D.	Risk Factors	8
ITEM 4.	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	28
ITEM 4.A.	History and Development of the Company	28
ITEM 4.B.	Business Overview	29
ITEM 4.C.	Organizational Structure	61
ITEM 4.D.	Property, Plants and Equipment	61
ITEM 4A.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	62
ITEM 5.	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	62
ITEM 5.A.	Operating Results	62
ITEM 5.B.	Liquidity and Capital Resources	79
ITEM 5.C.	Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.	81
ITEM 5.D.	Trend Information	81
ITEM 5.E.	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements	81
ITEM 5.F.	Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations	81
ITEM 5.G.	Safe Harbor	82
ITEM 6.	DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	83
ITEM 6.A.	Directors and Senior Management	83
ITEM 6.B.	Compensation	85
ITEM 6.C.	Board Practices	86
ITEM 6.D.	Employees	88
ITEM 6.E.	Share Ownership	89
ITEM 7.	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	91
ITEM 7.A.	Major Shareholders	91
ITEM 7.B.	Related Party Transactions	91
ITEM 7.C.	Interests of Experts and Counsel	92
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	92
ITEM 8.A.	Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information	92
ITEM 8.B.	Significant Changes	92
ITEM 9.	THE OFFER AND LISTING	93
ITEM 9.A.	Offer and Listing Details	93
ITEM 9.B.	Plan of Distribution	93
ITEM 9.C.	Markets	94
ITEM 9.D.	Selling Shareholders	94
ITEM 9.E.	Dilution	94
ITEM 9.F.	Expenses of the Issue	94
ITEM 10.	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	94
ITEM 10.A.	Share Capital	94
ITEM 10.B.	Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation	94
ITEM 10.C.	Material Contracts	100
ITEM 10.D.	Exchange Controls	100
ITEM 10.E.	Taxation	102
ITEM 10.F.	Dividends and Paying Agents	113

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ITEM 10.G.	Statement by Experts	113
ITEM 10.H.	Documents on Display	113
ITEM 10.I.	Subsidiary Information	113
ITEM 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	113
ITEM 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	114
ITEM 12.A.	Debt Securities	114
ITEM 12.B.	Warrants and Rights	114
ITEM 12.C.	Other Securities	114
ITEM 12.D.	American Depositary Shares	115
PART II		117
ITEM 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	117
ITEM 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	117
ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	117
ITEM 16.	RESERVED	118
ITEM 16.A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	118
ITEM 16.B.	Code of Ethics	118
ITEM 16.C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	118
ITEM 16.D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	119
ITEM 16.E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	119
ITEM 16.F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	119
ITEM 16.G.	Corporate Governance	119
ITEM 16.H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	119
PART III		120
ITEM 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	120
ITEM 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	120
ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS	120
SIGNATURES		122

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CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F (this “Annual Report”) to:

• “ADRs” are to the American depositary receipts that evidence our ADSs;

• “ADSs” are to our American depositary shares, each of which represents two shares of our common stock;

• “China” or the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China (excluding, for the purposes of this annual report on Form 20-F, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, unless specifically indicated otherwise);

• “Chinese Yuan” are to the currency of China;

• “EUR” or “Euro” are to the currency of the Eurozone consisting of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain;

• “Gravity,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or “our company” are to Gravity Co., Ltd. and our subsidiaries, except as otherwise indicated or required by context;

• “Hong Kong” are to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the PRC;

• “Japanese Yen” or “JPY” are to the currency of Japan;

• “Korea” are to the Republic of Korea;

• “Macau” are to the Macau Special Administrative Region of the PRC;

• “NT dollar” or “NT$” are to the currency of Taiwan;

• “Taiwan” or the “ROC” are to Taiwan, the Republic of China;

• “Thai Baht” are to the currency of the Kingdom of Thailand;

• “US$,” “U.S. dollar,” or “Dollar” are to the currency of the United States of America; and

• “Won,” “Korean Won,” or “W” are to the currency of Korea.

For your convenience, and unless otherwise stated, this Annual Report contains translations of certain Won amounts into U.S. dollars at the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers in Korean Won as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes in effect on December 30, 2016, which was Won 1,203.73 to US$1.00. No assurance is given that any Won or Dollar amounts could have been or may now be converted into Dollars or Won, as the case may be, at such rate, or any other rate, or at all.

Discrepancies in tables between totals and sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 contains “forward-looking statements,” as defined in Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the “Securities Act,” and Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the “Exchange Act.” The forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about us and our industry, and are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Generally, these forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “considering,” “depends,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “planning,” “planned,” “predict,” “project,” “continue” and variations of these words, similar expressions, or that certain events, actions or results “will,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “would” or “could” occur, be taken or be achieved.

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Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

• future prices of and demand for our products;

• future earnings and cash flow;

• estimated development and commercial launch schedule of our games in development;

• our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers;

• the expected growth of the Korean and worldwide online gaming industry;

• the effect that economic, political or social conditions in Korea have on the revenue generated from our online or mobile game products and our results of operations;

• the effect that any global financial crisis or global economic recession will or may have on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations; and

• our future business development and prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

We caution you not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement, each of which involves risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that the assumptions on which our forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and as a result, the forward-looking statements based on those assumptions could be incorrect. All forward-looking statements are based on our management’s current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections of future events and are subject to a number of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties associated with our business include, but are not limited to, risks related to changes in the regulatory environment; technology changes; potential litigation and governmental actions; changes in the competitive environment; changes in customer preference and popular culture and trends, including the online or mobile gaming culture; political changes; global economic events including, but not limited to, a significant downturn in the global economic and financial markets and a tightening of the global credit markets; changes in business and economic conditions; fluctuations in foreign exchange rates; fluctuations in the prices of our products; decreasing consumer confidence and slowing of economic growth generally; and other risks and uncertainties that are more fully described under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report, and elsewhere in this Annual Report. In light of these and other uncertainties, you should not conclude that we will necessarily achieve any plans and objectives or projected financial results referred to in any of the forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. All subsequent forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section.

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PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

ITEM 3.A. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

You should read the selected financial data below in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report and ITEM 5. “OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS”. The selected financial data presented below has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate expected results for any future periods. Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or “U.S. GAAP.”

	As of and for the Years Ended December 31,
	2012			2013			2014			2015			2016			2016(1)
	(In millions of Won and thousands of US$, except share and per share data, operating data and percentages)
Statements of operations
Revenues:
Online games—subscription revenue	W	10,150		W	8,206		W	7,962		W	6,521		W	23,065		US$	19,161
Online games—royalties and license fees		32,325			21,726			13,093			11,010			12,867			10,690
Mobile games and applications		8,262			14,504			15,055			15,078			12,041			10,003
Character merchandising, animation and other revenue		7,044			3,249			3,779			3,051			3,423			2,844
Total revenues		57,781			47,685			39,889			35,660			51,396			42,698
Cost of revenues		34,906			35,399			34,188			30,282			29,995			24,918
Gross profit		22,875			12,286			5,701			5,378			21,401			17,780
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses		20,310			17,063			12,682			11,481			16,000			13,294
Research and development		7,018			6,131			4,847			5,277			1,973			1,639
Impairment loss on intangible assets and goodwill		14,569			5,822			1			5,849			5			4
Gain on disposal of equity method investments		(528	)		—			—			—			—			—
Operating income (loss)		(18,494	)		(16,730	)		(11,829	)		(17,229	)		3,423			2,843
Other income, net		871			2,105			977			1,551			(4	)		(3	)
Income (loss) before income tax expenses and equity loss on investments		(17,623	)		(14,625	)		(10,852	)		(15,678	)		3,419			2,840
Income tax expenses		2,584			5,108			10,147			1,351			3,240			2,692
Income (loss) before equity loss on investments		(20,207	)		(19,733	)		(20,999	)		(17,029	)		179			148
Equity loss on investments, net		(333	)		(18	)		—			—			—			—
Net income (loss)		(20,540	)		(19,751	)		(20,999	)		(17,029	)		179			148
Net income (loss) attributable to:
Non-controlling interest		(8,316	)		(1,163	)		(92	)		(64	)		(71	)		(59	)
Parent company	W	(12,224	)	W	(18,588	)	W	(20,907	)	W	(16,965	)	W	250		$	207

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	As of and for the Years Ended December 31,
	2012			2013			2014			2015			2016			2016(1)
	(In millions of Won and thousands of US$, except share and per share data, operating data and percentages)
Earnings (loss) per share:
Basic and diluted per share	W	(1,759	)	W	(2,675	)	W	(3,009	)	W	(2,441	)	W	36		$	0.03
Basic and diluted per ADS(2)		(3,518	)		(5,350	)		(6,018	)		(4,882	)		72			0.06
Weighted average number of shares outstanding (basic and diluted)		6,948,900			6,948,900			6,948,900			6,948,900			6,948,900			6,948,900
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(41	)		(1,327	)		(153	)		(827	)		(77	)		(64	)
Comprehensive income (loss)		(20,581	)		(21,078	)		(21,152	)		(17,856	)		102			84
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
Non-controlling interest		(8,316	)		(1,163	)		(92	)		(64	)		(71	)		(59	)
Parent company	W	(12,265	)	W	(19,915	)	W	(21,060	)	W	(17,792	)	W	173		US$	143
Balance sheet data:
Cash and cash equivalents	W	36,455		W	31,222		W	28,382		W	24,909		W	16,720		US$	13,890
Total current assets		67,929			58,651			50,692			43,676			53,391			44,354
Property and equipment, net		3,524			2,315			1,213			882			593			493
Total assets		110,555			87,765			63,096			45,729			55,190			45,849
Total current liabilities		10,375			11,400			9,651			8,804			20,686			17,186
Total liabilities		20,477			18,765			15,248			15,737			25,096			20,849
Total parent company shareholders’ equity		89,569			69,335			48,275			30,483			30,656			25,467
Non-controlling interest		509			(335	)		(427	)		(491	)		(562	)		(467	)
Total equity		90,078			69,000			47,848			29,992			30,094			25,000
Selected operating data and financial ratios (unaudited):
Gross profit margin(3)		39.6	%		25.8	%		14.3	%		15.1	%		41.6	%		41.6	%
Operating profit (loss) margin(4)		(32.0	)%		(35.1	)%		(29.7	)%		(48.3	)%		6.7	%		6.7	%
Net profit (loss) margin(5)		(21.2	)%		(39.0	)%		(52.4	)%		(47.6	)%		0.5	%		0.5	%

Notes:

(1) For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of Won 1,203.73 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 30, 2016 as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes.

(2) Each ADS represents two shares of our common stock. On May 11, 2015, we effected a change of our ADS to common shares ratio from four ADSs to one common share (4:1) to one ADS to two common shares (1:2), which had the effect of a 1-for-8 reverse split of our ADSs. For ease of comparison purposes, the earnings per ADS values before such ratio change on May 11, 2015 have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this ratio change.

(3) Gross profit margin for each period is calculated by dividing gross profit by total net revenues for each period.

(4) Operating profit (loss) margin for each period is calculated by dividing operating income (loss) by total net revenues for each period.

(5) Net profit (loss) margin for each period is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to parent company by total net revenues for each period.

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Exchange Rate Information

The following table sets forth information concerning the noon buying rate as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes for the years 2012 through 2016 and for each month and period indicated, expressed in Won per U.S. dollar.

Period	At End of Period		Average Rate(1)		High		Low
2012		1,063.2		1,119.6		1,185.0		1,063.2
2013		1,055.3		1,094.6		1,161.3		1,050.1
2014		1,090.9		1,054.0		1,117.7		1,008.9
2015		1,169.3		1,133.7		1,196.4		1,063.0
2016		1,203.7		1,161.5		1,242.6		1,090.0
October		1,145.4		1,128.2		1,146.5		1,104.8
November		1,175.9		1,162.7		1,181.6		1,131.4
December		1,203.7		1,183.1		1,212.2		1,161.7
2017
January		1,151.5		1,179.1		1,207.2		1,151.5
February		1,129.2		1,140.5		1,154.5		1,129.2
March		1,117.5		1,133.9		1,158.1		1,108.3
April (through April 17)		1,134.3		1,133.1		1,147.8		1,117.7

Note:

(1) The average rates for the annual periods were calculated based on the average noon buying rate on the last business day of each month during the period. The average rates for the monthly periods (or portion thereof) were calculated based on the average noon buying rate of each business day of the month (or portion thereof).

ITEM 3.B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.D. RISK FACTORS

RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS

We currently depend on one online game product, Ragnarok Online, for a significant portion of our revenues.

A significant portion of our revenues has been and is currently derived from a single online game product, Ragnarok Online, which was commercially introduced in August 2002 and is currently commercially offered in 78 countries and markets. We derived Won 29,446 million (US$24,461 thousand) in revenues from Ragnarok Online in 2016 and Won 14,803 million in revenues from Ragnarok Online in 2015, representing approximately 57.3% and 41.5% of our total revenues in 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Ragnarok Online has been on the market for fifteen years and has reached maturity in most of our principal markets. The life cycle of an online game generally lasts between four and seven years, and online games typically reach their peak popularity within the first two years following their introduction, after which time the game’s usage gradually stabilizes and begins to decline over time. The number of users of Ragnarok Online worldwide reached its peak in the first quarter of 2005 and has declined since such time. Our failure to maintain, improve, update or enhance Ragnarok Online in a timely manner or successfully introduce it in new markets is likely to lead to a continual decline in Ragnarok Online’s user

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base and subscription revenues and royalties. This will likely lead to a decline in our overall revenues, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to consistently and timely develop, acquire, license, launch, market or operate commercially successful online and mobile games in addition to Ragnarok Online, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In order to grow our revenues and net income, we must retain our existing users and attract new users by developing, acquiring, licensing, launching, marketing or operating other commercially successful online and mobile games in addition to Ragnarok Online. In addition to Ragnarok Online, we currently offer six other online games: Ragnarok Online II, Requiem, R.O.S.E. Online, Dragonica, which is also known as Dragon Saga in the United States, Canada and South America except for Brazil, Ragnarok Prequel, and Ragnarok Clicker. We also offer mobile games which are played using mobile devices and smartphones, including Google Android compatible phones, the Apple iPhone, other feature phones, and tablet computers. In January 2015, we entered into a development agreement with Shanghai The Dream Network Technology Co., Ltd., or “Dream Square,” to develop and distribute two mobile games in China based on the contents of Ragnarok Online. This agreement was amended in March 2016 to grant Dream Square an exclusive right to develop mobile and web games based on the contents of Ragnarok Online and distribute such games in China for five years from March 25, 2016, following which Dream Square developed and launched three mobile games based on the contents of Ragnarok Online in June 2016, October 2016 and March 2017, respectively.

None of our other online games to date has proven to be as commercially successful as Ragnarok Online, and none of our mobile games to date has achieved comparable commercial success. We stopped offering Steal Fighter and H.A.V.E. Online in February and March of 2014, respectively, after neither game achieved wide-spread popularity. Further, the limited market acceptance of Ragnarok Online II has resulted in financial losses, including the recognition of an impairment loss on intangible assets of Won 4,605 million in 2015, and the termination or amendment of license agreements with our licensees. Since April 2014, there have been terminations of various license agreements for service of Ragnarok Online II in the Philippines, Brazil, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan and Indonesia. As part of the termination of the Ragnarok Online II license agreement in Japan with GungHo, US$5,000 thousand in initial payments received from GungHo will be refunded in four equal payments by the end of December 2017.

Although service of Ragnarok Online II in such jurisdictions will continue to be offered by our subsidiary, Gravity Interactive Inc., our termination of agreements with local licensees could adversely affect our revenues from Ragnarok Online II.

A game’s commercial success largely depends on appealing to the tastes and preferences of a critical mass of users as well as the willingness of such users to purchase the game and/or in-game items, and to continue as paying subscribers, all of which are difficult to predict prior to a game’s development and introduction. Developing games requires substantial development costs, including the costs of employing skilled developers and acquiring or developing game engines which enable the creation of games with the latest technological features. For us to succeed, we must acquire, license or develop promising games at acceptable costs and ensure technical support for the successful operation of such games. The online and mobile gaming industries are highly competitive, and we may not be able to acquire, license or develop promising games at acceptable costs. In order to successfully distribute and operate a game, we also need a sizable game management and support staff, continued investment in technology and a substantial marketing budget. We cannot assure you that the games we develop or publish will be attractive to users or otherwise be commercially successful, launched as scheduled or able to successfully compete with games operated by our competitors. If we are not able to consistently develop, acquire, license, launch, market or operate commercially successful games, we may not be able to generate enough revenues to offset our initial development, acquisition, licensing and/or marketing costs, and our business, financial condition and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected.

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We depend on our overseas licensees for a substantial portion of our revenues and rely on them to distribute, market and operate our games, and comply with applicable laws and government regulations.

In markets other than Korea, the United States, Canada, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau and certain other countries in which we or our subsidiaries directly publish our games, we license our games to overseas operators or distributors for license fees and royalty payments based on a percentage of revenues generated from our games in such markets. Overseas license fees and royalty payments represented 25.0% of our total revenues in 2016 and 30.9% of our total revenues in 2015. In particular, we are heavily dependent on one licensee for a significant portion of our revenues. In 2016, 21.1% of our total revenues was derived from GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc., or “GungHo,” our licensee in Japan and our majority shareholder. Deterioration of our relationships with material licensees or material adverse changes in the terms of our licenses with such licensees will likely have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, as we are heavily dependent on certain licensees, deterioration or any adverse developments in the operations, including changes in senior management, of our overseas licensees may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, our overseas licensees generally have the exclusive right to distribute our games in their respective markets for a term of two or three years and may also operate or publish other online and mobile games developed or offered by our competitors, and we may not be able to easily terminate the license agreements as the agreements do not specify particular financial or performance criteria that need to be met by our licensees. If our overseas licensees devote greater time and resources to marketing their proprietary games or those of our competitors, we may not be able to terminate our license agreements or enter into a new license agreement with a different licensee, and our revenues and net profit may be adversely impacted. Also, a failure to satisfy our obligation to provide technical and other consulting services to the licensees under the license agreements may negatively affect user satisfaction and loyalty and hinder our licensees’ efforts to increase market share, which may lead the licensees to focus their attention on our competitors’ games or request modifications to or terminate our licensing agreements and/or not renew expired license agreements.

Our overseas licensees remit royalty payments to us based on a percentage of sales from our games after deducting certain expenses. Some licensees may be allowed to deduct certain expenses before calculating royalty payments depending on the terms of the applicable contracts. Failure by our licensees to maintain a stable and efficient billing, recording, distribution and payment collection network in their respective markets may result in inaccurate recording of sales or insufficient collection of payments from such markets and may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Although we have audit rights pursuant to our license agreements to ensure that proper payment amounts are being recorded and remitted, such activities can be disruptive and time consuming and as a result, we do not exercise such rights on a regular basis. Although we have taken a number of steps to improve our internal controls and compliance procedures to prevent inaccurate reporting and illicit diversion of payments, we cannot ensure that such incidents will not occur. Any future occurrence of such incidents may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, disruptions in the political environments in which our licensees operate may have a negative impact on the business of our licensees and in turn materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, our overseas licensees are responsible for complying with local laws, including obtaining and maintaining the requisite government licenses and permits. Failure by our overseas licensees to do so may result in, among others, a suspension of service of our games in such market which may result in user complaints and a decrease in the use of our games which would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We operate in a highly competitive industry and compete against many large companies.

Increased competition in the online and mobile gaming industry from existing and potential competitors could make it difficult for us to retain existing users and attract new users, and could reduce the number of hours users spend playing our current or future games or cause us and our licensees to reduce the fees charged to play our current or future games. In some of our principal markets, such as Korea, Japan and Taiwan, growth of the market for online games has continued to slow while competition remains strong. We expect more companies to enter the online and mobile game industries and a wider range of online and mobile games to be introduced in our current and future markets. If we are unable to compete effectively in our principal markets, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our competitors in the online and mobile game industries vary in size from small companies to very large companies with dominant market shares. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, marketing and game development resources than we have. As a result, we may not be able to devote adequate resources to develop, acquire or license new games, undertake extensive marketing campaigns, adopt aggressive pricing policies or adequately compensate our game developers or third-party game developers to the same degree as many of our competitors do.

As the online and mobile game industries are characterized by rapid technological changes, especially in the technical capabilities of devices for mobile games, and changing interests and preferences of users, continuous investment is required to develop and publish new games. Also, as the online and mobile game industries in many of our markets are rapidly evolving, our current or future competitors may adapt to the changing competitive landscape and market conditions and compete more successfully than us. In particular, online and mobile game products are becoming increasingly similar to each other, thus becoming more commoditized and less differentiated. In such an environment, larger companies with relative economies of scale have a clear advantage over smaller companies like us, as they are able to develop games in a more cost efficient manner, diversify their risks with broader categories of games and genres and increase their chances of offering widely popular games. In addition, any of our competitors may offer products and services that have significant performance, price, creativity or other advantages over those offered by us. These products and services may weaken the market strength of our brand name and achieve greater market acceptance than ours. In addition, any of our current or future competitors may be acquired by, receive investments from or enter into strategic relationships with larger, better established and better financed companies and therefore may be able to obtain significantly greater financial, marketing and game licensing and development resources than we can. See ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS OVERVIEW—COMPETITION.”

Our investments in joint ventures or partnerships, or acquisitions of other companies, related to development or service of online and mobile games may not be successful.

Since 2004, we have made investments in joint ventures and entered into partnership arrangements with third parties to invest in developing and/or servicing online games. In many cases, the success of such joint ventures and partnership arrangements is heavily dependent on third parties and their investment decisions because we do not have significant voting or other control over such entities.

In October 2010, we acquired an aggregate of 50.83% of the total shares of Barunson Interactive Corporation, subsequently named Gravity Games Corporation, or “Gravity Games,” an online game developer in Korea, and increased our ownership in Gravity Games to 85.5% in August 2013. Gravity EU SASU, our former wholly-owned subsidiary in France, was converted into a joint venture company in which we had a 25% equity interest, Gravity EU SAS, with Media-Participations Paris SA as the joint venture partner, in July 2011. In November 2014, we sold our 25% equity interest in Gravity EU SAS to Dargaud SA.

If our partners or the joint ventures and partnerships in which we and our partners have invested or companies acquired by us are unable to manage their investments, develop promising online and/or

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mobile games or market or operate commercially successful online and/or mobile games, such joint ventures and partnerships or companies will be unable to attain their investment, development or other business objectives, which may materially and adversely affect the value of our investments and commitments and which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We publish games developed by third parties, which exposes us to a number of potential operational and legal risks.

We derive a material portion of our revenues from online games and mobile games that we license from third-party developers. Under our license agreements for these games, we rely on the third-party developers to provide game updates, enhancements and new versions; provide materials and other assistance in promoting the games; and resolve game programming errors and issues with intrusions. Any failure of third-party developers to provide game updates, enhancements and new versions that are appealing to game players in a timely manner, and provide assistance that enables us to effectively promote the games, could adversely affect the game-playing experience of our game players, damage our reputation, or shorten the life-spans of those games, any of which could result in the loss of game players, acceleration of our amortization of the license fees we have paid for those games, or a decrease in our revenues from those games.

Publishing games developed by third parties also exposes us to a number of potential operational and legal risks. For example, we may be required to provide third party developers with upfront license fees or non-recoupable minimum guaranteed royalties in order to obtain the rights to publish their games, and we may incur significant marketing costs for these games before or after they have been commercially launched. We often must make such commitments and investments without knowing whether the games we are licensing or jointly developing will be successful and generate sufficient revenues to enable us to recoup our costs or for the games to be profitable. In addition, if any of the games created by third party developers with which we work infringe intellectual property owned by others, or otherwise violate any third party’s rights or any applicable laws and regulations, such as laws with respect to data collection and privacy, we would be exposed to potential legal risks by publishing these games, which could adversely affect our reputation and business.

To be successful, we must increasingly leverage the global connectivity and distribution of mobile platforms, making the success of our business dependent on this technology and our relationships with mobile platform providers, which in many cases have the unilateral ability to interpret their policies and terms and conditions for applications and developers.

Our mobile games increasingly leverage the global connectivity and distribution of mobile platforms including Apple’s App Store for iOS devices and the Google Play Store for Android devices. Our games are distributed on these platforms and the virtual items we sell in our games are purchased using the payment processing systems of these platform providers. In 2016, 6.2% of our revenues were generated through third party mobile platforms. We are subject to the standard policies and terms of service of these third party platforms, which govern the promotion, distribution and operation of games on the platform and can be changed by the platform providers, in their sole discretion, at any time. Such changes may decrease the visibility or availability of our games, limit our distribution capabilities, prevent access to our existing games, reduce revenue we may recognize from in-game purchases, increase our costs to operate on these platforms or result in the exclusion or limitation of our games on such third party platforms. Any such changes could significantly harm our business in both the short-term and long-term.

If we violate, or a platform provider believes we have violated, the terms of service for a platform, our access to the platform could limited or discontinued, which would harm our business.

We also rely on the continued functionality of the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store. If our players or potential players are not able to access our games through these platforms or encounter difficulties in doing so, we may lose players, resulting in decreased revenue. The level of service

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provided by these storefronts may also impact users’ purchase and usage of and satisfaction with virtual goods or currency, adversely affecting our business and profitability. Further, in the past these digital storefronts have experienced interruptions in service or issues with their in-app purchasing functionality. If these types of interruptions were to occur regularly or on a prolonged basis, or other similar issues arise that impact our ability to generate revenues from these storefronts, this could have a negative impact on our revenues and operating results.

Our revenues fluctuate significantly and may adversely impact the trading price of our ADSs, or any other securities which become publicly traded.

Our revenues and results of operations have varied significantly in the past and may continue to fluctuate in the future. Many of the factors that cause such fluctuation, such as competition, regulatory changes and general economic conditions, are outside our control. In addition, usage of our online and mobile games typically increases slightly around the Lunar New Year’s holiday and other holidays, in particular during winter and summer school holidays. Accordingly, you should not rely on quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our results of operations as an indication of our future performance. It is possible that future fluctuations may cause our results of operations to be below the expectations of market analysts and investors. This could cause the trading price of our ADSs or any other securities of ours which may become publicly traded to decline.

If we fail to hire and retain skilled and experienced game developers or other key personnel to design and develop new online and mobile games and additional game features, we may be unable to achieve our business objectives.

In order to meet our business objectives and maintain our competitiveness, we need to attract and retain qualified employees, including skilled and experienced online and mobile game developers. We compete to attract and retain skilled and experienced personnel with other companies in the online and mobile game industries as well as in the broader entertainment, media and Internet industries, many of which offer superior compensation arrangements and career opportunities. In addition, our ability to train and integrate new employees into our operations may not meet the changing demands of our business. We cannot assure you that we will be able to attract and retain qualified game developers or other key personnel and successfully train and integrate them to achieve our business objectives, which could materially harm our business prospects.

Undetected programming errors or flaws in our games could harm our reputation or decrease market acceptance of our games, which would materially and adversely affect our business prospects, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

Our current and future games may contain programming errors or flaws which may become apparent only after their release. In addition, our online and mobile games are developed using programs and engines developed by and licensed from third party vendors, which may include programming errors or flaws over which we have little or no control. If our users have negative experiences with our games related to or caused by undetected programming errors or flaws, they may be less inclined to use our games or recommend our games to other potential users.

While we have not experienced any material disruptions to our business from such errors or flaws in our games or in the programs and engines that we use to develop our games, these risks are inherent to our industry and, if realized, could severely harm our reputation, cause our users to cease playing our games, divert our resources or delay market acceptance of our games, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Unexpected network interruptions, security breaches or computer virus attacks could harm our business and reputation.

Failure to maintain satisfactory performance, reliability, security and availability of our network infrastructure, whether maintained by us or by our licensees, may cause significant harm to our reputation and negatively impact our ability to attract and maintain users. Major risks relating to our network infrastructure include:

• any breakdowns or system failures, including from fire, flood, earthquake, hurricane or other natural disasters, power loss or telecommunications failure, resulting in a sustained shutdown of all or a material portion of our servers;

• any disruption or failure in the national or international backbone telecommunications network, which would prevent users in certain countries in which our games are distributed from logging onto or playing our games for which the game servers are located in such countries; and

• any security breach caused by hacking, loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software, hardware or other computer equipment, and the inadvertent transmission of computer viruses.

“Hacking” involves efforts to gain unauthorized access to information or systems or to cause intentional malfunctions or loss or corruption of data, software, hardware or other computer equipment. Hackers, if successful, could misappropriate proprietary information or cause disruptions in our service. We may have to spend significant capital and human resources to fix any damage to our system. In addition, we cannot ensure that any measures we take against hacking will be effective. A well-publicized computer security breach could significantly damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our business.

We have been subject to denial of service attacks that have caused portions of our network to be inaccessible for limited periods of time but did not cause material losses or damages. Although we take a number of measures to ensure that our systems are secure and unaffected by security breaches, including ensuring that our servers are hosted at physically secure sites, real-time monitoring against possible intrusion and saving all logs, preventing any unauthorized access to servers, and using firewalls, server virtualization technology, which allows one physical server to be divided into multiple virtual servers, each of which functions individually as a complete and independent server, and encryption technology, we cannot ensure that the measures we have implemented will be effective against all hacking efforts.

In addition, computer viruses may cause delays or other service interruptions on our systems and expose us to a material risk of loss or litigation and possible liability. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect our Web sites against the threat of such computer viruses and to address and resolve any problems resulting from such viruses. Moreover, if a computer virus affecting our system is highly publicized, our reputation could be materially damaged and our visitor traffic may decrease.

Any of the foregoing factors could reduce our users’ satisfaction, harm our business and reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to protect personal information could adversely affect our business, reputation and results of operations.

We collect, process, store and transmit personal information of game users worldwide for our global game service. Our business may be subject to a number of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations governing data privacy and security, including with respect to the collection, processing, storage, use, transmission and protection of personal information and other consumer data on the Internet and mobile platforms, the scope of which are continually changing and subject to differing interpretations, and which may be inconsistent among countries or otherwise in conflict with other laws or regulations. Although we strive to comply with all applicable laws, policies, legal obligations and certain industry codes of conduct relating to privacy and data protection to the extent reasonably

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attainable, it is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other laws or regulations or our practices. Also, while we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect user information, the failure to prevent or mitigate the loss of personal information data or other game user data, including as a result of breaches of our vendors’ technologies and systems, could expose us or our game users to a risk of loss or misuse of such information. Any such failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to players or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, including without limitation any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other player data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause our players to lose trust in us, which may have an adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations. See ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS OVERVIEW—LAWS AND REGULATIONS” for a detailed discussion regarding Korean, U.S., Taiwanese and Japanese laws that may materially impact our operations.

Electronic embezzlement could negatively impact the popularity of our online and mobile games and adversely affect our reputation and results of operations.

Despite security measures, some of our employees or licensees’ employees with high-level security access to our network, or other employees or persons who hack into or otherwise gain unauthorized access to certain sectors of our network, may succeed in breaching internal security systems and engage in electronic embezzlement by creating or diverting game money used in our online and mobile games and publicly or privately selling the game money for their financial benefit. Although we have internal security procedures in place designed to prevent electronic embezzlement and have not had any material incident of electronic embezzlement since early 2006, we cannot assure you that we or our overseas licensees will be successful in preventing all electronic embezzlement. We have taken a number of procedures to prevent electronic embezzlement, including installing security programs designed to prevent counterfeiting and modification of program files, but cannot assure you such procedures will be sufficient to prevent new methods to engage in electronic embezzlement. Incidents of electronic embezzlement may negatively impact the reputation of our games, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Cheating by users of online and mobile games could negatively impact the popularity of our online and mobile games and adversely affect our reputation and results of operations.

We have experienced numerous incidents where users were able to modify the published rules of our online and mobile games. Although these users did not gain unauthorized access to our systems, they were able to modify the rules of our online and mobile games during game play in a manner that allowed them to cheat and disadvantage other online game users. For example, utilizing auto-run programs that enabled the games to be continuously and automatically played without user participation, users have accumulated in-game points quickly, causing many other players to stop using the game and shortening the game’s life cycle. For mobile games, some users have purchased game money or in-game items through cloned mobile phones and sold such illegally obtained property to other users, which resulted in a shortfall between total sales and our actual revenues. Such unauthorized manipulation of our games may negatively impact users’ perception of our games and damage our reputation as well as our results of operations. Although we have taken a number of measures to deter our users from cheating when playing our games, including spot checks and monitoring of game play by game masters and system operators to check for suspicious activity, and encrypting packets, we cannot assure you that we or our licensees will be successful in timely taking the corrective measures necessary to prevent users from modifying the terms of our games.

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Unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights by third parties and the expenses incurred in protecting our intellectual property rights may adversely affect our business.

Our intellectual property rights such as copyrights, service marks, trademarks and trade secrets are critical to our business. Unauthorized use of the intellectual property rights used in our business, whether owned by us or licensed to us, may materially and adversely affect our business and reputation. We rely on trademark and copyright law, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements with our employees, customers, business partners and others to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite certain precautions taken by us, it may be possible for third parties to obtain and use our intellectual property without authorization.

Since the commercialization of Ragnarok Online in August 2002, we have discovered that the server-end software of Ragnarok Online has been unlawfully released on a consistent basis in most of the countries and markets in which Ragnarok Online has been offered. This enables unauthorized parties to set up local server networks to operate Ragnarok Online, which may result in the diversion of a significant number of paying users. We designate certain employees to be responsible for detecting such illegal servers. In Korea, we report offenders to the relevant enforcement authority for possible prosecution relating to crimes on the Internet. In markets outside of Korea, we cooperate with and rely on our licensees to seek enforcement actions against operators of illegal servers. For example, in Japan, we submitted a preliminary written accusation to the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department in October 2009 and filed criminal charges against an illegal server operator of Ragnarok Online in April 2011 in cooperation with GungHo, our licensee in Japan. The case file was transferred to the Nagano District Public Prosecutor’s Office in December 2014 and the defendant was summarily indicted for copyright violation with a fine of Japanese Yen 300,000 in September 2015. We may incur considerable costs in the future in order to remedy software piracy of our server software and to enforce our rights against the operators of unauthorized server networks.

The validity, enforceability, enforcement mechanisms and scope of protection of intellectual property in Internet-related industries are uncertain and evolving. In particular, the laws and enforcement regimes of Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, Thailand and certain other countries in which our games are distributed are uncertain or may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws and enforcement procedures of the United States. Moreover, litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources, disruption of our business, and have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to claims with respect to the infringement of intellectual property rights of others, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our financial and management resources.

We cannot be certain that our online and mobile games do not or will not infringe upon patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We have in the past been and may in the future become subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to the intellectual property of others. If we are found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be enjoined from using such intellectual property rights, be required to pay penalties and fines and pay for the unauthorized use of such intellectual property and may need to incur additional license fees or be forced to develop alternative technology or obtain other licenses. We may incur substantial expenses in defending against these third party infringement claims, regardless of their merit. In addition, certain of our employees were recruited from other online and mobile game developers, including current and potential competitors. To the extent these employees have been and are involved in the development of our games that are similar to the games they helped develop at their former employers, we may become subject to claims that we or such employees have improperly used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information. Although we are not aware of any pending or threatened claims of this type, if any such claims were to arise in the future, litigation or other dispute resolution procedures might be necessary to retain our ability to offer our current and future games, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our financial and management resources.

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Successful infringement or licensing claims against us may result in substantial monetary damages, which may materially disrupt our business operations and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to successfully implement our growth and profit improvement strategies.

We are pursuing a number of growth and profit improvement strategies, including the following:

• distributing games developed in-house;

• intellectual property licensing to or from third parties for game development;

• publishing games acquired from or developed by third parties through licensing arrangements;

• offering our games in countries where we currently have little or no presence;

• optimizing our marketing and research and development expenditures;

• cross-selling our popular online games through other lines of businesses, such as mobile games, console games, animation and character merchandising; and

• pursuing strategic relationships with game development and service companies.

We cannot assure you that we will be successful in implementing any of these strategies. Certain of our strategies relate to new services or products for which there are no established markets, or in which we lack experience and expertise. If we are unable to successfully implement our growth and profit improvement strategies, our revenues, profitability and competitiveness may be materially and adversely affected.

We have limited business insurance coverage, and business interruption could have a material adverse effect on our business.

While we carry insurance coverage against certain risks to our property and assets, such as fire, flood and earthquake, as well as directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, we do not separately maintain casualty and liability insurance against litigation, risks or disruptions related to our business. The occurrence of any natural disaster, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, break-ins, sabotage, computer viruses, intentional acts of Internet vandalism, human error or other similar events may damage our facilities or network servers and disrupt the operation of our business. As we do not carry sufficient natural disaster or business interruption insurance to compensate us for all types or amounts of loss that could arise, any damage or disruption from such events might result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of our resources, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS OVERVIEW—INSURANCE.”

As we introduce new games, we face the risk that a significant number of users of our existing games may migrate to our new games.

We expect that as we introduce new games, a certain number of our existing users may migrate from our existing games to the new games, which may lead to a decrease in the player base of our existing games and in turn make those existing games less playable to other game players, resulting in decreased revenues from our existing games. Players of our existing games may also spend less money to purchase in-game items in our new games than they would have spent if they had continued playing our existing games. In addition, our game players may migrate from our existing games with a higher profit margin to new games with a lower profit margin. If any of the forgoing occurs, our revenues and profitability are likely to be materially and adversely affected.

We may be required to take significant actions that are contrary to our business objectives in order to avoid being deemed an investment company as defined under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

Section 3(b)(1) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the “Investment Company Act,” provides that a company is not required to register under the Investment Company Act as

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an investment company, if the company, among other things, is primarily engaged, directly or through a wholly-owned subsidiary or subsidiaries, in a business or businesses other than that of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities (a “Non-Investment Business”). There are several bases on which a company can rely in determining that it is a Non-Investment Business.

Under one set of criteria, the factors to be considered in determining that a company is a Non-Investment Business are: (i) the history of the company; (ii) the manner in which the company represents itself to the investing public; (iii) the activities of its officers and directors; (iv) the nature of its current assets; and (v) the sources of its current income. Based on those factors, we believe that we are engaged primarily and directly in the business of providing online game services, and consequently, that we are a Non-Investment Business, and not an investment company as that term is defined under the Investment Company Act.

However, the determination as to whether a company satisfies the foregoing criteria is fact sensitive. Accordingly, it is possible that our determination could be challenged by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), particularly if at any time we own “investment securities” (as defined in the Investment Company Act) having a value in excess of 40% of our total assets (exclusive of cash items and U.S. government securities). We do not currently own investment securities in excess of this threshold. Nonetheless, if this were to become the case, we could be required to take actions to reduce our ownership of investment securities to comply with this standard, such as shifting a portion of our short-term investment portfolio into low-yielding bank deposits. If necessary, such actions would likely reduce the amount of interest or other income that we could otherwise generate from our investments. In addition, we might need to acquire additional income or loss generating assets that we might not otherwise have acquired or forego opportunities to acquire minority interests in companies that could be important to our business strategy.

Alternatively, we could consider other actions, including applying to the SEC for an exemptive order pursuant to Section 3(b)(2) of the Investment Company Act, declaring that we are a company that is primarily engaged in a business or businesses other than that of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, without regard to the composition of our assets at any particular time. However, there can be no assurance that we would receive an exemptive order and the process to obtain such an exemptive order could be long and expensive.

The Investment Company Act contains numerous, complex requirements with respect to the organization and operations of investment companies, including restrictions on their capital structure, operations, and transactions with affiliates, as well as restrictions on the composition of the board of directors and other matters which would be incompatible with our business. Also, if we were to be deemed an investment company in the future, we would effectively be precluded from making public offerings of securities in the United States. In addition to disciplinary actions, such as SEC enforcement actions seeking monetary damages, we could also be subject to administrative or legal proceedings and any contracts to which we are a party that violate the Investment Company Act or the rules thereunder might be rendered unenforceable or subject to rescission.

Our status as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) in 2016 and potentially other years could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences for you.

In light of the nature of our business activities and our holding of a significant amount of cash, short-term investments, and other passive assets, we believe that we were a PFIC during our 2008 through 2016 taxable years, and there is a significant risk that we will continue to be a PFIC during our 2017 taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or common shares, you could be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. You are urged to consult your tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding our ADSs or common shares if we are considered a PFIC in any taxable year. See ITEM 10.E. “TAXATION—MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS—PFICs.”

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If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or do so on a timely basis and our ability to prevent or detect fraud may be reduced and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

We are subject to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires us to, among other things, maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, and requires our management to provide a certification on the effectiveness of our internal controls on an annual basis.

Although we have determined that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective for the year ended December 31, 2016, we may in the future determine that we have a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting. Our registered public accounting firm is not required to and has not audited our internal controls over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner or prevent errors or fraud. Any of these possible outcomes could result in an adverse reaction in the financial marketplace due to loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our consolidated financial statements and could result in investigations or sanctions by the SEC, NASDAQ, or other regulatory authorities or in stockholder litigation. Any of these factors could ultimately harm our business and could adversely impact the market price of our ADSs. See ITEM 15. “CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.”

Rapid technological developments and changes in market environment may limit our ability to recover game development or licensing costs and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations due to impairment loss.

The online and mobile game industries are subject to rapid technological developments and changes in market environment, which could render our online and mobile games under development and commercialized games obsolete or unattractive to users. Any resulting failure to recover capitalized development or licensing costs and the recognition of impairment loss for such costs may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. For example, in 2015, we recognized an impairment loss on intangible assets for capitalized research and development costs of Won 4,605 million for Ragnarok Online II and have recognized other similar impairment losses over the last several years.

We could suffer losses due to asset impairment charges.

We held a total of Won 2 million in acquired intangible assets at December 31, 2016. See Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. We test goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for impairment, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of these assets below their carrying amount. Such an event would include unfavorable variances from established business plans, significant changes in forecasted results or volatility inherent to external markets and industries, which are periodically reviewed by our management. If such an adverse event occurs and has the effect of changing one of the critical assumptions or estimates related to the fair value of our intangible assets or goodwill, an impairment charge could result. For example, in 2015, we recognized impairment losses on goodwill of Won 1,210 million in the reporting unit NeoCyon, Inc., or “NeoCyon,” due to the overall decline in the fair value of NeoCyon and have recognized other similar impairment losses over the last several years.

There can be no assurance that future reviews of our goodwill and other intangible assets will not result in impairment charges. Although it does not affect cash flow, an impairment charge does have the effect of decreasing our earnings, assets and shareholders’ equity.

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RISKS RELATING TO OUR COMPANY STRUCTURE

GungHo, the publisher of our games in Japan, our principal market in terms of revenues, is our majority shareholder, which gives them control of our board of directors.

Since April 1, 2008, GungHo has been our largest shareholder and beneficially owns, as of the date hereof, 59.3% of our common shares. As a result, GungHo is able to exert significant control over all matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, including acquisitions, divestitures, strategic relationships and other matters, and may also exert significant control over decisions related to the status of our ADSs being eligible for quotation and trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market. In addition, as GungHo is also an online and mobile game developer, there may be conflicts of interest. For instance, GungHo may lead our management with strategies and efforts which benefit itself, its affiliates and their respective shareholders to the detriment of our other shareholders. GungHo may also compete directly or indirectly against us for users and customers or increased market share for its games. Furthermore, four of our registered Executive Directors, Mr. Hyun Chul Park, Mr. Yoshinori Kitamura, Mr. Kazuki Morishita and Mr. Kazuya Sakai currently serve as General Manager, Director and Executive General Manager, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer and Director, respectively, of GungHo, and there may be conflicts of interest in the decisions made by our Board of Directors and senior management. See ITEM 7.B. “RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS—Relationship with GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.”

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules and may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

As GungHo controls 59.3% of our outstanding voting power as of the date hereof, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules and may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. As a “controlled company,” we are not required to have a majority of our board of directors be independent, nor are we required to have a compensation committee or independent director oversight of director nominations which meet the requirements set forth in the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules. We are relying on these exemptions as a controlled company. Accordingly, our shareholders do not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules. For our corporate governance policies, see ITEM 6.C. “BOARD PRACTICES—CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES.”

RISKS RELATING TO OUR REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

Our online and mobile operations and businesses are subject to laws, rules and regulations in the countries in which our games are distributed, such as Korea, Taiwan, the United States and Japan, changes to which are difficult to predict, and uncertainties in interpretation and enforcement of the laws, rules and regulations in such countries may limit the protections available to us.

The regulatory and legal regimes in many of the countries in which our games are distributed have yet to establish a sophisticated set of laws, rules or regulations designed to regulate the online and mobile game industries. However, in many of our principal markets, such as Korea, the United States, Taiwan and Japan, legislators and regulators have implemented or indicated their intention to implement laws, rules and regulations with respect to issues such as user privacy, defamation, pricing, advertising, taxation, promotions, financial market regulation, consumer protection, content regulation, quality of products and services, and intellectual property ownership and infringement that may directly or indirectly impact our activities. The impact of such laws, rules and regulations on our business and results of operations is difficult to predict as many such laws, rules and regulations are constantly changing. However, as we might unintentionally violate such laws, rules and regulations or such laws, rules or regulations may be modified and new laws, rules and regulations may be enacted in the future, any such developments, or developments stemming from enactment or modification of other laws, rules

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or regulations, could increase the costs of regulatory compliance, force changes in business practices or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, if the cost of regulatory compliance increases for our licensees as a result of regulatory changes, our licensees may seek to reduce royalties and license fees payable to us, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS OVERVIEW—LAWS AND REGULATIONS” for a detailed discussion regarding Korean, U.S., Taiwanese and Japanese laws that may materially impact our operations.

Our online and mobile games may be subject to governmental restrictions or ratings systems, which could delay or prohibit the release of new games or reduce the existing and potential scope of our user base.

Legislation is periodically introduced in many of the countries in which our games are distributed to establish a system for protecting consumers from the influence of graphic violence and sexually explicit materials contained in various types of games. For example, Korean law requires online game companies to obtain ratings classifications and implement procedures to restrict access of online games to certain age groups. Similar mandatory ratings systems and other regulations affecting the content and distribution of our games have been adopted or are under review in Taiwan, China, the United States and other markets for our online games. In the future, we may be required to modify our game content or features or alter our marketing strategies to comply with new governmental regulations or ratings assigned to our current or future games, which could delay or prohibit the release of new games or upgrades and reduce the existing and potential scope of our user base. Moreover, uncertainties regarding governmental restrictions or ratings systems applicable to our business could give rise to market confusion, thereby materially and adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Restrictions and controls on currency exchange in Korea and in certain countries in which our games are distributed may limit our ability to effectively utilize revenues generated in Won to fund our business activities outside Korea or expenditures denominated in foreign currencies, and may limit our ability to receive and remit revenues effectively.

The existing and any future restrictions on currency exchange in Korea, including Korean foreign exchange control regulations, may restrict our ability to convert Won into foreign currencies under certain emergency circumstances, such as natural calamities, wars, conflicts of arms or grave and sudden changes in domestic or foreign economic circumstances, difficulties in Korea’s international balance of payments and international finance and obstacles in carrying out currency policies, exchange rate policies and other Korean macroeconomic policies. Such restrictions may limit our ability to effectively utilize revenues generated in Won to fund our business activities outside Korea or expenditures denominated in foreign currencies.

In addition, the governments in certain markets in which our games are distributed, including without limitation Taiwan, China and Thailand, impose controls on the convertibility of local currency into foreign currencies and, in some cases, the remittance of currency outside their countries. Under current foreign exchange control regulations of certain markets, shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of our overseas licensees to pay license fees and royalties, most of which are paid in U.S. dollars, to us. Restrictions on our ability to receive license fees, royalties and other payments from our licensees would adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Adverse changes in the withholding tax rates in the countries from which we receive license fees and royalties could adversely affect our net income.

We may be subject to income tax withholding in countries where we derive revenues. Such withholding is made by our overseas licensees at the current withholding rates in such countries. To the extent Korea has a tax treaty with any such country, the withholding rate prescribed by such tax treaty will apply. Under the Corporation Tax Law of Korea, we are entitled to and recognize a capped foreign

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tax credit computed based on the amount of income taxes withheld overseas when filing our corporate income tax return in Korea. Accordingly, the amount of taxes withheld overseas may be offset against taxes payable in Korea.

Recently, there have been a series of amendments to tax treaties that Korea has entered into with various countries. The tax rate applicable to license fees and royalties has reduced (i) from 10% to 5% under the amended tax treaty between Korea and Switzerland as to those payable from January 1, 2013, and (ii) from 15% to 10% in general (10% to 5% in case of consideration paid for provision of commercial or technological know-how) under the amended tax treaty between Korea and Luxembourg as to those payable from September 4, 2013. Further, the tax treaty between Korea and Peru went into effect as of March 3, 2014, and the license fees and royalties payable after January 1, 2015 has been taxed at the reduced rate of 15% (10% in case of consideration paid for technical supports). Under the amended tax treaty between Korea and India, the tax rate applicable to license fees and royalties was reduced from 15% to 10% in respect of income derived in any fiscal year beginning on or after April 1, 2017. The tax treaty between Korea and Hong Kong, which became effective as of September 27, 2016, includes a provision promulgating that license fees and royalties shall be subject to tax at the reduced rate of 10% in respect of income derived in any fiscal year beginning on or after April 1, 2017. These series of promulgations are all intended to eventually further limit the source country’s taxation right with respect to license fees and royalties. Any adverse changes in tax treaties between Korea and the countries from which we receive license fees and royalties, such as in the rate of withholding tax in the countries in which our games are distributed or in Korean tax law enabling us to recognize foreign tax credits for taxes withheld overseas, could adversely affect our net income.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR MARKET ENVIRONMENT

Our businesses may be adversely affected by developments affecting the economies of the countries in which our games are distributed.

Our future performance will depend in large part on the economic growth of our principal markets. Our top geographic markets in terms of revenues were Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau, Korea, Japan, the United States and Canada, and China, representing 32.5%, 28.7%, 18.0%, 10.0% and 4.5%, respectively, of our total revenues in 2016. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations are subject to the economic, political, legal and regulatory conditions and developments in these countries and markets. Adverse economic developments in such markets may have an adverse effect on the number of our users and our revenues and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

The overall prospects for our principal markets as well as the global economy remain uncertain. In Korea, the economic indicators in recent years have shown mixed signs, and future growth of the Korean economy is subject to many factors beyond our control, including developments in the global economy. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions, which can be caused by difficulties in the financial sector, corporate, political or other scandals that may reduce confidence in the markets, declines in business confidence, increases in inflation, natural disasters or pandemics, outbreaks of hostilities or other geopolitical instability. Deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy (such as the ongoing controversy between Korea and China, which is Korea’s largest export market, regarding the deployment of a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system in Korea by the United States and the ensuing economic and other retaliation by China), or a combination of these or other factors, have in the past adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect, the Korean economy and, in turn, our business and performance.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could result in foreign currency exchange losses.

In most of the countries in which our games are distributed, the revenues generated by our overseas branch, licensees or subsidiaries are denominated in local currencies, which include, among others, the

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NT dollar, the Japanese Yen, the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Thai Baht and the Chinese Yuan. In 2016, approximately 71.3% of our revenues were denominated in foreign currencies, primarily in the NT dollar, the Japanese Yen and U.S. dollar. As the revenues denominated in local currencies, other than U.S. dollar, Japanese Yen and Euro, are converted into U.S. dollars for remittance of monthly royalty payments to us, any depreciation of the local currencies against the U.S. dollar will result in reduced license fees and monthly royalty payments in U.S. dollar terms and may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

While we receive monthly royalty revenues from our overseas licensees in foreign currencies, substantially all of our costs are denominated in Won. Our financial statements are also prepared and presented in Won. We receive monthly royalty payments from our overseas licensees based on a percentage of revenues confirmed and recorded at the end of each month applying the foreign exchange rate applicable on such date. Appreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar, the Japanese Yen or other foreign currencies will result in foreign currency losses that may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. See ITEM 5.A. “OPERATING RESULTS—OVERVIEW—Foreign currency effects.”

As of December 31, 2016, we have not entered into any outstanding foreign currency forward exchange contract We may enter into hedging transactions in the future to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency exchange risks, but we may not be able to do so in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all.

Increased tensions with North Korea could adversely affect us and the price of our ADSs.

Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In recent years, there have been heightened security concerns stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapons and long-range and submarine-launched ballistic missile programs and increased uncertainty regarding North Korea’s actions. There can be no assurance that the level of tension on the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future. Any such further increase in tension, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership or economic crisis, and any resulting military hostilities, could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations and could lead to a decline in the market value of our ADSs.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES

The liquidity and price of our ADSs, and our ability to raise capital, may be negatively impacted following a change in our ADS to common share ratio and if our ADSs are delisted from NASDAQ.

Our ADSs are currently listed for trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market. There are a number of continuing requirements that must be met in order for our ADSs to remain listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, and the failure to meet these listing standards could result in the delisting of our ADSs by the NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC (“NASDAQ”). On May 28, 2014, we received notification from NASDAQ that we had failed to comply with the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing set forth in the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules as the bid price of our ADSs had closed for 30 consecutive business days below US$1.00 per ADS. We were automatically granted a grace period of 180 calendar days to regain compliance. On November 25, 2014, the Listing Qualifications Department of NASDAQ approved our request to transfer our listing from the NASDAQ Global Market to the NASDAQ Capital Market and our ADSs began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market on November 26, 2014. We were also given a second grace period of 180 calendar days, or until May 26, 2015, to regain compliance with NASDAQ Stock Market Rules.

On April 22, 2015, we announced, as approved by our Board of Directors on the same day, the change of the ratio of our ADS to common share from four ADSs to one common share (4:1) to one ADS to two common shares (1:2), effective as of May 11, 2015, which had the effect of a 1-for-8 reverse stock split of our ADSs. As a result of this ratio change, the trading price of our ADSs increased and closed at

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$1.00 per ADS or more for a minimum of ten consecutive business days and we regained compliance with NASDAQ Stock Market Rules, as confirmed in writing by NASDAQ on May 26, 2015. However, we cannot give any assurance that we will continue to be in compliance with the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules. See ITEM 4.A. “HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY.”

The ratio change effected as of May 11, 2015 significantly reduced the total number of ADSs outstanding and reduced the number of public holders. Any reductions in the liquidity of our ADSs may further reduce the price of our ADSs. In addition, if our ADSs cease to be listed for trading on NASDAQ for any reason, the liquidity of our ADSs may be materially reduced and result in a corresponding material reduction in the price of our ADSs. Furthermore, any such delisting could harm our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, suppliers, business partners, licensees, customers and employees. Such consequences may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The public shareholders of our ADSs may have more difficulty protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our articles of incorporation and by the laws and regulations governing Korean corporations. The rights and responsibilities of our shareholders and members of our Board of Directors under Korean law may be different from those that apply to shareholders and directors of a U.S. corporation. For example, minority shareholder rights afforded under Korean law often require the minority shareholder to meet minimum shareholding requirements in order to exercise certain rights. Under applicable Korean law, of the total issued and outstanding shares, a shareholder must own at least (i) one percent to bring a shareholders’ derivative lawsuit (or to demand that a director cease certain activity or conduct if there are concerns that a director may cause irrevocable damage to the company by acting in violation of applicable laws and regulations or the articles of incorporation), (ii) three percent to demand convocation of an extraordinary meeting of shareholders, demand removal of directors or inspect the books and related documents of a company, or to propose the agenda for a general meeting of shareholders, (iii) ten percent to apply to the court for dissolution if there is gross improper management or a deadlock in corporate affairs likely to result in a significant and irreparable harm to the company or to apply to the court for a reorganization in the case of an insolvency, and (iv) twenty percent to block a small-scale share exchange or a small merger that may be approved only by a board resolution. In addition, while the facts and circumstances of each case will differ, the duty of care required of a director under Korean law may not be the same as the fiduciary duty of a director of a U.S. corporation. Although the “business judgment rule” concept exists in Korea, there is insufficient case law or precedent to provide guidance to the management and shareholders as to how it should be applied or interpreted. Holders of our ADSs may have more difficulty protecting their interests against actions of our management, members of our Board of Directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

Any dividends paid on our common shares will be in Won and fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. dollar may affect the amount received by you.

If and when we declare cash dividends, the dividends will be paid to the depositary for the ADSs in Won and then converted by the depositary into U.S. dollars pursuant to the deposit agreement that governs the rights and obligations of the holders of ADSs. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. dollar will affect, among other things, the U.S. dollar amounts you will receive from the depositary as dividends. Holders of ADSs may not receive dividends if the depositary does not believe it is reasonable or practicable to do so. In addition, the depositary may collect certain fees and expenses, at the sole discretion of the depositary, by billing the holders of ADSs for such charges or by deducting such charges from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions from us to be distributed to the holders of ADSs.

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Your ability to deposit or withdraw common shares underlying the ADSs into and from the depositary facility may be limited, which may adversely affect the value of your investment.

Under the terms of our deposit agreement, holders of our common shares may deposit such shares with the depositary’s custodian in Korea and obtain ADSs, and holders of our ADSs may surrender the ADSs to the depositary and receive our common shares. However, to the extent that a deposit of common shares exceeds the difference between:

• the aggregate number of common shares we have consented to be deposited for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions relating to ADSs); and

• the number of common shares on deposit with the custodian for the benefit of the depositary at the time of such proposed deposit,

such common shares will not be accepted for deposit unless (i) our consent with respect to such deposit has been obtained or (ii) such consent is no longer required under Korean laws and regulations or under the terms of the deposit agreement.

Under the terms of the deposit agreement, no consent is required if the common shares are obtained through a dividend, free distribution, rights offering or reclassification of such shares. Under the terms of the deposit agreement, we have consented to any deposit to the extent that, after the deposit, the aggregate number of deposited common shares does not exceed 3,552,229 common shares or any greater number of common shares we determine from time to time (e.g., as a result of a subsequent offering, stock dividend or rights offer), unless the deposit is prohibited by applicable laws or violates our articles of incorporation; provided, however, that in the case of any subsequent offer by us or our affiliates, the limit on the number of common shares on deposit shall not apply to such offer and the number of common shares issued, delivered or sold pursuant to the offer (including common shares in the form of ADSs) shall be eligible for deposit under the deposit agreement, except to the extent such deposit is prohibited by applicable laws or violates our articles of incorporation or, in the case of any subsequent offer by us or our affiliates, we determine with the depositary to limit the number of common shares so offered that would be eligible for deposit under the deposit agreement in order to maintain liquidity of the shares in Korea as may be requested by the relevant Korean authorities. We might not consent to the deposit of any additional common shares. As a result, if a holder surrenders ADSs and withdraws common shares, the holder may not be able to subsequently deposit the common shares to obtain ADSs.

You may not be able to exercise preemptive rights or participate in rights offerings and as a result, you may experience dilution in your ownership percentage in us.

The Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation require us to offer shareholders the right to subscribe for new common shares in proportion to their existing ownership percentages whenever new common shares are issued, except under certain circumstances as provided in our articles of incorporation. See ITEM 10.B. “MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION—Preemptive rights and issuance of additional shares.”

Such exceptions include offering of new shares, pursuant to a resolution of the Board of Directors:

• through a general public offering, of no more than 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares;

• to the members of the employee stock ownership association;

• upon exercise of a stock option in accordance with our articles of incorporation;

• in the form of depositary receipts of no more than 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares;

• to induce foreign direct investment necessary for business in accordance with the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of Korea, of no more than 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares;

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• to the extent not exceeding 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares, to domestic or overseas financial institutions, corporations or individuals for the purpose of raising funds on an emergency basis;

• to certain companies under joint venture arrangements; or

• by a public offering or underwritten by underwriters for the purpose of listing such shares on any stock exchange, to the extent not exceeding 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares.

Accordingly, if we issue new shares to non-shareholders based on such exceptions, existing holders of ADSs will be diluted. If none of the above exemptions is available under Korean law, we may be required to grant subscription rights when issuing additional common shares. However, under U.S. law, we would not be able to make those rights available in the United States unless we register the securities to which the rights relate or an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act is available. Under the deposit agreement governing the ADSs, if we offer rights to subscribe for additional common shares, the depositary under the deposit agreement, after consultation with us, may make such rights available to you or dispose of such rights on behalf of you and make the net proceeds available to you or, if the depositary is unable to take such actions, it may allow the rights to lapse with no consideration to be received by you. The depositary is generally not required to make available any rights under any circumstances. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement under the Securities Act to enable you to exercise preemptive rights in respect of the common shares underlying the ADSs, and we cannot assure you that any registration statement would be filed or that an exemption from the registration requirement under the Securities Act would be available. Accordingly, you may not be entitled to exercise preemptive rights and may thereby suffer dilution of your interests in the Company.

You will not be treated as our shareholder and you will not have shareholder rights such as the voting rights applicable to a holder of common shares.

As an ADS holder, we are not obligated to and we will not treat you as one of our shareholders and therefore, you will not have the rights of a shareholder. Korean law and our articles of incorporation govern the rights applicable to our shareholders. The depositary will be treated as the shareholder of the common shares underlying your ADSs. As a holder of ADSs, you will have ADS holder rights, which is governed by the deposit agreement among us, the depositary and you, as an ADS holder. Upon receipt of the necessary voting materials, you may instruct the depositary to vote the number of shares your ADSs represent. The depositary will notify you of shareholders’ meetings and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you only when we deliver them to the depositary with sufficient time under the terms of the deposit agreement. If there is a delay or loss of the voting materials, we cannot ensure that you will receive voting materials or otherwise learn of an upcoming shareholders’ meeting to ensure that you may instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions.

You would not be able to exercise dissent and appraisal rights unless you have withdrawn the underlying common shares from the depositary facility and become a holder of our common stock.

In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of the whole or any significant part of our business, our acquisition of all or a part of the business of any other company having a material effect on our business, or our merger or consolidation with another company, except a small-scale merger (as prescribed under Korean law) that leaves us as the surviving company, dissenting shareholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares under Korean law. However, if you hold our ADSs, you will not be able to exercise such dissent and appraisal rights unless you have withdrawn the underlying common shares from the depositary facility and become our direct shareholder prior to the record date for the shareholders’ meeting at which the relevant transaction is to be approved.

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We may amend the deposit agreement and the ADRs without your consent for any reason and, if you disagree, your option will be limited to selling the ADSs or withdrawing the underlying securities.

We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement and the ADRs without your consent for any reason. If an amendment adds or increases fees or charges, except for taxes and other governmental charges or expenses of the depositary, for registration fees, facsimile costs, delivery charges or similar items, or prejudices a substantial right of ADS holders, it will not become effective for outstanding ADRs until 30 days after the depositary notifies ADS holders of the amendment. At the time an amendment becomes effective, you are considered, by continuing to hold your ADSs, to agree to the amendment and to be bound by the ADRs and the deposit agreement as amended. If you do not agree with an amendment to the deposit agreement or the ADRs, your option is limited to selling the ADSs or withdrawing the underlying securities. No assurance can be given that the sale of ADSs would be made at a price satisfactory to you in such circumstances. In addition, the common shares underlying the ADSs are not listed on any stock exchange in Korea. Your ability to sell the underlying common shares following withdrawal and the liquidity of the common shares may be limited.

You may be subject to Korean withholding tax.

Under Korean tax law, if you are a U.S. investor, you may be subject to Korean withholding taxes on capital gains and dividends in respect of the ADSs unless an exemption or a reduction under the income tax treaty between the United States and Korea is available. Under the Korea-United States tax treaty, capital gains realized by holders that are residents of the United States eligible for treaty benefits will not be subject to Korean taxation upon the disposition of the ADSs. However, under the Korea-United States tax treaty, the following holders are not eligible for such tax treaty benefits: (i) in case the holder is a United States corporation, if by reason of any special measures, the tax imposed on such holder by the United States with respect to such capital gains is substantially less than the tax generally imposed by the United States on corporate profits, and 25% or more of the holder’s capital is held of record or is otherwise determined, after consultation between competent authorities of the United States and Korea, to be owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons who are not individual residents of the United States; and (ii) in case the holder is an individual, if such holder maintains a fixed base in Korea for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year and the holder’s ADSs or common shares giving rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such fixed base or such holder is present in Korea for a period or periods of 183 days or more during the taxable year.

You may have difficulty bringing an original action or enforcing any judgment obtained outside Korea against us and our directors and officers who are not U.S. persons.

We are organized under the laws of Korea, and all of our directors and officers reside outside the United States. While we have a wholly-owned subsidiary in the United States, most of our assets and the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce against them or us court judgments obtained in the United States that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or of the securities laws of any state of the United States. There is doubt as to the enforceability in Korea, either in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts, of civil liabilities predicated on the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state of the United States.

The transfer, sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect their market price.

GungHo beneficially owns 59.3% of our common shares. If GungHo decides to sell or transfer substantial amounts of our common shares into the form of ADSs in the public market or if there is a perception of its intent to sell, the market price of our ADSs could be materially and adversely affected and could materially impair our future ability to raise capital through offerings of our ADSs.

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We may need additional capital and may sell additional ADSs or other equity securities or incur indebtedness, which could result in additional dilution to our shareholders or increase our debt service obligations.

We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If our cash resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The sale of additional equity securities or equity-linked debt securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

ITEM 4.A. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY

We were incorporated as a company with limited liability under Korean law on April 4, 2000 under the legal name of Gravity Co., Ltd. Following our initial public offering of 8,000,000 ADSs, each representing one-fourth of one share of our common stock, par value Won 500 per share, on February 8, 2005, our ADSs were listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market’s NASDAQ Global Market, formerly the NASDAQ National Market, under the symbol “GRVY.” We list below some of the developments relating to our organizational structure.

• In March 2003, we established Gravity Interactive, LLC, our wholly-owned subsidiary in the United States. The name of Gravity Interactive, LLC was changed on January 1, 2006 to Gravity Interactive, Inc., or “Gravity Interactive.”

• In January 2004, we acquired 50% of the voting shares of Gravity Entertainment Corporation, or “Gravity Entertainment,” formerly RO Production Co., Ltd., our subsidiary in Japan. In October 2004, we obtained from GungHo, which was then the other 50% shareholder of RO Production Co., Ltd., their ownership interest in RO Production Co., Ltd., which made Gravity Entertainment our wholly-owned subsidiary. RO Production Co., Ltd. changed its corporate name to Gravity Entertainment on February 5, 2005.

• In November and December of 2005, we acquired an aggregate of 96.11% of the total shares of NeoCyon, which provides mobile multimedia services in Korea.

• In August 2006, we founded Gravity EU SASU, a wholly-owned subsidiary based in France, which was converted into a joint venture company in which we have a 25% equity interest, Gravity EU SAS, with Media-Participations Paris SA as the joint venture partner, in July 2011. In November 2014, we sold our 25% equity interest in Gravity EU SAS to Dargaud SA, which resulted in Gravity EU SAS ceasing to be our affiliated company.

• In May 2007, we established Gravity Middle East & Africa FZ-LLC, or “Gravity Middle East & Africa,” a wholly-owned subsidiary in Dubai. Gravity Middle East & Africa FZ LLC went into liquidation proceedings in the United Arab Emirates, or “UAE,” in September 2008 and the liquidation was completed on November 4, 2015.

• On April 1, 2008, GungHo acquired shares of our common stock, after which it became our largest shareholder, beneficially owning approximately 52.4% of our common shares. GungHo subsequently purchased our ADSs and beneficially owns approximately 59.3% of our common shares as of March 31, 2017.

• In October 2010, we acquired an aggregate of 50.83% of the total shares of Barunson Interactive Corporation, or “Barunson Interactive,” an online game developer in Korea. Barunson Interactive changed its corporate name to Gravity Games on March 28, 2011. In August 2013, we increased our ownership in Gravity Games to 85.5%.

• In November 2016, we established a local branch in Taipei, Taiwan.

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On May 28, 2014, we received notification from NASDAQ that we had failed to comply with the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing set forth in the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules, as the bid price of our ADSs had closed for 30 consecutive business days below US$1.00 per ADS. We were automatically granted a grace period of 180 calendar days to regain compliance. On November 25, 2014, the Listing Qualifications Department of NASDAQ approved our request to transfer our listing from the NASDAQ Global Market to the NASDAQ Capital Market and our ADSs began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market on November 26, 2014. We were also given a second grace period of 180 calendar days, or until May 26, 2015, to regain compliance with the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules.

On April 22, 2015, we announced, as approved by our Board of Directors on the same day, the change of the ratio of our ADS to common share from four ADSs to one common share (4:1) to one ADS to two common shares (1:2), effective as of May 11, 2015, which had the effect of a 1-for-8 reverse stock split of our ADSs. As a result of this ratio change, the trading price of our ADSs increased and closed at $1.00 per ADS or more for a minimum of ten consecutive business days and we regained compliance with NASDAQ Stock Market Rules, as confirmed in writing by NASDAQ on May 26, 2015. However, we cannot give any assurance that we will continue to be in compliance with the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules.

Our registered office is located at 15F, 396 World Cup buk-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-795, Korea. Our telephone number is (822) 2132-7000. Our main Web site is at http://www.gravity.co.kr.

ITEM 4.B. BUSINESS OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW

We are a leading developer and publisher of online games in Japan, Taiwan and Thailand based on the number of peak concurrent users as compiled from various statistical data available from public sources in such countries. We are based in Korea, and we currently offer seven online games. Our principal product, Ragnarok Online, is commercially offered in Korea and 77 other countries and markets. Ragnarok Online II is currently commercially offered globally except for China. Requiem is commercially offered globally. R.O.S.E. Online is commercially offered in the United States, Canada, Mexico and 40 other countries. Dragonica is commercially offered globally except for Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. We also offer a number of mobile games, console games and a game for Internet protocol television, or “IPTV,” and license the merchandizing rights of character-related products based on our online games. We intend to diversify our game offering by developing online and mobile games in-house or through outsourcing as well as publishing additional games developed by third parties.

In Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, we directly manage all aspects of operations of our online games, such as marketing, operation, billing and customer service. Gravity Interactive, our wholly-owned subsidiary in the United States, is responsible for all aspects of Ragnarok Online game operations in the United States, Canada, Australia and 39 other countries, for all aspects of Ragnarok Online II game operations globally except for China, for all aspects of Requiem game operations globally, for all aspects of R.O.S.E. Online game operations in the United States, Canada, Mexico and 40 European countries, and for all aspects of Dragonica globally except for Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. In the countries where we and Gravity Interactive manage game operations, our online game revenues are recorded as subscription revenues.

Except as managed by us and our affiliates as described above, our overseas licensees are responsible for all aspects of online game operations in their respective markets in close cooperation with us. Our license agreements have an initial term of one to three years and are subject to renewal once the initial term expires. We rely on the initial and renewal license fees and the ongoing royalties from our overseas licensees for a significant portion of our revenues. The ongoing royalties are based on a percentage of revenues generated by our overseas licensees from the subscriptions to our games or the micro-transaction system in their respective markets.

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Except in Korea, the United States and Canada, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, our overseas licensees handle our mobile game operations in close cooperation with us. We and NeoCyon manage all aspects of operations of our mobile games in Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, and Gravity Interactive manages all aspects of operations of our mobile games in the United States and Canada. Revenues from our mobile games, regardless of the operator, are recorded as mobile games revenues.

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statements of operations showing revenues from our online games (by type of revenue and geographic market), mobile games and applications, and character merchandising and other revenue as a percentage of total net revenues for the periods indicated.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014				2015				2016				2016(1)
	(In millions of Won and thousands of US$, except percentages)
Online game revenue(2):
Subscription revenue:
Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau(3)	W	894	2.3	%	W	—	—	%	W	14,807	28.8	%	US$	12,301
Korea		3,320	8.3			3,675	10.3			4,333	8.4			3,600
United States/Canada(4)		3,748	9.4			2,846	8.0			3,925	7.6			3,260
Subtotal		7,962	20.0			6,521	18.3			23,065	44.8			19,161
Royalties and license fees:
Japan		7,797	19.5			6,705	18.8			8,470	16.5			7,036
Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau(3)		953	2.4			1,282	3.6			507	1.0			421
Thailand		733	1.8			709	2.0			2,259	4.4			1,877
Others		3,610	9.0			2,314	6.5			1,631	3.2			1,356
Subtotal		13,093	32.7			11,010	30.9			12,867	25.1			10,690
Mobile games and applications revenue		15,055	37.7			15,078	42.3			12,041	23.4			10,003
Character merchandising and other revenue		3,779	9.6			3,051	8.5			3,423	6.7			2,844
Total net revenue	W	39,889	100.0	%	W	35,660	100.0	%	W	51,396	100.0	%	US$	42,698

Notes:

(1) For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of Won 1,203.73 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 30, 2016 as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes.

(2) Online game revenues include revenues from Ragnarok Online, R.O.S.E. Online, Requiem, Dragonica, Pororo Game, H.A.V.E. Online, Ragnarok Online II, Steal Fighter, Ragnarok Prequel, Ragnarok Clicker and our social network games. Ragnarok Prequel was soft-launched in October 2013, then suspended from October 2014 for additional development and localization, and relaunched in May 2015. We discontinued offering Steal Fighter, H.A.V.E. Online and Requiem Returns W in February 2014, March 2014 and April 2014, respectively.

(3) Subscription revenues in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, as shown on this table, include revenues from Ragnarok Online generated in such markets which we have serviced directly since June 15, 2016, following the termination of the license agreement with the relevant licensee in such jurisdictions as of June 1, 2016. Such revenues generated from Ragnarok Online in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau prior to June 15, 2016 are shown as Online game revenue—Royalties and license fees—Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau.

(4) Subscription revenues in the United States and Canada, as shown on this table, also include subscription and other types of game revenues generated in other countries and markets managed by

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Gravity Interactive. For Ragnarok Online, the countries serviced by Gravity Interactive include the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Singapore and Malaysia; the Philippines and 13 Middle East countries including UAE and Saudi Arabia since January 1, 2015; and further include 13 East European countries including Russia and Armenia, as well as 11 South American countries including Chile and Peru, since November 16, 2015. Upon these changes, the revenues from Ragnarok Online generated in the Philippines and 13 Middle East countries through December 31, 2014, and 13 East European countries and 11 South American countries through November 15, 2015, are shown as Online game revenue—Royalties and license fees—Others and those generated on or after January 1, 2015 and November 16, 2015, respectively, are shown as Online game revenue—Subscription revenue—United States/Canada.

Ragnarok Online II is serviced by Gravity Interactive worldwide except China, the Philippines prior to April 1, 2014, Brazil prior to April 1, 2014, Singapore prior to November 4, 2014, Malaysia prior to November 4, 2014, Vietnam and Thailand prior to July 28, 2015, Japan prior to February 15, 2016 and Indonesia prior to May 17, 2016. Subscription revenues from Ragnarok Online II generated from the countries and markets managed by Gravity Interactive are shown as Online game revenue—Subscription revenue—United States/Canada. The revenues from Ragnarok Online II generated from the Philippines, Brazil, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia on and after the relevant date when Gravity Interactive began to service such countries are shown as Online game revenue—Subscription revenue—United States/Canada and those revenues from such countries before such relevant date are shown as Online game revenue—Royalties and license fees—Others. For R.O.S.E. Online, the countries managed by Gravity Interactive include the United States, Canada, Mexico and 40 other countries. For Dragonica, the countries serviced by Gravity Interactive include the United States, Canada and South America except for Brazil. Gravity Interactive began to service Dragonica globally on January 1, 2015 but it entered into a sublicense agreement with a local licensee in Thailand for service of Dragonica on October 1, 2015, which granted such local licensee the right to service Dragonica in Thailand from February 11, 2016. All revenues from Dragonica for the period covered generated by Gravity Interactive are shown as Online game revenue—Subscription revenue—United States/Canada and those revenues generated on or after February 11, 2016 by local licensee in Thailand shown as Online game revenue—Royalties and license fees—Thailand. Requiem is serviced worldwide by Gravity Interactive except for Russia, Armenia and 13 other countries serviced by Ingamba, a sub-licensee of Gravity Interactive in 2014 and 2015. The revenues from Requiem generated from the countries directly serviced by Gravity Interactive are shown as Online game revenue—Subscription revenue—United States/Canada and those generated from the countries serviced by Ingamba in 2014 and 2015 are shown as Online game revenue—Royalties and license fees—Others.

OUR PRODUCTS

We currently categorize our products into three categories: online games; mobile games and applications; and other games and game-related products and services, including character-based merchandise and animation. Revenues from our principal product, Ragnarok Online, accounted for 57.3% of our total revenues in 2016, compared with 41.5% of our total revenues in 2015.

Online games

Online game is a genre of computer games in which a large number of players interact with one another within a virtual game world.

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The following table summarizes the online games that we currently offer.

Title	Genre	Game Source	Date of Commercial Launch(1)
Ragnarok Online	Action adventure MMORPG(2)	Developed in-house	August 2002
Ragnarok Online II	Action adventure MMORPG	Developed in-house	March 2012
Requiem	Action adventure MMORPG	Developed in-house	October 2007
Dragonica (Dragon Saga)(3)	Action adventure MMORPG	Originally licensed from third party developer; currently owned by us(4)	February 2009(5)
R.O.S.E. Online	Action adventure MMORPG	Originally licensed from third party developer; currently owned by us(6)	January 2005
Ragnarok Prequel	Action adventure MMORPG (Web browser-based)	Developed by third party based on our intellectual property	July 2016(7)
Ragnarok Clicker	Action adventure RPG(8) (Web browser-based)	Developed through outsourcing and owned by us	August 2016

Notes:

(1) The actual date of commercial launch of games in each jurisdiction is dependent on a variety of factors, including technical viability and durability, availability of in-house development capability, market conditions, beta testing results and availability of licensing partners, among others.

(2) MMORPG is an abbreviation for Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing Game.

(3) Dragonica is commercially offered in the United States, Canada and South America except for Brazil under the name Dragon Saga.

(4) We acquired an aggregate of 50.83% equity interest in Gravity Games, formerly known as Barunson Interactive, which developed Dragonica, on October 21, 2010, and subsequently increased our ownership in Gravity Games to 85.5% in August 2013.

(5) Dragonica was initially launched in China in February 2009 followed by certain other countries and markets under license agreements between Gravity Games and local publishers before our acquisition of Gravity Games.

(6) We acquired an aggregate of 88.15% equity interest in TriggerSoft, which developed R.O.S.E. Online, in April and May 2005. TriggerSoft was liquidated in October 2007.

(7) Shanghai The Dream Network Technology Co., Ltd., the developer, commercially launched Ragnarok Prequel in China in May 2015. We commercially launched this game in Taiwan as the game’s publisher in July 2016.

(8) RPG is an abbreviation for Role-playing Game.

Ragnarok Online

As of March 31, 2017, Ragnarok Online was commercially offered in Korea and 77 other countries and markets since its commercial launch in August 2002. See ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS

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OVERVIEW—OUR MARKETS—Overseas markets.” Ragnarok Online represented 57.3% of our total revenues or Won 29,446 million (US$24,461 thousand) in 2016, compared with 41.5% of our total revenues or Won 14,803 million in 2015.

The following are revenues generated by Ragnarok Online for the periods indicated:

		Year Ended December 31,
Revenue Type	Country	2014		2015		2016		2016(1)
		(In millions of Won and thousands of US$)
Online games—subscription revenue	Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau	W	—	W	—	W	11,019	US$	9,154
	Korea		3,278		3,675		4,332		3,599
	United States/Canada(2)		1,892		1,830		2,178		1,809
	Subtotal		5,170		5,505		17,529		14,562
Online games—royalties and license fees	Japan		7,757		6,705		8,470		7,036
	Thailand		419		288		2,165		1,799
	Brazil		603		452		529		439
	Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau(3)		952		1,282		507		421
	Europe		266		203		140		116
	Indonesia		103		91		106		88
	China(4)		456		261		—		—
	Philippines(5)		204		10		—		—
	Russia/CIS countries		55		6		—		—
	Subtotal		10,815		9,298		11,917		9,899
	Total	W	15,985	W	14,803	W	29,446	US$	24,461

Notes:

(1) For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of Won 1,203.73 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 30, 2016 as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes.

(2) Includes subscription and other types of game revenues managed by Gravity Interactive and generated in Australia, New Zealand, India, Singapore and Malaysia, the Philippines and 13 Middle East countries including UAE and Saudi Arabia since January 1, 2015, and further include 13 East European countries including Russia and Armenia, as well as 11 South American countries including Chile and Peru, since November 16, 2015. Such revenues from other countries constitute a minor portion of the revenues recorded as subscription revenues from the United States and Canada.

(3) Ragnarok Online game service in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau by Game Flier International Corporation, our former licensee, ceased on May 31, 2016. We relaunched the game in such jurisdictions on June 15, 2016. Upon these changes, the revenues generated in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau through May 31, 2016 are shown as Online games—royalties and license fees—Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau and those generated from June 15, 2016 are shown as Online games—subscription revenue—Taiwan/Hong Kong Macau.

(4) Ragnarok Online game service in China by Shengqu Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., our former licensee, ceased on December 30, 2011. We relaunched the game in China with Beijing Kunlun Online Network Tech Co., Ltd., our current licensee, on February 28, 2013 and ceased to offer Ragnarok Online in China on February 29, 2016. On December 1, 2016, we entered into a license agreement with Shanghai Ta Ren Network Technology Co., Ltd., which is currently preparing to relaunch the game in China.

(5) Our license agreement with Level UP! Inc. for Ragnarok Online game service in the Philippines was terminated on March 31, 2015, and we subsequently amended our license agreement for Ragnarok Online games service with Gravity Interactive to include the Philippines as a service country of Gravity Interactive. Upon these changes, the revenues generated in the Philippines through March 31, 2015 are shown as Online games—royalties and license fees—Philippines and those

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generated from April 1, 2015 are shown as Online games—subscription revenue—United States/Canada. On January 1, 2017, we entered into a license agreement with Electronics Extreme Ltd., which is currently preparing to relaunch Ragnarok Online game service in the Philippines, Singapore and Malaysia.

The table below provides, for the periods indicated, the peak concurrent users and average concurrent users of Ragnarok Online since the first quarter of 2014, in each of our principal markets for Ragnarok Online.

		1Q 14		2Q 14		3Q 14		4Q 14		1Q 15		2Q 15		3Q 15		4Q 15		1Q 16		2Q 16		3Q 16		4Q 16		1Q 17
Japan	PCU(1)		19,547		18,934		19,096		17,884		16,821		16,804		14,863		15,708		14,874		15,176		14,285		12,081		13,165
	ACU(2)		7,310		7,593		7,364		6,826		6,619		6,262		5,836		6,461		5,893		6,170		4,945		4,558		5,136
Korea	PCU		5,503		3,979		12,464		5,928		5,924		4,265		4,117		4,583		5,247		4,119		4,075		6,296		4,488
	ACU		2,754		2,155		2,338		3,159		3,256		2,600		2,389		2,488		3,080		2,339		2,370		2,900		2,807
USA/Canada	PCU		5,895		5,219		4,963		5,491		5,443		7,227		7,541		7,031		7,516		7,141		6,504		6,419		6,402
	ACU		4,243		3,895		3,651		3,607		4,019		5,440		6,103		5,991		6,133		5,671		5,015		5,528		5,350
Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau	PCU		32,492		30,152		30,835		27,700		26,881		26,144		33,038		33,352		35,158		38,427		53,222		41,735		26,076
	ACU		22,061		20,783		22,025		20,031		19,634		17,950		20,151		22,306		24,444		17,135		31,821		23,752		15,767

Notes:

(1) “PCU,” or peak concurrent users, represents the highest number of users of Ragnarok Online during the specified time period as recorded on the servers for the various countries.

(2) “ACU,” or average concurrent users, represents the average number of concurrent users of Ragnarok Online during the specified time period as recorded on the servers for the various countries.

We believe that the number of users as measured by PCU or ACU (i) is reflective of our active user base and (ii) is correlated to revenues as revenues from an online game depend on the number of users as well as time spent playing the game. We believe such correlation has been reflected in the decrease of our revenues generated from Ragnarok Online in recent years, although there are also other factors which contribute to an increase or a decrease of revenues from a game. PCU and ACU are non-financial variables and the data presented has not been audited or reviewed. Other companies may determine PCU or ACU differently than we do.

We obtained an exclusive license from Mr. Myoung-Jin Lee to use the storyline and characters from his cartoon titled “Ragnarok” for the development of games including for animation and character merchandising. We paid Mr. Lee an initial license fee of Won 40 million and are required to pay royalties based on a percentage of adjusted revenues (net of value-added taxes and certain other expenses) or net income generated from the use of the Ragnarok brand through January 2033.

Ragnarok Online is an action adventure-based MMORPG that combines cartoon-like characters, community-oriented themes and combat features in a virtual world within which thousands of players can interact with one another. By combining highly interactive and community-oriented themes and features, such as marriages and organization of guilds, we believe we are able to create user loyalty from our users who favor games that provide social interaction in a virtual setting.

Other key features of Ragnarok Online include the following:

• players may assume an ongoing role, or alter-ego, of a particular game character, each with different strengths and weaknesses. In Ragnarok Online, the user starts as a “novice” and undergoes training in a specialized mapped game zone to become familiar with the game features. Once that stage is completed, the user can choose from six basic characters, each with a distinct combination of different traits;

• as each game character advances in challenge levels up to level 175, the character can enter into a greater range of mapped game zones and develop into a more sophisticated game character in terms of game attributes and special powers;

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• Ragnarok Online characters may visually express the users’ mood and emotions by using emotive icons that appear within a bubble above the characters’ heads. We believe that this feature significantly expands the interface for user interaction and elevates the level of social reality of the game;

• game features may be traded or sold within the game, and game characters may simulate real-life experiences such as marriage, group fights and joining a guild. In addition, players may communicate with each other through in-game chatting or instant messaging;

• special events are held from time to time to stimulate community formations. For example, we periodically host “fortress raids” whereby players are encouraged to organize themselves into a team to compete against other teams to capture a fortress within a set time; and

• the game has no preordained ending and is designed to continuously evolve in terms of plots, mapped game zones and character attributes through enhancements from time to time.

We believe that the PC configurations required to run Ragnarok Online are lower than or similar to many other competing online games, which we believe has facilitated our successful entry into and expansion of Ragnarok Online in many of the developed and developing countries in which Ragnarok Online is distributed. The recommended minimum PC configuration for Ragnarok Online is Intel Celeron 2.4 GHz or AMD Athlon 3000+, 512 MB RAM and 32 MB graphics card.

Ragnarok Online II

Ragnarok Online II, an action adventure-based three-dimensional MMORPG, is a sequel to Ragnarok Online with enhanced character and community features. Ragnarok Online II includes pastel-type graphics, advanced character customization and detailed monsters and non-player characters. Ragnarok Online II also adopts Mr. Myoung-Jin Lee’s original drawings from his comic book Ragnarok and music from Kanno Yoko, a well-respected composer in the animation industry.

We commercially launched Ragnarok Online II in Korea in March 2012, Singapore and Malaysia in January 2013, the United States, Canada and 28 European countries in May 2013, Indonesia in August 2013, Thailand in October 2013 and Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau in June 2014. Ragnarok Online II game service in Korea was transferred to Gravity Interactive on December 24, 2013 as the game service in Korea was suspended on December 23, 2013. Our license and distribution agreement with Gravity Interactive to distribute Ragnarok Online II in the United States, Canada and 28 European countries was amended in February 2014 to have Gravity Interactive distribute Ragnarok Online II globally except for Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Brazil and China. In April 2014, such agreement with Gravity Interactive was further amended to have Gravity Interactive distribute Ragnarok Online II globally except for Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan and China, which was additionally amended to have Gravity Interactive distribute Ragnarok Online II globally except for Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan and China in November 2014. In July 2015, the same license and distribution agreement with Gravity Interactive was amended to have Gravity Interactive distribute Ragnarok Online II globally except for Indonesia, Japan and China, and further amended in February 2016 to have Gravity Interactive distribute Ragnarok Online II globally except for Indonesia and China. In May 2016, such license and distribution agreement was amended once again to have Gravity Interactive distribute Ragnarok Online II globally except for China. As a result, Ragnarok Online II is currently commercially offered globally except for China.

We have license and distribution agreement for Ragnarok Online II with a third-party licensee in China. The total value of the license and distribution agreement for Ragnarok Online II with our licensee in China, where the game has not been commercially launched, is US$1,500 thousand as of the date hereof. Our license and distribution agreements for Ragnarok Online II with licensees in the Philippines and Brazil were terminated on April 1, 2014. Also, on September 11, 2014, we terminated the license and distribution agreement with our licensee for service of Ragnarok Online II in Singapore and Malaysia. In

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addition, the license and distribution agreement with our licensee for service of Ragnarok Online II in Thailand and Vietnam was terminated on June 1, 2015, and the agreements with our licensees in Japan and Indonesia were terminated on February 12, 2016 and April 1, 2016, respectively.

Ragnarok Online II represented 1.1% of our total revenues or Won 560 million (US$465 thousand) in 2016 and 3.2% of our total revenues or Won 1,155 million in 2015. See ITEM 3.D. “RISK FACTORS—RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS—If we are unable to consistently and timely develop, acquire, license, launch, market or operate commercially successful online and mobile games in addition to Ragnarok Online, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.”

Requiem

Unlike Ragnarok Online and Ragnarok Online II, which do not emphasize violent themes, we designed Requiem to showcase user-to-user combat. Requiem provides players with a variety of combat systems, which allow them to accumulate experience and reward points to be used when they buy special items designed for combats.

Requiem is currently commercially offered globally by Gravity Interactive. Requiem was commercially offered in Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan by Ingamba under our license agreement with Ingamba until November 2013, when our license agreement with Ingamba was terminated, and these countries are included as countries and markets serviced by Gravity Interactive. Gravity Interactive entered into a sublicense agreement with Ingamba in December 2013 to distribute Requiem in these countries, which was terminated in December 2015. We also launched a Web-browser based version of Requiem on WarpPortal, Gravity Interactive’s game portal site, and Facebook in April 2012 and September 2012, respectively, and ceased offering such services in November 2014. The amount of revenues from Requiem represented less than 1% of our total revenues in each of 2016 and 2015.

Dragonica (Dragon Saga)

Dragonica, which was developed by Gravity Games, our 85.5%-owned subsidiary, is a three-dimensional side-scrolling MMORPG, which is currently commercially offered globally by Gravity Interactive except for Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. Our local licensee has been offering Dragonica in Thailand since February 2016. Dragonica is offered under the name Dragon Saga in the United States, Canada and South America except for Brazil. The amount of revenues from Dragonica represented 1.2% of our total revenues or Won 600 million (US$498 thousand) in 2016, and 1.1% of our total revenues or Won 391 million in 2015.

R.O.S.E. Online

R.O.S.E. Online is a three-dimensional MMORPG, which was commercially launched in January 2005, and is commercially offered in the United States, Canada, Mexico and 40 countries in Europe. The amount of revenues from R.O.S.E. Online represented less than 1% of our total revenues in each of 2016 and 2015.

Ragnarok Prequel

Ragnarok Prequel is a Web browser-based MMORPG, which is played on a Web browser and which does not require any client-side software to be installed, developed by a third party game developer using our intellectual property. See “GAME DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLISHING—Intellectual property licensing.” In May 2013, we entered into an agreement with Shanghai The Dream Network Technology Co., Ltd., a Chinese game developer, which was granted the right to develop a Web-browser based game based on Ragnarok Online and distribute the Web-browser based game in China under the agreement. Shanghai The Dream Network Technology Co., Ltd. soft launched Ragnarok Prequel in China in October 2013, suspended such game from October 2014 for additional development and localization, and commercially relaunched the game in May 2015. We commercially launched Ragnarok Prequel in

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Taiwan and in the United States and Canada in July 2016 and March 2017, respectively. Ragnarok Prequel represented 7.4% of our total revenues or Won 3,805 million (US$3,161 thousand) in 2016 and less than 1% of our total revenues in 2015.

Ragnarok Clicker

Ragnarok Clicker is a Web browser based RPG, which is commercially offered in the United States and Canada by Gravity Interactive. In March 2016, we entered into a game development agreement with Playsaurus, Inc., to outsource the development of Ragnarok Clicker to Playsaurus, Inc., a developer in the United States, using the contents of Ragnarok Online. We own all intellectual property rights relating to Ragnarok Clicker, which was commercially launched in August 2016. Ragnarok Clicker represented less than 1% of our total revenues in 2016.

Mobile games and applications

As compared to online games, mobile games, which are played using mobile phones, including smartphones such as Google Android compatible phones and the Apple iPhone as well as feature phones, and other mobile devices, such as tablet computers, have shorter game playtimes and less complex user-game interactions. We believe that mobile games, due to such characteristics, provide less-experienced users with a means to become familiar with both game playing and the game culture without making a substantial commitment in time and resources. As a result, we believe that mobile games allow us to target a broader audience of users.

We develop mobile games either in-house or through outsourcing to third party developers, and we also publish mobile games licensed from third parties.

In contrast to online games, the life cycle of a mobile game is relatively short and generally lasts from 6 to 24 months while reaching its peak popularity within the first 3 months of its introduction, though it varies by genre. As a result, we generate a significant portion of our mobile games revenue from the games that have been released within the recent 12 months.

The following table sets forth each of the mobile games that we have released since January 2016.

Title	Genre	Game Source	Date of Commercial Launch
Princess Punt Sweets 2	RPG	Licensed from third party developer	February 2016
Monster Coin Racer	Arcade	Developed in-house	April 2016
Ragnarok Revival	Card RPG	Developed by third party based on our intellectual property	December 2016
Ragnarok Clicker Mobile	RPG	Developed through outsourcing	December 2016
Venus Eleven Vivid!	Sports	Licensed from third party developer	January 2017

For our smartphone games offered where we directly provide mobile games services to users, we share users’ payments for micro-transactions with digital storefront owners and mobile telecommunications operators. For our smartphone games in the other markets where the mobile games services are offered by our licensees, we receive license fees and royalty revenues from our licensees.

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In addition to mobile games offered to users, we also develop mobile applications provided to third-party enterprises. The following are revenues generated from our mobile games and applications business for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
Country	2014		2015		2016				2016(1)
	(In millions of Won and thousands of US$, except percentages)
Korea	W	11,705	W	10,871	W	6,506	54.0	%	US$	5,405
China		177		486		2,098	17.4			1,743
Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau		468		1,481		1,391	11.6			1,156
United States		1,190		775		1,204	10.0			1,000
Japan		521		965		686	5.7			570
Others		994		500		156	1.3			129
Total	W	15,055	W	15,078	W	12,041	100.0	%	US$	10,003

Notes:

(1) For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of Won 1,203.73 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 30, 2016 as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes.

Other games and game-related products and services

Other games

In addition to developing and publishing online games and mobile games, which is our primary business, we also provide games for game consoles and handheld game consoles, such as Nintendo DS, the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation series. Console games are distributed in the form of a disc or cartridge (game card), or downloaded directly to a console through the Internet.

The following table sets forth the console games we have released.

Title	Genre	Platform	Release Date
Ragnarok DS	Role playing	Nintendo DS	December 2008(1)
Ragnarok: The Princess of Light and Darkness	Tactical role playing	PlayStation Portable	October 2011
Ragnarok Odyssey	Role playing	PlayStation Vita	February 2012(2)
Double Dragon II	Action	Xbox 360	April 2013
Ragnarok Odyssey Ace	Role playing	PlayStation Vita	August 2013(3)
Ragnarok Odyssey Ace	Role playing	PlayStation 3	April 2014(4)

Notes:

(1) Ragnarok DS was initially released in Japan in December 2008 followed by Korea in June 2009 and the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Panama and Venezuela in February 2010.

(2) Ragnarok Odyssey was initially released in Japan in February 2012 followed by Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand in August 2012, the United States, Canada, Mexico and Brazil in October 2012 and Europe in February 2013.

(3) Ragnarok Odyssey Ace for the PlayStation Vita platform was initially released in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand in August 2013 followed by the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Europe in April 2014.

(4) Ragnarok Odyssey Ace for the PlayStation 3 platform was initially released in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Europe in April 2014 followed by Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand in July 2014.

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We also provide games for IPTV. In September 2008, we entered into a licensing agreement with Iconix Entertainment Co., Ltd., or “Iconix Entertainment,” to develop and publish Pororo Game, an IPTV game based on Iconix Entertainment’s 3D TV animation series “Pororo: The Little Penguin.” We commercially launched Pororo Game in September 2009 and renewed our licensing agreement with Iconix Entertainment in September 2011, September 2012, September 2013, September 2014, September 2015 and September 2016.

The amount of revenues from console and IPTV games represented 1.2% of our total revenues or Won 622 million (US$517 thousand) in 2016, and 2.0% of our total revenues or Won 723 million in 2015.

Game character merchandising

In order to optimize the commercial opportunities presented by our games and their characters, we and our licensees have been marketing dolls, stationery, food and other character-based merchandise, as well as game manuals, monthly magazines and other publications, based on our games. We currently have arrangements with GungHo to license Ragnarok Online’s game characters in Japan, and with Electronics Extreme Ltd. to license Ragnarok Online game characters in Thailand.

The amount of revenues from game character merchandising represented less than 1% of our total revenues in each of 2016 and 2015.

Animation

Gravity Entertainment, our Japanese subsidiary, entered into an agreement with G&G Entertainment Inc. and three other Japanese media and entertainment companies for the production and distribution of a 26 half-hour episode animation series based on the storyline and characters of Ragnarok Online in October 2004. The series was produced by Gravity Entertainment and broadcast on television in nine countries from 2004 through 2007. The animation series of Ragnarok Online has been sold in DVD and VOD (video on demand) formats in North America since March 2006, and it has also been distributed in Europe. Our revenues from our animation business represented less than 1% of our total revenues in each of 2016 and 2015.

Other services

In addition to its core mobile game business, NeoCyon provides system development and maintenance services as well as system integration services to third parties. Also, we generate revenues from sales of goods related to mobile phones, such as ornamental accessories manufactured or procured by third parties, based on consignment sale agreements with such third parties. The amount of revenues from other services represented 6.4% of our total revenues or Won 3,293 million (US$2,736 thousand) in 2016, compared with 8.2% of our total revenues or Won 2,926 million in 2015.

OUR MARKETS

Korea, Japan, the United States/Canada, Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau and China were our biggest geographic markets in 2016 in terms of revenue. Each of these markets is serviced either by us or a distribution company. We directly manage online game operations in Korea and Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau. We and NeoCyon both directly manage mobile game operations in Korea. Gravity Interactive, our wholly-owned subsidiary, manages game operations in the United States and Canada, including service for Ragnarok Online, Ragnarok Online II, Requiem, Dragonica, R.O.S.E. Online and Ragnarok Clicker. GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. is our licensee for Ragnarok Online and Ragnarok Mobile Story in Japan. Shanghai The Dream Network Technology Co., Ltd. is our licensee for Ragnarok Online II and Ragnarok Prequel in China.

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The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statement of operations showing revenues by geographic area for the periods indicated and the percentage represented by such revenues for year ended December 31, 2016.

	Year Ended December 31,
Country	2014		2015		2016				2016(1)
	(In millions of Won and thousands of US$, except percentages)
Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau	W	2,315	W	2,763	W	16,705	32.5	%	US$	13,878
Korea		19,469		18,189		14,770	28.7			12,270
Japan		8,511		7,781		9,274	18.1			7,705
United States/Canada(2)		5,038		3,624		5,130	10.0			4,262
China		749		1,045		2,322	4.5			1,929
Thailand		1,283		958		2,262	4.4			1,879
Others		2,524		1,300		933	1.8			775
Total	W	39,889	W	35,660	W	51,396	100.0	%	US$	42,698

Notes:

(1) For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of Won 1,203.73 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 30, 2016 as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes.

(2) Revenues in the United States and Canada, as shown on this table, also include subscription and other types of game revenues generated in other countries managed by Gravity Interactive. Such revenues from other countries constitute a minor portion of the revenues recorded as subscription revenues from the United States and Canada.

Korea

In Korea, we commercially launched and began to charge users for Ragnarok Online in August 2002, followed by other games. Our online game users in Korea consist of individual PC account users and Internet café subscribers. Individual PC account users are individuals who log on to our game servers from places other than Internet cafés, such as from home or work, whereas Internet café subscribers are commercial businesses operating Internet café outlets equipped with multiple PCs that provide broadband Internet access to their customers who typically prefer to play online games together with their peers with more powerful PC hardware and faster broadband Internet access than they have at home. Most Internet cafés charge their customers hourly fees for PC usage and Internet access and subscribe to various online games. Over 5,500 Internet cafés offered our games in Korea according to our internal data as of each of December 31, 2016 and 2015. In order to offer our games, an Internet café typically purchases minimum game hours from us. Subscription fees from Internet cafés accounted for 4.8% and 5.8% of our subscription revenues in Korea in 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Overseas markets

Ragnarok Online is commercially offered in the following 77 overseas countries and markets: Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Thailand, Brazil, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, Spain, Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Lebanon, Mauritania, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Guyana, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Bolivia, Republic of Suriname, Argentina, Ecuador, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, and Peru.

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Ragnarok Online is distributed through Gravity Interactive except for Japan, China, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Brazil and 28 European countries and markets in which jurisdictions local licensees publish Ragnarok Online; and for Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau, where Gravity directly offers Ragnarok Online through its local branch in Taiwan. The following table lists the overseas countries and markets in which Ragnarok Online is commercially offered through our licensees, the names of the licensees, the dates of the license agreements, and the commercial launch dates and expiry dates of the license agreements.

Country	Licensee	Date of License Agreement	Date of Commercial Launch	Date of Expiry
Japan	GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.	July 2002	December 2002	September 2017
Thailand(1)	Electronics Extreme Ltd.	April 2016	March 2003	March 2019
Brazil	Level Up! Interactive S.A.	August 2004	February 2005	March 2018
Europe(2)	Gravity EU SAS	June 2011	April 2004	June 2021
China(3)	Shanghai Ta Ren Network Technology Co., Ltd.	October 2016	February 2013	TBD
Indonesia(4)	PT. Laut Angkasa Impian.	December 2016	November 2003	February 2018
The Philippines(5)	Electronics Extreme Ltd.	January 2017	September 2003	TBD
Singapore/Malaysia(5)	Electronics Extreme Ltd.	January 2017	April 2004	TBD

Notes:

(1) Ragnarok Online was initially launched in Thailand with a different licensee in March 2003.

(2) Represents game operations in France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, Spain, Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Turkey. Ragnarok Online was initially launched in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and Turkey with a different licensee in April 2004.

(3) Shanghai Ta Ren Network Technology Co., Ltd. is currently preparing to relaunch Ragnarok Online in China. The licensing agreement with Shanghai Ta Ren Network Technology Co., Ltd. will expire two years after the relaunch date. Ragnarok Online was initially launched in China with a different licensee in February 2013.

(4) Ragnarok Online was initially launched in Indonesia with a different licensee in November 2003.

(5) Electronics Extreme Ltd. is currently preparing to relaunch Ragnarok Online in the Philippines, Singapore and Malaysia. The licensing agreement with Electronics Extreme Ltd. will expire two years after the relaunch date. Ragnarok Online was initially launched with different licensees in the Philippines in September 2003 and in Singapore and Malaysia in April 2004, respectively.

Ragnarok Online II is currently commercially offered globally excluding China. Requiem and Dragonica are currently commercially offered worldwide. R.O.S.E. Online is currently commercially offered in the United States, Canada, Mexico and 40 other countries. While most of our mobile games are commercially offered in Korea, we also provide those developed in-house or through outsourcing in overseas countries, including the United States, Japan and Taiwan, among others. See ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS OVERVIEW—OUR PRODUCTS.”

Our licensees pay us:

• an initial license fee for initial set-up costs, technical support and advisory services that we provide until commercial launch; and

• ongoing royalty payments based on a percentage of revenues generated from subscription fees and/or micro-transactions of the game they service in the respective overseas markets.

In addition, if the license agreement is renewed, we typically negotiate a renewal license fee. The license agreements may be terminated in the event of bankruptcy or a material breach by either party, including, in our case, in the event the licensee fails to pay royalty fees in a timely manner.

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PRICING STRUCTURE AND PAYMENT SYSTEM

Our overseas licensees generally develop, after consultation with us, a retail pricing structure for the users of the game they service in their respective markets. Pricing structures are determined primarily based on the cost of publishing and operating the game, the playing and payment patterns of the users, the pricing of competing games in a given market and the purchasing power parity of consumers in that market. Since the launch of Ragnarok Online in August 2002, we have tracked and accumulated user data generated from our user base, which provide us with an extensive database to analyze user patterns and establish pricing for other markets. The pricing for Ragnarok Online has remained generally stable in each of our markets since the respective dates of Ragnarok Online’s commercial launch in those markets.

In December 2006, we started to apply a micro-transaction system (or sale of virtual in-game items model) as an additional business model by providing virtual item shops in the games where players can purchase a wide array of items to customize, personalize and enhance their characters and game playing experiences. The micro-transaction model has been introduced in all the countries and markets where Ragnarok Online is serviced. In addition, since January 2007, we have opened free-to-play servers, which only apply the micro-transaction model, in all the countries and markets where Ragnarok Online is serviced except Japan and Thailand to encourage the players to download and play Ragnarok Online without paying subscription fees or buying playing time and to purchase in-game items pursuant to our micro-transaction model. We offer Ragnarok Online services with the micro-transaction model only in all the countries and markets where Ragnarok Online is serviced, except the countries and markets where the subscription-based fee model is also applied such as Japan and Thailand.

Since September 2007, we have been offering premium services as an additional revenue model, where players are offered certain additional features such as the faster accumulation of experience points or higher rates of item drops for additional fees during a specified period of time, in all the countries and markets where Ragnarok Online is serviced except Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. The pricing for Ragnarok Online in Korea and in Japan, the United States and Canada, and Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau, our principal overseas markets, are set forth below.

Korea

Individual PC account users in Korea can choose from a number of alternative payment options, including charges made through mobile or fixed telephone service provider payment systems, prepaid cards, gift certificates, online credit card payments and bank transfers, to buy G Cash which can be used for any games we offer and convert G Cash to RO Points, the currency of the money used in Ragnarok Online which enable them to buy game items or subscribe to Premium Services. Internet café subscribers make payments through credit card or bank transfers. We pay a commission in the range of 1.4% to 15% to third parties to process payments. These third parties bear the delinquency risk associated with payments from users.

Subscription-based fee model

The subscription-based fee model is currently applied only to Internet cafés and not individual PC users in Korea. The following table sets forth our published pricing plans for Internet cafés in Korea for Ragnarok Online access as of December 31, 2016.

Hours(1)	Flat Fee per PC
300 hours	W	69,300
600 hours		138,600
1,000 hours		231,000
2,000 hours		462,000

Note:

(1) Actual hours may vary depending on additional bonus hours we offer in proportion to hours purchased by the subscriber.

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Micro-transaction model

We have applied a micro-transaction model in Korea since April 2007. The price range of each of the game items is between Won 250 and Won 29,800. There are certain game items which users can buy only at Internet cafés.

Premium Service model

The Premium Service model was initially applied to free-to-play servers in July 2008 and became available on all the servers in November 2010 when we ceased to apply the subscription-based fee model for individual PC users in Korea. We offer only one rate for the Premium Service model of Ragnarok Online in Korea and charge 5,500 RO Points for 30 days of use. Premium Service users may further choose to use additional services as options, such as faster accumulation of experience points, higher rates of item drops, lower rates of death penalty or a combination of such additional services for additional fees.

Japan

GungHo, our licensee in Japan, determines the pricing plan for Ragnarok Online in Japan. A majority of users in Japan typically pay to gain access to or purchase game items of Ragnarok Online with prepaid cards, such as WebMoney, among others, which can be purchased at convenience stores or retail game outlets, or online. In addition, credit cards are also a popular payment method. Mobile payment, which can be used for the payment of subscription-based fees and for payments of micro transactions, is increasingly popular in Japan.

Subscription-based fee model

Our licensee in Japan offers only one rate for Ragnarok Online and charges JPY1,500 per 30 days of unlimited use.

Micro-transaction model

We have applied a micro-transaction model in Japan since December 2006. Game users buy GungHo Shop Points which enable them to buy game items or directly buy game items from the mobile item shop. The price range of the game items is between JPY50 and JPY1,500. The following table sets forth our licensee’s published basic pricing for GungHo Shop Points in Japan as of December 31, 2016.

Points	Retail Price(1)
10,000 points		JPY1,000
21,000 points		2,000
32,500 points		3,000
55,000 points		5,000
112,000 points		10,000

Note:

(1) For convenience only, on December 30, 2016, the noon buying rate of Japanese Yen to U.S. dollars as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes was JPY116.78 to US$1.00.

The United States and Canada

Gravity Interactive, our wholly-owned subsidiary in the United States, determines the pricing plan for Ragnarok Online in the United States and Canada. Users pay through credit cards, wire and/or bank transfers, or mobile payment or online payment systems such as PayPal. Gravity Interactive ceased to apply the subscription-based fee model in April 2011.

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Micro-transaction model

We have applied a micro-transaction model in the United States and Canada since June 2007. Game users buy points which enable them to buy game items in the price range between US$0.05 and US$20. The following table sets forth our licensee’s published basic pricing for points of Ragnarok Online in the United States and Canada as of December 31, 2016.

Points	Retail Price
1,100 points	US$	10.00
1,650 points		15.00
2,875 points		25.00
4,600 points		40.00
6,000 points		50.00
9,000 points		75.00
12,000 points		100.00

VIP Service fee model

Although Ragnarok Online is offered based on the micro-transaction model in the United States and Canada, the VIP Service fee model, a premium service model, was introduced in April 2011 to provide users with enhanced game play as an option. The following table sets forth Gravity Interactive’s published basic pricing for VIP Service for Ragnarok Online in the United States and Canada as of December 31, 2016.

Days and Points	Retail Price
30 days	US$	2.00
30 days and 1,500 points(1)		7.00
90 days		19.00
180 days		33.50
130 days and 7,000 points(1)		70.00

Note:

(1) Once a user purchases this package, the user cannot purchase it again before the period of the purchased package ends.

Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau

Micro-transaction model

We have been directly providing Ragnarok Online in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau since June 15, 2016. We apply a micro-transaction model for users in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau which enables them to buy game items in the price range between NT$1.00 and NT$420.00. The following table sets forth our basic pricing for points of Ragnarok Online in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau as of December 31, 2016.

Points	Retail Price
1 point	NT$	1.00

GAME DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLISHING

We expect the online and mobile game industries to be characterized by increasing demand for sophisticated or original games with the most up-to-date technologies and/or innovative game designs. In response, we intend to expand our game offerings by continuing to develop in-house additional high quality games with the latest technologies and/or innovative game designs and by publishing such new games developed by us or licensed or acquired from leading third party developers.

To prepare for the commercial launch of a new online game, unlike most mobile games, we conduct closed beta testing for the game to fix technical problems, which is followed by a period of open beta

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testing in which we allow registered users to play the game free of charge. During these testing periods, users provide us with feedback and our technical team seeks to address any technical problems and programming flaws that may compromise a stable and consistent game playing environment. We conduct several rounds of closed beta testing, which usually takes a few weeks for each round but may take significantly more time if material problems are detected. Open beta testing of online games usually takes one to three months before commercial launch. We generally commence our other marketing activities for online games during the open beta testing stage. For overseas markets, we also localize the language and content of our games to tailor the game to local cultural preferences.

Game Development

Our game development department is divided into two categories of development teams: one is dedicated to online games and the other is dedicated to mobile games. As of December 31, 2016, we employed a total of 105 game developers. We have developed Ragnarok Online, Ragnarok Online II, Requiem and some social network games and mobile games, such as Ragnarok Online: Uprising Valkyrie, in-house. In order to remain competitive, we are focusing our in-house game development efforts on enhancing the game experience and on developing new games incorporating the latest technologies (including software improving the communication and interaction between players).

We also outsource development activities for our new games to third parties. For example, in March 2016, we entered into a game development agreement with Playsaurus, Inc., to outsource the development of Ragnarok Clicker to Playsaurus, Inc., a developer in the United States, using the contents of Ragnarok Online. We own all intellectual property rights relating to Ragnarok Clicker, which was commercially launched in August 2016 in the United States and Canada.

Publishing

We also seek opportunities to publish games developed by third parties if we determine such games have potential to become a commercial success. Our publishing and licensing processes include the following:

• Preliminary screening.  Our preliminary screening process for a game usually includes preliminary review and testing of the game and discussions with the game developer on technological and operational aspects;

• In-depth examination, analysis and commercial negotiation.  Once a game passes preliminary screening, we thoroughly review and test the game, conduct a cost analysis, develop operational and financial projections and formulate a preliminary game operating plan. We then begin commercial negotiations with the developer;

• Game rating and regulatory registration and approval.  Once a license agreement to publish and distribute a game is signed, we submit an application to the Game Rating and Administration Committee to obtain a game rating, except for mobile games, which are not required to be rated by the Game Rating and Administration Committee and may be rated by us as distributor. This process generally takes approximately 15 days. We also typically register our intellectual property rights in Korea under our license agreements, such as copyright and trademark, with the relevant Korean government agency. Our overseas subsidiaries or licensees follow similar procedures in their respective markets where the games we license are commercially offered; and

• Testing and marketing.  Once the required registration and approvals are obtained, we conduct closed beta testing and open beta testing of the new game and assist the licensor with the development of the game, in the case of online games.

Our game business team takes the lead in conducting preliminary screenings to select games for potential distribution and the commercial negotiations process. The games initially screened by our game business team are additionally evaluated or tested by other teams, such as the marketing team and quality

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management team, for a second opinion. Once a license agreement is finalized, we generally create a specific team for the selected game within the marketing department to work with and guide the licensor through the beta testing and/or marketing process for a successful launch of the game.

Intellectual property licensing

Intellectual property licensing is one of our means to diversify our game titles when we determine that certain intellectual property may be valuable in the development and publishing of new games.

We license out certain intellectual property and other rights to third party developers or to our subsidiaries for the development of new game titles. We licensed Ragnarok Online to a game developer in China in May 2013, which led to the development of Ragnarok Prequel, a web browser based game. Ragnarok Prequel has been commercially offered in China since May 2015 after its soft launch in October 2013 and its suspension from October 2014 for additional development and localization. See “—OUR PRODUCTS—Online Games— Ragnarok Prequel.” We also signed a license and development agreement with the same developer in January 2015 to grant the developer the right to use contents of Ragnarok Online to develop two mobile games, which was revised in March 2016 to grant the developer the exclusive right to develop mobile games and web games based on contents of Ragnarok Online and distribute such games in China for five years from March 25, 2016. We also entered into a license and development agreement with the same developer in December 2015, which granted the developer the right to develop two mobile games and one web game based on the contents of Dragonica and distribute such games in China and the Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau markets, the term of which will expire after two years from the commercial launch of such games in such markets.

Moreover, we license existing intellectual property from third parties for developing new games. In September 2008, we entered into a license agreement with Iconic Entertainment to develop Pororo Games, an IPTV game, based on a popular Korean television animation series “Pororo: The Little Penguin”. Pororo Games has been commercially offered since September 2009. In November 2015, we entered into another licensing agreement with Iconic Entertainment, which allowed Gravity to develop and publish games for various platforms based on Pororo Games.

We continue to seek more opportunities to license out existing intellectual properties or license in existing intellectual properties of third parties for game development and publishing.

MARKETING

We employ a variety of traditional and online marketing programs and promotional activities, including in-game events, in-game marketing and offline events. Due to the close-knit nature of the game community, we believe that word-of-mouth is an important medium for the promotion of our games.

In Korea, three independent promotional agents currently promote our online games to Internet cafés pursuant to agency agreements. Under these agreements, each promotional agent is granted non-exclusive promotion rights within a specified geographical area. The agent is generally paid a monthly base commission between 10% and 30% of revenues received from Internet cafés in the allocated area. The commission percentage varies according to the amount of revenues.

We conduct a variety of marketing programs and online and offline events to target potential subscribers accessing the Internet from home. Our main marketing efforts include advertising on Web site portals and game magazines, conducting online promotional events, participating in trade shows and entering into promotional alliances with Internet service providers. We spent Won 2,411 million (US$2,003 thousand) on advertising and promotions in 2016, compared with Won 1,882 million in 2015.

We frequently organize in-game events, such as card exchange events for our users. We also host “fortress raid” events, which we believe encourage the development of virtual communities among our users and increase user interest in our games. We also host from time to time in-game tournaments in which users can compete against each other either as a team or individually. In addition, we use in-game events to introduce users to new features of our games. We organized 54 and 44 in-game events for Ragnarok Online users in 2016 and 2015, respectively.

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In most of our overseas markets, marketing activities are principally conducted by our licensees and typically consist of advertising on Web site game portals and online game magazines and through television commercials, as well as hosting online and offline promotional events. The licensees are responsible for the costs associated with such advertising and promotional activities. For example, Electronics Extreme Ltd., our licensee in Thailand, hosted the Extreme Sports League 2016 in August 2016. Extreme Sports League 2016 was attended by approximately 20,000 visitors and included a Ragnarok Online game event, in which special item coupons were offered for sale.

Our licensees are selected in part on the basis of their marketing capabilities, including the size and scope of their distribution networks. Also, in more strategic markets where we anticipate considerable growth such as the United States or Taiwan, we believe that it is important to enhance our own direct publishing network for online game services.

GAME SUPPORT AND CUSTOMER SERVICE

We are committed to providing superior customer service to our users directly and through our licensees. As of December 31, 2016, 15 employees were game masters, or persons who are in charge of testing, updating and providing server maintenance for online games, as well as dealing with customer complaints, seven employees were members of our domestic customer service team and eight employees were members of our overseas customer support team.

In Korea, we provide customer service for our online games through bulletin boards of the Web sites of our online games, call centers, email and facsimile and at our walk-in customer service center. Our bulletin boards of the Web sites of our online games allow our customers to post questions to, and receive responses from, other users and our support staff. In our overseas markets, our licensees administer customer service through varying combinations of bulletin boards of the Web sites of our online games, call centers, email and facsimile, with assistance from time to time from our overseas customer support staff.

In addition to providing customer service to our users, our customer service staff also collect user comments with respect to our games and generate daily and weekly reports for our management and operations that summarize important issues raised by users as well as how such issues have been addressed.

NETWORK AND TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

We have designed and assembled our game server network and information management system in Korea to allow centralized game management on a global basis. Our system network is designed to speedily accommodate a growing user base and demand for faster game performance. Our game server architecture runs multiple servers on a parallel basis to readily accommodate increased user traffic through deployment of connection to servers, which permits us to route users in the same country to servers with less user traffic. Each of these servers is linked to our information systems network to ensure rapid implementation of game upgrades and to facilitate game monitoring and supervision.

We maintain our server hardware in a single climate-controlled facility at KT Mokdong Internet Computing Center at 233-5 Mokdongdong-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea and our other system hardware in our offices in Seoul. As of December 31, 2016, our server network for our game operations in Korea consisted of a total of 244 servers, including 86 physical servers and 158 servers run on 61 physical servers through the server virtualization technology we have adopted since July 2011, which allows one physical server to be divided into multiple virtual servers, each of which functions individually as a complete and independent server.

In overseas markets, our local branches, our overseas subsidiaries or licensees own or lease the servers necessary to establish the server network for online games and we assist them with the initial assembly and installation of operating game servers and optimization of their systems network for game operations in their respective markets. While the overseas system architectures are modeled on our

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system architecture in Korea, they are also tailored to meet the specific needs of each market. When we install and initialize a game in an overseas market, we generally dispatch network engineers and database technicians from Korea to assist with the assembly and operation of the system network and game servers. Following installation, we typically send two to five of our technicians and customer support staff to that market, for a few weeks in some cases and much longer periods in other cases, to assist with on-site game operation and technical support. Our overseas subsidiaries and licensees are responsible for providing database and other game information backup.

Our game management software can program the game content to include localized features such as virtual map zones specific to each market. These features can be updated at the host country level in order to encourage development of a communal spirit among the users from the same country.

COMPETITION

We compete primarily with other online and mobile game developers and distributors in each of our markets. In addition, we compete against providers of games on various platforms, such as console games, handheld games and arcade games. We compete primarily on the basis of the quality of the game experience offered by us to our users, which depends on a number of factors, including our ability to do the following:

• hire and retain creative personnel to develop games that appeal to our users;

• offer online and mobile game service that is stable and is not prone to server shutdowns, connection problems or other technical difficulties;

• provide timely and responsive customer service; and

• establish payment systems that are secure and efficient.

Competition in the online game industry

Currently, the leading providers of online games globally, based on the number of peak concurrent users, include Korea-based companies such as Nexon, NC Soft and Smilegate as well as foreign-based companies such as Riot Games, Activision Blizzard, Zynga, Valve Corporation, Wargaming, Giant Interactive and Electronics Arts, Inc., according to data available from various public sources.

League of Legends of Riot Games, Inc., Crossfire of Smilegate/Tencent, World of Warcraft and Overwatch of Activision Blizzard, Inc., and Dungeon Fighters Online by Nexon are some of the most popular online games both in Korea and globally.

Our existing and any potential new competitors in the online games industry compete with us for talent, game player spending, time spent on game playing, marketing activities, quality of games, and distribution network. Our existing and potential new competitors in the online advertising industry compete with us for talent, advertiser spending, number of unique visitors, number of page views, visitors’ time spent on a Web site, and quality of service. As many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, marketing and game development resources than we have, we face intense competition in the online game industry. We expect competition will continue to be strong as new competitors enter the market and existing competitors allocate more resources to develop and market competing games, while the online game industry begins to consolidate into a small number of leading companies or groups of affiliated companies due to the high cost of game development, marketing and distribution networks, which is likely to drive unsuccessful online game providers to go out of business or be acquired by other successful game providers.

Competition in the mobile game industry

Compared with the online or console game genres, the mobile game market has a relatively low barrier to entry because development of a mobile game requires relatively less time and personnel due to the limitations of the devices on which mobile games are played such as screen size and processing

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power. Moreover, development tools for mobile games are easier to obtain and use, and open marketplaces, such as the Google Play Store and Apple’s App Store, enable developers to easily distribute mobile games to a large global audience. Therefore, we expect the number of mobile game developers to continually increase in the future and competition to become more intense.

We compete with companies that specialize in developing and/or distributing mobile games including leading Korea-based publishers such as Nexon, Netmarble, Gamevil/Com2Us and Webzen as well as foreign publishers such as Supercell Oy, Machine Zone and King, Inc. based in the United States, Tencent and NetEase based in China and Mixi, LINE and GungHo, our controlling shareholder, in Japan. Our current or potential future competitors for mobile games also include package game companies that have successfully expanded their business into mobile game development such as Electronic Arts Inc. In addition, we believe more companies that previously were or currently are dedicated to developing online or console games will allocate more resources toward developing mobile games because the number of mobile game users is rapidly increasing as the penetration of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers, continues to deepen.

Competition from other game platforms

We also compete against PC and console-based game developers that produce popular package games, such as Activision Blizzard, Inc. and Electronic Arts Inc., and game console manufacturers such as Microsoft Corp., Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. and Nintendo Co., Ltd., all of which also have their own console game development studios.

All the current game consoles enable users to play games with other users online by connecting their console to a network over the Internet. Likewise, a number of PC-based game developers have also introduced online features to their PC-packaged games, such as team plays or users-to-users combat.

Competition in the game market is expected to remain intense as established game companies with significant financial resources have various financial and strategic advantages over smaller game companies such as us. See ITEM 3.D. “RISK FACTORS—RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS—We operate in a highly competitive industry and compete against many large companies.”

INSURANCE

We maintain medical and accident insurance for our employees to the extent required under Korean law, and we also maintain fire and general commercial insurance with respect to our facilities. We do not have any business liability or disruption insurance coverage for our operations in Korea. We maintain a directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy covering certain potential liabilities of our directors and officers. See ITEM 3.D. “RISK FACTORS—RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS—We have limited business insurance coverage and any business interruption could have a material adverse effect on our business.”

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Our intellectual property is an essential element of our business. We rely on intellectual property such as copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, as well as non-competition, confidentiality and license agreements with our employees, suppliers, licensees, business partners and others to protect our intellectual property rights. Our employees are generally required to sign agreements acknowledging that all inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, developments and other processes generated by them on our behalf are our property, and assigning to us any ownership rights that they may claim in those works. With respect to copyrights and computer program rights created by our employees within their employment scope and which are made public bearing our name, we are not required to pay any additional compensation to our employees.

In developing Ragnarok Online, we obtained an exclusive license from Mr. Myoung-Jin Lee to use the storyline and characters from his cartoon titled Ragnarok for the production of games, animation and character merchandising. See ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS OVERVIEW—OUR PRODUCTS—Online games—Ragnarok Online.”

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We are the registered owner of 14 registered software copyrights to ten games: Ragnarok Online, Ragnarok Online II, R.O.S.E. Online, Requiem, Ragnarok Violet, Ragnarok Angel Poring, Ragnarok Online—Uprising: Valkyrie, Arcturus, Pucca Racing and W Baseball, each of which has been registered with the Korea Copyright Commission. We no longer commercially offer Arcturus, a PC-based, stand-alone game, nor Pucca Racing, and have decided to cease commercialization of W Baseball, Ragnarok Violet and Ragnarok Angel Poring . As of December 31, 2016, we owned over 40 registered domain names, including our official Web site and domain names registered in connection with each of the games we offer. We had 493 registered discrete trademarks at patent and trademark offices in 52 countries as of December 31, 2016. We had three design patents and two analogous design patents, which are variations of two of the design patents, registered with the Korea Intellectual Property Office, registered copyrights covering 11 game characters, and six online game business model patents, in each case as of December 31, 2016.

SEASONALITY

Usage of our online games has typically increased slightly around the Lunar New Year’s holiday and other holidays, in particular during winter and summer school holidays.

LAWS AND REGULATIONS

We are subject to many laws and regulations in the different countries in which we operate. See ITEM 3.D. “RISK FACTORS—RISKS RELATING TO OUR REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT.” A general overview of the material laws and regulations that apply to our business is provided below for the countries from which we derive a significant portion of our revenues.

Korea

The Korean game industry and online and mobile game companies operating in Korea are subject to the following laws and regulations:

The Act on Promotion of the Game Industry, or Game Act

Under the Game Act, which became effective on April 20, 2007, online games are classified into four categories: “suitable for users of all ages,” “suitable for users 12 years of age or older,” “suitable for users 15 years of age or older” and “suitable for users 18 years of age or older.” The 15 years of age or older category was added between the 12 years of age and 18 years of age categories to increase ratings flexibility. Ragnarok Online has been classified as “suitable for users 12 years of age or older.” The Game Act includes the definition of the term “speculative game.” A speculative game refers to a game that permits betting and offers monetary loss or profit that is determined by chance. Elements that may cause a game to be considered a speculative game include the existence of game money used as a means for betting or purchasing game items (items used within the game for progression in the game) that become the subject of exchange with real money. The Supreme Court Decision No. 2009Do12117 rendered on February 25, 2010 provided that a ‘speculative game’ under the Game Act, should be carried out in accordance with the contents and method prescribed under Article 2,(1-2) of the Game Act, and further, that the term refers to a gaming device or tool which directly provides money, prize or other financial profit or incurs loss on the game user via a payment tool installed on the gaming device or tool depending on the results of the game. Although the Game Act’s definition of speculative games and the Supreme Court decision are intended to provide clarity for the determination of whether a game is deemed speculative or not, because our games involve transactions with game items, we have had to take measures to ensure that we are in compliance with the new rules. Such measures include distributing a game after a rating review is conducted by the Game Rating and Administration Committee, or a self rating review is conducted in respect of such game in accordance with the Article 21-2 of the Game Act.

As described above, the Game Act requires a prior rating to be allocated to any game before its distribution in Korea in order to protect young users from violent and otherwise harmful content and to control the distribution of speculative games. Previously, such rating was allocated solely by government

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agencies in Korea. However, concerns were raised over potential violation of freedom of speech resulting from the requirement that all games must be rated by government agencies. As a result, the Game Act was amended in July 2011 and again in May 2013 to allow a private agency to conduct a rating review on games and permit a self rating in cases where a game distributor cannot receive a prior rating from the Game Rating and Administration Committee due to special circumstances in its production and distribution channels. In January 2017, the Game Act was amended to allow governmental authorities to designate a “Self Rating Review Company” which would be entitled to conduct a self rating review on all of its games with the exception of adult-only games and arcade games. The governmental authorities have yet to designate any game company in Korea as such a Self Rating Review Company.

In addition, the amendment to the Game Act in January 2017 allowed allocation of game rating only based on game contents. Prior to such amendment, a game rating was required to be conducted in respect of each gaming device or platform regardless of whether different devices and/or platforms are used for the same game contents. Such requirement, however, came under criticism with emergence of a number of new platforms for games such as internet protocol television and virtual reality devices and development of new games which may be played using multiple platforms at the same time, (such as mobile and online games). The amendment to the Game Act in January 2017 addressed such criticism.

A game provider has to report any modification in the content of a game to the Game Rating and Administration Committee or a Self Rating Review Company, which may require the game to be reclassified depending on the scope of the modification.

If the Game Rating and Administration Committee determines that the game is speculative, it can refuse to classify such game, in which case the game will be prohibited. According to Article 1(2) of the Enforcement Decree of the Game Act, any games in which money or items of value are collected from a multiple number of persons and profits or losses are allocated based on winnings or losses determined by chance fall under speculative games. According to Article 16(2) of the Enforcement Decree of the Game Act, so long as certain guidelines are followed, a provision of a gift equivalent to a customer price of Won 5,000 or less, with respect to games that are classified as “suitable for users of all ages,” is not deemed to be an act that encourages gambling.

Under the Game Act, the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism may order information and communication service providers to refuse, stop, or restrict the offering of games if such games are unrated, contents are different from those submitted for rating, were denied rating as speculative games, or were manufactured or distributed by a person not registered for operation of manufacturing or distributing games for profit-making. The Game Rating and Administration Committee undertakes examination of the information and communications service providers and provides recommendation of correction to the providers as necessary.

In addition, under the Game Act, online game companies are required to comply with the following to prevent players’ excessive preoccupation with and addiction to games: (i) verification of registered game users, including through verification of their real names, ages and identities, (ii) obtaining a parent/guardian’s consent for minors, (iii) restriction on the playing of games and limits on access hours, among others, when requested by minors or their parent/guardian, (iv) publishing of basic information such as the nature of the game being offered, its rating and in-game purchase policy, and notification to minors and their parents/guardians with respect to game use information such as access hours and payment information, (v) publishing of a warning statement to prevent excessive use of the game, (vi) providing of measures to prevent excessive use of the game including placing the access hour indicator on the game play screen (collectively, the “Prevention Measures”). In accordance with item (iii), upon request from minors or their parents/guardians, an online game company is required to implement the Selective Shut-down System. The Minister of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism may issue corrective orders if the Prevention Measures adopted are deemed inadequate, and if such corrective orders have not been implemented, imprisonment not exceeding two years or a fine not exceeding Won 20 million may be imposed.

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Such restrictions to prevent excessive preoccupation are currently only applicable to online personal computer games. After May 19, 2017, the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family is expected to review the scope of games to be subject to such restrictions, and it is possible that mobile games for smartphones and tablets may become included in the scope of such regulation.

The Telecommunications Business Act

Under the Telecommunications Business Act, a person who intends to run a value-added telecommunications business must report to the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, or the “MSIP”, which has the authority to accept and monitor such reports. We are classified as a value-added telecommunications service provider such that we are required to prepare and submit statistical reports regarding, among others, the current status of facilities, subscription records and current status of users to the MSIP upon its request. The MSIP is responsible for compiling information and formulating telecommunications policies under this Telecommunications Business Act. In addition, we are required to report any transfer, takeover, suspension or closing of our business activities to the MSIP, which may cancel our registration or order us to suspend our business for a period of up to one year if we fail to comply with its rules and regulations.

The Act on Consumer Protection for Transactions through Electronic Commerce

Under this Act, we are required to take necessary measures to maintain the security of consumer information related to our electronic settlement services. We are also required to notify consumers when electronic payments are made and to indemnify consumers for damages resulting from misappropriation of consumer information by third parties. We believe that we have instituted appropriate safety measures to protect consumers against data misappropriation. To date, we have not experienced material disputes or claims in this area.

The Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection, or Information Protection Act

Under the Information Protection Act, we are permitted to gather personal information relating to our subscribers within the scope of their consent. We are, however, generally prohibited from using personal information or providing it to third parties beyond the purposes disclosed in our subscriber agreements. Disclosure of personal information without consent from a subscriber is permitted only if it is necessary for the settlement of information and communication service charges or is expressly permitted by this or any other statute.

We are required to indemnify users for damages occurring as a result of our violation of the foregoing restrictions, unless we can prove the absence of willful misconduct or negligence on our part. We believe that we have instituted appropriate measures and are in compliance with all material restrictions regarding internal mishandling of personal information.

Penalty surcharges are imposed on any telecommunications enterprises violating the regulation on the protection of personal information to recover any unfair profits gained by such enterprises, and some conducts, such as collection of personal information of users without their consent, are the subject of criminal punishment. Any telecommunications enterprises violating its obligation to protect personal information by collecting, using, disclosing such information without consent, and not complying with protective measures, may be imposed with surcharges not exceeding 1% of the sales relevant to the conduct of violation in consideration of the details, degree, period, the number of times, and the scale of gained profits.

Following the continued occurrence of personal information leakage incidents on information and communication networks in the financial sector, the Information Protection Act was amended on May 28, 2014 (enforced on November 29, 2014) to strengthen personal information protection measures and supplement remedial methods for users by strengthening punishment on information and communication network providers and introducing a statutory damage compensation system. According to the amended

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Information Promotion Act, a user may claim for statutory damage compensation up to Won 3 million in case of loss, theft or leakage of his/her personal information under management by the information and communication network provider.

Previously, the Information Protection Act was silent on mobile application developers’ access to personal information of application users, and such application users typically consented to such access as they would otherwise not be permitted to use the mobile application services. However, the Information Protection Act was amended on March 22, 2016 (enforced on September 23, 2016) to require mobile application developers to distinguish between information that is critical to provision of material components of the application services and information that is not critical and clearly explain to each user why access to such critical information is necessary when the developers request such user to provide consent for such developer’s access to the data stored on such user’s smart phone. Moreover, a mobile application developer may not refuse to provide services based on a user’s refusal to provide access to his or her information which is not critical to provision of the application services.

The Personal Information Protection Act

The Personal Information Protection Act was enacted on March 29, 2011 and went into effect on September 30, 2011. The scope of the Personal Information Protection Act covers anyone dealing with personal information in the private and public sectors.

If a person’s personal information is collected or used, or provided to a third person, such person’s consent should be obtained, and if personal information is no longer necessary upon achievement of the purpose of the collection and use of personal information, such information should be immediately destroyed.

Any transaction requiring identifiers granted by law for identification purposes, such as the resident registration number, is generally prohibited, and exceptions are recognized on a restrictive basis only if consent is obtained or if required by law. In addition, any person dealing with personal information as determined pursuant to the Presidential Decree, for instance, such as signing up for a Web site, should provide methods other than using the resident registration number.

In the event of a personal information leak, the processor of personal information should promptly notify the affected person after discovering such incident. If the volume of the leak of personal information exceeds a certain number, the processor of personal information should report the incident to the authorities and take necessary measures to minimize damages.

In addition, the same legislation grants to each individual the right to request perusal, the right to request correction or deletion, and the right to request suspension of process with respect to one’s personal information, and also provides the methods to exercise such rights.

To promote prompt and fair settlement of disputes concerning personal information, the same legislation also provides that a Personal Information Dispute Settlement Board, or “PIDSB,” should be established and the PIDSB’s decision, if accepted by the disputing parties, should have the same legal effect as settlement by trial. In consideration of the fact that most identity theft cases are large in scale and small in the amount of monetary damages, the legislation adopts a collective dispute settlement system. A class action system for personal information has been adopted, but in order to prevent frivolous class action suits, litigants are required to go through the collective dispute settlement system prior to bringing a class action and cases are limited to those seeking suspension or injunctive relief.

The Korean Civil Code and the Act on the Establishment and Management of the Korea Communications Commission

Pursuant to the Korean Civil Code, contracts entered into with minors, who were persons under 20 years of age, without parental consent under the Korean Civil Code prior to its amendment, may be invalidated. The definition of minors is changed to persons under 19 years of age in the amendment to the Korean Civil Code on March 7, 2011, which became effective on July 1, 2013. Under the Act on the

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Establishment and Management of the Korea Communications Commission, the Korea Communications Commission (“KCC”) was established to oversee services relating to broadcasting and communications and also to deliberate and resolve matters concerning the protection of users’ information and communications. As a result, telecommunications service contracts and online game user agreements are required to specifically set forth procedures for rescinding service contracts, which may be entered into by persons under 19 years of age without parental consent.

In November 2003, the KCC issued an order addressed to 15 major online game companies in Korea, including us, to regulate certain business practices relating to the settlement of service charges involving minors. The KCC raised concerns about the ability of minors to subscribe to online game services without parental consent by settling charges payable to online game companies through settlement systems operated by fixed-line or broadband service providers. The order required online game companies to implement more specific and effective procedures to ensure, where relevant, that parental consent has been specifically obtained.

Although only a small number of our current subscribers were using the settlement options mentioned in the KCC order, we have enhanced our age verification and parental consent procedures for players using the relevant settlement options.

In April 2014, to help prevent damages from payments made by minors or unauthorized persons, the KCC required mobile application market providers to strengthen the security apparatus in a charged mobile application as follows: (i) to require setting up a password and entering it before the purchase of a charged mobile application, (ii) to standardize the phrases that indicate the application is a charged one and requires purchase and (iii) to provide certain major notices including the refund policies on the first page of the purchasing process.

Copyright Act

The Copyright Act grants certain protections to general works and computer program works. In connection with computer program works, the Copyright Act provides for restrictions on software copyrights, reverse analysis of computer programs, and the establishment of the exclusive right to issue computer programs as a special case apart from other kinds of works.

The Copyright Act has the relevant provisions necessary for implementing the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement, such as recognition of temporary storage as copying, introduction of a system of fair use of copyrighted materials, prohibition of acts of infringement on the rights of copyright holders including the distribution of forged labels, and the introduction of statutory damages in accordance with the agreements in the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement.

In order to protect the rights of copyright holders in a digital environment, the Copyright Act specifies that temporary storage falls under the scope of “copying” but allows temporary storage to be extent it is deemed necessary for smooth and efficient information processing. Under the Copyright Act, an online service provider will be deemed not liable for copyright infringement: (i) if the online service provider has adopted and reasonably implemented a policy of terminating the account of a person who infringed copyrights or (ii) if the online service provider has accepted and not interfered with a right holder’s use of standard technical measures for identifying and protecting copyrighted materials.

The Juvenile Protection Act

The Juvenile Protection Act prescribes the establishment of the Juvenile Protection Commission under the authority of the Minister of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Korea, formerly known as the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, or the “MIHWAF,” which has the authority to designate the types of media harmful to juveniles. Under the Juvenile Protection Act, any person who intends to sell, lend or distribute media materials harmful to minors or provides them for viewing or utilization is required to confirm the age of the intended user, and shall not sell, rent or distribute such materials, or provide them for viewing or utilization, to minors. A person in violation may be punished by imprisonment for a maximum of three years or by a fine not exceeding Won 20 million.

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On March 4, 2009, the MIHWAF issued a public notice announcing that “Web sites for trading items” are considered “harmful mass media” to minors based on the findings of Juvenile Protection Commission that such Web sites for trading online game items are likely to encourage gambling and speculation and negatively influence juveniles. In the public notice, the MIHWAF prohibited any person under the age of 19 from visiting Web sites for trading online game items, effective from March 19, 2009.

A Web site for trading items is a Web site which offers the services of a brokerage or agency for the trading of tangible or intangible things gained from online games as prescribed in the Game Act. The Supreme Court held in a case regarding Item Bay, one of the leading Web sites in Korea for trading online game items, that “Trading items on Item Bay falls under speculative activity as it is hard for game users to resist the temptation of cash trades through which they may easily gain items, which will cause users to be attracted to the cash convertibility of items rather than the game itself”. While we offer virtual in-game items for sale to our users on the game Web sites that we operate in Korea, we do not broker the trade of such game items or any other tangible or intangible acquisitions obtained by using online games among our users, and currently do not fall under the category of “Web site for trading items.”

Under the Juvenile Protection Act, online game providers may not provide online games to minors under the age of 16 late at night (specifically, from midnight until 6:00 a.m.) and any provider violating the provision is subject to imprisonment for no more than 2 years and a penalty not exceeding Won 10 million. Currently, such restriction is only applicable to online personal computer games. However, after May 19, 2017, the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family is expected to review the scope of games to be subject to such restrictions, and mobile games for smartphones and tablets may become included in the scope of such regulations.

Japan

Japan does not currently have any national government regulations targeted specifically at the online game or mobile game industry. Some regulations that are relevant to or that may affect the online game and mobile game industries are described below.

Protection of Personal Information

Businesses in Japan are subject to certain statutory requirements with respect to personal information acquired during the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these statutory requirements, businesses must set up appropriate procedures to protect personal information from use for any purpose other than the intended purpose.

Regulations on Sound Upbringing of Minors

In Japan, Internet and game software content is generally regulated at the local, rather than the national, level. Many local governments have ordinances regarding the sound upbringing of minors, which empower competent authorities to designate game software as detrimental to the sound upbringing of minors and prohibit the sale or distribution to minors of such designated game software. In addition, the Computer Entertainment Rating Organization, or “CERO,” a nonprofit organization, offers rating services for home-use games, including online and mobile games. Game developers may request a rating for their game software from CERO, which will then review such software and assign one of the following five ratings: “suitable for users of all ages,” “suitable for users 12 years old or older,” “suitable for users 15 years old or older,” “suitable for users 17 years old or older,” and “suitable only for users 18 years old or older.” Ratings are based on, among other factors, the degree of sex, violence and anti-social expression in the game software content. Once a rating is assigned, the relevant game software must prominently display such rating.

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United States

Game Ratings and Attempts to Regulate Access to Children

Most video game software publishers comply with the standardized rating system established by the Entertainment Software Rating Board, or the “ESRB,” a non-profit, self-regulatory body established in 1994 by the Entertainment Software Association, or the “ESA.” The ESRB rates video games submitted by video game publishers; the ratings include both a symbol for age appropriateness (e.g., “E” for Everyone or “M” for Mature) and a content descriptor (e.g., “Blood and Gore” or “Intense Violence”). The ESRB specifically excludes any online interactions from the rating, as the ESRB is unable to review content, such as chat, text, audio and video generated by other users in an online environment. In 2015, the ESRB, in partnership with the International Age Rating Coalition, extended the ESRB rating system to games accessible via mobile and digital marketplaces.

By submitting a game to the ESRB and using an ESRB rating, a video game publisher must agree to adhere to advertising and packaging guidelines for the rated game, such as using appropriate advertising content and not targeting any advertisement for a game rated “Teen,” “Mature” or “Adults only” to consumers for whom the product is not rated as appropriate. The ESRB’s Advertising Review Council has been granted the oversight and enforcement authority for compliance with the advertising guidelines. The ESRB may enforce sanctions against game producers for failing to label their product properly, including fines up to $1 million, and/or product recall. Games that are digitally available via download may be taken down for incomplete content disclosures. Although submitting a game to the ESRB is voluntary, some retailers may be reluctant to sell games without an ESRB rating.

The United States Federal Trade Commission, or the “FTC,” may also take action with respect to improper ratings pursuant to its broad authority to prohibit fraudulent, deceptive, or unfair business practices.

The ESRB has rated our games as follows: Requiem is rated “Mature,” Ragnarok Online is rated “Teen,” and R.O.S.E. Online and Dragon Saga are rated “Everyone 10+”. Ragnarok Clicker has not yet been rated.

A number of bills have been introduced in Congress to specifically regulate the sale of video games with violent content to minors, but currently no such federal laws are in effect. Several states and cities have enacted or are considering laws that would regulate game industry content and marketing, including the rental or sale of games with violent content by or to minors. Other states have enacted laws that require the posting of signs providing information about ESRB ratings. Lawmakers may pass additional laws and regulations restricting the sale of violent video games to minors, which, if enacted, could adversely affect our sales and results of operations.

Online Collection of Information from Children

The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (“COPPA”) governs the online collection of personal information from children under 13. Under COPPA, a Web site or online service, including internet-enabled gaming platform, that knowingly collects information from children under 13 years old, or that in whole or in part is directed to children under 13 years old, must obtain verifiable parental consent before collecting personal information from any child (including first and last name, home address, email address, telephone number, Social Security number, image or likeness, mobile device identifier or other persistent identifier that would permit the physical or online contacting of a specific individual). In 2012, the FTC expanded the definition of personal information to include the passive collection of technological information, such as through cookies or mobile device identifiers.

Web sites or online services subject to COPPA must therefore obtain verifiable parental consent before engaging in online advertising that involves tracking of children under 13. The Web site operator must also post and obtain parental consent to a clear online privacy policy that provides notice of what information is collected from children, how the information is used, and a list of third parties with which

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the operator may share or sell the child’s information. The privacy policy must give parents the choice to determine whether the child’s information can be shared with third parties, provide parents access to the child’s information, and offer parents the opportunity to delete any collected information. If the company permits third party advertising networks to use persistent identifiers to serve advertisements, those advertising networks must be informed that the site or service is directed toward children and the company must ensure that parental consent covers such collection, sharing, and use. Moreover, the operator must establish and maintain reasonable procedures to protect the confidentiality, security and integrity of any personal information collected from children under 13 years of age. COPPA also prohibits conditioning a child’s participation in a game on the child disclosing more personal information than is reasonably necessary to participate in such activity. COPPA authorizes the FTC and the State Attorneys General to bring actions against Web site operators to enforce the statute, and provides for penalties of up to US$16,000 per violation. A recent 2016 enforcement action resulted in civil penalties of US$950,000.

Protection of Personal Information

Most states have enacted legislation regarding the protection of personal information collected, processed, maintained or used in electronic form, as well as specific notification procedures in the event that such information is accessed or acquired by unauthorized individuals. Under these laws, among other things, businesses are required to implement and maintain reasonable security measures, such as encryption, designed to protect the computerized personal information of its customers or users from unauthorized access, disclosure or use. The definition of “personal information” varies by state, but may include social security numbers, credit card or bank account numbers and access codes, and a user name or email address in connection with a password or security question that would permit access to an online account. In the event that a business suffers a security breach, these laws may require the business to provide notice of the incident. If notification is required, the business must notify each individual whose data was included in the incident and in some circumstances the State Attorney General, other state agencies, and consumer reporting bureaus. In addition to notifications required under state data breach laws, some other federal or state laws or guidelines may require notifications to other government agencies for incidents involving specific categories of information including but not limited to personal financial data, health data, and tax data. Notice may not be required in some states where an investigation demonstrates there is no risk of harm. If such personal information is accessed by unauthorized individuals as a result of the business’ failure to use reasonable measures to protect the information, the business may be subject to litigation risks from impacted customers for harm to them potentially resulting in statutory fines or penalties, as well as civil and even potential criminal prosecution by government authorities. A business that suffers a breach may also experience harm to its reputation and business.

Privacy Policy Requirements

Online privacy policies are generally only required for Web sites that collect information from children or that collect certain information from the residents of certain states, such as California, Connecticut and Delaware. For other jurisdictions and types of information, online privacy policies are considered a good practice, but not necessarily required. Any company that does publish a privacy policy is obligated, however, to comply with its terms or risk being found to have engaged in a deceptive practice. The FTC and some state laws require that a posted privacy policy conspicuously and accurately disclose their user data collection and disclosure practices, including informing a business’ customers and users of the categories of personal information that are collected, describing how that personal information is used and shared with third parties, and explaining how users may change or update such information and opt out of its collection and use. In addition to possible statutory fines or penalties, an operator may be directly liable to its customer or users if it fails to comply with its posted privacy policy, if such noncompliance harms the users. Moreover, the FTC has initiated numerous investigations and imposed significant civil penalties in several cases involving alleged failures by companies to comply with the representations made in their online privacy policies and/or adequately disclose the companies’

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actual practices in such policies. Settlement agreements with the FTC frequently include twenty years of privacy audits and mandated revisions to the business’ privacy practices, and can include civil penalties. In general, privacy policies are also expected in the mobile app context as well, including the collection and use of mobile geolocation and device identifier data. Because of the sensitive nature of data that can be collected through mobile apps, mobile app developers should post a privacy policy accessible through the app or the app store, provide just-in-time disclosures, obtain affirmative express consent when collecting sensitive information such as children’s data, and use enhanced measures or special notices to alert users to unexpected data use cases to follow best recommended practices from the FTC and State Attorneys General. The FTC has increased its scrutiny of mobile platforms and mobile apps and brought several consent decrees against app developers in recent years relating to misleading privacy disclosures, the over-collection of data from a user’s mobile device, and the collection of information from children under 13 in violation of COPPA. The failure to properly disclose and obtain valid consent to data collection, use, and sharing may also require a business to delete all information that was improperly collected and used.

Liability Arising from User Speech and Conduct

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996, or the “CDA,” provides limited protection to interactive computer services, such as an online game service, from liability for publishing information posted or provided by others, such as the users of an online game service. The protections of the CDA, however, do not immunize interactive computer services from criminal liability under United States Federal law (e.g., obscenity or child pornography), for infringement of intellectual property law, or any state laws that are not inconsistent with the CDA. Additionally, Section 230 of the CDA is considered somewhat controversial, leading to several State law proposals seeking to limit the protections offered by the CDA by introducing legislation to carve out protection in cases of violations of state criminal law or child prostitution. Thus far, no such law has been enacted or upheld. Congress or the courts could continue to narrow the application of Section 230 of the CDA, in which case online game service operators, such as the Company, could face increased potential liability for certain speech or conduct by the users on their online game service.

Taiwan

There are currently no laws or regulations that specifically target online and mobile gaming businesses. Some laws and regulations that are relevant to or that may affect the online and mobile gaming businesses are described below.

Protection of Personal Data

A non-governmental entity collecting, processing or using personal data is subject to the Personal Data Protection Act, or the “PDPA”, as amended on December 30, 2015. Any information that may be used to directly or indirectly identify a natural person is considered “personal data”, including the name of the data subject, date of birth, identity card number, passport number, characteristics, fingerprints, marital status, family, education, occupation, medical record, medical treatment, genetic information, sexual life, health examination, criminal record, contact information, financial conditions, and social activities.

When an entity collects personal data, it must inform the data subject of matters including the purpose of collection, how the data will be used, the rights of the data subject to review, duplicate, correct the personal data, and the right to request the entity to cease using the data. When such entity processes or uses any personal data collected by any third parties, it must further inform the data subject about the source of such data in addition to the requirements mentioned above. In principle, prior consent from the data subject is required in order to process and/or use his/her personal data. However, this requirement is exempted if the use relates to public interests or if the personal data is available from the public domain and the interest to be protected is more important than the privacy of the data subject. Furthermore, the competent authorities may impose restrictions on any overseas transmission of personal

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data if (1) such transmission is related to the interests of the nation, (2) such restriction is imposed pursuant to an international treaty or agreement, (3) the receiving country has no laws or regulations that are sufficient to protect personal data, or (4) such transmission is made through a third nation/region for the purpose of avoiding the regulations of the PDPA.

Violation of the PDPA may lead to a criminal sentence if such violation is committed with the intent to gain profits, and may also lead to damage claims whether with such intent to gain profits or not, even if no actual damage can be proven. The competent authorities may request an entity to delete the data and prohibit the entity from further collecting, processing or using the data if the entity is perceived to have violated the PDPA. A victim may authorize certain public-interest associations to file a lawsuit against the violator on his/her behalf.

Regulations on Copyrights

Under the Copyright Act, as amended on November 30, 2016, online and mobile games may be protected both as “computer programs” and “audiovisual works”. The period of copyright protection extends to fifty years after the death of the copyright holder. For a copyright holder other than a natural person, the period of copyright protection is fifty years after the publication of the work.

Any unauthorized reproduction, public transmission, distribution, adaptation or public display of a protected work, removal of any electronic rights management information for the purpose of identification of copyright or copyright holder, or removal of any technological protection measures of a work, either willfully or negligently, may constitute an infringement of the copyright of the holder and may lead to imposition of fine(s) and/or imprisonment. Taiwan courts remain divided regarding whether the operation of an unauthorized server for an online game violates the Copyright Act. In 2013, the Intellectual Property Court of Taiwan ruled that the operator of an unauthorized server of an online game did not violate the Copyright Act by altering the log-in IP address of the online game, while other courts have taken a different position in similar cases. Any entity that sets up an unauthorized server for our online or mobile games may therefore still be deemed as infringing copyrights and thereby violating the relevant laws in Taiwan.

Use of a protected work will not constitute an infringement if it constitutes certain reasonable use based on statutory exemptions, such as use for educational, research, or news reporting purposes. An Internet service provider might not be held liable for copyright infringement by its users if it has adopted certain preventive measures for possible copyright infringements.

Regulations on Consumer Protection

A transaction between a business operator and a consumer is governed by the Consumer Protection Act, or the “CPA”, as amended on June 17, 2015. Any transaction between a business operator and a consumer, if conducted through the Internet such that the customer does not have the opportunity to examine the goods or the services prior to the transaction, will be considered a “distant sale”. A consumer of a distant sale may cancel the transaction without cause within seven days of receiving the goods or services and shall not be subject to any cancellation fee. If a business operator fails to inform the customer of his/her right to cancel the transaction within seven days, such seven-day period shall be calculated from when the business operator later informs the customer of his/her right. A customer may not cancel the transaction after four months since receiving the goods or services. Any agreement that waives such rights of a customer is void.

An online game service agreement between a game operator and a consumer, if reached through standard contract terms drafted by the game operator and without negotiations between the parties, such as the standard terms and conditions between us and our Taiwan users, is subject to the Regulations of Mandatory Provisions to be Included in and Provisions Prohibited from Standard Form Contract for Online Games as amended on December 1, 2010. For example, any term in a standard contract for online games that waives a game operator’s responsibility under the CPA, precludes consumers’ right to terminate the agreement at will, or allows a game operator to amend the agreement unilaterally, will be

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deemed void. The mandatory provisions for a standard contract for an online game include, among others, that (1) a consumer may terminate the agreement without cause within seven days of executing the agreement, (2) a consumer may request for full refund of any unused value, and (3) a business operator should publish an announcement on the game Web site and on the game log-in page thirty days prior to any service fee rate adjustment scheduled to come into effect. These mandatory provisions form part of the online game agreement and are effective even if they are not specified in the executed standard contract.

Further, according to the CPA, a business operator that engages in the design, production, and/or manufacture of goods, and/or the provision of services, must ensure that the goods or services produced or provided meet the reasonably expected safety requirements based on the prevailing technology or professional standards at the time of manufacture. The liability of a business operator to compensate for consumers’ injury cannot be restricted or released in advance. In addition, the CPA imposes strict liability on business operators for loss or damage caused to consumers regardless of whether the product or service has defects or not. A business operator in violation of the CPA thereby causing injury to a consumer or third party is jointly and severally liable; provided, however, that if the business operator can demonstrate that the injury suffered was not caused by negligence on its part, the court may reduce the amount of damages. The CPA also requires that business operators warn consumers of any potential danger that may be caused by their products.

According to the CPA, consumer disputes may be mediated by a local consumer mediation committee, or be brought to the court through class actions by consumer protection organizations on behalf of the consumers.

Regulations on Welfare and Rights of Children and Youths

Online game and mobile game operators should comply with a five-category game rating system, established under the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act and the Regulations of Game Software Rating Management, as amended on December 16, 2015 and November 12, 2015, respectively. The categories include: “Restricted”, “Parental Guidance 15”, or “PG-15”, “Parental Guidance 12”, or “PG-12”, “Protected” and “General Public”. The ratings are registered with the Digital Game Rating Committee, or the “DGRC”, and such registration should be filed by the entity selling the game software or operating the game with license, or by the other entity supplying the game to users, prior to the launch of the game for public review and reference. Entities selling, operating with license, renting, disseminating, or displaying the game software or providing software for downloads should mark such classification on the packaging of the game software or next to the link to such game software.

Restricted refers to game software with content such as full nudity, concrete sexual implications, brutal killing scenario(s), drug abuse, repetitive language of vulgarity or hatred, or certain anti-social behaviors. PG-15 refers to game software with content such as female upper-body nudity, censored or nudity from afar, bloody or terrifying image of attack or slaughter, enticement to use tobacco or alcohol, or language of vulgarity or hatred. PG-12 refers to game software with content such as characters dressed in provocative clothing highlighting sexual characteristics, certain fighting or attacking scenes, virtual romantic relationship or virtual marriage. Protected refers to game software with content such as fighting between likable characters, attack without showing injury or death details, or virtual currencies. General Public refers to game software that does not fall into the above categories.

Failure to comply with the rating system and the related marketing requirements by persons selling, operating with license, renting, disseminating, or displaying the game software or providing software for downloads may lead to imposition of fine and suspension of the online or mobile game.

Regulations on Fair Trade and Competition

A business operator is subject to the Fair Trade Act, or the “FTA”, for conducting business in Taiwan. The FTA regulates business activities of monopoly, merger, concerted action, improper restriction of competition and other business activities involving unfair competition. Among all and most

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relevant to the online and mobile gaming businesses, a business operator is prohibited from preventing competitors’ participation or engagement in competition through inducement with low prices or other improper means, or imposing improper restrictions on its trading counterparts’ business activities as a condition of transacting, and thereby restricting or impeding fair competition. Also, a business operator is prohibited from making or using false or misleading representations relevant to the goods and services that may affect customer decisions, either on the goods or in the advertisements. It is also prohibited for a business operator to improperly offer gifts or prizes to compete for trading opportunities. In addition, a business operator must not otherwise engage in any deceptive or apparently unfair conduct that may affect the market order.

The competent authority may order a business operator that violates the relevant laws to cease or rectify its practices, or take necessary remedial actions. The business operator violating the relevant laws may be subject to fines. Specifically, if the business operator still fails to comply with relevant laws after receiving the cease or rectify order from the competent authority, the person conducting the violation may be further subject to imprisonment and additional fines.

Regulations on the Advertisement of Online and Mobile Games

A business operator making advertisements will be subject to, in addition to the FTA, the Regulations Governing the Classification of Television Programs. For example, only advertisements classified as “Protected” or “General” will be allowed during broadcasting of television programs classified as a children’s program, and on channels classified as a children’s channel, pursuant to Article 9 of the Regulations Governing the Classification of Television Programs. An advertisement may not be classified as “Protected” or “General” if it contains details of acts concerning gambling, drug abuse, drug dealings, robbery, kidnap, murder, other criminal acts, suicide, horror, blood, cruelty, violence and social abnormality, obscenity or sexual implications, or contains contents that are deemed to have potential harmful impacts on the mental development of children, and therefore may not allowed to be broadcasted during children’s programs or on children’s channels.

ITEM 4.C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The following is our organizational structure:

ITEM 4.D. PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT

As of December 31, 2016, our property and equipment mainly consisted of (i) game engines, (ii) network servers, (iii) PCs and (iv) software purchased externally. As of December 31, 2016, the net book value of our property and equipment was Won 593 million (US$493 thousand).

Korea

Our principal executive and administrative offices are located at 15F, 396 World Cup buk-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-795, Korea. We currently occupy 74,904 square feet of office space, which we lease from Korea Software Industry Promotion Agency, pursuant to a lease that will expire on December 31, 2018 and which is renewable for three additional years. The annual lease payment amounts to

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Won 1,532 million (US$1,273 thousand). The offices of NeoCyon, our 96.11% owned subsidiary, are located at 14F, 396 World Cup buk-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-795, Korea. NeoCyon currently occupies 9,980 square feet of office space, subleased from us. The annual lease payment amounts to Won 204 million (US$169 thousand). We believe that the existing facilities of Gravity and NeoCyon are adequate for our current requirements and that additional space can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms to meet our future requirements.

United States

The offices of Gravity Interactive, our wholly-owned subsidiary in the United States, are located at 7001 Village Drive, Suite 150, Buena Park, California 90621. Gravity Interactive currently occupies 5,838 square feet of office space, leased from a third party. The annual lease payment amounts to Won 165 million (US$137 thousand). We believe that the existing facilities of Gravity Interactive are adequate for their current requirements and that additional space can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms to meet their future requirements.

Taiwan

Our local branch in Taiwan is located at 12F.-1, No. 36-10, Sec.1, Fuxing S. Rd., Da’an District, Taipei City 106. The branch occupies 1,754 square feet of office space leased from a third party. The annual lease payment amounts to Won 44 million (US$37 thousand). We believe that the existing facilities of our branch are adequate for our current requirements and that additional space can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms to meet our future requirements.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes which appear elsewhere in this annual report. The following discussion is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historic performance may not be indicative of our future results of operations and capital requirements and resources.

ITEM 5.A. OPERATING RESULTS

OVERVIEW

We are a leading developer and distributor of online games in Japan, Taiwan and Thailand based on the number of peak concurrent users. Our headquarters is in Korea, and we are incorporated under the laws of Korea. Our revenues have been and continue to be driven primarily by our first game, Ragnarok Online, which was commercially launched in August 2002. Our future growth and profitability will be determined by our ability to enhance the features on our existing games and introduce new games with characters, features and functions that gain market acceptance and following.

In 2016, our revenues increased by 44.1% to Won 51,396 million (US$42,698 thousand) from Won 35,660 million in 2015. In 2015, our revenues decreased by 10.6% to Won 35,660 million from Won 39,889 million in 2014. We recorded a net income attributable to parent company of Won 250 million (US$207 thousand) in 2016 as compared to a net loss attributable to parent company of 16,965 million in 2015 and a net loss attributable to parent company of Won 20,907 million in 2014. Our gross profit margin increased to 41.6% in 2016 from 15.1% in 2015, which had been an increase from 14.3% in 2014. Our operating margin was 6.7% in 2016 due to an operating income of Won 3,423 million (US$2,843 thousand) in 2016 as compared to operating margins of negative 48.3% in 2015 and negative 29.7% in 2014.

The increase in revenues in 2016 was primarily due to: (i) increased subscription revenues from Ragnarok Online and Ragnarok Prequel in Taiwan and (ii) increased royalties and license fees from

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Ragnarok Online in Thailand and Japan. The increase in revenues in 2016 was partially offset by decreased revenues from mobile applications for a third party and Ragnarok: Path of Heroes, a mobile game based on Ragnarok Online.

Our cost of revenues for 2016 decreased as compared to 2015 mainly due to decreased amortization of intangible assets. The decrease in cost of revenues in 2016 was partially offset by increased commission paid for game servicing in Taiwan. Our operating expenses for 2016 decreased as compared to 2015 mostly due to: (i) decreased research and development expenses and (ii) decreased impairment losses on intangible assets and goodwill. Our revenue trend will continue to be materially affected in the future by the popularity of online and mobile games introduced by our competitors.

Our corporate income tax rate in 2016 was 22%.

Revenues

We derive, and expect to continue to generate, most of our revenues from online game subscription revenue generated in the countries and markets where our games are offered by us, royalties and license fees paid by our licensees in our overseas markets, and mobile games and applications revenue. Our revenues can be classified into the following four categories:

• online games—subscription revenue;

• online games—royalties and license fees;

• mobile games and applications; and

• character merchandising, animation and other revenue.

Online games—subscription revenue

Subscription revenue consists of revenues from (i) micro-transactions, (ii) subscription fees from Internet cafés and (iii) premium services for individual PC users. Micro-transaction fees for consumable in-game items are deferred when such in-game items are purchased by users and recognized as revenue when the purchased in-game items are used in the games while those for permanent in-game items are recognized ratably as revenues over the estimated life cycle of game users. Such life cycle is calculated based on the weighted average game usage days of each game. Micro-transaction fees for in-game items with limited time period are deferred and recognized as revenue in proportion to the number of days lapsed. All online game subscription fees and premium service fees are prepaid. Prepaid subscription fees from Internet cafés are deferred and recognized as revenue on a monthly basis based on actual hours used. Prepaid premium service fees from individual PC users are deferred and recognized as revenue on a monthly basis in proportion to the number of days lapsed.

Online games—royalties and license fees

We license the right to develop, sell and distribute our games in various countries for a license fee and receive monthly royalties based on an agreed percentage of the licensees’ revenues from our games. For a table setting forth details of each license agreement of our principal product, Ragnarok Online, see ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS OVERVIEW—OUR MARKETS—Overseas markets.”

The initial license fees are deferred and recognized ratably as revenue over the license period, which generally does not exceed three years. If license agreements are renewed upon expiration of their terms, we generally receive renewal license fees, which are deferred and recognized ratably over the new license period.

The guaranteed minimum royalty payments are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as the royalties are earned. In addition, we receive a royalty payment based on a specified percentage of the licensees’ sales, including game item revenues. These royalties that exceed the guaranteed minimum royalty are recognized on a monthly basis, as the related revenues are earned by the licenses.

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We also receive royalty revenues from our licensees based on an agreed percentage of each of the licensees’ revenues from our games. Royalty revenues are recognized on a monthly basis after the licensee confirms its revenues based on the licensee’s sales from our games during the month. Our licensees’ sales consist of revenues from subscription fees and micro-transactions. We generally are advised by each of our licensees as to the amount of royalties earned by us from such licensee within 15 to 25 days following the end of each month and we generally receive payments of the royalties within 20 to 30 days following the end of each month.

Mobile games and applications revenue

Mobile games and applications revenue consists of (i) revenues from micro-transactions in cases where we directly provide mobile games services to users, such as in Korea and Taiwan; (ii) license fees and/or guaranteed minimum royalty payments, and royalty revenues from our licensees to which we license the right to market and distribute our mobile games in overseas countries; (iii) contract prices, which are related to various development services and products provided by us to third parties, such as developing games embedded in mobile phones, mobile applications, and sound for mobile phones and appliances; (iv) revenues from mobile games operation service for third parties; and (v) revenues from third parties that license the Company’s original intellectual property to develop and distribute mobile games.

Micro transaction fees for in-game items are deferred when such in-game items are purchased by users and recognized ratably as revenues over the estimated game life cycle of the user. Such life cycle is calculated based on the weighted average game usage days of each game. License fees are deferred and recognized ratably as revenue over the license period. Royalty revenues are based on an agreed percentage of each of the licensees’ revenues based on the licensees’ sales from mobile games. Intellectual property royalty revenues from third parties including any guaranteed minimum amounts are recognized ratably as revenue over the terms of the license agreement. Contract prices are recognized when the products or services have been delivered or rendered and the customers can begin use in accordance with the contractual terms. Revenues from mobile games operation service are based on an agreed percentage of each of the licensors’ revenues based on the licensor’s sales from the mobile games the Company operates on their behalf and recognized on a monthly basis after the licensor confirms its revenues based on the licensor’s sales from the relevant mobile games during the month. Mobile application development service revenues are recognized by measuring progress-to-completion under the percentage-of-completion method. If we do not have a sufficient basis to measure progress towards completion, revenues are recognized when it receives final acceptance from the customer that the services have been completed.

We generally are advised by each of our licensees or licensors as to the amount of royalty revenues, revenues from mobile games operation service and intellectual property royalty revenues earned by us from such licensee or licensor within 15 to 60 days following the end of each month and we generally receive payments of the royalties within 45 to 90 days following the end of each month.

Character merchandising, animation and other revenue

Character merchandising, animation and other revenue consist of revenues from sales of console games, game character merchandising, animation and other services, including sales of goods related to mobile phones and Web site development and operation services for third parties.

Revenues from sales of console games are derived from a specified percentage of the publisher’s sales after deductibles, including payments to the platform holder and others, and recognized on a quarterly basis as they are earned by the publisher. Royalty payments from game character merchandising are recognized on a quarterly basis as they are earned by the licensee. Contract prices for our services provided to third parties are recognized when the products or services have been delivered or rendered and the customers can begin their use in accordance with the contractual terms.

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The following table sets forth a breakdown of revenues by type of revenue and the percentage of total revenue for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
Revenue Type	2014				2015				2016				2016(1)
	(In millions of Won and thousands of US$, except percentages)
Online games—subscription revenue	W	7,962	20.0	%	W	6,521	18.3	%	W	23,065	44.9	%	US$	19,161
Online games—royalties and license fees		13,093	32.8			11,010	30.9			12,867	25.0			10,690
Mobile games and applications		15,055	37.7			15,078	42.3			12,041	23.4			10,003
Character merchandising, animation and other revenue		3,779	9.5			3,051	8.5			3,423	6.7			2,844
Total	W	39,889	100.0	%	W	35,660	100.0	%	W	51,396	100.0	%	US$	42,698

Notes:

(1) For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of Won 1,203.73 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 30, 2016 as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues consists principally of the following:

• operational expenses, commissions paid, server depreciation expenses, server maintenance costs and related personnel costs, channeling service fees, outsourcing fees related to developing updates to games currently commercially offered and amortization of development-related costs as described in ITEM 5.A. “OPERATING RESULTS—CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES—Capitalized software development costs”;

• royalty payments to the third parties that are developers of some of the games we offer as a service distributor based on license agreements; and

• royalty payments to Mr. Myoung-Jin Lee for the right to use the storyline and characters from his “Ragnarok” cartoon series used in our games and other products based on Ragnarok. We paid Mr. Lee an initial license fee of Won 40 million and are required to pay royalties based on 1.0% or 1.5% of adjusted revenues (net of value-added taxes and certain other expenses) or 2.5%, 5% or 10% of net income generated from the use of the Ragnarok brand, depending on the type of revenues received from the operation or licensing of Ragnarok Online.

The cost of revenues from the payments to Mr. Myoung-Jin Lee was Won 403 million (US$335 thousand) for 2016 and Won 197 million for 2015. This agreement expires in January 2033.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of sales commissions paid to independent promotional agents that distribute our online games to our Internet café subscribers in Korea, commissions paid to payment settlement providers, administrative expenses and related personnel expenses of executive and administrative staff, and marketing and promotional expenses and related personnel expenses.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of payroll and other overhead expenses which are all expensed as incurred (i) until technological feasibility of an online game is reached or (ii) until commercial operation of a mobile game commences. Once technological feasibility of an online game is

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reached, these costs are capitalized and, once commercial operation commences, amortized as cost of revenues. See ITEM 5.A. “OPERATING RESULTS—CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES—Capitalized software development costs.”

Foreign currency effects

In 2016, 71.3% of our revenues were denominated in foreign currencies, primarily in NT dollar, Japanese Yen and U.S. dollar.

In most of the countries in which our games are distributed, the revenues generated by our overseas subsidiaries and licensees are denominated in local currencies, which include Japanese Yen, Euro, NT dollar, U.S. dollar, Thai Baht and Chinese Yuan. The revenues from those countries, other than the United States, Japan and European countries, are converted into the U.S. dollar for remittance of monthly royalty payments to us. Depreciation of these local currencies against the U.S. dollar will result in reduced monthly royalty payments in U.S. dollar terms, thereby having a negative impact on our net income.

Although we receive our monthly royalty revenues from our overseas licensees in foreign currencies, primarily in Japanese Yen and U.S. dollar, and other local currencies, such as Euro, NT dollar, Thai Baht and Chinese Yuan in our other principal markets, substantially all of our costs are denominated in Won. We receive monthly royalty payments from our overseas licensees based on an agreed percentage of revenues confirmed and recorded at the end of each month applying the foreign exchange rate applicable on such date. We generally receive these royalty payments 20 to 30 days after the end of each month unless delayed due to extraordinary circumstances. Appreciation or depreciation of the Won against these foreign currencies during this period will result in foreign currency losses or gains and affect our net income.

As of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we had no foreign currency forward contract outstanding. See ITEM 11. “QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK—Foreign currency risk.”

Income tax expenses

See ITEM 3.D. “RISK FACTORS—RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS—Adverse changes in the withholding tax rates in the countries from which we receive license fees and royalties could adversely affect our net income.” and ITEM 5.A. “OPERATING RESULTS—CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES—Income taxes.”

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, contingent liabilities, and revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis based on historical experience and other assumptions we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The policies discussed below are considered by our management to be critical because they are not only important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations but also because the application and interpretation of these policies require both judgment and estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain and unknown. As a result, actual results may differ materially from our estimates.

Revenue recognition

We derive, and expect to continue to generate, most of our revenues from online game subscription revenue generated in the countries where our games are offered by us, royalties and license fees paid by our licensees in overseas markets, and mobile games and applications revenue. Our revenues can be

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classified into the following four categories: (i) online games—subscription revenue; (ii) online games—royalties and license fees; (iii) mobile games and applications revenue; and (iv) character merchandising, animation and other revenue. For details, see ITEM 5.A. “OPERATING RESULTS—OVERVIEW—Revenues.”

We recognize revenue in accordance with U.S. GAAP, as set forth in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605, Revenue Recognition and other related pronouncements.

Allowances for doubtful accounts

We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts receivable for estimated losses that result from the inability of our customers to make the required payments. We base our allowances on the likelihood of recoverability of accounts receivable based on past experience and current collection trends. We record allowances for doubtful accounts based on historical payment patterns of our customers and increase our allowances as the length of time such receivables become past due increases.

Subsequent to June 2003, pursuant to agreements with various payment processing service providers, the providers are responsible for remitting to us the full subscription revenues generated in Korea after deducting their fixed service fees and charges of approximately 1.4% to 15%. In addition, we do not assume any collection risk since payment processing service providers now bear the risk of loss and delinquency.

Capitalized software development costs

We capitalize certain software development costs relating to online games that will be distributed through subscriptions or licenses. We account for software development costs in accordance with ASC 985, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed. Software development costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility are expensed when incurred and are included in research and development expense. We establish technological feasibility of a product when closed beta testing has been completed and open best testing has started. Once a software product has reached technological feasibility, then all subsequent software development costs for that product are capitalized until the product is commercially launched. Technological feasibility is evaluated on a product by product basis, but typically occurs when the online game has a proven ability to operate on a multiplayer level for a large number of users. Technological feasibility of a product encompasses both technical design documentation and game design documentation.

We evaluate the recoverability of capitalized software development costs on a product by product basis. The recoverability of capitalized software development costs is evaluated based on the expected performance of the specific products to which the costs relate. Criteria used to evaluate expected product performance include: historical performance of comparable products using comparable technology; orders for the product prior to its release; and estimated performance of a sequel product based on the performance of the product on which the sequel is based. Capitalized costs for those products that are cancelled are expensed in the period of cancellation. In addition, an impairment loss shall be recorded when management’s forecast for a particular game indicates that unamortized capitalized costs exceed the net realizable value of that asset. Significant management judgments and estimates are utilized in the assessment of when technological feasibility is established, as well as in the ongoing assessment of the recoverability of capitalized costs. In evaluating the recoverability of capitalized costs, the assessment of expected product performance utilizes forecasted sales amounts and estimates of additional development costs to be incurred. If revised forecasted or actual product sales are changed from the original forecasted amounts utilized in the initial recoverability analysis, the actual impairment charge may be larger than originally estimated in any given period. Significant management judgment is required to assess the timing of technological feasibility as well as the ongoing recoverability of capitalized costs.

Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination.

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Goodwill is accounted for under ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, which requires that goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but instead be tested at least annually for impairment, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change which would more likely than not reduce the fair value of these assets below their carrying amount. Such an event would include unfavorable variances from established business plans, significant changes in forecasted results or volatility inherent to external markets and industries, which are periodically reviewed by our management. Specifically, qualitative factors are assessed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. In evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the relevant events and circumstances are assessed. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, it is determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a two-step process of the goodwill impairment test is not performed.

If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test is performed. The first step of the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The second step of the goodwill impairment test compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized immediately in an amount equal to that excess. The goodwill impairment test is carried out at the reporting unit, which is either an operating division or a subdivision, for which stand-alone financial information is available to the management personnel of such division or subdivision for evaluating operating results.

We performed our annual impairment test for goodwill at our reporting unit using data as of December 31, 2014 and 2015. In performing the valuations, we used cash flows, which reflected management’s forecasts and discount rates which reflect the risks associated with the current market. Prior to performing the two-step impairment test for goodwill, we performed a qualitative assessment for the reporting unit.

In 2014, we decided not to recognize impairment loss for goodwill as the fair value of the business reporting unit was determined to be greater than its carrying amount.

In 2015, we recorded impairment losses of Won 1,210 million in the reporting unit NeoCyon, as a result of the goodwill impairment test. The fair value of the reporting unit was estimated principally using the expected present value of the future cash flows. Due to a decline in forecasted performance in our annual goodwill impairment test, the fair value of the reporting unit NeoCyon was determined to be lower than its carrying amount.

In 2016, we did not perform the annual impairment test for goodwill since the carrying amount subject to the impairment test became nil.

Product technology, presented as an acquired intangible asset in balance sheets, represents product technology related to Dragonica which was recognized as a result of a business combination with Gravity Games in 2010 and illustrated images purchased from a third party in 2014. As of December 31, 2016, the carrying value of such product technology are nil and Won 2 million, respectively.

Product technology is accounted for under ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, which requires that intangible assets subject to amortization shall be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset or asset group may not be recoverable in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. An impairment loss shall be recognized if the carrying amount of an intangible asset is not recoverable and its carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The carrying value is considered unrecoverable if it exceeds the sum of the

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undiscounted cash flows anticipated from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying value of an asset exceeds its fair value.

The assessment of impairments under ASC 350 and ASC 360 requires significant judgment and requires estimates to assess fair values. We believe that the estimates of future cash flows and fair value used in the impairment tests of goodwill and product technology are reasonable. However, in the future, changes in estimates resulting in lower than currently anticipated cash flows and fair value due to unforeseen changes in business assumptions could negatively affect the valuations, which may result in us recognizing impairment charges for goodwill and other intangible assets in the future.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes under the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under ASC 740, income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method.

Management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the extent to which deferred tax assets can be realized. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized. Realization of future tax benefits related to the deferred tax assets is dependent on many factors, including our ability to generate taxable income within the period during which the temporary differences reverse, the outlook for the economic environment in which the business operates and the overall future industry outlook. In 2014, 2015 and 2016, we concluded that it was more likely than not that deferred tax assets of Gravity and its subsidiaries could not be realized in the near future based on our historical and projected net and taxable income. As a result, we recognized full allowance from deferred tax assets.

Segment Reporting

An operating segment is defined as a component of a company that engages in business activities for which discrete financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance. In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, we currently operate and manage our business as several operating and reportable segments.

Our operating segments are consistent with our internal organizational structure, the manner in which our operations are reviewed and managed by our Chief Executive Officer, who is our CODM, the manner in which we assess operating performance and allocate resources, and the availability of separate financial information.

We had previously reported our results of operations under one operating segment. In 2015, we realigned new operating segments comprised of online game operations and mobile game operations. During the fiscal year of 2015, our CODM decided to begin to receive and analyze separate financial information of the operating segments in order to perform independent evaluations about our online game operations and mobile game operations and to make separate business decisions and, also to allocate resources for each segment. The nature of change is based on our consideration about (i) recent focus on mobile game business due to significant growth of global mobile game market as well as (ii) gradually declining portion of our online game revenues in our total revenues.

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Our CODM does not review any information regarding total assets on an operating segment basis, and accordingly, no disclosure is made with respect thereto. Information on the operating segments and reconciliations of total net revenues and total segment operating income to consolidated net revenues from external customers and consolidated operating income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, and 2016 are presented in the table below.

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Segment net Revenues
Online games	W	22,153		W	18,147		W	36,354
Mobile games		15,649			15,350			14,003
Other		4,772			3,830			4,292
Elimination		(2,685	)		(1,667	)		(3,253	)
Total	W	39,889		W	35,660		W	51,396

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Income from operations
Online games	W	(4,625	)	W	(7,038	)	W	11,157
Mobile games		(7,196	)		(9,701	)		(7,939	)
Other		(386	)		398			304
Elimination		378			(888	)		(99	)
Total	W	(11,829	)	W	(17,229	)	W	3,423

Recent accounting pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as a new Topic, ASC Topic 606. The new revenue recognition standard relates to revenue from contracts with customers, which, along with amendments issued in 2015 and 2016, will supersede nearly all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminate industry-specific guidance. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The standard, as amended, will be effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting period within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. The standard provides for either full retrospective adoption or a modified retrospective adoption by which it is applied only to the most current period presented. We have not yet selected a transition method. We are in the initial stages of evaluating the impact of the new standard on our accounting policies, processes, and system requirements. While we are continuing to assess all potential impacts of this standard, we currently believe that the most significant impact relates to our accounting for the revenues from long-term contracts. The actual treatment required under the standard may vary based on the specific terms of the relevant contract and therefore, the amount of impact on our historical financial statements has not yet been determined.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, an amended standard, requiring us to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as non-current on the balance sheet instead of separating deferred taxes into current and non-current. The amended standard is effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2017. The amended standard may be adopted on either a prospective or retrospective basis. We do not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which revises the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and the presentation of certain fair value changes in financial liabilities measured at fair value. This standard is effective beginning January 1, 2018 with early adoption permitted and we are

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evaluating whether we will elect to early adopt these provisions. We do not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, replacing existing lease accounting guidance. The new standard introduces a lessee model that would require entities to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, but recognize expenses on their income statements in a manner similar to current accounting. The ASU does not make fundamental changes to existing lessor accounting. However, it modifies what qualifies as a sales-type and direct financing lease and related accounting and aligns a number of the underlying principles with those of the new revenue standard, ASU No. 2014-09, such as evaluating how collectability should be considered and determining when profit can be recognized. The guidance eliminates existing real estate-specific provisions and requires expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The standard requires modified retrospective transition by which it is applied at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the year of adoption. This standard will be effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting period within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently assessing this ASU’s impact on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The standard provides guidance in a number of situations including, among others, settlement of zero-coupon bonds, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and distributions received from equity method investees. The ASU also provides guidance for classifying cash receipts and payments that have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. For us, this ASU is effective January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The standard requires application using a retrospective transition method. We do not expect this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which narrows the existing definition of a business and provides a framework for evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of assets or a business. The ASU requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets; if so, the set of transferred assets and activities (collectively, the set) is not a business. To be considered a business, the set would need to include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. The standard also narrows the definition of outputs. The definition of a business affects areas of accounting such as acquisitions, disposals and goodwill. Under the new guidance, fewer acquired sets are expected to be considered businesses. For us, this ASU is effective January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted. The impact on our financial statements will depend on the facts and circumstances of any specific future transactions.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS: 2016 COMPARED TO 2015

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015			2016			2016(1)			% Change
	(In millions of Won and thousands of US$, except percentages)
Revenues:
Online games—subscription revenue	W	6,521		W	23,065		US$	19,161			253.7	%
Online games—royalties and license fees		11,010			12,867			10,690			16.9
Mobile games and applications		15,078			12,041			10,003			(20.1	)
Character merchandising, animation and other revenue		3,051			3,423			2,844			12.2
Total net revenue		35,660			51,396			42,698			44.1
Cost of revenue		30,282			29,995			24,918			(0.9	)
Gross profit		5,378			21,401			17,780			297.9
Gross profit margin(2)		15.1	%		41.6	%		41.6	%
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses		11,481			16,000			13,294			39.4
Research and development		5,277			1,973			1,639			(62.6	)
Impairment loss on intangible assets		5,849			5			4			(99.9	)
Total operating expenses		22,607			17,978			14,937			(20.5	)
Operating income(loss)		(17,229	)		3,423			2,843			N/M
Operating profit margin(3)		(48.3	)%		6.7	%		6.7	%
Other income (expenses):
Interest income		675			522			434			(22.7	)
Interest expense		(4	)		—			—			N/M
Foreign currency gain(loss), net		256			(529	)		(439	)		(306.6	)
Others, net		624			3			2			(99.5	)
Total net other income (expenses)		1,551			(4	)		(3	)		(100.3	)
Income(loss) before income tax expenses		(15,678	)		3,419			2,840			N/M
Income tax expenses		1,351			3,240			2,692			139.8
Net income(loss)		(17,029	)		179			148			N/M
Net income(loss) attributable to:
Non-controlling interest(4)		(64	)		(71	)		(59	)		10.9
Parent company	W	(16,965	)	W	250		US$	207			N/M
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(827	)		(77	)		(64	)		(90.7	)
Comprehensive income(loss)		(17,856	)		102			84			N/M
Comprehensive income(loss) attributable to:
Non-controlling interest(4)		(64	)		(71	)		(59	)		10.9
Parent company	W	(17,792	)	W	173		US$	143			N/M

N/M = not meaningful

Notes:

(1) For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of Won 1,203.73 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 30, 2016 as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes.

(2) Gross profit margin for each period is calculated by dividing gross profit by total net revenue for each period.

(3) Operating profit margin for each period is calculated by dividing operating income(loss) by total net revenue for each period.

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(4) Represents the non-controlling interest in NeoCyon, a 96.1%-held subsidiary acquired in December 2005, and Gravity Games, a subsidiary acquired in October 2010, in which our initial ownership was 50.8% and which increased to 85.5% in August 2013.

Revenues

Our total revenues increased by 44.1% to Won 51,396 million (US$42,698 thousand) in 2016 from Won 35,660 million in 2015, primarily due to:

• a 253.7% increase in subscription revenue to Won 23,065 million (US$19,161 thousand) in 2016 from Won 6,521 million in 2015, which was due mainly to increased revenues from Ragnarok Online and Ragnarok Prequel in Taiwan. We began to directly offer Ragnarok Online in Taiwan since June 2016 after our distribution agreement with a local publisher was terminated, and we commercially launched Ragnarok Prequel in Taiwan in July 2016;

• a 16.9% increase in royalties and license fees to Won 12,867 million (US$10,690 thousand) in 2016 from Won 11,010 million in 2015, which was mainly due to increased revenues from Ragnarok Online in Thailand and Japan and the strengthening of the Japanese Yen by approximately 13.4% against the Korean Won from 2015 to 2016. Ragnarok Online was relaunched in Thailand by a local licensee in July 2016; and

• a 12.2% increase in character merchandizing, animation and other revenue to Won 3,423 million (US$2,844 thousand) in 2016 from Won 3,051 million in 2015, which was mainly attributable to increased revenues from NeoCyon’s Web site development and operation services for third parties.

Such increases were partially offset by:

• a 20.1% decrease in mobile games and applications revenue to Won 12,041 million (US$10,003 thousand) in 2016 from Won 15,078 million in 2015, which was mainly driven by revenues from mobile applications provided to third party enterprises and Ragnarok: Path of Heroes.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues decreased by 0.9% to Won 29,995 million (US$24,918 thousand) in 2016 from Won 30,282 million in 2015, primarily due to:

• a 99.6% decrease in amortization expenses of intangible assets to Won 17 million (US$14 thousand) in 2016 from Won 3,948 million in 2015, which was mostly related to amortization of capitalized research and development cost of Ragnarok Online II, which was amortized and fully impaired in December 2015.

Such decreases were partially offset by:

• a 30.2% increase in commissions paid to Won 11,847 million (US$9,842 thousand) in 2016 from Won 9,099 million in 2015, which primarily resulted from expenses of operating our game service in Taiwan. Such expenses included royalty payments to a third party developer and game channeling service fees.

Gross profit and gross profit margin

As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit increased by 297.9% to Won 21,401 million (US$17,780 thousand) in 2016 from Won 5,378 million in 2015. Our gross profit margin increased to 41.6% in 2016 from 15.1% in 2015.

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Operating expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by 39.4% to Won 16,000 million (US$13,294 thousand) in 2016 from Won 11,481 million in 2015, primarily due to:

• a 102.7% increase in commissions paid to Won 5,955 million (US$4,947 thousand) in 2016 from Won 2,938 million in 2015, which was mostly related to payment of gateway fees for our game service in Taiwan;

• a 13.8% increase in salaries to Won 4,650 million (US$3,863 thousand) in 2016 from Won 4,086 million in 2015, primarily resulting from an increase in number of employees and bonus payments for our employees; and

• a 28.1% increase in advertising expenses to Won 2,411 million (US$2,003) in 2016 from Won 1,882 million in 2015, mostly attributable to our relaunching of Ragnarok Online and commercial launching of Ragnarok Prequel in Taiwan.

Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses decreased by 62.6% to Won 1,973 million (US$1,639 thousand) in 2016 from Won 5,277 million in 2015, mainly due to decreases in development expenses for mobile games.

Impairment loss on intangible assets. We had Won 5 million (US$4 thousand) in impairment loss on intangible assets in 2016, compared to impairment loss on intangible assets of Won 5,849 million in 2015, which mostly consisted of impairment loss for capitalized research and development cost of Ragnarok Online II and goodwill of Neocyon in 2015.

Operating income and operating profit margin

As a result of the cumulative effects of the reasons stated above, we recorded an operating income of Won 3,423 million (US$2,843 thousand) in 2016, compared to operating loss of Won 17,229 million in 2015, and our operating profit margin was 6.7% in 2016.

Net other income (expenses)

We recorded net other expenses of Won 4 million (US$3 thousand) in 2016, compared to net other income of Won 1,551 million in 2015. Such change was primarily due to other income related to the liquidation of Gravity Middle East & Africa FZ LLC in 2015, which did not arise in 2016, and increased foreign currency expenses resulting from the appreciation of the Korean Won against the U.S. dollar during 2016.

Income tax expenses

We recorded an income tax expense of Won 3,240 million (US$2,692 thousand) in 2016, compared to an income tax expense of Won 1,351 million in 2015. The increase was mainly due to an increase of foreign withholding tax for overseas subscription revenues. In assessing the reliability of deferred tax assets, we considered whether it was more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets would not be realized. In 2015 and 2016, we recorded a full valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets of Gravity and its subsidiaries, as we determined that it was more likely than not that such net deferred tax assets would not be realizable in the near future. However, it is possible that these income tax expenses could be treated as income tax benefit if any taxable income becomes realizable in the future.

Non-controlling interest

Non-controlling interest represents the net loss from NeoCyon, our 96.1%-held subsidiary and Gravity Games, our 85.5%-held subsidiary, attributable to third-party minority interest holders. We acquired 96.1% of the voting equity of NeoCyon in 2005. We acquired 50.8% of the voting equity of Gravity Games in 2010 and increased our ownership in Gravity Games to 85.5% in August 2013.

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Net income(loss) attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, we recorded net income attributable to parent company of Won 250 million (US$207 thousand) in 2016 compared to net loss attributable to parent company of Won 16,965 million in 2015.

Segment Results

Our net revenue from online game operations, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, was Won 36,354 million (US$30,201 thousand) in 2016, which was a 100.3% increase from Won 18,147 million in 2015. Such increase primarily resulted from (i) increased subscription revenues from Ragnarok Online and Ragnarok Prequel in Taiwan and (ii) increased royalties and license fees from Ragnarok Online in Thailand and Japan. Our net revenue from mobile game operations was Won 14,003 million (US$11,633 thousand) in 2016, which was an 8.8% decrease from Won 15,350 million in 2015. This was mainly due to decreased revenues from mobile applications for third parties and Ragnarok: Path of Heroes.

Prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, we recorded an operating income of Won 11,157 million (US$9,269 thousand) from online game operations in 2016, compared to an operating loss of Won 7,038 million in 2015, resulting mainly from increased revenues from Ragnarok Online in Taiwan, Thailand and Japan. Also, our operating loss from mobile game operations was Won 7,939 million (US$6,595 thousand) in 2016, which was a decrease of 18.2% from Won 9,701 million in 2015, mainly due to a decrease in research and development expenses and advertising expenses.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS: 2015 COMPARED TO 2014

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014			2015			% Change
	(In millions of Won, except percentages)
Revenues:
Online games—subscription revenue	W	7,962		W	6,521			(18.1	)%
Online games—royalties and license fees		13,093			11,010			(15.9	)
Mobile games and applications		15,055			15,078			0.2
Character merchandising, animation and other revenue		3,779			3,051			(19.3	)
Total net revenue		39,889			35,660			(10.6	)
Cost of revenue		34,188			30,282			(11.4	)
Gross profit		5,701			5,378			(5.7	)
Gross profit margin(1)		14.3	%		15.1	%
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses		12,682			11,481			(9.5	)
Research and development		4,847			5,277			8.9
Impairment loss on intangible assets		1			5,849			N/M
Total operating expenses		17,530			22,607			29.0
Operating loss		(11,829	)		(17,229	)		45.7
Operating profit margin(2)		(29.7	)%		(48.3	)%
Other income (expenses):
Interest income		1,137			675			(40.6	)
Interest expense		(11	)		(4	)		(63.6	)
Foreign currency gain (loss), net		(152	)		256			(268.4	)
Gain on liquidation of a foreign subsidiary		—			624			N/M
Others, net		3			—			N/M
Total net other income		977			1,551			58.8
Loss before income tax expenses		(10,852	)		(15,678	)		44.5
Income tax expenses		10,147			1,351			(86.7	)
Net loss		(20,999	)		(17,029	)		(18.9	)
Net loss attributable to:
Non-controlling interest(3)		(92	)		(64	)		(30.4	)
Parent company	W	(20,907	)	W	(16,965	)		(18.9	)
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(153	)		(827	)		440.5
Comprehensive loss		(21,152	)		(17,856	)		(15.6	)
Comprehensive loss attributable to:
Non-controlling interest(3)		(92	)		(64	)		(30.4	)
Parent company	W	(21,060	)	W	(17,792	)		(15.5	)%

N/M = not meaningful

Notes:

(1) Gross profit margin for each period is calculated by dividing gross profit by total net revenue for each period.

(2) Operating profit margin for each period is calculated by dividing operating loss by total net revenue for each period.

(3) Represents the non-controlling interest in NeoCyon, a 96.1%-held subsidiary acquired in December 2005, and Gravity Games, a subsidiary acquired in October 2010, in which our initial ownership was 50.8% and which increased to 85.5% in August 2013.

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Revenues

Our total revenues decreased by 10.6% to Won 35,660 million in 2015 from Won 39,889 million in 2014, primarily due to:

• a 15.9% decrease in royalties and license fees to Won 11,010 million in 2015 from Won 13,093 million in 2014, which was due mainly to decreased revenues from Ragnarok Online in Japan resulting from increasing competition and decreasing Ragnarok Online game users due to the relative maturity of such game, and the strengthening of the Korean Won by approximately 5.3% against the Japanese Yen from 2014 to 2015;

• a 18.1% decrease in subscription revenue to Won 6,521 million in 2015 from Won 7,962 million in 2014, resulting primarily from decreased revenues from Ragnarok Online II in the United States/Canada and Taiwan resulting from increased competition and weak demand for the game, though such decrease was partially offset by an increase in revenues from Ragnarok Online in Korea; and

• a 19.3% decrease in character merchandising, animation and other revenue to Won 3,051 million in 2015 from Won 3,779 million in 2014, which was mainly attributable to decreased revenues from NeoCyon’s Web site development and operation services for third parties.

Such decreases were partially offset by:

• a 0.2% increase in mobile games and applications revenue to Won 15,078 million in 2015 from Won 15,055 million in 2014, which was mainly driven by revenue from mobile applications provided to third party enterprises.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues decreased by 11.4% to Won 30,282 million in 2015 from Won 34,188 million in 2014, primarily due to:

• a 10.7% decrease in salaries to Won 10,163 million in 2015 from Won 11,378 million in 2014 primarily resulting from a decrease in the number of employees;

• a 60.8% decrease in depreciation expenses to Won 484 million in 2015 from Won 1,234 million in 2014, which was mostly related to the completed depreciation of the MS software license for game servers; and

• a 20.5% decrease in outsourcing fees to Won 2,731 million in 2015 from Won 3,435 million in 2014 primarily resulting from a decrease in outsourcing fees for NeoCyon’s Web site development and operation service for third parties.

Gross profit and gross profit margin

As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit decreased by 5.7% to Won 5,378 million in 2015 from Won 5,701 million in 2014. Our gross profit margin increased to 15.1 % in 2015 from 14.3% in 2014.

Operating expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses.    Our selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by 9.5% to Won 11,481 million in 2015 from Won 12,682 million in 2014, primarily due to:

• a 13.7% decrease in salaries to Won 4,086 million in 2015 from Won 4,735 million in 2014 mostly attributable to a decrease in salaries as a result of a decrease in the number of employees; and

• a 6.8% decrease in commission paid to Won 2,938 million in 2015 from Won 3,152 million in 2014 mostly attributable to a decrease in the registration fee of a trademark.

Research and development expenses.    Our research and development expenses increased by 8.9% to Won 5,277 million in 2015 from Won 4,847 million in 2014 mainly due to increases in development expenses for mobile games.

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Impairment loss on intangible assets.    We had Won 5,849 million in impairment losses on intangible assets in 2015, which mostly consisted of impairment losses for capitalized research and development cost of Ragnarok Online II and goodwill of NeoCyon, compared to impairment losses on intangible assets of Won 1 million in 2014.

Refund of initial payments received.    The Ragnarok Online II license agreement in Japan with GungHo was terminated on February 12, 2016. As part of the termination, US$5,000 thousand in initial payments received from GungHo will be refunded in four equal payments by the end of December 2017.

Operating loss and operating profit margin

As a result of the cumulative effects of the reasons stated above, we recorded an operating loss of Won 17,229 million in 2015, compared to an operating loss of Won 11,829 million in 2014, and our operating profit margin was negative 48.3% in 2015.

Net other income

Our net other income increased by 58.8% to Won 1,551 million in 2015 from Won 977 million in 2014 primarily due to other income related to the liquidation of Gravity Middle East & Africa FZ LLC in 2015. As a result of the liquidation, the entire accumulated other comprehensive income balance of Won 624 million relating to Gravity Middle East & Africa FZ LLC was reclassified to other income.

Income tax expenses

We recorded an income tax expense of Won 1,351 million in 2015, compared to an income tax expense of Won 10,147 million in 2014 primarily due to recognizing the full valuation on allowances from deferred tax assets of Gravity and NeoCyon in 2014. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we considered whether it was more likely than not some portion or all of the deferred tax assets would not be realized. In 2014, we recorded a full valuation allowance on deferred tax assets of Gravity and NeoCyon, as we determined that it was more likely than not that none of the deferred tax assets were realizable in the near future.

Non-controlling interest

Non-controlling interest represents the net loss from NeoCyon, our 96.1%-held subsidiary and Gravity Games, our 85.5%-held subsidiary, attributable to third-party minority interest holders. We acquired 96.1% of the voting equity of NeoCyon in 2005. We acquired 50.8% of the voting equity of Gravity Games in 2010 and increased our ownership in Gravity Games to 85.5% in August 2013.

Net loss attributable to parent company

As a result of the foregoing, we recorded a net loss attributable to parent company of Won 16,965 million in 2015 compared to a net loss attributable to parent company of Won 20,907 million in 2014.

Segment Results

Our net revenue from online game operations, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, was Won 18,147 million in 2015, which was a 18.1% decrease from Won 22,153 million in 2014. Such decrease was primarily due to (i) decreased revenues from Ragnarok Online in Japan and the strengthening of the Korean Won by approximately 5.3% against the Japanese Yen from 2014 to 2015 and (ii) decreased revenues from Ragnarok Online II in the United States/Canada and Taiwan. Our net revenue from mobile game operations was Won 15,350 million in 2015, which was a 1.9% decrease from Won 15,649 million in 2014, mostly related to a decline in revenues from mobile games released in previous years.

Prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, we recorded an operating loss of Won 7,038 million from online game operations in 2015, which was an increase of 52.2% from Won 4,625 million in 2014, resulting mainly from an impairment loss for capitalized research and development cost of Ragnarok

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Online II. Also, our operating loss from mobile game operations was Won 9,701 million, which was an increase of 34.8% from Won 7,196 million in 2014, mainly due to an increase in advertising expenses and research and development expenses.

ITEM 5.B. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity

The following table sets forth the summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014			2015			2016			2016(1)
	(In millions of Won and thousands of US$)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	W	31,222		W	28,382		W	24,909		US$	20,693
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		(6,147	)		(5,978	)		2,428			2,017
Net cash used in investing activities		3,483			2,595			(10,667	)		(8,861	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(144	)		(117	)		(5	)		(5	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(32	)		27			55			46
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(2,840	)		(3,473	)		(8,189	)		(6,803	)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	W	28,382		W	24,909		W	16,720		US$	13,890

Note:

(1) For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of Won 1,203.73 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 30, 2016 as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes.

Prior to the commercial launch of Ragnarok Online in August 2002, our principal sources of liquidity were cash from equity financing and incurrence of debt. Following the commercial launch of Ragnarok Online, our principal sources of liquidity have been cash flows from our operating activities and the proceeds from our initial public offering of ADSs in February 2005. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately Won 16,720 million (US$13,890 thousand) in cash and cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on hand and time deposits with a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase. Net cash used in investing activities has consisted primarily of increase in short-term financial instruments and also purchase of properties and equipment. Our net property and equipment decreased from Won 882 million as of December 31, 2015 to Won 593 million (US$493 thousand) as of December 31, 2016 mainly due to the depreciation of property and equipment totaling Won 471 million (US$391 thousand). This decrease is partially offset by purchase of property and equipment amounting to Won 178 million (US$148 thousand).

Our cash investment policy emphasizes liquidity and preservation of principal over other portfolio considerations. We deposit our cash in demand deposits, short-term financial instruments, which primarily consist of time deposits with maturity of one year or less, and money market funds with a rolling maturity of 90 days or less. Our short-term financial instruments decreased from Won 14,500 million as of December 31, 2014 to Won 11,500 million as of December 31, 2015 and increased to Won 22,000 million (US$18,277 thousand) as of December 31, 2016. The decrease in our short-term financial instruments in 2015 primarily resulted from use of proceeds from such financial instruments in connection with working capital requirements and other expenses. And the increase in our short-term financial instruments in 2016 primarily resulted from the conversion of cash and cash equivalents into short-term financial instruments.

We generate cash primarily through royalties and license fees, and subscription revenues from our online games as well as revenues from mobile games and applications in various countries as described in ITEM 5.A. “OPERATING RESULTS—OVERVIEW—Revenues.” The level of popularity of our games

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in the marketplace is a key factor in how much cash we can generate. Most of our cash disbursements relate to internal costs such as salaries and other overhead costs for game servicing, other selling, general and administrative activities, and R&D activities.

Cash flows from operating activities.    Net cash provided by our operating activities in 2016 was Won 2,428 million (US$2,017 thousand), compared to Won 5,978 million of net cash used in our operating activities in 2015. Such change was primarily due to net income as a result of operating activities in 2016, compared to net loss in 2015. The decrease in net cash used in our operating activities in 2015 as compared to 2014 was primarily the result of decreased loss from actual operating activities, which excludes expenses not involving actual cash outflow.

Cash flows from investing activities.    Net cash used in our investing activities in 2016 was Won 10,667 million (US$8,861 thousand), compared to Won 2,595 million of net cash provided by our investing activities in 2015. Such change primarily reflected Won 10,500 million (US$8,723 thousand) of net increase of short-term financial instruments. The decrease in net cash provided by investing activities in 2015 as compared to 2014 reflected Won 3,000 million of net decrease of short-term financial instruments, compared to a net decrease of Won 3,505 million of short-term financial instruments in 2014.

Cash flows from financing activities.    The decrease in net cash used in our financing activities in 2016 as compared to 2015 reflected repayments of borrowings of Won 5 million (US$5 thousand), compared to repayment of borrowing of Won 117 million in 2015. The decrease in net cash used in our financing activities in 2015, as compared to 2014, reflected repayments of borrowings of Won 117 million, compared to repayments of borrowing of Won 144 million in 2014.

Capital resources

As our overseas operations are conducted primarily through our local branch, our subsidiaries and our overseas licensees, our ability to finance our operations and any debt that we or our subsidiaries may incur depends, in part, on the payment of royalties and other fees by our overseas licensees and, to a lesser extent, the flow of dividends from our subsidiaries.

As of December 31, 2016, our primary source of liquidity was Won 16,720 million (US$13,890 thousand) of cash and cash equivalents. We believe that our available cash and cash equivalents and net cash provided by operating activities will be sufficient to meet our capital needs through at least the first quarter of 2018. However, we cannot assure you that our business or operations will not change in a manner that would consume available capital resources more rapidly than anticipated. We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any significant investments or acquisitions. If these sources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional securities either in the form of equity or debt. In the past, we raised cash resources through the issuance of common shares. The sale of additional equity securities or convertible debt securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. In addition, we may seek to incur indebtedness through the issuance of debt securities or by obtaining a credit facility. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financial covenants that would restrict operations.

We expect to have capital expenditure requirements for the ongoing expansion into other markets, including expenditures for expanding and upgrading our existing server equipment continuously, for developing new games internally, for acquiring and publishing third party games, or for investing in enhancing our technological, marketing, distributing and servicing capabilities. We believe that our internal cash flow from operations, together with our proceeds from our initial public offering in February 2005, will be sufficient to satisfy our working capital requirements through at least the first quarter of 2018, including our new game development expenditures.

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ITEM 5.C. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC.

To remain competitive, we have continued to focus on our research and development efforts. Our research and development efforts and plans consist of the following:

• Strategy and planning—overall game design and review of technical feasibility, market feasibility and the game development process;

• Graphics—designing game characters and game environments, with the objective of optimizing the overall gaming experience;

• Server programming—server design and development, handling interconnections, validation, security, character data and game process coordination and facilitating online communication among players; and

• Client programming—enhancing the visual and sound experience and movement simulation of game characters.

Our research and development expenditures were Won 4,847 million, Won 5,277 million and Won 1,973 million (US$1,639 thousand) in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Our research and development expenses decreased in 2016 mainly due to a decrease in development expenses for mobile games. Our research and development expenses increased in 2015 mainly due to an increase in development expenses for mobile games.

See ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS OVERVIEW—GAME DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLISHING” for information regarding our research and development and ITEM 4.B. “BUSINESS OVERVIEW—INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY” for information regarding our intellectual property.

ITEM 5.D. TREND INFORMATION

Trends, uncertainties and events which could have a material impact on our sales, operating revenues and liquidity and capital resources are discussed above in ITEM 5.A. “OPERATING RESULTS” and ITEM 5.B. “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES.”

ITEM 5.E. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

There are no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditure or capital resources that are material to investors.

ITEM 5.F. TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The following table sets forth a summary of our contractual cash obligations due by period as of December 31, 2016:

	Payments Due by Period
	Total		Less than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More than 5 Years
	(In millions of Won)
Operating lease obligations	W	3,868	W	1,896	W	1,972	W	—	W	—
Purchase obligations		950		950		—		—		—
Accrued severance benefits		104		104		—		—		—
Total	W	4,922	W	2,950	W	1,972	W	—	W	—

Long-term debt obligations.    We have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations as well as proceeds from our initial public offering of ADSs in February 2005. Therefore, there are currently no long-term debt obligations.

Operating lease obligations.    With respect to our operating lease obligations, the lease payments due by December 31, 2017 are Won 1,572 million, Won 165 million, Won 44 million, Won 109 million

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and Won 6 million for our principal offices in Seoul, offices for our subsidiary in the United States, a local branch office and rental servers in Taiwan and company vehicle, respectively. The lease terms expire in December 2018, August 2019, October 2017, March 2019 and August 2020, respectively. The renewal terms in all of the leases are subject to market conditions.

Purchase Obligations.    In September 2010, we entered into an agreement with Shanghai Nineyou Interactive Community and Media Co., Ltd., and its two affiliates, Shanghai Nineshine Information Technology Co., Ltd. and HitNorth International Limited, to publish Weapons of the Gods, a game being developed by HitNorth International Limited. As of December 31, 2016, we are to pay the remaining license fee in installments based on the progress of the development of the game. In September 2016, we entered into an agreement with Amazing Inc. to obtain rights to develop localized versions of Venus Eleven Vivid!, which is a mobile game owned by Amazing Inc., and to publish such games in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau and Korea. As of December 2016, we are to pay the remaining minimum guarantee in installments based on the launching of such games.

Uncertain tax position.    We assessed uncertain tax positions and measured unrecognized tax benefits for open tax years in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. Our policy is that we recognize interest expenses and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense. Accordingly, we assess our income tax positions and records tax benefits for all years subject to examinations based upon the evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at that reporting date. For those tax positions for which it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we record the amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. If we do not believe that it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized. Based on the approach above, we assessed the uncertain tax positions and did not record any unrecognized tax benefits as we believe that it is more likely than not that there will not be any unrecognized tax benefits.

Accrued severance benefits.    Employees and executive officers with one year or more of service are entitled to receive a lump-sum payment upon termination of their employment with us based on the length of service and their rate of pay at the time of termination. The annual severance benefits expense charged to operations is calculated based upon the net change in the accrued severance benefits payable at the balance sheet date based on the guidance of ASC 715, Compensation—Retirement Benefits. As severance benefits have no specific maturities, they are not allocated to the table that sets forth a summary of our contractual cash obligations due by period as of December 31, 2016.

Other Commitments and Liabilities

For a description of our commercial commitments and contingent liabilities, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. For a description of our legal proceedings, see ITEM 8.A. “CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION—LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.”

ITEM 5.G. SAFE HARBOR

See “FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS.”

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ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

ITEM 6.A. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth certain information relating to our directors and executive officers as of April 21, 2017. The business address of all of our directors and executive officers is our registered office at 15F, 396 World Cup buk-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-795, Korea.

Name	Age	Position
Hyun Chul Park	44	Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director
Yoshinori Kitamura	49	Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Operating Officer
Heung Gon Kim	51	Chief Financial Officer
Kazuki Morishita	43	Executive Director
Kazuya Sakai	52	Executive Director
Jong Gyu Hwang	47	Independent Director
Doo Hyun Ryu	56	Independent Director
Jung Yoo	56	Independent Director

Hyun Chul Park has served as our Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director since March 2011 and was an officer of our corporate management office from May 2009 to March 2011. Mr. Park has also been a Director of Gravity Games and Gravity Interactive since October 2010 and November 2014, respectively. He has been a Director and Chief Operating Officer of NeoCyon since December 2009 and April 2012, respectively, and was Chief Strategy Officer of NeoCyon from October 2010 to March 2012. He has been general manager of the GV Business Division (formerly known as International Business Division) at GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. since September 2007. He worked as a general manager of Content Producing Department of SEGA Networks (China) Co., Ltd. from July 2005 to September 2007 and a manager of Asia Division at SEGA Corporation from April 2004 to July 2005. He was a manager of Overseas Marketing Team at ActozSoft Co., Ltd. from October 2002 to March 2004 and at Siementech Co., Ltd. from October 2001 to October 2002. He worked as part of the Engineer Team of Toyota Vista Tokyo Co., Ltd. from April 1998 to July 2001. Mr. Park obtained a diploma in Automotive Maintenance from Tokyo College of Technology, the current name of which is Tokyo College of Automotive Technology.

Yoshinori Kitamura has served as our Executive Director since March 2008, Chief Operating Officer since June 2008 and Chairman of the Board of Directors since April 2011. Mr. Kitamura has also been a Director and Chief Executive Officer of NeoCyon since October 2008 and since October 2009, respectively, and a Director of Gravity Games since October 2010. He has been Chief Executive Officer of Gravity Entertainment and Gravity Interactive since March 2008 and July 2008, respectively. Also, he was a Director of Gravity EU SAS from July 2011 to November 2014. Mr. Kitamura has also been a Director and Executive General Manager of the GV Business Division (formerly known as International Business Division) at GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. since March 2006 and June 2007, respectively, and was an Executive General Manager of the Marketing Division at GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. from February 2003 to June 2007. He worked as a Director of GungHo Online Entertainment Korea, Inc. and GungHo Works, Inc. from March 2007 to October 2008 and from March 2008 to June 2008, respectively. Mr. Kitamura was a Director of L5 Games Inc. from July 2008 to its liquidation in August 2008. Mr. Kitamura also worked at NC Japan K.K. as marketing manager from January 2002 to January 2003 and ICC Corporation as business development manager from September 1999 to December 2001. Mr. Kitamura holds a bachelor’s degree in English Language and Literature from Bunkyo University.

Heung Gon Kim has served as our Chief Financial Officer since September 2008. Mr. Kim has also been Chief Financial Officer and a Director of Gravity Interactive since June 2009 and March 2011, respectively. Mr. Kim has been a Director and Chief Executive Officer of Gravity Games since

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October 2010 and March 2013, respectively. Mr. Kim has also been a Director of Gravity Entertainment since March 2011. He has been a Director and Chief Financial Officer of NeoCyon since March 2011 and May 2011, respectively. Mr. Kim was a general manager of our financial management division and accounting & treasury department from March 2007 to September 2008 and from September 2006 to March 2007, respectively. He also worked as a manager of our accounting team from April 2004 to September 2006. Mr. Kim worked at Modottel, Inc. as accounting team manager from June 2002 to April 2004. Mr. Kim holds a bachelor’s degree in Accounting from Chung-Ang University.

Kazuki Morishita has served as our Executive Director since March 2008. Mr. Morishita has also been the President and Chief Executive Officer of GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. since January 2004 and was Chief Operating Officer of GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. from August 2002 to January 2004. In addition, he was a director of Game Arts Co., Ltd. from December 2005 to March 2008 and has been the President of Game Arts Co., Ltd. since March 2008. Mr. Morishita has also been a director of GungHo Online Entertainment America, Inc. and Grasshopper Manufacture, Inc. since March 2012 and February 2013, respectively. Mr. Morishita was a director of Acquire Corp. and Kahon 3 Oy from October 2011 to November 2014, and from December 2013 to September 2014, respectively. Mr. Morishita was the Chairman of GungHo Works, Inc. from October 2007 to December 2009 and worked as a Director of GungHo Online Entertainment Korea, Inc. from March 2007 to October 2008 and a Director of Overdriver Game Technologies Ltd. from June 2012 to August 2013. He also was a general manager of the E-service department at OnSale, Inc. from May 2001 to August 2002. Mr. Morishita served as Director of Kickers Network, Inc. from December 2000 to April 2001 and as Director of Dolphin Net, Inc. from March to November in 2000. Mr. Morishita worked as chief of the system sales department at Softcreate Co., Ltd. from July 1996 to February 2000. Mr. Morishita graduated from the High School Affiliated with Chiba University of Commerce.

Kazuya Sakai has served as our Executive Director since March 2009. Mr. Sakai has also served as Chief Financial Officer and Director since April 2004 and March 2005, respectively, and was the Investor Relations Officer of GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc., from July 2011 to April 2014. He has served as Director of Games Art Co., Ltd. and GungHo Gamania Co., Ltd. since March 2017 and December 2015, respectively. He has also been an Auditor of Acquire Corp. from October 2011 to July 2015 and a Director of Acquire Corp since July 2015. He has served as a Director at PlayPhone, Inc. since August 2015, and was a Director of Gravity Entertainment from March 2008 to March 2011. Mr. Sakai has been a director of GungHo Online Entertainment America, Inc., Grasshopper Manufacture, Inc. and GungHo Online Entertainment Asia Pacific PTE. Ltd. since March 2012, February 2013 and September 2014, respectively. Mr. Sakai was a Director of GGF B.V. from October 2013 to September 2014. Also, he was Chief Executive Officer of Capri, Inc. from October 2008 to December 2009. Mr. Sakai was a Director of GungHo Works, Inc. from October 2007 to December 2009 and a Director of Overdriver Game Technologies Ltd. from June 2012 to August 2013. Mr. Sakai was a Director of GungHo Online Entertainment Korea, Inc. from March 2007 to October 2008 and Chief Executive Officer in October 2008 to its liquidation in October 2008. He was Chief Executive Officer of GungHo Asset Management, Inc. from January 2007 to October 2008. Mr. Sakai served as a general manager of Administration Division, Director and Chief Executive Officer of Expression Tools, Inc. from January 1993 to March 1996, from April 1996 to April 2000, and from April 2000 to November 2003, respectively. He worked at The Kyushu Sogo Bank, Ltd., the current name of which is The Shinwa Bank, Ltd., from April 1987 to December 1992. Mr. Sakai graduated from Kyushu Sangyo University with a bachelor’s degree in Commercial Science.

Jong Gyu Hwang has served as our Independent Director since June 2009. Mr. Hwang has served as a Director and Chief Operating Officer at Munkyung Monorail Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Korea Monorail Co., Ltd., since 2007. Mr. Hwang has served as a Director since 2009 and was a Director from 2006 to 2007 of Korea Monorail Co., Ltd. Also, he has been a Director of Korea Urban Railway Association since 2014, and served as Co-Chief Executive Officer at Samcheok Monorail from 2014 to 2016. Mr. Hwang served as Compliance Auditor at E-Frontier, Inc. from 2000 to 2014, and at Korea

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Urban Railway Association from 2009 to 2013, respectively. He worked as an attorney at the Attorney General’s Office in Massachusetts in the United States in 2005. He was also an investigation officer of Special Investigation Department at Seoul Central District Prosecutors’ Office of the Ministry of Justice of Korea from 1995 to 2000 and worked at the Korean Residents Union in Japan from 1994 to 1995. Mr. Hwang received an LL.B. degree from Tokyo University and an M.P.A. degree from Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Mr. Hwang also received an LL.M. degree from Boston University School of Law. Mr. Hwang is a member of the New York State Bar Association.

Doo Hyun Ryu has served as our Independent Director since March 2011. Mr. Ryu has been a Partner, the head of International Legal and Business Affairs Team and a branch manager of the Vietnam Office of Logos Law, LLC since May 2010. He also previously worked at Logos Law, LLC as a Partner from June 2001 to May 2008, a branch manager of the Vietnam Office from May 2006 to May 2008 and a branch manager of the Cambodia Office from December 2007 to May 2008. He has served as an arbitrator of the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board and Shanghai International Arbitration Center since June 2011 and March 2013, respectively. He was also a member of Legal Services Development Committee of the Korean Bar Association from March 2005 to March 2014. Mr. Ryu was a head of Management & Legal Department at Hyundai Card Co., Ltd. and Hyundai Capital Services, Inc. from May 2008 to April 2010 and a member of Information Department Committee at Hyundai Motor Group from June 2008 to April 2010. He worked as Compliance Officer of Financial Department of the Federation of Korean Industries from June 2008 to April 2010 and a member of the Special Committee for Revision of Credit-Specialized Financial Business Act at the Financial Services Commission of Korea from October 2008 to January 2010. Mr. Ryu was an Independent Director of Interactivy, Inc. from April 2007 to May 2008. He was a member of Korea IT International Cooperation Agency from August 2006 to May 2008 and a member of Readers Committee of the Korea JoongAng Daily from October 1999 to October 2000. Mr. Ryu is a member of the Korea Bar Association. Mr. Ryu obtained an LL.B. degree from Seoul National University. Mr. Ryu also completed an Advanced Economists Program at the graduate school of Economics of Yonsei University.

Jung Yoo has served as our Independent Director since March 2011. Mr. Yoo has been a Director at Merry Year International since October 2014, a Representative Partner of Samhasa GP since June 2007 and a member of the Board of Trustees of Euidang Foundation since August 2007. He was an Advisor of TCAD International, Inc. from March 2008 to March 2010 and an Independent Director of NHN Japan Corporation from September 2004 to April 2006. Mr. Yoo was a Managing Director of PCCW Japan Ltd., from June 2000 to March 2007. He was a Partner of Pacific Cyber-Venture Co., Ltd. from June 2000 to August 2002 and a Director of Techno-Venture Co., Ltd. from June 2000 to August 2002. Mr. Yoo worked at Credit Suisse Trust and Banking Co., Ltd. from August 1998 to March 2000, Bain & Company Japan, Inc. from August 1996 to May 1998 and SK Securities Co., Ltd. from September 1991 to November 1994. Mr. Yoo received a B.A. degree in East Asian Languages and Cultures from University of Southern California, an M.A. degree in Commerce from Waseda University and an MBA degree from INSEAD.

ITEM 6.B. COMPENSATION

We have not extended any loans or credit to any of our directors or executive officers, and we have not provided guarantees for borrowings by any of these persons. For the year ended December 31, 2016, the aggregate amount of compensation paid by us to all directors and executive officers was Won 579 million (US$481 thousand). At our general meeting of shareholders held on March 30, 2017, our shareholders approved an aggregate amount of up to Won 1,400 million (US$1,163 thousand) as compensation for our directors for 2017.

None of our directors or executive officers are compensated by any third party for their respective services rendered to us as required to be disclosed pursuant to NASDAQ Rule 5250(b)(3).

Under the Labor Standard Act and the Employee Retirement Benefit Security Act, we are required to pay a severance amount to eligible employees, who voluntarily or involuntarily terminate their

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employment with us, including through retirement. The severance amount for our officers equals the monthly salary at the time of his or her departure, multiplied by the number of continuous years of service. There is no severance benefit for our directors.

We maintain a directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy covering certain potential liabilities of our directors and officers.

ITEM 6.C. BOARD PRACTICES

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES

Our ADSs are listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market, and we are subject to the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules. However, as a foreign private issuer, Gravity is exempt from certain corporate governance rules that apply to U.S. domestic companies. NASDAQ’s corporate governance practice rules provide that a foreign private issuer may elect to follow its home country practices in lieu of the requirements under NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5600 Series, subject to certain exceptions and to the extent such practices are not prohibited by home country law. The following are the significant ways in which Gravity’s corporate governance practices differ from those followed by U.S. domestic companies.

• Under Korean law, we are not required to have a board of directors composed of a majority of independent directors. Our Board of Directors is currently composed of a total of 7 directors, three of whom are independent directors.

• Under Korean law, we are not required to have independent director oversight of director nominations or a compensation committee composed solely of independent directors with a written charter which includes specific responsibilities and authority of the compensation committee. However, we established a director nomination committee and a compensation committee in accordance with our articles of incorporation. Our director nomination committee and compensation committee are currently each composed of two non-independent directors and one independent director.

• Under Korean law, independent directors are not required to have regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present. However, our audit committee, which is composed solely of three independent directors, generally holds meetings once a month and whenever there are matters related to the financial results of the Company, related party transactions or other relevant matters. At such meetings, only independent directors are present without management.

• In lieu of the requirement that shareholder approval be obtained prior to an issuance of securities in connection with: (i) the acquisition of the stock or assets of another corporation; (ii) equity-based compensation of officers, directors, employees or consultants; (iii) a change of control; and (iv) private placements, as specified in NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5635, we require a resolution to be adopted at the general meeting of shareholders when necessary under Korean law, including, for example, if an issuance of securities is related to the acquisition of all or a part of the business of another corporation which significantly affects the business of the Company.

• In lieu of the requirement that copies of an annual report be delivered to shareholders within a reasonable time following the filing of the annual report with the SEC, our business report prepared under Korean law, and financial statements prepared in accordance with Korean GAAP, are made available to shareholders one week before the day of the annual general meeting of shareholders and presented to shareholders at the ordinary general meeting of shareholders. Moreover, such documents as well as our annual report on Form 20-F, once available, may be viewed at our principal or branch office by any of our shareholders making such a request and are also delivered to any shareholder making a request for delivery. Under Korean law, we are not required to prepare quarterly or interim reports. We furnish our quarterly financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP on Form 6-K with the SEC.

• Under Korean law, we are not required to solicit proxies nor provide proxy statements in connection with any general meeting of shareholders. For shareholders holding only our common

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shares, we do not solicit proxies from nor provide proxy statements to such shareholders. For holders of our ADSs, our depositary, The Bank of New York Mellon, provides proxy statements to, and solicits proxies from, such holders, which proxies will be voted by the Korea Securities Depository, or the “KSD,” on behalf of the holders at the general meeting of shareholders.

In addition, as a controlled company, as GungHo controls 59.3% of our outstanding voting power as of the date hereof, Gravity is exempt from certain corporate governance rules that apply to non-controlled companies. NASDAQ’s corporate governance practice rules provide a controlled company is exempt from certain corporate governance requirements under NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5605, subject to certain exceptions. As a controlled company, we are not required to have a majority of our board of directors be independent, nor are we required to have a compensation committee or independent director oversight of director nominations which meet the requirements set forth in the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules. We are relying on these exemptions as a controlled company.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Our Board of Directors has the ultimate responsibility for the administration of our affairs. Our articles of incorporation, as currently in effect, provide for a Board of Directors comprised of not less than three directors and also provide for an audit committee, a compensation committee and a director nomination committee. We currently have 7 members serving as members of our Board of Directors. The directors are elected at a shareholders’ meeting by a majority vote of the shareholders present or represented, which majority is not less than one-fourth of all issued and outstanding shares with voting rights, so long as not less than one third of all issued and outstanding shares with voting rights are present at the shareholders’ meeting.

Each of our directors is elected for a term of one year, which may be extended until the close of the annual general meeting of shareholders convened in respect to the last fiscal year of such director’s term. However, directors may serve any number of consecutive terms and may be removed from office at any time by a special resolution adopted at a general meeting of shareholders, which requires approval by the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting shares present or represented at the meeting and at least one-third of our total voting shares then issued and outstanding.

The Board of Directors elects one or more representative directors from its members. A representative director is authorized to represent and act on behalf of our company and has the authority to bind our company. We may have (i) one sole representative director, (ii) two or more co-representative directors or (iii) two or more joint representative directors. The powers and authorities of a sole representative director and any co-representative directors are exactly the same while the only distinction for joint representative directors is that they must act jointly (i.e., all of the joint representative directors must act together in order to bind the Company while co-representative directors may act independently). Currently our Board of Directors has elected Hyun Chul Park as our Representative Director. Under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, any director with special interest in an agenda of a board meeting may not exercise his voting rights in such board meeting.

Our Board of Directors has determined that Messrs. Jong Gyu Hwang, Doo Hyun Ryu and Jung Yoo are independent directors within the meaning of NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5605(a)(2).

COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Under our articles of incorporation, we currently have three committees that serve under our Board of Directors:

• the audit committee;

• the director nomination committee; and

• the compensation committee.

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Audit committee

Our audit committee was established in December 2004. The audit committee currently consists of the following directors: Doo Hyun Ryu, Jong Gyu Hwang, and Jung Yoo. All of the audit committee members are independent directors within the meaning of NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5605(a)(2) and meet the criteria for independence as set forth in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Exchange Act. All of our independent directors are financially literate and have accounting or related financial management expertise. Our Board of Directors has determined that Jong Gyu Hwang is an “audit committee financial expert,” as such term is defined by the regulations of the SEC issued pursuant to Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The audit committee is responsible for examining internal transactions and potential conflicts of interest and reviewing accounting and other relevant matters. Under the Korean Commercial Code, if a company establishes an audit committee, such company is not permitted to have a statutory auditor. The committee is currently chaired by Doo Hyun Ryu.

Director nomination committee

The director nomination committee consists of the following three directors: Kazuya Sakai, Kazuki Morishita and Jung Yoo. One of the three members, Jung Yoo, is an independent director within the meaning of NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5605(a)(2). This committee is responsible for recommending and nominating candidates for our director positions. The committee is currently chaired by Kazuya Sakai.

Compensation committee

The compensation committee consists of the following three directors: Kazuki Morishita, Kazuya Sakai and Jong Gyu Hwang. One of the three members, Jong Gyu Hwang, is an independent director within the meaning of NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 5605(a)(2). This committee is responsible for reviewing and approving the management’s evaluation and compensation programs. The committee is currently chaired by Kazuki Morishita.

ITEM 6.D. EMPLOYEES

As of December 31, 2016, we, not including our subsidiaries, had 185 full-time employees, 170 located in Korea and 15 located in Taiwan. The total number of employees decreased over the course of 2016 mainly due to the discontinuation of services for some games and headcount assessments conducted as a result of weak business performance. The following table sets forth the number of our employees by department as of the dates indicated:

	December 31,
	2014		2015		2016
Senior management		8		8		8
Finance		13		12		14
Marketing		33		32		48
Game development and support		174		163		115
Total		228		215		185

We do not have a labor union, and none of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements. We have a labor-management council for such employees as required under the Act on the Promotion of Workers’ Participation and Cooperation in Korea. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees and we have not experienced any significant labor disputes or work stoppages.

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In addition, as of December 31, 2016, our subsidiaries had the number of employees as set forth in the following table:

	December 31,
	2014			2015			2016
Gravity Interactive, Inc.(1)		29	{3}		27	{3}		27	{3}
NeoCyon, Inc.(1)		168	{9}		168	{9}		140	{9}
Gravity Games Corporation(1)		1	{1}		1	{1}		1	{1}
Gravity Entertainment Corporation		—			—			—
Total		198			196			168

Note:

(1) The number in {} is the number of employees (who are included in the total number) seconded from us.

None of the employees of Gravity Interactive, NeoCyon or Gravity Games is represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. Gravity Entertainment does not have any employees because it has no significant operations.

We have entered into a standard annual employment contract with most of our officers, managers and employees. These contracts include a covenant that prohibits the relevant officer, manager or employee from engaging in any activities that compete with our business during, and for six months after, the period of their employment with our company.

Under the severance payment plan that we have established in accordance with the Employee Retirement Benefit Security Act, employees with more than one year of service with us are entitled to receive a lump sum payment upon voluntary or involuntary termination of their employment. The amount of the benefit equals the employee’s monthly salary, calculated by averaging the employee’s daily salary for the three months prior to the date of the employee’s departure, multiplied by the number of continuous years of employment. As of December 31, 2016, we provided Won 104 million (US$86 thousand) to 84 employees as severance payment, being 100% of our severance liability as of such date.

Pursuant to the Korean National Pension Law, we are required to pay 4.5% of each employee’s standard monthly income to the National Pension Corporation. Our employees are also required to pay 4.5% of their standard monthly income to the National Pension Corporation each month. Our employees are entitled to receive an annuity in the event they lose, in whole or in part, their wage earning capability. Our employees can receive pension payments upon making a claim when they reach a certain age or lose all or part of their income due to disability, such as by receiving age pension payments when they reach the age of 60 after being registered for the national pension plan for at least 10 years and disability pension payments when a disease or illness acquired during the time they were registered for the national pension plan leaves a disability even after the disease or illness that originally caused the disability is cured. The total amount of contributions we, including our subsidiaries in Korea, made to the National Pension Corporation in 2014, 2015 and 2016 was Won 1,336 million, Won 1,229 million and Won 1,100 million (US$914 thousand), respectively.

ITEM 6.E. SHARE OWNERSHIP

None of our current directors or officers beneficially owns our common shares.

Stock option plan

Under our articles of incorporation, we may grant options for the purchase of our shares to certain qualified directors, officers and employees. Set forth below are the details of our stock option plan as currently contained in our articles of incorporation:

• Stock options may be granted to our officers and employees who have contributed or are qualified to contribute to our establishment, management and technical innovation. Notwithstanding the

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foregoing, no stock options may be granted to any person who is (i) our largest shareholder, (ii) a holder of 10% or more of our shares outstanding, (iii) certain specially related persons of the person set forth in (i) and (ii) above, or (iv) a shareholder who would own 10% or more of our shares upon exercise of options granted under the stock option plan; provided, however, that those who fall under the specially related persons upon becoming one of the officers of the concerned company (including part-time officers of the affiliated company) shall be excluded from item (iii) above;

• Stock options may be granted by a special resolution of our shareholders with the aggregate number of shares issuable not to exceed 10% of the total number of our then issued and outstanding common shares;

• Upon exercise of stock options, we deliver our common shares or pay in cash the difference between the market price of our shares and the option exercise price;

• The number of officers and employees subject to grant of stock options shall not exceed 90% of the currently employed officers and employees, and the stock option granted to an officer or an employee shall not exceed 10% of the total issued and outstanding shares;

• Stock options granted under the stock option plan, in case new shares are issued, have a minimum exercise price equal to the higher of (i) the market price of our shares calculated pursuant to the method under the Inheritance and Gift Tax Law and (ii) the par value of our shares, and in other cases, have a minimum exercise price equal to or higher than the market price of our shares calculated pursuant to the method under the Inheritance and Gift Tax Law;

• Stock options may be exercisable by a person who is granted a stock option and has served the Company for two or more years from the date of the special resolution of shareholders granting such stock options; provided, that stock options may be exercised by, or on behalf of, a person that dies, retires or resigns due to any cause not attributable to himself/herself before the completion of such two year period;

• Stock options can vest after two years from the stock option grant date and can be exercised up to five years from the vesting date; and

• Stock options may be cancelled by a resolution of our Board of Directors if (i) the officer or employee who holds the option voluntarily retires after being granted stock options, (ii) the officer or employee who holds the option causes material damage to us by willful misconduct or negligence, (iii) we are unable to deliver our shares or pay the prescribed amount due to bankruptcy or dissolution, or (iv) the occurrence of any cause for cancellation of stock options specified in the stock option agreement.

Each stock option confers the right to the grantee to purchase one share of our common stock at the exercise price. On December 24, 2004, our shareholders approved the implementation of our employee stock option plan and the granting of stock options under this plan to our directors, officers and employees. All the stock options granted on December 24, 2004 have expired. There are no stock options exercisable as of December 31, 2016.

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ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

ITEM 7.A. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS

The table below sets forth information known to us with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of March 31, 2017, by each person known to us to own beneficially 5% or more of our common shares based on 6,948,900 common shares outstanding. None of our common shares entitles the holder to any preferential voting rights. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder and includes the power to direct the voting or the disposition of the securities or to receive the economic benefit of the ownership of the securities.

Name	Number of Shares Beneficially Owned		Percentage Beneficially Owned
GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.		4,121,737		59.3	%

To the best of our knowledge, as of December 31, 2016, approximately 47.1% of our common shares were held in the United States (in the form of ADSs). Also to the best of our knowledge, we had approximately 1,108 beneficial holders of our shares (in the form of ADSs) in the United States as of December 31, 2016.

ITEM 7.B. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

As further disclosed in Note 16 of notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, we engage in transactions with our related parties, including our largest shareholder, from time to time, involving the sale of our products to, and the purchase of products and services from, such related parties.

Relationship with GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.

On April 1, 2008, GungHo acquired 3,640,619 shares of our common stock, which was approximately 52.4% of our total shares. On June 23, 2008 and June 24, 2008, GungHo acquired our ADSs representing 450,554.25 and 30,565.25 shares of the Company, respectively. As of April 21, 2017, GungHo beneficially owns approximately 4,121,737 shares of the Company’s common stock, constituting approximately 59.3% of the total issued and outstanding common shares. See ITEM 3.D. “Risk Factors—RISKS RELATING TO OUR COMPANY STRUCTURE—GungHo, the publisher of our games in Japan, our principal market in terms of revenues, is our majority shareholder, which gives them control of our board of directors.”

In July 2002, we entered into an agreement with GungHo, formerly known as OnSale, Inc., for the service and distribution of Ragnarok Online in Japan, which was renewed in September 2004, August 2006, September 2009, September 2012 and September 2015.

In December 2005, we entered into a software licensing agreement with GungHo for the right to publish and distribute Emil Chronicle Online worldwide, except for Japan, which was renewed in August 2010, August 2011, August 2012, August 2013, August 2014, August 2015 and August 2016.

In September 2006, we entered into a license and distribution agreement with GungHo for Ragnarok Online II in Japan, under which we received US$5,000 thousand from GungHo as license fees until the agreement was terminated in February 2016. We agreed to refund the US$5,000 thousand in initial payments received from GungHo in four equal payments by the end of December 2017, of which US$2,500 thousand has been refunded to GungHo as of April 21, 2017.

In August 2012, we entered into a co-development agreement with GungHo to develop Ragnarok Odyssey Ace for the PlayStation Vita platform, which was amended in January 2013, June 2013 and February 2017.

In August 2013, we entered into a co-development agreement with GungHo to convert Ragnarok Odyssey Ace into a PlayStation 3 version, which was amended in January 2014.

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Mr. Hyun Chul Park, our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Yoshinori Kitamura, our Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Operating Officer, Mr. Kazuki Morishita, our Executive Director, and Mr. Kazuya Sakai, our Executive Director, have been General Manager, Director and Executive General Manager, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer and Director of GungHo, respectively.

ITEM 7.C. INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 8.A. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

All relevant financial statements are included in “ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.”

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As of the date hereof, we are not involved in any lawsuit or other proceeding the outcome of which we believe may, individually or taken as whole, have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

DIVIDEND POLICY

Since our inception, we have not declared or paid any dividends on our common shares. Any decision to pay dividends in the future will be subject to a number of factors, including cash requirements for future capital expenditures and investments, and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant. We have no intention to pay dividends in the near future. Consequently, we cannot give any assurance that any dividends may be declared and paid in the future.

Holders of outstanding common shares on a dividend record date will be entitled, subject to applicable withholding taxes, to the full dividend declared without regard to the date of issuance of the common shares or any subsequent transfer of the common shares. Payment of annual dividends in respect of a particular year, if any, will be made in the following year after approval by our shareholders at the annual general meeting of shareholders or, if (i) an external auditor gives an unqualified opinion to the financial statement and (ii) all members of the audit committee unanimously agree, after approval by the Board of Directors, and payment of interim dividends, if any, will be made in the same year after approval by our Board of Directors, in each case, subject to certain provisions of our articles of incorporation and the Korean Commercial Code. All dividends may be paid in cash, by shares or by other properties (in-kind). See ITEM 10.B. “MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION—Dividends.”

Subject to the terms of the deposit agreement for the ADSs, you will be entitled to receive dividends on common shares represented by ADSs to the same extent as the holders of common shares, less the fees and expenses payable under the deposit agreement in respect of, and any Korean tax applicable to, such dividends. See ITEM 10.E. “TAXATION—KOREAN TAXATION.” The depositary will generally convert the Won it receives into U.S. dollars and distribute the U.S. dollar amounts to you. For a description of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of dividends paid to our shareholders, see ITEM 10.E. “TAXATION—MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS.”

ITEM 8.B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES

Not applicable.

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ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

ITEM 9.A. OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS

Common Stock

Our common shares are not listed on any stock exchange or organized trading market, including in Korea. There is no public market for our common shares, although a small number of our common shares are traded in off-market transactions involving private sales primarily in Korea.

American Depositary Shares

Following our initial public offering on February 8, 2005, the ADSs were issued by The Bank of New York Mellon, formerly known as The Bank of New York, as depositary and were listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market’s the NASDAQ Global Market, formerly the NASDAQ National Market, under the symbol “GRVY”. The ADSs were transferred to the NASDAQ Capital Market on November 26, 2014 where it continues to trade under the same symbol. On May 11, 2015, we effected a change of our ADS to common shares ratio from four ADSs to one common share (4:1) to one ADS to two common shares (1:2), which had the effect of a 1-for-8 reverse split of our ADSs. As of April 17, 2017, 1,640,647 ADSs representing 3,281,294 shares of our common stock were outstanding.

The table below provides the high and low trading prices for our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Market (prior to November 26, 2014) and the NASDAQ Capital Market (from November 26, 2014) for the periods shown. Each ADS represents two shares of common stock. For ease of comparison purposes, the trading prices for our ADSs prior to May 11, 2015 have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the ratio change.

	Price
Period	High		Low
	(In US$)
2012		27.76		8.64
2013		12.16		7.20
2014		10.32		4.08
2015		4.80		3.10
First Quarter		4.80		3.68
Second Quarter		4.16		3.25
Third Quarter		4.04		3.10
Fourth Quarter		3.96		3.10
2016		4.80		3.68
First Quarter		3.83		3.00
Second Quarter		5.49		3.08
Third Quarter		5.52		3.65
Fourth Quarter		15.14		4.5
October		12.74		4.5
November		15.14		9.31
December		11.77		9.75
2017 (through April 17, 2017)		39.00		10.48
First Quarter		39.00		10.48
January		22.69		10.48
February		39.00		19.00
March		36.50		17.70
April (through April 17, 2017)		21.92		18.07

ITEM 9.B. PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

Not applicable.

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ITEM 9.C. MARKETS

See ITEM 9.A. “OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS.”

ITEM 9.D. SELLING SHAREHOLDERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 9.E. DILUTION

Not applicable.

ITEM 9.F. EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

ITEM 10.A. SHARE CAPITAL

Not applicable.

ITEM 10.B. MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION

The section below provides summary information relating to the material terms of our capital stock and our articles of incorporation. It also includes a brief summary of certain provisions of the Korean Commercial Code and related Korean law, all as currently in effect.

General

Our total authorized share capital is 40,000,000 shares, which consists of common shares and convertible preferred dividend shares without voting rights (hereinafter referred to as “preferred shares”) each with a par value of Won 500 per share. Under our articles of incorporation, holders of preferred shares are entitled to dividends of not less than 1% and up to 15% of the par value of such shares, the exact rate to be determined by our Board of Directors at the time of issuance, provided that the holders of preferred shares shall be entitled to receive dividends at a rate not lower than that determined for holders of common shares. Under our articles of incorporation, we may not issue any class of shares which are redeemable.

Under our articles of incorporation, we are authorized to issue up to 2,000,000 preferred shares.

As of the date hereof, 6,948,900 common shares were issued and outstanding. We have not issued any equity securities other than common shares. All of the issued and outstanding shares are fully paid and non-assessable and are in registered form. Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, we may issue additional common shares without further shareholder approval. The unissued shares remain authorized until an amendment to our articles of incorporation changes the status of the authorized shares to unauthorized shares.

Objects and Purposes

Under Article 2 of our articles of incorporation, our purpose is to engage in the following businesses: (i) consulting regarding software and development and distribution of software; (ii) software and compact disc development and sale; (iii) development of info-communications related software; (iv) production, development, distribution, sale, and licensing of and consulting regarding digital contents including game software; (v) online network game service; (vi) development of software for application packages; (vii) computer program development and sale; (viii) software import and export; (xi) electronic transactions; (x) character merchandising; (xi) animation; (xii) real estate lease; (xiii) rest area restaurant business; (xiv) media-related business; (xv) printing and publication; (xvi) production and distribution of audio and visual records; and (xvii) all businesses auxiliary to the above.

Director’s Power to Vote in Interested Transactions

Our articles of incorporation prohibit a director of ours from exercising his or her voting right in respect of any interested transactions. The amount of compensation to be provided to our directors is

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subject to an approval obtained at the general meeting of our shareholders. Our articles of incorporation are silent on the borrowing powers exercisable by directors, and do not prescribe any age limit for directors. Directors are appointed through the general meeting of shareholders and an affirmative vote of the majority of the shares represented at the meeting and at least one-fourth of the total issued and outstanding shares is require required for a director’s appointment.

Dividends

We may pay dividends to our shareholders in proportion to the number of shares owned by each shareholder. The common shares represented by the ADSs have the same dividend rights as our other common shares.

In general, we may declare dividends at the annual general meeting of shareholders which is held within three months after the end of each fiscal year. However, in some cases, we may also declare dividends at a meeting of the Board of Directors, if (i) an external auditor gives an unqualified opinion to our financial statements for such fiscal year and (ii) all members of the audit committee unanimously agree, after approval by the Board of Directors. In addition we may declare any interim dividends at a meeting of the Board of Directors. All dividends may be paid in cash, by shares or by other properties (in-kind). However, a dividend in shares must be distributed at par value, and dividends in shares may not exceed one-half of the annual dividends.

Under the Korean Commercial Code, we may pay an annual dividend only out of the excess of our net assets, on a non-consolidated basis, over the sum of (i) our stated capital, (ii) the total amount of our capital surplus reserve and earned surplus reserve accumulated up to the end of the relevant dividend period, (iii) the earned surplus reserve to be set aside for the annual dividend period and (iv) unrealized gains (the amount of net assets stated on the balance sheet increased as a result of an evaluation of the assets and liabilities in accordance with GAAP, which is not offset by unrealized losses).

We may not pay an annual dividend unless we have set aside as earned surplus reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of the cash portion of the annual dividend, or unless we have an accumulated earned surplus reserve of not less than one-half of our stated capital. We may not use our legal reserves to pay cash dividends but may transfer amounts from our legal reserves to capital stock or use our legal reserves to reduce an accumulated deficit. If our legal reserves exceed 1.5 times our stated capital, the excess legal reserves may be reduced by a majority vote of the shareholders.

In addition to annual dividends, under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, we may pay interim dividends once during each fiscal year in case we earn more retained earnings as of the end of the first half of such year than the retained earnings not disposed of at the time of the general shareholder meeting with respect to the immediately preceding fiscal year. The decision to pay interim dividends shall be made by a resolution of the Board of Directors and is not subject to shareholder approval. Any interim dividends must be paid to the shareholders of record as of June 30 of the relevant fiscal year. We may distribute the interim dividend in cash, in shares or in other form of valuable property (in-kind).

The total amount of interim dividends payable in a fiscal year shall not be more than the net assets on the balance sheet of the immediately preceding fiscal year, after deducting (i) our capital in the immediately preceding fiscal year, (ii) the aggregate amount of our capital reserves and earned surplus reserves accumulated up to the immediately preceding fiscal year, (iii) the amount relating to the immediately preceding fiscal term which is confirmed at the annual general meeting of shareholders to be distributed as profit or paid, (iv) the amount of voluntary reserves accumulated up to the immediately preceding fiscal year for special purposes pursuant to our articles of incorporation or a resolution by our shareholders, (v) the amount of earned surplus reserves that should be set aside for the current fiscal year following the interim dividend payment and (vi) unrealized gains (the amount of net assets stated on the balance sheet increased as a result of an evaluation of the assets and liabilities in accordance with GAAP). Furthermore, the rate of interim dividends for non-voting preferred shares must be the same as that for our common shares.

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We have no obligation to pay any dividend unclaimed for five years from the dividend payment date.

Distribution of free shares

In addition to paying dividends in shares out of our retained or current earnings, we may also distribute to our shareholders an amount transferred from our capital surplus or earned surplus reserve to our stated capital in the form of bonus shares issued free of charge, or free shares. We must distribute such free shares to all our shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings. Since our inception, we have not distributed any free shares. We currently have no intention to make such distribution in the near future.

Preemptive rights and issuance of additional shares

We may issue authorized but unissued shares from time to time, unless otherwise provided for in the Korean Commercial Code, on such terms as our Board of Directors may determine. We must offer new shares on uniform terms to all shareholders who have preemptive rights and are listed on our shareholders’ register as of the relevant record date.

We may issue new shares pursuant to a board resolution to persons other than existing shareholders, who in these circumstances will not have preemptive rights, if the new shares are issued:

• through a general public offering, of no more than 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares;

• to the members of the employee stock ownership association;

• upon exercise of a stock option in accordance with our articles of incorporation;

• in the form of depositary receipts of no more than 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares;

• to induce foreign direct investment necessary for business in accordance with the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of no more than 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares;

• to the extent not exceeding 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares, to domestic or overseas financial institutions, corporations or individuals for the purpose of raising funds on an emergency basis;

• to certain companies under a joint venture arrangement with us; or

• in a public offering or the new shares are underwritten by underwriters for the purpose of listing such shares on any stock exchange, to the extent not exceeding 50% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares,

provided that, if new shares are allocated to persons other than existing shareholders, the company is required to provide notice to shareholders or make a public notice at least two weeks prior to the payment date of the subscription amount for such new shares.

We must give public notice of preemptive rights regarding new shares and their transferability at least two weeks before the relevant record date. We will notify the shareholders who are entitled to subscribe for newly issued shares of the deadline for subscription at least two weeks prior to such deadline. If a shareholder fails to subscribe by the deadline, the shareholder’s preemptive rights lapse. Our Board of Directors may determine how to distribute fractional shares or shares for which preemptive rights have not been exercised.

In the case of ADS holders, the depositary will be treated as the shareholder entitled to preemptive rights.

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General meeting of shareholders

We hold the annual general meeting of shareholders within three months after the end of each fiscal year. Subject to a board resolution or court approval, we may hold an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders:

• as necessary;

• at the request of shareholders holding an aggregate of 3% or more of our outstanding shares; or

• at the request of our audit committee.

We must give shareholders written notice or electronic document setting out the date, place and agenda of the meeting at least two weeks prior to the general meeting of shareholders. The agenda of the general meeting of shareholders is determined at the meeting of the Board of Directors. In addition, a shareholder holding an aggregate of 3% or more of the outstanding shares may propose an agenda for the general meeting of shareholders. Such proposal should be made in writing at least six weeks prior to the meeting. The Board of Directors may decline such proposal if it is in violation of the relevant laws and regulations or our articles of incorporation. Shareholders not on the shareholders’ register as of the record date are not entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of shareholders or attend or vote at the meeting. Holders of preferred shares, unless enfranchised, are not entitled to receive notice of or vote at the general meeting of shareholders.

A shareholder holding an aggregate of 1% or more of the outstanding shares may, prior to the shareholders’ meeting, request the court to appoint an inspector to examine the appropriateness of the meeting notice process and voting method.

The chairman of the shareholders’ meeting shall be appointed by the Board of Directors, and if the person determined by the Board of Directors cannot serve as chairman, the representative director shall serve as chairman. If the representative director cannot serve as chairman, then the vice president, senior executive director or executive director shall serve as chairman, in that order. If a general meeting of shareholders is proposed by a shareholder or shareholders holding an aggregate of not less than 3% of the outstanding shares, the court may approve such general meeting and may also appoint the chairman of such shareholders’ meeting upon request by the requesting parties or at its own discretion.

Our shareholders’ meetings are held in Seoul, Korea or other nearby areas as deemed necessary.

Voting rights

Holders of our common shares are entitled to one vote for each common share. However, common shares held by us (i.e., treasury shares) or by any corporate entity in which we have, directly or indirectly, greater than a 10% interest, do not have voting rights. Unless the articles of incorporation explicitly state otherwise, the Korean Commercial Code permits cumulative voting pursuant to which each common share entitles the holder thereof to multiple voting rights equal to the number of directors to be elected at such time. A holder of common shares may exercise all voting rights with respect to his or her shares cumulatively to elect one director. However, our shareholders have decided not to adopt cumulative voting.

Our shareholders may adopt resolutions at a general meeting by an affirmative majority vote of the voting shares present or represented at the meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of our total voting shares then issued and outstanding. However, under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, the following matters require approval by the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting shares present or represented at the meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of our total voting shares then issued and outstanding:

• amending our articles of incorporation;

• removing a director;

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• effecting a capital reduction (except any reduction in capital to make up for deficits);

• effecting any dissolution, merger or consolidation with respect to us;

• transferring all or any significant part of our business;

• acquiring all of the business of any other company or a part of the business of any other company having a material effect on our business (the “material effect” qualifier is applied to the acquisition of both the whole and partial business of any other company);

• issuing new shares at a price below the par value; or

• any other matters for which such resolution is required under relevant laws and regulations.

In general, holders of non-voting shares are not entitled to vote on any resolution or receive notice of any general meeting of shareholders. However, in the case of amendments to our articles of incorporation, any merger or consolidation, capital reductions or in some other cases that affect the rights or interests of the preferred shares, approval of the holders of such class of shares is required. We must obtain the approval, by a resolution, of holders of at least two-thirds of the preferred shares present or represented at a class meeting of the holders of such class of shares, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of the total issued and outstanding shares of such class. In addition, the Korean Commercial Code provides that a company’s articles of incorporation may prescribe conditions for enfranchisement of non-voting shares. For example, if we are unable to pay dividends on preferred shares as provided in our articles of incorporation, the holders of preferred shares may become enfranchised and may be entitled to exercise voting rights until the dividends are paid. The holders of enfranchised preferred shares have the same rights as holders of voting shares to request, receive notice of, attend and vote at a general meeting of shareholders.

Shareholders may exercise their voting rights by proxy. Under our articles of incorporation, the person exercising the proxy does not have to be a shareholder. A person with a proxy must present a document evidencing its power of attorney in order to exercise voting rights.

Holders of ADSs will exercise their voting rights through the ADS depositary. Subject to the provisions of the deposit agreement, holders of ADSs will be entitled to instruct the depositary how to vote the common shares underlying their ADSs.

Rights of dissenting shareholders

In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of all or any part of our business having a material effect on our business and our merger or consolidation with another company except a small-scale merger (as prescribed under Korean law) that leaves us as the surviving company, dissenting shareholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares. To exercise this right, shareholders must submit to us a written notice of their intention to dissent before the applicable general meeting of shareholders. Within 20 days after the relevant resolution is passed, the dissenting shareholders must request us in writing to purchase their shares. We are obligated to purchase the shares of dissenting shareholders within two months after receiving such request. The purchase price for the shares is required to be determined through negotiations between the dissenting shareholders and us. If an agreement is not attained within 30 days since the receipt of the request, we or the shareholder requesting the purchase of shares may request the court to determine the purchase price. Holders of ADSs will not be able to exercise dissenters’ rights unless they withdraw the underlying common shares and become our direct shareholders.

Register of shareholders and record dates

Our transfer agent, Hana Bank, maintains the register of our shareholders at its office in Seoul, Korea. It registers transfers of shares on the register of shareholders upon presentation of the share certificates.

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The record date for annual dividends is December 31 of each year. For the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to annual dividends, the register of shareholders will be closed for the period from January 1 to January 31 of each year. Further, for the purpose of determining the shareholders entitled to some other rights pertaining to the shares, we may, on at least two weeks’ public notice, set a record date and/or close the register of shareholders for not more than three months. The trading of shares and the delivery of share certificates may continue while the register of shareholders is closed.

Annual report

At least one week before the annual general meeting of shareholders, we must make our annual business report, auditor’s report and audited consolidated financial statements available for inspection at our principal office and at all of our branch offices. In addition, copies of such reports, financial statements and any resolutions adopted at the general meeting of shareholders will be available to our shareholders. Under the Korean Commercial Code and the Act on External Audit of Stock Companies, we are required to prepare non-consolidated and consolidated financial statements. In addition, the non-consolidated and consolidated financial statements are required to be approved at our shareholders’ meeting. However, the Board of Directors may, without a shareholders’ meeting, approve the non-consolidated and consolidated financial statements if (i) an external auditor gives an unqualified opinion to the financial statements and (ii) all members of the audit committee unanimously agree.

Transfer of shares

Except for the procedural requirements which obligate a non-citizen or non-resident of Korea to file a report to the relevant government authority of Korea at the time of acquisition or transfer of the Company’s shares, there is no restriction on the transfer or sale of our shares applicable to our shareholders or holders of ADSs under our articles of incorporation and relevant laws.

Under the Korean Commercial Code, the transfer of shares is effected by delivery of share certificates. However, to assert shareholders’ rights against us, the transferee must have his name and address registered on our register of shareholders. For this purpose, a shareholder is required to file his name, address and seal with our transfer agent. A non-Korean shareholder may file a specimen signature in place of a seal, unless he is a citizen of a country with a sealing system similar to that of Korea. In addition, a non-resident shareholder must appoint an agent authorized to receive notices on his or her behalf in Korea and file a mailing address in Korea. The above requirement does not apply to the holders of ADSs.

Under current Korean regulations, the KSD, foreign exchange banks, investment traders, investment brokers, collective investment business entities and internationally recognized foreign custodians may act as agents and provide related services for foreign shareholders. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer of shares by non-residents or non-Koreans. See ITEM 10.D. “EXCHANGE CONTROLS.”

Our transfer agent, Hana Bank, maintains the register of our shareholders at its office located at 72 Gukjegeumyung-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Korea. It registers transfers of shares in the register of shareholders on presentation of the share certificates.

Acquisition of our shares

Within the limitation of distributable profits, we may acquire our own common shares with the prior approval of the general meeting of shareholders (or by a resolution of the Board of Directors) after providing notice or making a public notice to all shareholders of the acquisition of treasury stocks. However, in limited circumstances such as in the case of a merger of our company or an acquisition by us of all of another company’s business, or in the case when a shareholder exercises his or her stock option, we may acquire our own common shares without making notice to all shareholders as above.

Under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, our Board of Directors can determine the method by which we dispose of any common shares owned by us. Except in limited

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circumstances, corporate entities in which we own a 50% or greater equity interest may not acquire our common shares.

Except for the procedural requirements which obligate a non-citizen or non-resident of Korea to file a report to the relevant government authority of Korea at the time of acquisition or transfer of the Company’s shares, there exists no provision which limits the rights to own our shares or exercise voting rights on our shares due to their status as a non-resident or non-Korean under our articles of incorporation and applicable Korean laws.

Liquidation rights

In the event of our liquidation, after payment of all debts, liquidation expenses and taxes, our remaining assets will be distributed among shareholders in proportion to their shareholdings.

Other provisions

Under our articles of incorporation, there exists no provision (i) which may delay or prevent a change in control of us and that is triggered in the event of a merger, acquisition or corporate restructuring, (ii) which requires disclosure of ownership above a certain threshold or (iii) that governs change in capital that is more stringent than required by the applicable laws in Korea.

We may issue bonds by a resolution of the Board of Directors. Our articles of incorporation permit the issuance of convertible bonds and bonds with warrants, but none have been issued.

ITEM 10.C. MATERIAL CONTRACTS

Since the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F on April 20, 2016, we have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described below or otherwise as described in ITEM  4. “INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY” or elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Lease Agreement dated December 31, 2016 between National IT Industry Promotion Agency and Registrant

On December 31, 2016, we entered into a lease agreement with National IT Industry Promotion Agency for our principal executive and administrative offices, with a total area of approximately 74,904 square feet, located on two floors of Nuritkum Square R&D Tower, 396 World Cup buk-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-795 Korea. The term of lease commenced on January 1, 2017 and expires on December 31, 2018, with an option to renew in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

ITEM 10.D. EXCHANGE CONTROLS

General

The Foreign Exchange Transaction Law and the Presidential Decree and regulations under such Law and Decree, or the “Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws,” regulate investment in Korean securities by non-residents and issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies. Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, if non-residents wish to acquire Korean securities, a report must be filed with the president of a foreign exchange bank or the President of Bank of Korea except for certain cases, provided, however, that under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, foreigners cannot acquire equity securities issued by certain designated public interest corporations in excess of a fixed limit, and under the Foreign Investment Promotion Law, foreigners are either not allowed or restricted in making an investment in certain industries.

Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, (i) the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, or the “MOSF,” may temporarily suspend payment, receipt or the whole or part of transactions to which the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws apply, or impose an obligation to safe-keep, deposit or sell means of payment in or to certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions, if the Korean government deems that it is inevitable to take such measures, due to the outbreak of natural calamities, wars, conflict of arms or grave and sudden changes in domestic or foreign economic circumstances or

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other situations equivalent thereto; and (ii) if the Korean government deems that the international balance of payments and international finance are confronted or are likely to be confronted with serious difficulty or the movement of capital between Korea and abroad brings or is likely to bring on serious obstacles in carrying out currency policies, exchange rate policies and other macroeconomic policies, the MOSF may take measures to require any person who intends to perform capital transactions to obtain permission from the MOSF or a person/entity designated by the public notification of the MOSF or to require any person who performs capital transactions to deposit part of the means of payment acquired in such transactions in certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions, in each case subject to certain limitations thereunder.

Filing with the Korean government in connection with the issuance of American Depositary Shares

In order for us to issue common shares represented by ADSs in an amount exceeding US$30 million, we are required to file a prior report of the issuance with the MOSF through the designated foreign exchange bank. No further Korean governmental approval is necessary for the initial offering and issuance of the ADSs.

Under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of common shares to be deposited in any given proposed deposit which exceeds the difference between (i) the aggregate number of common shares deposited by us for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial and all subsequent offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs), and (ii) the number of common shares on deposit with the depositary at the time of such proposed deposit. We have agreed to consent to any deposit so long as the deposit would not violate our articles of incorporation or applicable Korean law, and the total number of our common shares on deposit with the depositary would not exceed the sum of the aggregate number of common shares and any number of additional shares for which the depositary has received our written consent.

Furthermore, prior to making an investment of 10% or more of the outstanding voting shares of a Korean company, foreign investors are generally required under the Foreign Investment Promotion Law to submit a report to the Chairman of the Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency, or “KOTRA,” (including the head of the Trade Center, branch office and/or office designated by the Chairman of KOTRA) or the president of the foreign exchange bank (including the head of the branch office designated by the president of the foreign exchange bank). Subsequent sales of such shares by foreign investors will also require a prior report to the Chairman of KOTRA or the president of the foreign exchange bank.

Certificates of the shares must be kept in custody with an eligible custodian

Under Korean law, certificates evidencing shares of Korean companies must be kept in custody with an eligible custodian in Korea, which certificates may in turn be required to be deposited with the KSD if they are designated as being eligible for deposit with the KSD. Only the KSD, foreign exchange banks, investment traders, investment brokers, collective investment business entities and internationally recognized foreign custodians are eligible to act as a custodian of shares for a foreign investor. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with the requirement to have the certificates deposited with the KSD with the approval of the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in circumstances where such compliance is made impracticable, including cases where such compliance would contravene the laws of the home country of such foreign investor.

A foreign investor may appoint one or more standing proxies from among the KSD, foreign exchange banks, investment traders, investment brokers, collective investment business entities, internationally recognized foreign custodians and the Bank of Korea (only when related to a treasury bond, a treasury bill or a monetary stabilization bond which is or will be acquired by a foreign central bank, an international financial organization or a foreign government), and cannot have any other apart from those standing proxies to represent or act on behalf of them in order to exercise rights of acquired shares, or other matters connected thereto. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying

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with these standing proxy rules with the approval of the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in circumstances where such compliance is made impracticable, including cases where such compliance would contravene the laws of the home country of such foreign investor.

Restrictions on American Depositary Shares and shares

Once the report to the MOSF is filed in connection with the issuance of ADSs, no further Korean governmental approval is necessary for the sale and purchase of ADSs in the secondary market outside Korea or for the withdrawal of shares underlying ADSs and the delivery inside Korea of shares in connection with such withdrawal. In addition, persons who have acquired shares as a result of the withdrawal of shares underlying the ADSs may exercise their preemptive rights for new shares, participate in free distributions and receive dividends on shares without any further governmental approval.

A foreign investor may receive dividends on the shares and remit the proceeds of the sale of the shares through a foreign currency account and/or a Won account exclusively for stock investments by the foreign investor which are opened at a foreign exchange bank designated by the foreign investor without being subject to any procedural restrictions under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws. No approval is required for remittance into Korea and deposit of foreign currency funds in the foreign currency account. Foreign currency funds may be transferred from the foreign currency account at the time required to place a deposit for, or settle the purchase price of, a stock purchase transaction to a Won account opened at a foreign exchange bank. Funds in the foreign currency account may be remitted abroad without any governmental approval.

Dividends on shares are paid in Won. No Korean governmental approval is required for foreign investors to receive dividends on, or the Won proceeds of the sale of, any such shares to be paid, received and retained in Korea. Dividends paid on, and the Won proceeds of the sale of, any such shares held by a non-resident of Korea must be deposited in his Won account. Funds in the investor’s Won account may be transferred to his foreign currency account or withdrawn for local living expenses up to certain limitations. Funds in the investor’s Won account may also be used for future investment in shares or for payment of the subscription price of new shares obtained through the exercise of preemptive right.

Investment brokers and investment traders are allowed to open foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks exclusively for accommodating foreign investors’ securities investments in Korea. Through such accounts, these investment brokers or investment traders may enter into foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis, such as the conversion of foreign currency funds and Won funds, either as a counterparty to or on behalf of foreign investors, without such investors having to open their own Won and foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks.

ITEM 10.E. TAXATION

KOREAN TAXATION

The following is a discussion of material Korean tax consequences to owners of our ADSs and common shares that are non-resident individuals or non-Korean corporations without a permanent establishment in Korea to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected. A non-resident individual according to Korean tax laws means an individual who does not have an address or a place of residence in Korea for longer than a period of 183 days. A non-Korean corporation is a corporation whose headquarters and main office is located overseas and does not have a place of effective management in Korea. The statements regarding Korean tax laws set forth below are based on the laws in force and as interpreted by the Korean taxation authorities as of the date hereof. This discussion is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations which may apply to a particular investor, and prospective investors are advised to satisfy themselves as to the overall tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ADSs and common shares, including specifically the tax consequences under Korean law, the laws of the jurisdiction of which they are resident, and any tax treaty between Korea and their country of residence, by consulting their own tax advisors.

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Dividends on the shares or American Depositary Shares

Under Korean tax laws, the domestic source dividend income of non-resident individuals and non-Korean corporations means any profits or surpluses that are distributed by domestic companies or distributed in Korea. Therefore, dividends that are distributed to non-resident individuals and non-Korean corporations who own common shares of domestic companies are considered to be domestic source dividend income. The dividends provided to the holder of ADSs are also included in the domestic source dividend income as it is no different from dividends that are paid to a holder of common shares in the domestic companies.

With respect to the taxation of domestic source dividend income of a non-resident individual and non-Korean corporation, if there is no tax treaty entered into between Korea and the country of tax residence of the non-resident individual or non-Korean corporation or if the country of tax residence is a tax haven designated by the Commissioner of the National Tax Service of Korea (currently, only Labuan, Malaysia) and has not acquired prior approval of the Commissioner, we will deduct Korean withholding tax from dividends paid to such non-resident individual or non-Korean corporation (whether in cash or in shares) at a rate of 22% (including local income tax). If you are a resident of a country that has entered into a tax treaty with Korea and you are a beneficial owner of the dividends, you may qualify for an exemption or a reduced rate of Korean withholding tax according to the tax treaty. In this connection, if the party with whom the income has been provided exists as a paper company in order to receive the benefits of the tax treaty and there exists a separate beneficiary owner who is the real owner of the income (hereinafter referred to as the “Beneficiary Owner”) that is provided with income from dividends, tax will be withheld at source by applying the tax rate determined in the tax treaty entered into between Korea and the country of tax residence of the Beneficiary Owner. If the country of tax residence of the Beneficiary Owner and Korea has not entered into a tax treaty or in the case that such country is Labuan, Malaysia, tax will be withheld at source at a tax rate of 22% according to the Korean Corporate Tax Law.

Generally, in order to obtain a reduced rate of withholding tax pursuant to an applicable tax treaty, you must submit to us, prior to the dividend payment date, together with the request form to apply for the reduced rate, such evidence of tax residence as the Korean tax authorities may require in order to establish your entitlement to the benefits of the applicable tax treaty. If you hold ADSs, evidence of tax residence may be submitted to us through the depositary. See ITEM 10.E. “TAXATION—KOREAN TAXATION—Tax treaties” below for a discussion on treaty benefits.

In order for the beneficiary of dividends that is a corporation or an individual in Labuan to be qualified for a limited tax rate, the beneficiary must obtain an approval before such dividends are paid by submitting legal evidentiary documents that verify the country of tax residence of the beneficiary to the Commissioner of the National Tax Service of Korea along with a request for prior approval of tax withholding or the beneficiary may submit a request for correction to the responsible director of the tax office within three years of withholding tax at source.

Taxation of capital gains

Under Korean tax laws, capital gains from securities are triggered when a non-resident individual or a non-Korean corporation transfers his or its securities. Securities subject to taxation include shares and depositary receipts issued based on such shares and equity interests and all securities issued by domestic corporations. (However, in the case of bonds, the interests that are accrued during the holding period are taxable as interest income, and therefore, capital gains treatment is not triggered.)

In regards to capital gains tax originating from Korea, if there is no tax treaty entered into between Korea and the country of tax residence of the non-resident individual or non-Korean corporation or if the country of tax residence is a tax haven designated by the Commissioner of the National Tax Service of Korea (currently, only Labuan, Malaysia) and has not acquired prior approval of the Commissioner, capital gains earned by such non-resident individual or non-Korean corporation upon the transfer of our common shares or ADSs are subject to Korean withholding tax at the lower of (i) 11% (including local income tax) of the gross proceeds realized and (ii) 22% (including local income tax) of the net realized

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gains (subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of the acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs). However, in most cases where a tax treaty is entered into between Korea and the country of tax residence of the non-resident individual or non-Korean corporation, such non-resident individual or non-Korean corporation is exempt from Korean income taxation under the applicable Korean tax treaty with his or its country of tax residence. In this regard, if the party to whom the capital gains from securities are provided exists as a paper company in order to receive benefits of a tax treaty and there exists a separate Beneficiary Owner that is provided with income from capital gains, tax will be withheld at source by applying the tax rate determined in the tax treaty entered into between Korea and the country of tax residence of the Beneficiary Owner. If the country of tax residence of the Beneficiary Owner and Korea has not entered into a tax treaty or in the case that such country is Labuan, Malaysia, tax will be withheld at source at a tax rate (11% of transfer price or 22% of capital gains, whichever is less) according to the Korean Corporate Tax Law. See ITEM 10.E. “TAXATION—KOREAN TAXATION—Tax treaties” below for a discussion on treaty benefits. Even if you do not qualify for any exemption under a tax treaty, you will not be subject to the foregoing withholding tax on capital gains if you qualify for the relevant Korean domestic tax law exemptions discussed in the following paragraphs.

Aside from the benefits provided in the tax treaties, Korean tax law provides provisions on tax exemptions in regards to capital gains from securities when certain requirements are met. With respect to our common shares, you will not be subject to Korean income taxation on capital gains realized upon the transfer of such common shares, (i) if our common shares are listed on either the Market Division of the Korea Exchange or the KOSDAQ Division of the Korea Exchange, (ii) if shares are transferred through stock market, (iii) if you have no permanent establishment in Korea and (iv) if you did not own or have not owned (together with any shares owned by any entity which you have a certain special relationship with and possibly including the shares represented by the ADSs) 25% or more of our total issued and outstanding shares at any time during the calendar year in which the sale occurs and during the five calendar years prior to the calendar year in which the sale occurs.

Under the tax law amendments effective for capital gains recognized or to be recognized from disposition of ADSs on or after January 1, 2008, ADSs are viewed as shares of stock for capital gains tax purposes. Accordingly, capital gains from sale or disposition of ADSs are taxed (if taxable) as if such gains are from sale or disposition of shares of our common stock. It should be noted that (i) capital gains earned by you (regardless of whether you have a permanent establishment in Korea) from a transfer of ADSs outside Korea will generally be exempt from Korean income taxation by virtue of the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea, or the “STTCL,” provided that the issuance of ADSs is deemed to be an overseas issuance under the STTCL, but (ii) in the case where an owner of the underlying shares of stock transfers ADSs after conversion of the underlying shares into ADSs, the exemption under the STTCL described in (i) will not apply. In the case where an owner of the underlying shares of stock transfers the ADSs after conversion of the underlying shares of stock into ADSs, such person is obligated to file corporate income tax returns and pay tax unless a purchaser or a financial investment company with a brokerage license, as applicable, withholds and pays the tax on capital gains derived from transfer of ADSs, as discussed below.

Generally, to obtain the benefit of an exemption from tax pursuant to a tax treaty, you must submit to the purchaser or the securities company, or through the ADS depositary, as the case may be, prior to or at the time of payment, such evidence of your tax residence as the Korean tax authorities may require in support of your claim for treaty benefits. However, in order for the beneficiary of capital gains from securities who is a corporation or an individual in Labuan to be qualified for a limited tax rate, the beneficiary must obtain an approval before such capital gains from securities is realized by submitting legal evidentiary documents that verify the country of tax residence of the beneficiary to the Commissioner of the National Tax Service of Korea along with a request for prior approval of tax withholding or the beneficiary may submit a request for correction to the responsible director of the tax office within three years of withholding tax at source. See ITEM 10.E. “TAXATION—KOREAN TAXATION—Tax treaties” for additional explanation on claiming treaty benefits.

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Tax treaties

Korea has entered into a number of income tax treaties with other countries (including the United States), which would reduce or exempt Korean withholding tax on dividends on, and capital gains on transfer of, our common shares or ADSs. For example, under the Korea-United States income tax treaty, reduced rates of Korean withholding tax of 16.5% or 11.0% (respectively, including local income tax, depending on your shareholding ratio) on dividends and an exemption from Korean withholding tax on capital gains are available to residents of the United States that are beneficial owners of the relevant dividend income or capital gains. However, under Article 17 (Investment or Holding Companies) of the Korea-United States income tax treaty, such reduced rates and exemption do not apply if (i) you are a United States corporation, (ii) by reason of any special measures, the tax imposed on you by the United States with respect to such dividends or capital gains is substantially less than the tax generally imposed by the United States on corporate profits, and (iii) 25% or more of your capital is held of record or is otherwise determined, after consultation between competent authorities of the United States and Korea, to be owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons who are not individual residents of the United States. Also, under Article 16 (Capital Gains) of the Korea- United States income tax treaty, the exemption on capital gains does not apply if you are an individual, and (a) you maintain a fixed base in Korea for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year and your ADSs or common shares giving rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such fixed base or (b) you are present in Korea for a period or periods of 183 days or more during the taxable year.

On the other hand, the International Tax Coordination Law provides that in regards to taxable income, gains, assets, acts or transactions, when the holder and Beneficiary Owner is not the same, the Beneficiary Owner is considered to be the taxpayer who is subject to the applicable tax treaty. If one engages in activities to receive benefits of a tax treaty through having international transactions with a third party indirectly or conducts transactions with more than two parties, such activity is considered to be a direct transaction or a single transaction for which the tax treaty applies. Thus, if a non-Korean company or a non-resident individual establishes a paper company in a certain country for the purpose of receiving benefits of a tax treaty and tries to unreasonably receive dividends and capital gains from securities pursuant to a tax treaty between a certain country and Korea, the tax treaty that is entered into between the country of the residence of the Beneficiary Owner and Korea shall be applied.

In addition, even if a tax treaty provides for either an exemption from or reduction of the applicable income tax, the company or person paying dividends, interest, royalty or consideration for share purchase to an offshore entity established in a tax haven jurisdiction designated by the MOSF, must initially withhold the applicable tax on such income under the applicable tax law. In such case, by submitting documents that verify the country of tax residence of the Beneficiary Owner within three years from deduction of withholding tax to the public office for tax in Korea in order to request for correction, the difference between the amount of tax to which the tax rate of exemption and restriction in the tax treaty that the Beneficiary Owner qualifies for and the amount of tax that was withheld initially shall be refunded. If, however, the National Tax Service of Korea has granted prior approval upon application for an exemption or reduction of tax pursuant to a relevant tax treaty, such withholding requirement will not apply.

You should inquire for yourself whether you are entitled to the benefit of an income tax treaty with Korea. It is the responsibility of the party claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty in respect of dividend payments or capital gains to submit to us, the purchaser or the securities company, as applicable, a certificate as to its tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, we, the purchaser or the securities company, as applicable, must withhold tax at the normal rates. Furthermore, in order for you to claim the benefit of a tax rate reduction or tax exemption on certain Korean source income (e.g., dividends or capital gains) under an applicable tax treaty as the beneficial owner of such Korean source income, Korean tax law requires you (or your agent) to submit an application (in the case for reduced withholding tax rate, an “application for entitlement to reduced tax rate”, and in the case for exemption from withholding tax, an “application for tax exemption”) with a certificate of your tax residency issued

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by the competent authority of your country of tax residence, subject to certain exceptions (together, the “BO application”). For example, a U.S. resident would be required to provide a Form 6166 as a certificate of tax residency with the application for entitlement to reduced tax rate or the application for tax exemption, as the case may be. Subject to certain exceptions, where the relevant income is paid to an overseas investment vehicle that is not the beneficial owner of such income (an “OIV”), a beneficial owner claiming the benefit of an applicable tax treaty with respect to such income must submit its BO application to such OIV, which in turn must submit an OIV report and a schedule of beneficial owners to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of such income. In the case of a tax exemption application, the withholding agent is required to submit such application (together with the applicable OIV report in the event the income will be paid to an OIV) to the relevant district tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the payment of such income.

Inheritance tax and gift tax

Korean inheritance tax is imposed upon (i) all assets (wherever located) of the deceased if he or she was domiciled in Korea at the time of his or her death and (ii) all property located in Korea which passes on death (irrespective of the domicile of the deceased). Gift tax is imposed in similar circumstances to the above (based on the donee’s place of domicile in the case of (i) above). The taxes are imposed if the value of the relevant property is above a limit and vary from 10% to 50% at sliding scale rate according to the value of the relevant property and the identity of the parties involved.

Under the Korean inheritance and gift tax laws, shares issued by Korean corporations are deemed located in Korea irrespective of where the share certificates are physically located or by whom they are owned. If the tax authority’s interpretation of treating depositary receipts as the underlying share certificates under the 2004 tax ruling applies in the context of inheritance and gift taxes as well, you may be treated as the owner of the common shares underlying the ADSs.

At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaty relating to inheritance or gift taxes.

Securities transaction tax

The Securities Transaction Tax Act provides that a securities transaction tax shall be imposed on the transfer of share certificates or shares. The scope of taxable share certificates includes, with respect to share certificates transferred on or after January 1, 2011, rights arising from the acquisition of shares, shares prior to the issuance of share certificates, preemptive rights and subscription securities issued by corporations established under special laws (e.g., Agricultural Cooperatives Act) and depositary receipts (issued by depository of equity securities in a country other than the country of issuance, which describes the rights related to the relevant deposited securities) pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. However, with respect to the transfer of share certificates listed in overseas securities markets that are similar to the Korean securities market, such as the New York Stock Exchange or the NASDAQ Stock Market, or the transfer of share certificates to an underwriter in order to list such share certificates on foreign stock exchanges, such transfer is not subject to the securities transaction tax. The said Act provides that the types of share certificates that are subject to the securities transaction tax is a share certificate issued by a domestic corporation established according to the Commercial Act or a special act, or the share certificate or depositary receipts which are issued by a non-Korean corporation that are listed or registered in the securities market. Therefore, if you transfer common shares in a Korean corporation and the common shares are not listed in the securities market overseas, you will be subject to a securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.5%.

In principle, the securities transaction tax, if applicable, must be paid by the transferor of the shares or the rights to subscribe for such shares. When the transfer is effected through a securities settlement company, such settlement company is generally required to withhold and pay the tax to the tax authorities. When such transfer is made through a securities company only, such securities company is required to withhold and pay the tax. Where the transfer is effected by a non-resident without a permanent establishment in Korea, other than through a securities settlement company or a securities company, the transferee is required to withhold and pay the securities transaction tax.

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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following summary describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership or disposition of our ADSs and common shares as of the date hereof. The discussion set forth below is applicable to U.S. Holders (as defined below) (i) who are residents of the United States for purposes of the current Convention Between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea for the Avoidance of Double Taxation, as amended (the “Tax Convention”), (ii) whose ADSs or common shares are not, for purposes of the Tax Convention, attributable to a permanent establishment in Korea and (iii) who otherwise qualify for the full benefits of the Tax Convention. Except where noted, it deals only with our ADSs and common shares held as capital assets and does not deal with special situations, such as those of:

• financial institutions;

• regulated investment companies;

• tax-exempt organizations;

• grantor trusts;

• certain former citizens or residents of the United States;

• insurance companies;

• dealers or traders in securities or currencies;

• persons liable for alternative minimum tax;

• persons (including traders in securities) using a mark-to-market method of accounting;

• persons that have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar;

• persons that own (or are deemed to own) 10% or more (by voting power) of our common shares;

• persons who hold our common shares or ADSs as a hedge or as part of a straddle with another position, constructive sale, conversion transaction or other integrated transaction; or

• entities that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative and judicial interpretations thereof and the Tax Convention, all as in effect and available on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, or to different interpretation. This discussion is for general information only and does not address all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to specific U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or to U.S. Holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law. This discussion does not address any U.S. state or local or non-U.S. tax considerations or any U.S. federal estate, gift or alternative minimum tax considerations. The discussion below is based, in part, upon representations made by the depositary to us and assumes that the deposit agreement, and all related agreements, will be performed in accordance with their terms.

Persons considering the purchase, ownership or disposition of our ADSs or common shares should consult their own tax advisor concerning U.S. federal income tax consequences in light of their particular situation as well as any other tax consequences arising under the laws of any taxing jurisdiction. In particular, we believe that we were a PFIC during our 2008 through 2016 taxable years, and we expect that we will continue to be a PFIC during our 2017 taxable year. The U.S. federal income tax rules applicable to PFICs could have adverse consequences for U.S. Holders. See discussion under “PFICs” below.

As used herein, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial holder of our ADSs or common shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

• an individual citizen or resident of the United States;

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• a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

• an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

• a trust that:

• is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more United States persons as described in section 7701(a)(30) of the Code; or

• has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a United States domestic trust.

If a partnership holds our ADSs or common shares, the tax treatment of a partner generally will depend upon the status and the activities of the partner and the partnership. If you are a partner of a partnership holding our ADSs or common shares, you should consult your tax advisor.

American Depositary Shares

If you hold our ADSs, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, you generally will be treated as the owner of the underlying common shares that are represented by such ADSs. Accordingly, upon the exchange of ADSs for a U.S. Holder’s proportionate interest in our common shares represented by such ADSs, (i) no gain or loss will be recognized to such U.S. Holder, (ii) such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such common shares will be the same as its tax basis in such ADSs, and (iii) the holding period in such common shares will include the holding period in such ADSs.

PFICs

In general, we will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which:

• at least 75% of our gross income is passive income; or

• on average at least 50% of the value (determined on a quarterly basis) of our assets is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income.

For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents (other than rents and royalties derived in the active conduct of a trade or business and not derived from a related person). If we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% by value of the stock of another corporation, we will be treated, for purposes of the PFIC tests, as owning our proportionate share of the other corporation’s assets and receiving our proportionate share of the other corporation’s income.

The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually at the end of each taxable year and is dependent upon a number of factors, some of which are uncertain or beyond our control, including the value of our assets, ADSs and common shares and the amount and type of our income. In light of the nature of our business activities and our holding of a significant amount of cash, short-term investments and other passive assets we believe that we were a PFIC during our 2008 through 2016 taxable years, and we expect that we will continue to be a PFIC during our 2017 taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or common shares, you could be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences as discussed below. Once we are a PFIC for any portion of the period that you hold our ADSs or common shares, all of our subsequent distributions, and any subsequent dispositions by you of such ADSs or common shares, will be subject to the special tax rules discussed below, even after we cease to be a PFIC.

The PFIC rules described below could be avoided if an election to treat us as a “qualified electing fund” under section 1295 of the Code were available. This option will not be available to you because we do not intend to comply with the requirements necessary to permit you to make this election.

You are urged to consult your own tax advisor concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding our ADSs or common shares if we are considered a PFIC in any taxable year.

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Taxation of dividends

For tax purposes, the amount of any dividend paid in Won will equal the United States dollar value of the Won received calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date the dividend is received by you, in the case of our common shares, or by the depositary, in the case of our ADSs, regardless of whether the Won are converted into United States dollars. If the Won received as a dividend are not converted into United States dollars on the date of receipt, you will have a basis in the Won equal to their United States dollar value on the date of receipt. Any gain or loss realized on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the Won generally will be treated as U.S. source ordinary income or loss.

Subject to the application of the special PFIC rules discussed below, the gross amount of distributions on our ADSs or common shares (including amounts withheld to reflect Korean withholding taxes) will be taxable as dividends, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Such income (including withheld taxes) will be includable in your gross income as ordinary income on the day actually or constructively received by you, in the case of our common shares, or by the depositary, in the case of our ADSs. Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations under the Code. With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders, certain dividends received from a qualified foreign corporation may be subject to reduced rates of taxation. A qualified foreign corporation includes a foreign corporation (other than a PFIC) that is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States that the U.S. Treasury Department determines to be satisfactory for these purposes and which includes an exchange of information provision. The U.S. Treasury Department has determined that the current Tax Convention meets these requirements. A foreign corporation (other than a PFIC) is also treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid by that corporation on shares (or ADSs backed by such shares) that are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Our common shares generally will not be considered readily tradable for these purposes. Under the U.S. Treasury Department guidance our ADSs, which are currently listed on NASDAQ, will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. There can be no assurance that our ADSs will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. Non-corporate holders that do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which they are not protected from the risk of loss or that elect to treat the dividend income as “investment income” pursuant to section 163(d)(4) of the Code will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation regardless of our status as a qualified foreign corporation. In addition, the rate reduction will not apply to dividends if the recipient of a dividend is obligated to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. This disallowance applies even if the minimum holding period has been met.

Subject to certain conditions and limitations, Korean withholding taxes on dividends may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability. Instead of claiming a credit, you may, at your election, deduct such otherwise creditable Korean taxes in computing your taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. federal income tax law. For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit, dividends paid on our ADSs or common shares generally will be treated as income from sources outside the United States and generally will constitute “passive category income.” Further, in certain circumstances, if you:

• have held our ADSs or common shares for less than a specified minimum period during which you are not protected from risk of loss; or

• are obligated to make payments related to the dividends,

you will not be allowed a foreign tax credit for foreign taxes imposed on dividends paid on our ADSs or common shares. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under your particular circumstances.

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To the extent that the gross amount of any distribution on our ADSs or common shares exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits and subject to the special PFIC rules discussed below, the excess (including the amount of any Korean taxes withheld from the excess) will first be treated as a non-taxable return of (and will reduce, but not below zero) your tax basis in the ADSs or common shares to the extent thereof. Any remaining portion of the distribution will be treated as capital gain (which will be either long-term or short-term capital gain depending upon whether you have held the ADSs or common shares for more than one year). Consequently, such distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits generally would not give rise to foreign source income and you would not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any Korean withholding tax imposed on such distribution unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against U.S. federal income tax due on other foreign source income in the appropriate category for foreign tax credit purposes. However, we do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles and, therefore, U.S. Holders should expect that the entire amount of any distribution generally will be reported as dividend income. Further, distributions of our ADSs, common shares or preemptive rights to subscribe for our common shares that are received as part of a pro rata distribution to all of our common shareholders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. Consequently such distributions will not give rise to foreign source income, and you will not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any Korean withholding tax imposed on such distributions unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against U.S. federal income tax due on other income derived from foreign sources.

If you hold our ADSs or common shares while we are a PFIC

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or common shares, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” received with respect to our ADSs or common shares unless you make the mark-to-market election described below. Distributions received in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for our ADSs or common shares will be treated as excess distributions. Under these special tax rules:

• the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for our ADSs or common shares;

• the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

• the amount allocated to each other year will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

In addition, if we are a PFIC in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year, non-corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us.

There is a special set of foreign tax credit rules that apply to taxation under the excess distribution regime. These rules are complex and you are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding their application. In certain circumstances, in lieu of being subject to the excess distribution rules discussed above, a shareholder may make an election to include gain on the stock of a PFIC as ordinary income under a mark-to-market method provided that such stock is regularly traded on a qualified exchange. Very generally, a class of stock is considered regularly traded for any calendar year during which such class of stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Under current law, the mark-to-market election may be available for holders of our ADSs because our ADSs are listed on NASDAQ which constitutes a qualified exchange as designated in the Code, although there can be no assurance that our ADSs will be “regularly traded” for purposes of the mark-to-market election. Our common shares are not expected to be listed on a qualified exchange.

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Accordingly, the mark-to-market election may not be available for holders of our common shares. The remainder of this discussion assumes that the mark-to-market election will be available for holders of our ADSs and will not be available for holders of our common shares.

If you make an effective mark-to-market election, you will be required to include in each year as ordinary income an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of our ADSs at the end of the year over your adjusted tax basis in our ADSs. You will be entitled to deduct, as an ordinary loss each year an amount equal to the excess of your adjusted tax basis in our ADSs over their fair market value at the end of the year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. Your adjusted tax basis in our ADSs will be increased by the amount of any income inclusion and decreased by the amount of any deductions under the mark-to-market rules. If you make a mark-to-market election it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless our ADSs are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. You are urged to consult your tax advisor about the availability and consequences of the mark-to-market election, and whether making the election would be advisable in your particular circumstances.

Taxation of gains from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of our ADSs or common shares

Subject to the application of the special PFIC rules discussed below, you generally will recognize capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the sale, exchange, or other disposition of our ADSs or common shares in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized on the sale, exchange, or other disposition (without reduction for any Korean or other non-U.S. tax withheld from such disposition) and your adjusted tax basis in the ADSs or common shares. Your adjusted tax basis in an ADS or common share generally will be its United States dollar cost. The United States dollar cost of a common share purchased with foreign currency generally will be the United States dollar value of the purchase price paid on the date of the purchase or, if the common shares are traded on an established securities market and the investor is a cash-basis or electing accrual basis taxpayer, the settlement date. Subject to the application of the special PFIC rules discussed below, such capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain (taxable at a reduced rate for non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individuals) or loss if, on the date of sale, exchange, or other disposition, you have held the ADSs or common shares for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Capital gain or loss from the sale, exchange, or other disposition will generally be sourced within the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Any such loss, however, could be resourced to the extent of dividends treated as received with respect to such ADSs or common shares within the preceding 24-month period. Consequently, you may not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any Korean tax imposed on the sale, exchange, other disposition of an ADS or common share unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources. Any Korean securities transaction tax imposed on the sale or other disposition of our common shares or ADSs or common shares will not be treated as a creditable foreign tax for U.S. federal income tax purposes, although you may be entitled to deduct such tax, subject to applicable limitations under the Code.

Under the Tax Convention, a U.S. resident is generally exempt from Korean taxation on gains from the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ADSs or common shares, subject to certain exceptions. You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding possible application of the Tax Convention.

Medicare Tax

Certain U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates, and trusts must pay a 3.8% tax (the “Medicare Tax”) on the lesser of the U.S. person’s (1) “net investment income” or “undistributed net investment income” in the case of an estate or trust and (2) the excess of modified adjusted gross income over a certain specified threshold for the taxable year. “Net investment income” generally includes income from interest, dividends, and net gains from the disposition of property (such as the securities) unless such income or net gains are derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business (other than a trade or

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business that is a passive activity with respect to the taxpayer or a trade or business of trading in financial instruments or commodities). Net investment income may be reduced by allowable deductions properly allocable to such gross income or net gain. Dividends on, and gains from the sale or other taxable disposition of, our ADSs or common shares generally will be taken into account for purposes of determining your net investment income. Additionally, if we are treated as a PFIC, under U.S. Treasury regulations, if you include gains and losses in income under the mark-to-market election described above in “Taxation of dividends—if you hold our ADSs or common shares while we are a PFIC,” such gains and losses will be taken into account as gains and losses from the sale or other taxable disposition of our ADSs for purposes of determining your net investment income. If you are an individual, estate, or trust, you are urged to consult with your tax advisor regarding application of the Medicare Tax to your income and gains in respect of your investment in the securities.

Information Reporting Regarding PFICs and Specified Foreign Financial Assets

If we are a PFIC, unless an exception applies, a U.S. Holder would be required to file IRS Form 8621 for each year in which the U.S. Holder owns our ADSs or common shares, including any taxable year in which the U.S. Holder (i) recognizes gain on the direct or indirect disposition of our ADSs or common shares, (ii) receives certain direct or indirect distributions from us, or (iii) makes any of certain reportable elections (including a mark-to-market election). This requirement is in addition to other reporting requirements applicable to ownership in a PFIC. In the event a U.S. Holder does not file such form, the statute of limitations on the assessment and collection of U.S. federal income taxes of such U.S. Holder for the related tax year may not close before the date which is three years after the date such form is filed.

Owners of “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of US$50,000 (and in some cases, a higher threshold) may be required to file an information report with the IRS (on IRS Form 8938) with respect to such assets with their tax returns. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts maintained by foreign financial institutions, as well as any of the following, but only if they are held for investment and not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions: (i) stocks and securities issued by non-U.S. persons, (ii) financial instruments and contracts that have non-U.S. issuers or counterparties and (iii) interests in foreign entities. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of this disclosure requirement to their ownership of our stock.

If you are a U.S. Holder, you are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding the application of the PFIC and specified foreign financial assets information reporting requirements and related statute of limitations tolling provisions with respect to the ADSs or our common shares.

Reportable transactions

Under U.S. Treasury regulations, U.S. Holders that participate in “reportable transactions” (as defined in the regulations) must attach to their federal income tax returns a disclosure statement on Form 8886. You should consult your own tax advisor as to the possible obligation to file Form 8886 with respect to the sale, exchange or other disposition of any Won received as a dividend from our ADSs or common shares, or as proceeds from the sale of our ADSs or common shares.

Information reporting and backup withholding

In general, information reporting will apply to dividends (including distributions of interest on shareholders’ equity) in respect of our ADSs or common shares and the proceeds from the sale, exchange, or redemption of our ADSs or common shares that are paid to you within the United States (and in certain cases, outside the United States), unless you are an exempt recipient, such as a corporation. A backup withholding tax may apply to such payments if you fail to provide a taxpayer identification number or certification of exempt status, or fail to report in full dividend and interest income. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is furnished to the IRS.

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ITEM 10.F. DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 10.G. STATEMENT BY EXPERTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 10.H. DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY

We have filed this Annual Report on Form 20-F, including exhibits, with the SEC. As allowed by the SEC, in ITEM 19 of this Annual Report, we incorporate by reference certain information we filed with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this Annual Report. You may inspect and copy this Annual Report, including exhibits, and documents that are incorporated by reference in this Annual Report at the Public Reference Room maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the Public Reference Room. Any filings we make electronically will be available to the public over the Internet at the Web site of the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

ITEM 10.I. SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION

Not applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

In the normal course of our business, we are subject to market risk associated with currency movements on non-Won denominated assets and liabilities and license and royalty revenues and interest rate movements.

Foreign currency risk

We conduct our business primarily in Won, which is also our functional and reporting currency. However, we have exposure to some foreign currency exchange-rate fluctuations on cash flows from our branch in Taiwan and overseas licensees. The primary foreign currencies to which we are exposed are the NT dollar, the Japanese Yen and the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in these exchange rates may affect our subscription revenues or revenues from license fees and royalties and result in exchange losses and increased costs in Won terms.

As of December 31, 2016, we had NT dollar denominated accounts receivable of Won 5,998 million, which represented 50.2% of our total consolidated accounts receivable balance, Japanese Yen denominated accounts receivable of Won 1,080 million, which represented 9.0% of our total consolidated accounts receivable balance, and U.S. dollar denominated accounts receivable of Won 1,547 million, which represented 13.0% of our total consolidated accounts receivable balance. We also had NT dollar denominated accounts payable of Won 2,115 million, which represented 21.1% of our total consolidated accounts payable balance, Japanese Yen denominated accounts payable of Won 8 million, which represented 0.1% of our total consolidated accounts payable balance, and U.S. dollar denominated accounts payable of Won 4,290 million, which represented 42.8% of our total consolidated accounts payable balance. As these balances all have short maturities, exposure to foreign currency fluctuations on these balances is not significant. For example, a hypothetical 10% appreciation of the Won against the NT dollar, Japanese Yen and the U.S. dollar, in the aggregate, would reduce our cash flows by Won 221 million.

In 2016, Won 36,626 million of our revenue was derived from currencies other than the Won: primarily the NT dollar, Won 16,705 million; the Japanese Yen, Won 9,274 million; the U.S. dollar, Won 5,130 million; the Chinese Yuan, Won 2,322 million; and the Thai Baht, Won 2,262 million. A hypothetical 10% depreciation in the exchange rates of these foreign currencies against the Won in 2016 would have reduced our revenue by Won 3,569 million.

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As of April 21, 2017, we had no foreign currency forward contract outstanding. We may in the future enter into hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risks, but we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by Korean exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert the Won into U.S. dollar, Japanese Yen or Euro under certain emergency circumstances.

Interest rate risk

Our exposure to risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investments in short-term financial instruments and other investments. Investments in both fixed rate and floating rate interest earning instruments carry some interest rate risk. The fair value of fixed rate securities may fall due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. We do not believe that we are subject to any material market risk exposure on our short-term financial instruments, as they are readily convertible to cash and have short maturities.

Credit risk

As our cash and cash equivalents and short-term financial instruments are placed with several local financial institutions. Three different financial institutions are holding approximately 30.6%, 25.3% and 24.5% respectively of our cash and cash equivalents and short term financial instruments. We face a potential credit risk that the financial institutions may become insolvent and be unable to repay our principal and interest in a timely manner. While the management believes such financial institutions are of a high credit quality, it is difficult for us to predict the financial condition of the Korean banking sector and the financial institutions that manage our cash holdings. We may be materially and adversely affected by any widespread failure in the Korean banking sector caused by any economic downturn or volatile financial markets in the future.

The above discussion and the estimated amounts generated from the sensitivity analyses referred to above include “forward-looking statements,” which assume for analytical purposes that certain market conditions may occur. Accordingly, such forward-looking statements should not be considered projections by us of future events or losses.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

ITEM 12.A. DEBT SECURITIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 12.B. WARRANTS AND RIGHTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 12.C. OTHER SECURITIES

Not applicable.

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ITEM 12.D. AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES

Fees and Charges Our ADS holders May Have to Pay

The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of our ADS program, collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deductions from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.

Persons depositing or withdrawing shares must pay:	For:
$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs)	•  Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property
	•  Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates
$.02 (or less) per ADS	•  Any cash distribution to ADS registered holders
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs	•  Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities which are distributed by the depositary to ADS registered holders
$.02 (or less) per ADS per calendar year	•  Depositary services
Registration or transfer fees	•  Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw shares
Expenses of the depositary	•  Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement)
	•  Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADS or share underlying an ADS, including without limitation stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes	•  As necessary
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities	•  As necessary

Fees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to Us

The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary, has agreed to reimburse the Company for expenses they incur that are related to establishment and maintenance expenses of the ADS program. The depositary has agreed to reimburse the Company for its continuing annual stock exchange listing fees. The depositary has also agreed to pay the standard out-of-pocket maintenance costs for the ADRs, which consist of the expenses of postage and envelopes for mailing annual and interim financial reports, printing and distributing dividend checks, electronic filing of U.S. Federal tax information, mailing required tax forms, stationery, postage, facsimile, and telephone calls. It has also agreed to reimburse the Company annually for certain investor relationship programs or special investor relations promotional

115

activities. In certain instances, the depositary has agreed to provide additional payments to the Company based on any applicable performance indicators relating to the ADR facility. There are limits on the amount of expenses for which the depositary will reimburse the Company, but the amount of reimbursement available to the Company is not necessarily tied to the amount of fees the depositary collects from investors.

From January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016, the depositary waived fees for standard costs associated with the administration of the ADRs estimated to total US$46,451.42.

From January 1, 2017 to the date of this Annual Report, the Company received no reimbursement from the depositary.

116

PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2016. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2016 were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based upon criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) and concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016.

117

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting, as we are a non-accelerated filer exempted from section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As we established a local branch in Taiwan in November 2016, we implemented and operated (i) a period-end closing and financial reporting process and (ii) general information technology controls for the adequate preparation of the financial statements and effective internal control.

There have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2016 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. RESERVED

ITEM 16.A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Jong Gyu Hwang, our outside director, is an “audit committee financial expert,” as such term is defined by the regulations of the SEC issued pursuant to Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Mr. Hwang is an independent director as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act for purposes of the listing standards of NASDAQ that are applicable.

ITEM 16.B. CODE OF ETHICS

Pursuant to the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we previously adopted a Code of Ethics applicable to all our employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and all other directors and executive officers. We have adopted an amended Code of Ethics, applicable to all our directors and officers and employees, which was filed as Exhibit 11.1 to our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2005. The amendment was made to more clearly set forth the principles underlying the Code of Ethics in order to assist our directors, officers and employees in connection with their adherence to the guidelines for ethical behavior described in the Code of Ethics.

ITEM 16.C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees billed by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Korean network firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers and our principal accountant for the year ended December 31, 2016, categorized by the types of services provided and a brief description of the nature of such services.

	Year Ended December 31,
Type of Service	2016		Nature of Services
	(In millions of Won)
Audit Fees	W	440	Audit service for the Company
Audit-Related Fees		—
Tax Fees		—
All Other Fees		—
Total	W	440

118

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees billed by Deloitte Anjin LLC, or “Deloitte,” the Korean member firm of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited and our principal accountant for the year ended December 31, 2015, categorized by the types of services provided and a brief description of the nature of such services.

	Year Ended December 31,
Type of Service	2015		Nature of Services
	(In millions of Won)
Audit Fees	W	409	Audit service for the Company
Audit-Related Fees		—
Tax Fees		—
All Other Fees		—
Total	W	409

Pre-approval Policies and Procedures of the Audit Committee

Under our audit committee rules and policies, our audit committee or any member thereof, to whom approval authority has been delegated, must approve all audit services performed by our principal accountant after consulting our management.

ITEM 16.D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

ITEM 16.E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 16.F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

The disclosure related to this Item was previously reported, as that term is defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, in our Form 20-F filed on April 20, 2016, as amended on April 29, 2016.

ITEM 16.G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

See ITEM 6.C. “BOARD PRACTICES.”

ITEM 16.H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

119

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have responded to ITEM 18 in lieu of responding to this item.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Reference is made to ITEM 19 “EXHIBITS” for a list of all financial statements and related notes filed as part of this Annual Report.

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

(a)    Financial Statements filed as part of this Annual Report

The following financial statements and related notes, together with the reports of an independent registered public accounting firm thereon, are filed as part of this Annual Report:

	Page
Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2016		F-2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2015		F-3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016		F-4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016		F-5
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016		F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-8

(b)    Exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report

Exhibit No.	Description
1.1	Articles of Incorporation, amended as of March 27, 2012 (English translation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 000-51138) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2012)
2.1	Form of Stock Certificate of Registrant’s common stock, par value Won 500 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-122159) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 20, 2005)
2.2	Form of Deposit Agreement among Registrant, The Bank of New York Mellon, formerly known as The Bank of New York, as depositary, and all holders and beneficial owners of American Depositary Shares evidenced by American Depositary Receipts, including the form of American depositary receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1 of our Registration Statement on Form F-6 (file no. 333-122160) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 20, 2005)
4.1	Ragnarok License and Distribution Agreement, dated July 24, 2002, between GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. (formerly OnSale Japan K.K.) (licensee in Japan) and Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-122159) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 20, 2005)
4.2	Amendment to Ragnarok License and Distribution Agreement, dated September 23, 2004, between GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. (licensee in Japan) and Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-122159) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 20, 2005)

120

Exhibit No.	Description
4.3	2nd Renewal of Ragnarok License and Distribution Agreement dated September 29, 2006 between GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. (licensee in Japan) and Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.45 of our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 000-51138) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 29, 2007)
4.4	Amendment to the 2nd Renewal of Ragnarok License and Distribution Agreement dated September 29, 2009 between GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. (licensee in Japan) and Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.77 of our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 000-51138) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 1, 2010)
4.5	7th Amendment to the 2nd Renewal of Ragnarok License and Distribution Agreement dated September 29, 2012 between GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. (licensee in Japan) and Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.44 of our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 000-51138) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 26, 2013)
4.6	8th Amendment to the 2nd Renewal of Ragnarok License and Distribution Agreement dated September 29, 2015 between GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. and Registrant
4.7	Lease Agreement dated January 3, 2013, between National IT Industry Promotion Agency and Registrant (translation in English, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.48 of our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 000-51138) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 26, 2013)
4.8	Amendment to Lease Agreement dated May 1, 2013 between National IT Industry Promotion Agency and Registrant (translation in English) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.44 of our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 000-51138) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2014)
4.9	Lease Agreement dated December 31, 2014 between National IT Industry Promotion Agency and Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.51 of our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 000-51138) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2015)
4.10*	Lease Agreement dated December 31, 2016 between National IT Industry Promotion Agency and Registrant
8.1*	List of Registrant’s subsidiaries
11.1	Registrant’s Code of Ethics (amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.1 of our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 000-51138) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2006)
12.1*	CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2*	CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1*	CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2*	CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* Filed herewith

121

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

GRAVITY CO., LTD.
By:	/s/  Heung Gon Kim
	Name: Heung Gon Kim Title: Chief Financial Officer

Date: April 28, 2017

122

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2016		F-2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2015		F-3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016		F-4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016		F-5
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December  31, 2014, 2015 and 2016		F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-8

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and the Shareholders of

Gravity Co., Ltd.

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Gravity Co., Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers

Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers

Seoul, KOREA

April 28, 2017

F-2

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and the Shareholders of

Gravity Co., Ltd.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Gravity Co., Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Gravity Co., Ltd. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ DELOITTE ANJIN LLC

Deloitte Anjin LLC

Seoul, KOREA

April 20, 2016

F-3

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

December 31, 2015 and 2016

	2015			2016			2016
							(Note 3) (Unaudited)
	(In millions of Korean Won and in thousands of US dollars except share and per share data)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	W	24,909		W	16,720		$	13,890
Short-term financial instruments		11,500			22,000			18,277
Accounts receivable, net (including related party balances of W1,224 and W1,080, respectively)		5,289			11,819			9,819
Prepaid expenses		982			1,011			840
Other current assets (including related party balances of W37 and W36, respectively)		996			1,841			1,528
Total current assets		43,676			53,391			44,354
Property and equipment, net		882			593			493
Leasehold and other deposits		954			962			799
Other intangible assets		132			91			76
Other non-current assets		85			153			127
Total assets	W	45,729		W	55,190		$	45,849
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (including related party balances of W6 and W3,025, respectively)	W	2,971		W	10,033		$	8,336
Deferred revenue		4,997			9,689			8,049
Accrued expense (including related party balances of W7 and nil, respectively)		511			555			461
Other current liabilities		325			409			340
Total current liabilities		8,804			20,686			17,186
Long-term deferred revenue (including related party balances of W4,699 and nil, respectively)		6,600			4,096			3,403
Accrued severance benefits		123			104			86
Other non-current liabilities		210			210			174
Total liabilities		15,737			25,096			20,849
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 11)
Parent Company Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred shares, W500 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized, and no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2016		—			—			—
Common shares, W500 par value, 38,000,000 shares authorized, and 6,948,900 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2016		3,474			3,474			2,886
Additional paid-in capital		75,076			75,076			62,369
Accumulated deficit		(48,761	)		(48,511	)		(40,301	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		694			617			513
Total parent company shareholders’ equity		30,483			30,656			25,467
Non-controlling interest		(491	)		(562	)		(467	)
Total equity		29,992			30,094			25,000
Total liabilities and equity	W	45,729		W	55,190		$	45,849

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016

	2014			2015			2016			2016
										(Note 3) (Unaudited)
	(In millions of Korean Won and in thousands of US dollars except share and per share data)
Revenue
Online games—subscription revenue	W	7,962		W	6,521		W	23,065		$	19,161
Online games—royalties and license fees (including related party revenue of W8,034, W6,705 and W8,470, respectively)		13,093			11,010			12,867			10,690
Mobile games and applications (including related party revenue of W3,214, W2,639 and W2,080, respectively)		15,055			15,078			12,041			10,003
Character merchandising, animation and other revenue (including related party revenue of W193, W111 and W116, respectively)		3,779			3,051			3,423			2,844
Total net revenue		39,889			35,660			51,396			42,698
Cost of revenue (including related party cost of W315, W61 and W29, respectively)		34,188			30,282			29,995			24,918
Gross profit		5,701			5,378			21,401			17,780
Selling, general and administrative expenses (including related party expenses of W7, W8 and W10, respectively)		12,682			11,481			16,000			13,294
Research and development (including related party expenses of W277, W158 and nil, respectively)		4,847			5,277			1,973			1,639
Impairment loss on intangible assets and goodwill		1			5,849			5			4
Operating income (loss)		(11,829	)		(17,229	)		3,423			2,843
Other income (expenses)
Interest income		1,137			675			522			434
Interest expense		(11	)		(4	)		—			—
Foreign currency gain (loss), net		(152	)		256			(529	)		(439	)
Others, net		3			624			3			2
Income (loss) before income tax expense		(10,852	)		(15,678	)		3,419			2,840
Income tax expenses		10,147			1,351			3,240			2,692
Net income (loss)		(20,999	)		(17,029	)		179			148
Net income (loss) attributable to:
Non-controlling interest		(92	)		(64	)		(71	)		(59	)
Parent company	W	(20,907	)	W	(16,965	)	W	250		$	207
Earnings (loss) per share—basic and diluted:	W	(3,009	)	W	(2,441	)	W	36		$	0.03
Weighted average number of shares outstanding
Basic and diluted		6,948,900			6,948,900			6,948,900			6,948,900
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustment (“CTA”)
Foreign CTA loss		(156	)		(203	)		(77	)		(64	)
Reclassification adjustment for CTA		3			(624	)		—			—
Net foreign CTA loss		(153	)		(827	)		(77	)		(64	)
Comprehensive income (loss)		(21,152	)		(17,856	)		102			84
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
Non-controlling interest		(92	)		(64	)		(71	)		(59	)
Parent company	W	(21,060	)	W	(17,792	)	W	173		$	143

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

For the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016

	No. of Common Shares		Common Shares		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings (Accumulated deficit)			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Non-Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries			Total
	(In millions of Korean Won, except number of shares)
Balance at January 1, 2014		6,948,900	W	3,474	W	75,076	W	(10,889	)	W	1,674		W	(335	)	W	69,000
Comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		—		—		—		—			(153	)		—			(153	)
Net loss		—		—		—		(20,907	)		—			(92	)		(20,999	)
Balance at December 31, 2014		6,948,900		3,474		75,076		(31,796	)		1,521			(427	)		47,848
Comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		—		—		—		—			(827	)		—			(827	)
Net loss		—		—		—		(16,965	)		—			(64	)		(17,029	)
Balance at December 31, 2015		6,948,900		3,474		75,076		(48,761	)		694			(491	)		29,992
Comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		—		—		—		—			(77	)		—			(77	)
Net income (loss)		—		—		—		250			—			(71	)		179
Balance at December 31, 2016		6,948,900	W	3,474	W	75,076	W	(48,511	)	W	617		W	(562	)	W	30,094
	(Note 3) (Unaudited)
	(In thousands of US dollars, except number of shares)
Balance at December 31, 2015		6,948,900	$	2,886	$	62,369	$	(40,508	)	$	577		$	(408	)	$	24,916
Comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		—		—		—		—			(64	)		—			(64	)
Net income (loss)		—		—		—		207			—			(59	)		148
Balance at December 31, 2016		6,948,900	$	2,886	$	62,369	$	(40,301	)	$	513		$	(467	)	$	25,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016

	2014			2015			2016			2016
										(Note 3) (Unaudited)
	(In millions of Korean Won and in thousands of US dollars)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net Income (loss)	W	(20,999	)	W	(17,029	)	W	179		$	148
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Depreciation and amortization		5,617			4,763			516			429
Allowance for accounts receivable and other receivables		98			8			1			1
Impairment loss on intangible assets and goodwill		1			5,849			5			4
Impairment loss on property plant & equipment		4			—			—			—
Provision (reversal) for accrued severance benefits		(60	)		20			(19	)		(16	)
Loss (gain) on foreign currency transactions		(75	)		(129	)		419			348
Gain on disposition of property and equipment		(5	)		(13	)		(2	)		(1	)
Others		(3	)		(624	)		—			—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		265			24			(6,363	)		(5,286	)
Other assets		4,026			841			(879	)		(730	)
Accounts payable		(1,702	)		102			1,584			1,316
Accrued expenses		208			(283	)		40			33
Deferred revenue		(1,719	)		482			6,841			5,683
Income tax payable		(34	)		7			89			74
Deferred income taxes		8,673			—			—			—
Payment of severance benefits		(100	)		—			—			—
Other liabilities		(342	)		4			17			14
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	W	(6,147	)	W	(5,978	)	W	2,428		$	2,017
Cash flows from investing activities
Decrease in short-term financial instruments	W	45,005		W	52,000		W	43,000		$	35,722
Increase in short-term financial instruments		(41,500	)		(49,000	)		(53,500	)		(44,445	)
Decrease in short-term loans receivables		36			7			6			5
Purchase of property and equipment		(342	)		(418	)		(178	)		(148	)
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment		15			15			13			11
Decrease (increase) in leasehold deposits		330			(9	)		2			2
Others, net		(61	)		—			(10	)		(8	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		3,483			2,595			(10,667	)		(8,861	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Repayment of borrowings		(144	)		(117	)		(5	)		(5	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(144	)		(117	)		(5	)		(5	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(32	)		27			55			46
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(2,840	)		(3,473	)		(8,189	)		(6,803	)
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of the year		31,222			28,382			24,909			20,693
End of the year	W	28,382		W	24,909		W	16,720		$	13,890

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Description of Business

Gravity Co., Ltd. (“Gravity”) was incorporated on April 4, 2000 to engage in developing and distributing online games and other related businesses principally in the Republic of Korea and other countries in Asia, North and South America, and Europe. Gravity’s principal product, Ragnarok Online, a multiplayer online role playing game, was commercially launched in August 2002. On February 8, 2005, Gravity listed its common shares on NASDAQ in the United States by means of American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”).

Gravity has four subsidiaries. NeoCyon, Inc. and Gravity Games Corporation operate in the Republic of Korea, Gravity Interactive, Inc., operates in the United States and Gravity Entertainment Corporation operates in Japan.

On April 1, 2008, GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. became a majority shareholder by acquiring 52.39% of the voting shares from Heartis Inc., the former majority shareholder, and also acquired additional 6.92% voting shares on June 23 and June 24, 2008. As of December 31, 2016, GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. has majority ownership and voting rights (59.31%) over the Company.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Significant accounting policies followed by the Company in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are summarized below.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gravity and the following subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation.

Subsidiary	Year of Establishment		Year of Obtaining Control		Percentage of Ownership (%)
Gravity Interactive, Inc.		2003		2003		100.00
Gravity Entertainment Corporation		2003		2004		100.00
NeoCyon, Inc.		2000		2005		96.11
Gravity Games Corporation		2003		2010		85.50

Investments in entities where the Company holds more than 20% but less than 50% ownership or over which the Company has significant management influence are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and the Company’s share of the investee’s operations is included in equity method investments.

The Company recorded its initial investments at cost and records its pro rata share of the earnings or losses in the results of operations of the equity method investees.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting

F-8

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include useful lives of property and equipment, salvage values and recovery of property and equipment; recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets; valuation allowances for receivables, realization of deferred income tax assets, and estimated life cycle of game users. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used.

Risks and uncertainties

Industry and revenue

The industry in which the Company operates is subject to a number of industry-specific risks, including, but not limited to, rapidly changing technologies; significant numbers of new competitive entrants; dependence on key individuals; competition from similar products from larger companies; change in customer preferences; the need for the continued successful development, marketing, and selling of its products and services; and the need for positive cash flows from operations. The Company depends on one key product, “Ragnarok Online,” for most of its revenues.

During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, the Company generated 84%, 87% and 88% of its revenues from countries in Asia, respectively.

As of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. and LG Electronics Inc. were customers whose related accounts receivable and total revenues exceeded 10% of the Company’s total accounts receivable or total revenues. Proportions are as follows:

		2014						2015						2016
Country	Customer	Accounts Receivable			Revenues			Accounts Receivable			Revenues			Accounts Receivable			Revenues
Japan	GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.		25	%		28	%		23	%		27	%		9	%		21	%
Korea	LG Electronics Inc.		15	%		8	%		11	%		12	%		8	%		8	%

The amounts included within the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2016 are W1,080 million and W1,013 million from GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. and LG Electronics Inc., respectively.

Concentrations of credit risk

Cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments and accounts receivables are potentially subject to concentration of credit risk. Cash and cash equivalents and short-term financial instruments are placed with several financial institutions, of which approximately 30.60%, 25.34% and 24.54% of such amounts are held at three financial institutions, respectively, as of December 31, 2016. Accounts receivables are due from several payment gateway companies, of which approximately 45.53% of such amounts are due from one payment gateway company as of December 31, 2016.

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product or the service has been delivered or rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.

The Company derives most of its revenues from online game subscription revenue mainly from Ragnarok Online paid by users in Korea, Taiwan, the United States and Canada, and royalties and license fees paid by the licensees of the Company in overseas markets.

F-9

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Online games—subscription revenue

Players can access certain games free of charge, but may purchase game points to acquire in-game premium features. Subscription revenue consists of revenues from (i) micro-transactions, (ii) subscription fees from Internet cafés and (iii) premium services for individual PC users. Micro-transaction fees for consumable in-game items are deferred when such in-game items are purchased by users and recognized as revenue when the purchased in-game items are used in the games while those for permanent in-game items are recognized ratably as revenues over the estimated life cycle of game users. Micro-transaction fees for in-game items with limited time period are deferred and recognized as revenue in proportion to the number of days lapsed. All online game subscription fees and premium service fees are prepaid. Prepaid subscription fees from Internet cafés are deferred and recognized as revenue on a monthly basis based on actual hours used. Prepaid premium service fees from individual PC users are deferred and recognized as revenue on a monthly basis in proportion to the number of days lapsed.

Online games—royalties and license fees

The Company licenses the right to develop, sell and distribute its games in exchange for an initial prepaid license fee and guaranteed minimum royalty payments. The prepaid license fee revenues are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized ratably over the license period. If license agreements are renewed upon expiration of their terms, renewed license fees are deferred and recognized ratably over the new license period.

The Company generally provides its licensees with minimal post-contract customer support on its software products, consisting of technical support and occasional unspecified upgrades, or enhancements during the contract term. The estimated costs of providing such support are insignificant and sufficient vendor-specific evidence does not exist to allocate the revenue from software and related integration projects to the separate elements of such projects, therefore all license revenue is recognized ratably over the life of the contract.

The guaranteed minimum royalty payments are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as the royalties are earned. In addition, the Company receives a royalty payment based on a specified percentage of the licensees’ sales, including game item revenues. These royalties that exceed the guaranteed minimum royalty are recognized on a monthly basis, as the related revenues are earned by the licenses.

Mobile games and applications revenue

Mobile games and applications revenue consists of (i) revenues from micro-transactions that users pay in cases where the Company directly provides mobile games services to users, such as in Korea and Taiwan; (ii) license fees and/or guaranteed minimum royalty payments, and royalty revenues from the Company’s licensees to which it licenses the right to market and distribute its mobile games in overseas countries; (iii) contract prices, which are related to various development services and products provided by the Company to third parties, such as developing games embedded in mobile phones, mobile applications, and sound for mobile phones and appliances; (iv) revenues from mobile games operation service for third parties; and (v) revenues from third parties that license the Company’s original intellectual property to develop and distribute mobile games.

Micro-transaction fees for in-game items are deferred when such in-game items are purchased by users and recognized ratably as revenues over the estimated life cycle of game users. License fees are deferred and recognized ratably as revenue over the license period. Royalty revenues are based on an

F-10

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

agreed percentage of each of the licensees’ revenues based on the licensees’ sales from mobile games. Intellectual property royalty revenues from third parties including any guaranteed minimum amounts are recognized ratably as revenue over the terms of the license agreement. Contract prices are recognized when the products or services have been delivered or rendered and the customers can begin use in accordance with the contractual terms. Revenues from mobile games operation service are based on an agreed percentage of each of the licensors’ revenues based on the licensor’s sales from the mobile games the Company operates on their behalf and recognized on a monthly basis after the licensor confirms its revenues based on the licensor’s sales from the relevant mobile games during the month.

Mobile application development service revenues are recognized by measuring progress-to-completion under the percentage-of-completion method. If the Company does not have a sufficient basis to measure progress towards completion, revenues are recognized when it receives final acceptance from the customer that the services have been completed.

Character merchandising, animation and other revenue

Character merchandising, animation and other revenue consists of revenue from sales of console games, game character merchandising, animation and other services, including sales of goods related to mobile phones and website development and operation services for third parties.

Revenue from sales of console games is derived from a specified percentage of the publisher’s sales after deductibles, including payments to the platform holder and others, and recognized on a quarterly basis as they are earned by the publisher. Royalty payments from game character merchandising are recognized on a quarterly basis as they are earned by the licensee. Contract prices for the Company’s services provided to third parties are recognized when the products or services have been delivered or rendered and the customers can begin their use in accordance with the contractual terms.

The Company also sells goods related to mobile phones, such as accessories or provides contracted services, which is recorded in other revenue. The Company records these sales of goods when delivery has occurred and collectability of the fixed or determinable sales price is reasonably assured.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and time deposits with maturities of three months or less when acquired.

Short-term financial instruments

Short-term financial instruments primarily include time deposits placed with financial institutions which have an original maturity of greater than three months but less than one year.

Allowance for doubtful accounts

The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts based upon the following information: an aging analysis of existing accounts receivable, historical write-off experience, repayment patterns, creditworthiness of its customers, and industry trend analysis.

The payment processing service providers are responsible for remitting to the Company the full subscription revenues generated in Korea after deducting their fixed service fees and charges, which range from approximately 1.4% to 15% and risk of loss or delinquencies are borne by such payment processing service providers.

F-11

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Computer and equipment	4 years
Furniture and fixtures	4 years
Software	3 years
Vehicles	4 years

Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets or the lease term, whichever is shorter.

Routine maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures which enhance the value or extend the useful lives of the related assets are capitalized.

Depreciation for property and equipment is allocated to cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses or research and development expenses.

Accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets

Definite-lived tangible and intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life according to the nature and characteristics of each asset. The Company continually evaluates the reasonableness of the useful lives of these assets.

The Company reviews property and equipment and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value.

Intangible assets

Capitalized software development costs—online game development costs

The Company capitalizes certain software development costs relating to online games that will be distributed through subscriptions or licenses. The Company accounts for software development costs in accordance with ASC 985, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed. Software development costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility are expensed when incurred and are included in research and development expense. Once a software product has reached technological feasibility, then all subsequent software development costs for that product are capitalized until the product is commercially launched. Technological feasibility is evaluated on a product-by-product basis, but typically occurs when the online game has a proven ability to operate on a multiplayer level for a large number of users. Technological feasibility of a product encompasses both technical design documentation and game design documentation.

The Company amortizes capitalized software development costs relating to games and records such costs as a component of cost of revenues. Amortization is determined based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. If that pattern cannot be reliably determined, the straight-line method is used over the remaining estimated economic life of the game. Amortization starts when a game is available for general release to public users. The Company

F-12

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

continually evaluates the reasonableness of the economic life of the capitalized software development costs based on the average life cycle of the games whenever each new game is commercially launched or acquired.

Capitalized software development costs for games, net of accumulated amortization and impairment, at December 31, 2015 and 2016 were nil. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were W3,990 million, W3,948 million and nil, respectively.

The Company evaluates the recoverability of capitalized software development costs on a product-by-product basis. The recoverability of capitalized software development costs is evaluated based on the expected performance of the specific products to which the costs relate. Criteria used to evaluate expected product performance include: historical performance of comparable products using comparable technology; orders for the product prior to its release; and estimated performance of a sequel product based on the performance of the product on which the sequel is based. Capitalized costs for those products that are cancelled are expensed in the period of cancellation. In addition, an impairment loss shall be recorded when management’s forecast for a particular game indicates that unamortized capitalized costs exceed the net realizable value of that asset. Significant management judgments and estimates are utilized in the assessment of when technological feasibility is established, as well as in the ongoing assessment of the recoverability of capitalized costs. In evaluating the recoverability of capitalized costs, the assessment of expected product performance utilizes forecasted sales amounts and estimates of additional development costs to be incurred. If revised forecasted or actual product sales are changed from the original forecasted amounts utilized in the initial recoverability analysis, the actual impairment charge may be larger than originally estimated in any given period.

Impairment losses on capitalized software development cost for games for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were W4,605 million and nil, respectively.

Capitalized software development costs—website and internal use software development costs

The Company accounts for website and internal use software development cost in accordance with ASC 340, Internal Use Software. For website and internally used software development costs, the Company expenses all costs that are incurred in connection with the planning and implementation phases of development and costs that are associated with repair or maintenance of the existing websites and software. Costs incurred in the development phase are capitalized and amortized over the estimated product life.

Research and development costs

Research and development expenses consist primarily of payroll and other overhead expenses which are all expensed as incurred (i) until technological feasibility of an online game is reached or (ii) until commercial operation of a mobile game commences. Once technological feasibility of an online game is reached, these costs are capitalized and, once commercial operation commences, amortized as cost of revenues.

Goodwill

Goodwill is accounted for under ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, which requires that goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but instead be tested at least annually for impairment, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of these assets below their carrying amount. Such an event would include unfavorable variances from established business plans, significant changes in forecasted results or volatility inherent to external markets and industries, which are periodically reviewed by the Company’s management.

F-13

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Specifically, qualitative factors are assessed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. In evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the relevant events and circumstances are assessed. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, it is determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a two-step process of the goodwill impairment test is not performed. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test is performed. The first step of the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The second step of the goodwill impairment test compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized immediately in an amount equal to that excess. The goodwill impairment test is carried out at the reporting unit, which is either an operating division or a subdivision, for which stand-alone financial information is available to the management personnel of such division or subdivision for evaluating operating results.

When performing goodwill impairment testing, the fair values of reporting units are determined based on valuation techniques using the best available information, primarily discounted cash flow projections. The Company makes significant assumptions and estimates about the extent and timing of future cash flows and discount rates that represent unobservable inputs into valuation methodologies.

Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) technology

Acquired IPR&D assets are considered indefinite-lived intangible assets and are not subject to amortization. An IPR&D asset must be tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the IPR&D asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the IPR&D asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss must be recognized in an amount equal to that excess. After an impairment loss is recognized, the adjusted carrying amount of the IPR&D asset will be its new accounting basis. Subsequent reversal of a previously recognized impairment loss is prohibited. The initial determination and subsequent evaluation for impairment of the IPR&D asset requires management to make significant judgments and estimates. Once an IPR&D project has been completed, the useful life of the IPR&D asset is determined and amortized accordingly. If an IPR&D project has been abandoned, it is immediately expensed.

The Company’s intangible assets other than capitalized software development costs and goodwill are remeasured at fair value only if an impairment charge is recognized. The Company uses unobservable inputs to the valuation methodologies that were significant to the fair value measurements, and the valuations required management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices.

Advertising

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense was W1,614 million, W1,882 million and W2,411 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

F-14

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Accrued severance benefits and pension plan

Certain employees and directors in Korea with one year or more of service are entitled to receive a lump-sum payment upon termination of their employment with the Company based on the length of service and rate of pay at the time of termination. Accrued severance benefits are estimated assuming all eligible employees were to terminate their employment at the balance sheet date in compliance with relevant laws in Korea. The annual severance benefits expense charged to operations is calculated based upon the net change in the accrued severance benefits payable at the balance sheet date based on the guidance of ASC 715, Compensation—Retirement Benefits.

Gravity and NeoCyon introduced a defined contribution pension plan in 2005 and 2011, respectively, and provide an individual account for each participant. A plan’s defined contributions to an individual’s account are to be made for periods in which that individual renders services, the net pension cost for a period shall be the contribution called for in that period.

Foreign currency translation

The Korean parent company and its subsidiaries use their local currencies as their functional currencies. The financial statements of the subsidiaries in functional currencies other than the Korean Won are translated into the Korean Won in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. All assets and liabilities of the foreign subsidiaries are translated into the Korean Won at the exchange rate in effect at the end of the period, and capital accounts are determined to be of a permanent nature and are therefore translated using historical exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the period. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are reflected in the cumulative translation adjustment account, reported as a separate component of comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity.

Foreign currency transactions

Net gains and losses resulting from foreign exchange transactions are included in foreign currency income (losses) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under ASC 740, income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are determined based upon differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at currently enacted statutory tax rates for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.

A valuation allowance is provided on deferred income tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The total income tax provision includes current tax expenses under applicable tax regulations and the change in the balance of deferred income tax assets and liabilities.

The Company follows ASC 740, Income Taxes, which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. This standard also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The evaluation of a tax position in accordance with this standard is a two-step process. In the first step, recognition, the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The second step addresses measurement of a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not criteria. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that has a likelihood of greater than 50 percent of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

F-15

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Differences between tax positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the financial statements will generally result in (a) an increase in a liability for income taxes payable or a reduction of an income tax refund receivable, (b) a reduction in a deferred income tax asset or an increase in a deferred income tax liability or (c) both (a) and (b). Interest and penalty recognized related to uncertain tax positions are recorded as a component of income tax expense.

Segment Reporting

An operating segment is defined as a component of a company that engages in business activities for which discrete financial information is available, that is regularly reviewed by the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance. In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, the Company currently operates and manages its business as several operating and reportable segments (See Note 15).

Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, with respect to assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and nonrecurring basis. Under the standard, fair value is defined as the exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset and liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, a fair value hierarchy has been established that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

• Level 1—Quoted prices in active exchange markets involving identical assets or liabilities.

• Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

• Level 3—Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management estimates of assumptions and inputs using a binomial lattice model as the valuation technique.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments for which the determination of fair value is practicable. The fair values of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, accounts receivable and other current assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities approximate carrying values due to the short maturity of these instruments.

Earnings (losses) per share

Basic earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for all periods. Diluted earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net earnings (losses) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, increased by common stock equivalents. However, for each of three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, there has been no common stock equivalent.

F-16

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Recent accounting pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as a new Topic, Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606. The new revenue recognition standard relates to revenue from contracts with customers, which, along with amendments issued in 2015 and 2016, will supersede nearly all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminate industry-specific guidance. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The standard, as amended, will be effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting period within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. The standard provides for either full retrospective adoption or a modified retrospective adoption by which it is applied only to the most current period presented. The Company has not yet selected a transition method.

The Company is in initial stages of evaluating the impact of the new standard on its accounting policies, processes, and system requirements. While the Company is continuing to assess all potential impacts of this standard, the Company currently believes that the most significant impact relates to its accounting for the revenues from long-term contracts. The actual treatment required under the standard may vary based on specific contract terms and therefore, the amounts of impact on historical financial statements are not yet determined.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, an amended standard, requiring that the Company classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as non-current on the balance sheet instead of separating deferred taxes into current and non-current. The amended standard is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2017. The amended standard may be adopted on either a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which revises the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and the presentation of certain fair value changes in financial liabilities measured at fair value. This standard is effective beginning January 1, 2018 with early adoption permitted and the Company is evaluating whether the Company will elect to early adopt these provisions. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, replacing existing lease accounting guidance. The new standard introduces a lessee model that would require entities to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, but recognize expenses on their income statements in a manner similar to current accounting. The ASU does not make fundamental changes to existing lessor accounting. However, it modifies what qualifies as a sales-type and direct financing lease and related accounting and aligns a number of the underlying principles with those of the new revenue standard, ASU No. 2014-09, such as evaluating how collectability should be considered and determining when profit can be recognized. The guidance eliminates existing real estate-specific provisions and requires expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The standard requires modified retrospective transition by which it is applied at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the year of adoption. This standard will be effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting period within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently assessing this ASU’s impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

F-17

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The standard provides guidance in a number of situations including, among others, settlement of zero-coupon bonds, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and distributions received from equity method investees. The ASU also provides guidance for classifying cash receipts and payments that have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. For Gravity, this ASU is effective January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The standard requires application using a retrospective transition method. The Company does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which narrows the existing definition of a business and provides a framework for evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of assets or a business. The ASU requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets; if so, the set of transferred assets and activities (collectively, the set) is not a business. To be considered a business, the set would need to include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. The standard also narrows the definition of outputs. The definition of a business affects areas of accounting such as acquisitions, disposals and goodwill. Under the new guidance, fewer acquired sets are expected to be considered businesses. For Gravity, this ASU is effective January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted. The impact on the Company’s financial statements will depend on the facts and circumstances of any specific future transactions.

3. Convenience Translation into United States Dollar Amounts

The Company reports its consolidated financial statements in Korean Won. The United States dollar (“US dollar”) amounts disclosed in the accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented solely for the convenience of the reader, and have been converted at the rate of 1,203.73 Korean Won to one US dollar, which is the noon buying rate of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in effect on December 30, 2016. Such translations should not be construed as representations that the Korean Won amounts represent, have been, or could be, converted into US dollars at that or any other rate. The US dollar amounts are unaudited and are not presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles either in the Republic of Korea or the United States of America.

4. Restricted Assets

As of December 31, 2015 and 2016, the Company has no restricted financial instrument.

5. Allowance for doubtful accounts

Changes in the allowance for accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014			2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of year	W	32		W	35	W	36
Provision for allowances		16			1		1
Reversal of previous provision		—			—		—
Write-offs		(13	)		—		—
Balance at end of year	W	35		W	36	W	37

F-18

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

5. Allowance for doubtful accounts (Continued)

Changes in the allowance for loan receivable for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of year	W	1,200	W	1,200	W	1,210
Provision for allowances		—		10		—
Reversal of previous provision		—		—		—
Write-offs		—		—		—
Balance at end of year	W	1,200	W	1,210	W	1,210

The original long-term loans receivable due from Naru Entertainment Corporation (“Naru”) were W1,200 million. The loans and its accrued interest at 8% annually, would be paid by revenue sharing payments in the future. As Naru reported the closure of business during 2012, the Company has reserved the full amount due from Naru as bad debt reserve since the year ended December 31, 2012.

6. Equity Method Investment

Gravity EU SAS

Gravity EU SAS was accounted for by using the equity method since August 2011, due to a dilution of the Company’s interest in Gravity EU SASU, the Company’s ownership of the investee decreased from 100% to 25%. In 2013, the Company discontinued applying the equity method as the investment was reduced to zero. The Company did not have any contractual obligation to fund further losses of Gravity EU SAS. Gravity EU SAS was disposed in November 2014 and the Company recognized the gain on disposition of investments amounting to W3 million.

7. Fair value of financial instruments

The Company adopted ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures effective January 1, 2009, for all financial assets and liabilities as required. This statement defines fair value as the exit price, or the amount that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. When determining fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact, and the Company considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and risk of non-performance.

The Company’s financial instruments are measured and recorded at fair value, except for cost method investments. The Company’s non-financial assets, such as goodwill, intangible assets, and property and equipment, are measured at fair value when there is an indicator of impairment and recorded at fair value only when an impairment charge is recognized.

As discussed in Note 2, the Company adopted ASC 825, which permits entities to choose to measure financial instruments and certain other items at fair value and consequently report unrealized gains and losses on these items in earnings. ASC 825 was effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2009. The Company has elected the fair value option to measure its short-term available-for-sale investments.

The estimated fair value of financial assets is determined by the Company, using available market information and valuation methodologies considered to be appropriate. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value.

F-19

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

7. Fair value of financial instruments (Continued)

As of December 31, 2015 and 2016, the Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, short-term financial instruments, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable, and other current liabilities. The Company’s carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments

8. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 consist of the following:

	2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Computer and equipment	W	6,413		W	5,072
Furniture and fixtures		1,750			1,714
Capital lease assets		1,429			1,465
Leasehold improvements		964			1,006
Software externally-purchased		10,506			10,527
		21,062			19,784
Less accumulated depreciation		(20,180	)		(19,191	)
	W	882		W	593

Depreciation expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were W1,578 million, W765 million and W471 million, respectively.

9. Goodwill and other intangible assets

Capitalized software development cost and other intangible assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 consist of the following:

	December 31, 2015										December 31, 2016
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Accumulated Impairment			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Accumulated Impairment			Net Carrying Amount
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Capitalized software development cost	W	29,558	W	(24,174	)	W	(5,384	)	W	—	W	29,558	W	(24,174	)	W	(5,384	)	W	—
Acquired intangible assets
Product technology		18,599		(12,543	)		(6,033	)		23		18,599		(12,564	)		(6,033	)		2
IPR&D technology		8,503		—			(8,503	)		—		8,503		—			(8,503	)		—
Trademarks		586		(440	)		(37	)		109		595		(464	)		(42	)		89
Others		3,078		(1,089	)		(1,989	)		—		3,078		(1,089	)		(1,989	)		—
Total	W	60,324	W	(38,246	)	W	(21,946	)	W	132	W	60,333	W	(38,291	)	W	(21,951	)	W	91

The Company capitalized W548 million of R&D costs in accordance with ASC 985, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed in 2013.

All of the Company’s intangible assets other than goodwill and IPR&D are subject to amortization. No significant residual value is estimated for the intangible assets. Aggregate amortization expenses for intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were W4,039 million, W3,999 million and W45 million, respectively.

F-20

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. Goodwill and other intangible assets (Continued)

The Company recognized impairment loss of W4,605 million for capitalized software cost for Ragnarok Online II in 2015.

The Company recognized impairment loss of W34 million and W5 million for trademarks in 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Expected amortization expenses related to the current net carrying amount of intangible assets are as follows:

	(In millions of Korean Won)
2017	W	26
2018		19
2019		13
2020		10
2021 and thereafter		23
	W	91

Changes in goodwill balances for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of the year
Goodwill	W	8,232		W	8,232		W	8,232
Accumulated impairment losses		(7,022	)		(7,022	)		(8,232	)
		1,210			1,210			—
Impairment losses		—			(1,210	)		—
Balance at end of the year
Goodwill		8,232			8,232			8,232
Accumulated impairment losses		(7,022	)		(8,232	)		(8,232	)
	W	1,210		W	—		W	—

The Company performed its annual impairment test for goodwill at its reporting unit using data as of December 31, 2014 and 2015. In performing the valuations, the Company used cash flows, which reflected management’s forecasts and discount rates which reflect the risks associated with the current market. Prior to performing the two-step impairment test for goodwill, the Company performed a qualitative assessment for the reporting unit.

In 2014, the Company concluded not to recognize impairment loss for goodwill as the fair value of the business reporting unit was determined to be greater than its carrying amount.

In performing the annual impairment test for goodwill for NeoCyon in 2015, the fair value of the business reporting unit NeoCyon was determined to be lower than its carrying amount. Therefore, during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded impairment losses of W1,210 million in reporting unit of NeoCyon due to the overall decline in the fair value of the reporting unit and uncertainty of the future. The fair value of the reporting unit was estimated principally using the expected present value of the future cash flows.

The Company did not perform its annual impairment test for goodwill in fiscal year 2016 since its carrying amount subject to the impairment test became nil.

F-21

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

10. Accrued Severance Benefits

Changes in accrued severance benefits for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014			2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of year	W	263		W	103	W	123
Provisions for severance benefits		(60	)		20		(19	)
Severance payments		(100	)		—		—
Balance at end of year	W	103		W	123	W	104

In 2005, Gravity introduced a defined contribution pension plan (“Pension Plan”) in accordance with the Employee Benefit Security Act of Korea and entered into a nonparticipating defined contribution insurance contract with a life insurance company. Gravity made contributions of W1,227 million, W827 million and W1,100 million to the plan in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. In 2011, NeoCyon, Inc. also introduced a pension plan and made contributions of W569 million, W562 million and W518 million in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. For the contributions already made, Gravity and NeoCyon will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts and therefore no severance benefits were accrued. The accrued severance benefits recorded as of December 31, 2016 relate to the other employees who have not been included in a Pension Plan.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

As of December 31, 2016, the Company has outstanding license agreements for Ragnarok Online with 6 companies internationally. Under the contractual terms set forth in these agreements, the Company receives ranging from 20% to 40% of each licensee’s revenues as royalties.

In May 2013 and January 2015, the Company entered into a development agreement with Shanghai The Dream Network Technology Co., Ltd. that provided them with a license to intellectual property owned by Gravity to develop and distribute web game and two mobile games in China based on the contents of Ragnarok Online, respectively. In March 2016, Gravity and Shanghai The Dream Network Technology Co., Ltd. amended the agreement to grant them an exclusive right to develop mobile games and web games based on the contents of Ragnarok Online and distribute such games for 5 years. Under the terms of this agreement, the Company has a right to collect the portion of agreed percentage of royalty payments that exceed the minimum royalty guarantee.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company has a contract for the exclusive rights of Ragnarok Online II game distribution and sales with Shanghai The Dream Square Network Technology Co., Ltd. in China. The Company terminated the license and distribution agreement for Ragnarok Online II entered into with GungHo in February 2016.

The Company entered into various capital lease agreements to utilize game servers. The Company made principal and interest payments of $137 thousand (W144 million) and $11 thousand (W11 million) in 2014 and $103 thousand (W117 million) and $4 thousand (W4 million) in 2015, respectively. In 2016, the Company made principal payments of $14 thousand (W17 million).

The Company has no obligation to pay future minimum capital lease payments as of December 31, 2016 due to the expiration of lease terms.

In addition to the capital lease above, the Company leases certain properties which are considered to be operating leases. Rental expenses incurred under these operating leases were W2,324 million,

F-22

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

11. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)

W1,755 million and W1,921 million, for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The Company entered into a lease agreement with Korea Software Industry Promotion Agency in 2008 and Ling, Hsiao-hui in 2016. The Company extended lease period with Marina Business Center (U.S.A.). This lease agreement recorded a guarantee deposit of W935 million as of December 31, 2016.

Future minimum rental payments for the operating leases as of December 31, 2016, are as follows:

	(In millions of Korean Won)
2017	W	1,896
2018		1,823
2019		149
	W	3,868

12. Shareholders’ Equity

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity is authorized to issue a total of 40 million shares with a par value of W500 per share, in registered form, consisting of common shares and non-voting preferred shares. Of this authorized amount, Gravity is authorized to issue up to 2 million non-voting preferred shares. Under the articles of incorporation, holders of non-voting preferred shares are entitled to receive dividends of not less than 1% and up to 15% of the par value of such shares, the exact rate to be determined by Gravity’s Board of Directors at the time of issuance, provided that the holders of preferred shares are entitled to receive dividend at a rate not lower than that determined for holders of common shares. Gravity does not have any non-voting preferred shares outstanding.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had a total of 6,948,900 common shares issued and outstanding. All of the issued and outstanding shares are fully paid and registered.

13. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

The components of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are as follows:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won, except per share data)
Net income (loss) available for common shareholders (A)	W	(20,907	)	W	(16,965	)	W	250
Weighted average outstanding shares of common shares (B)		6,948,900			6,948,900			6,948,900
Earnings (loss) per share Basic and diluted (A/B)	W	(3,009	)	W	(2,441	)	W	36

F-23

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

14. Income Taxes

Income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 consist of the following:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Income (loss) before income taxes
Domestic	W	(9,415	)	W	(14,790	)	W	3,887
Foreign		(1,437	)		(888	)		(468	)
		(10,852	)		(15,678	)		3,419
Current income taxes
Domestic		1,473			1,351			3,240
Foreign		—			—			—
		1,473			1,351			3,240
Deferred income taxes (benefit)
Domestic		8,674			—			—
Foreign		—			—			—
		8,674			—			—
Total income tax expenses	W	10,147		W	1,351		W	3,240

Income taxes recognized directly in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are W68 million, nil and nil, respectively.

F-24

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

14. Income Taxes (Continued)

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Deferred tax assets
Accrued expense	W	345		W	634
Allowance for doubtful		1,179			1,150
Investments in subsidiaries and equity method investees		77			—
Depreciation and amortization		1,228			218
Deferred revenue		487			247
Net operation loss carryforwards		14,157			14,892
Foreign tax credit carryforwards		10,078			9,401
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development		3,533			3,659
Tax credit carryforwards for social insurance for employment increase		70			70
Others		91			89
Total deferred tax assets		31,245			30,360
Less valuation allowance		(31,146	)		(30,327	)
		99			33
Deferred tax liabilities
Accrued income		23			33
Investments in subsidiaries and equity method investees		76			—
Total deferred tax liabilities		99			33
Net deferred tax assets	W	—		W	—
Reported as
Current portion of deferred income tax assets	W	—		W	—
Non-current deferred income tax assets	W	—		W	—

Deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent that realization of the related tax benefit is more likely than not. Realization of the future tax benefits related to the deferred income tax assets is dependent on many factors, including the Company’s ability to generate taxable income within the period during which the temporary differences reverse, the outlook for the economic environment in which the Company operates, and the overall future industry outlook.

In assessing the realizability of deferred income tax assets, management considered whether it was more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets would not be realized. In particular, a significant portion of the available loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards is expected to expire if the Company does not generate sufficient taxable income in Korea. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax asset is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences became deductible. Management considered the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, uncertainty in the future taxable income, the tax structure of the Company and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. In 2015 and 2016, management believed it was more likely than not that Gravity and certain subsidiaries could not realize the benefits of these deductible differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards, and recognized full allowances from deferred income tax assets.

F-25

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

14. Income Taxes (Continued)

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity Co., Ltd. in Korea had temporary differences of W8,345 million, available loss carryforwards of W30,792 million, foreign tax credit carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development etc. of W8,813 million and W1,835 million, respectively, which expire from 2017 to 2021. Based on the Company’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W19,258 million on the full amount of temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and available tax credit carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred to Gravity.

As of December 31, 2016, NeoCyon, Inc., the Company’s 96.11% owned subsidiary in Korea, had temporary differences of W334 million and available loss carryforwards of W6,660 million. Also, the subsidiary had foreign tax credit carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development etc. of W452 million and W1,819 million, respectively, which expire from 2017 to 2021. Based on this subsidiary’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W3,809 million on the full amount of the temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred in Korea.

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity Entertainment Corp., the Company’s 100% owned subsidiary in Japan, had temporary differences of W242 million and available loss carryforwards of W92 million which expire from 2018 to 2025. Based on this subsidiary’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these temporary differences and loss carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W141 million on the full amount of the temporary differences and available loss carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred in Japan.

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity Interactive, Inc., the Company’s 100% owned subsidiary in the United States of America, had available loss carryforwards of W10,250 million for federal tax and W10,625 million for state tax, respectively, which expire from 2027 to 2036. Based on this subsidiary’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these loss carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W4,337 million on the full amount of the available loss carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred in U.S.

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity Games Corporation, the Company’s 85.50% owned subsidiary in Korea, had temporary differences of W1,731 million and available loss carryforwards of W9,951 million. Also, the subsidiary had foreign tax credit carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development etc. of W137 million and W75 million, respectively, which expire from 2017 to 2018. Based on this subsidiary’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W2,782 million on the full amount of the temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred in Korea.

The Korean statutory tax rate applicable to the Company for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 is 22%. Deferred taxes are measured using the enacted tax rate expected to apply at the time of reversal, which is 22% for the Company. On January 1, 2014, amended local income tax law was enacted. This amendment has an impact on calculation of surtax on income tax for the period ended December 31, 2015 and 2016. Prior to the amended local income tax law was enacted, surtax on

F-26

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

14. Income Taxes (Continued)

corporate income tax was calculated at 10% of income tax payable which was subtracted by tax credit. However, it is now calculated at 10% of income tax payable in accordance with this amendment.

A reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) from the Korean statutory income tax rate to actual income tax expense is as follows:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Tax expense (benefit) at Korean statutory tax rate (22%)	W	(2,387	)	W	(3,449	)	W	752
Foreign tax credit and foreign tax deduction		1,069			1,104			39
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development		(756	)		(558	)		(471	)
Foreign tax differential		(259	)		(184	)		(99	)
Income not assessable for tax purpose		(26	)		(77	)		(1	)
Expense not deductible for tax purpose		351			140			37
Change in formula of surtax on income tax		2,049			—			—
Change in valuation allowances		6,550			244			(819	)
Tax effect from consolidation of subsidiaries		3			205			(14	)
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rate		(110	)		(187	)		(114	)
Expiration of unused foreign tax credit and unused net operating loss carryforwards		4,090			4,238			4,055
Others		(427	)		(125	)		(125	)
Total income tax expense	W	10,147		W	1,351		W	3,240

The Company assessed uncertain tax positions and measured unrecognized tax benefits for open tax years in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company is subject to income tax examination by various tax jurisdictions, such as Korea and the United States. As of December 31, 2016, the Company remains subject to income tax examination of Korean National Tax Service for the tax years 2011 to 2016 and Internal Revenue Service of the United States for the tax years 2013 to 2016. The Company’s policy is that it recognizes interest expenses and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense. Accordingly, the Company assesses its income tax positions and records tax benefits for all years subject to examinations based upon the evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at that reporting date. For those tax positions for which it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company records the amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. If the Company does not believe that it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized.

Based on the approach above, the Company assessed the uncertain tax positions and did not record any unrecognized tax benefits as the Company believes that it is more likely than not that there will not be any unrecognized tax benefits.

F-27

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

14. Income Taxes (Continued)

Allowances for deferred income tax assets for three years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	Balance at Beginning of Year		Decrease(*)			Increase		Balance at End of Year
	(In millions of Korean Won)
2014
Valuation allowance	W	24,352	W	(4,090	)	W	10,640	W	30,902
2015
Valuation allowance		30,902		(4,238	)		4,482		31,146
2016
Valuation allowance		31,146		(4,055	)		3,236		30,327

(*1) The valuation allowances decreased primarily due to the expiration of unused foreign tax credits and unused net operating loss carryforwards.

15. Operating Segments and Geographic Information

Operating segments of the Company are consistent with its internal organizational structure, the manner in which its operations are reviewed and managed by its Chief Executive Officer, who is its Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), the manner in which the Company assesses operating performance and allocates resources, and the availability of separate financial information.

The Company had previously reported its results of operations under one operating segment. In 2015, the Company realigned new operating segments comprised of online game operations and mobile game operations. During the fiscal year of 2015, the Company’s CODM decided to begin to receive and analyze separate financial information of the operating segments in order to perform independent evaluations about its online game operations and mobile game operations and to make separate business decisions and, also to allocate resources for each segment. The nature of change is based on consideration about (i) recent focus on mobile game business due to significant growth of global mobile game market as well as (ii) gradually declining portion of online game revenues in total revenues.

The CODM does not review any information regarding total assets on an operating segment basis, and accordingly, no disclosure is made with respect thereto. Information on the operating segments and reconciliations of total net revenues and total segment operating income to consolidated net revenues from external customers and consolidated operating income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, and 2016 are presented in the table below:

	2014			2015			2016
Segment net Revenues		(In millions of Korean Won)
Online games	W	22,153		W	18,147		W	36,354
Mobile games		15,649			15,350			14,003
Other		4,772			3,830			4,292
Elimination		(2,685	)		(1,667	)		(3,253	)
Total	W	39,889		W	35,660		W	51,396

F-28

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

15. Operating Segments and Geographic Information (Continued)

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Income (loss) from operations
Online games	W	(4,625	)	W	(7,038	)	W	11,157
Mobile games		(7,196	)		(9,701	)		(7,939	)
Other		(386	)		398			304
Elimination		378			(888	)		(99	)
Total	W	(11,829	)	W	(17,229	)	W	3,423

Geographic information for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 is based on the location of the distribution entity. Revenues by geographic region are as follows:

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Taiwan and Hong Kong	W	2,315	W	2,763	W	16,705
Korea		19,469		18,189		14,770
Japan		8,511		7,781		9,274
United States of America		5,038		3,624		5,130
China		749		1,045		2,322
Thailand		1,283		958		2,262
Brazil		664		452		529
Europe		300		203		138
Russia		123		26		—
Other		1,437		619		266
	W	39,889	W	35,660	W	51,396

As of December 31, 2016, approximately 79%, 7% and 14% of the Company’s property, plant and equipment are located in Korea, the United States and Taiwan, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, approximately 86% and 14% of the Company’s property, plant and equipment are located in Korea and the United States, respectively.

16. Related Party Transactions

During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, there were related party transactions with a shareholder and an equity investee as follows:

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Sales to related parties	W	11,441	W	9,454	W	10,667
Purchases from related parties		599		226		39
Amounts due from related parties		1,365		1,261		1,116
Amounts due to related parties		5,111		4,712		3,025

Due to the disposal of equity investments in Gravity EU SAS, in November 2014, the related party relationships between the Company and the equity investees was discontinued. Therefore, the transactions with Gravity EU SAS that occurred before the disposal of the equity investments were included in the related party transactions. Sales to Gravity EU SAS were W237 million in 2014.

Zerodiv Inc. has been excluded from the coverage of GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.’s consolidation as a result of the sale of all of its shares on December 1, 2015. Therefore, the related party relationship between the Company and Zerodiv Inc. was discontinued and the transactions with Zerodiv Inc. that occurred before the sales date were included in the related party transactions.

F-29

GRAVITY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

16. Related Party Transactions (Continued)

Gravity Middle East & Africa FZ LLC was excluded from the consolidation during the year ended December 31, 2015 due to liquidation.

17. Supplemental Cash Flow Information and Non-Cash Activities

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid during the year for income taxes	W	1,344	W	1,279	W	3,187
Interest paid		11		4		—
Supplemental non-cash activities
Reclassification of long-term deferred revenue to deferred revenue	W	1,242	W	940	W	65
Reclassification of long-term deferred revenue to accounts payable		—		—		4,699
Reclassification of prepayment to intangible assets		31		6		9

18. Subsequent events

F-30

EX-4.10

Exhibit 4.10

Nuritkum Square Office Lease Agreement

Lessor: National IT Industry Promotion Agency

Lessee: Gravity Co., Ltd.

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Lease Agreement (General Conditions)

This Lease Agreement is made and entered into this 31^st of December, 2016, by and between National IT Industry Promotion Agency, with its address at 10, Jeongtong-ro, Deoksan-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea (hereinafter referred to as “Lessor”), and Gravity Co., Ltd.,(hereinafter referred to as “Lessee”) with respect to the leasing of the premises in Nuritkum Square Building (hereinafter referred to as “premises”). Lease Agreement (Special Conditions) shall take precedence over Lease Agreement (General Conditions).

NOW, THEREFORE, for and in full consideration of the purpose and contents of this agreement, the parties hereto agree as follows;

Article 1 Description of Premises

① The Lessor leases the premises below to the Lessee and the Lessee leases the premises below from the Lessor;

Description of Premises

Nuritkum Square R&D Tower, 396 World Cup buk-ro (Sangam-Dong), Mapo-Gu, Seoul, Korea

15th floor above the ground for R&D Tower	4,820.26m² (incl. Public Area)
14th floor above the ground for R&D Tower	2,138.54m² (incl. Public Area)

② The Lessee shall not have any other right than the right to use the premises pursuant to provisions of this Agreement.

③ The Lessee leases from the Lessor the premises described in the foregoing paragraph for the purpose of making use of the premises as the Lessee’s office and shall not be allowed to make use of the premises for other purposes without the written consent of the Lessor.

Article 2 Term

① This agreement shall be valid and in force from January 1^st, 2017 to December 31^st, 2018. However, this agreement shall be extended through consultation between Lessor and Lessee. In such case, the conditions may change.

② In the event that Lessee does not actually moves into the premises even after 30 days from the effective date of this agreement or the Lessee fails to pay to Lessor the security deposit until the due date stated in Article 4.1, the Lessor may terminate this agreement one-sidedly.

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Article 3 Renewal of Agreement

① In the event that the Lessee notify the Lessor of the intention to renew this agreement during the period from one (1) to six (6) months prior to the expiration of this agreement, the Lessor shall not refuse the Lessee’s request without any reasonable cause. However, in the event that the Lessee falls under any of the following subparagraphs, the Lessor allows the exception:

1. The Lessee consecutively defaults in the payment of rent three (3) times;

2. The Lessee leases the premises by any deceit or other unjustifiable means;

3. The Lessee subleases all or any part of the said premises without the consent of the Lessor;

4. The Lessee destroys or damages all or any part of the said premises by intention or material negligence;

5. The purpose of lease is not fulfilled due to destruction of all or any part of the said premises;

6. The Lessor wants to recover the possession of the said premises for demolition or reconstruction of any or almost all of the said premises; or

7. The Lessee significantly breaches the Lessee’s obligations or the Lessee is unable to maintain this agreement due to any serious reason.

② The Lessee may exercise his/her right to renew this agreement only within total term of lease not exceeding five (5) years including the initial term of lease.

③ The renewed lease shall be deemed to be offered again on the same terms and conditions of the last lease. However, the security deposit, the monthly rent and the maintenance charge may change within the range set forth in Article 7.

④ In the event that the Lessor fails to notify the Lessee of a refusal to renew this agreement or fails to notify the Lessee of the intention to change the terms and conditions of this agreement within the period stated in the foregoing ①, the said lease shall be deemed to be offered again on the same terms and conditions as before at the time of such expiration. In such case, the term of the renewal lease shall be one (1) year.

⑤ The Lessee may, at any time, give the notice of termination the Lessor in accordance with the foregoing ④. The termination of this agreement shall come into three (3) months after the Lessor’s receipt of the notice.

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Article 4 Security Deposit

① The Lessee shall determine the security deposit for the premises described above as follows and deposit the security deposit KRW 904,644,000 without any interest during the period of lease:

Classification	Amount(W)		Percentage			Date of Receipt
Security Deposit	W	904,644,000		100	%		Carried on from previous agreement

② In the event this agreement is terminated in accordance with Article 2.②, 10% of the total security deposit stated above shall be reverted to the Lessor as damages for breach of this agreement. In this case, the Lessor shall deduct the above amount from the total amount paid by the Lessee and immediately refund to the Lessee the balance without interest.

③ The Lessee shall not assign the claim for refund of security deposit or offer it to any third party to establish the right of pledge or offer it as security.

Article 5 Rent

① The rent shall be paid by calculating from the date when the Lessee actually moves into the premises. However, if the actual move-in date is after thirty (30) days from the commencement date of the agreement, the actual move-in date shall be considered as thirtieth (30^th) day from the commencement date of the agreement. The ‘actual move-in date’ shall mean the date of the Lessee actually moves into, use and benefit from the premises.

② The Lessee shall pay the monthly rent of KRW 72,371,520 (excluding VAT) in cash through the bank designated by the Lessor on the 15^th day of each month (if the 15^th day falls on holidays, on the next business day).

③ In the event the term of lease does commence on the first day of a month or does not terminate on the last day of the month, the rent for the month when the said term of lease commences or terminates, shall be calculated on a daily basis.

Rent on a daily basis = (Monthly rent ÷ Days of the said month) x Days of use

④ In the event that the Lessee are unable to use the premises due to any reason attributable to the Lessor, the Lessee shall pay the rent by reckoning from the date of actual use.

Article 6 Maintenance Charge

① The Lessee shall pay the monthly maintenance charge of KRW 55,308,540 (excluding VAT) in cash through the bank designated by the Lessor on the 15^th day of each month (if the 15^th day falls on holidays, on the next business day).

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② The Lessee shall pay the maintenance charge from the beginning date of the interior work, and the article 5.③ and 5.④ shall apply to the method of the payment of maintenance charge. <Amendment 2013.2.21.>

③ The maintenance charge consists of maintenance charge stated in the foregoing paragraph ① and additional maintenance charge. The additional maintenance charge shall mean signboard installed by the Lessee, power for computer room, thermo-hygrostat, overtime power, air conditioner and other services designated and offered separately by the Lessor. The Lessor shall charge for the additional maintenance charge by adding the additional maintenance charge to the maintenance charge for the month after the following month and the Lessee shall pay the additional maintenance charge by adding the additional maintenance charge to the maintenance charge.

Article 7 Adjustment of Security Deposit, Rent and Maintenance Charge

① The security deposit and rent may be adjusted annually from the time when two (2) years pass from the initial effective date of this agreement. The maintenance charge shall be adjusted annually on January 1^st of every year.

② In the event of adjustment stated in the foregoing paragraph ①, the adjustment shall be based on the consumer price index announced by the Korea National Statistics Office (www.nso.go.kr) and the standard of application is listed in the following subparagraphs:

1. The adjustment of security deposit and rent shall be based on the change rate of the consumer price index of two (2) months before the month of the date of commencement of the adjustment year as compared on year-on-year basis; and

2. The adjustment of maintenance charge shall be based on the change rate of the consumer price index of September of the previous year of the adjustment year compared to that of two (2) years before.

Article 8 Late Charges

① In the event that the Lessee fails to pay the security deposit, rent, maintenance charge or other expenses payable to the Lessee in connection with this agreement within the due date, the Lessee shall pay to the Lessor an overdue charge at an annual interest rate of 18% of overdue amount calculated from the date of delay to the date of payment, together with the amount that would be due.

② In the event that this agreement is terminated or expired, the Lessor may deduct from the security deposit, all the expenses, including but not limited to, rent, maintenance charge and the late charge.

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Article 9 Insurance

① In the event that the insurance premium is increased due to the Lessee’s act or facilities, the Lessee shall pay to the Lessor the increased amount.

② The Lessee shall sign up for movables comprehensive insurance to insure facilities, fixtures and supplies owned by the Lessee against disaster to prevent any discrepancy in interests, including protection of and liability for properties, occurring in connection with other Lessor or Lessee out of this agreement.

③ The Lessor shall insure the relevant premises against fire at his/her own expenses and The Lessee shall insure facilities, fixtures and supplies owned by the Lessee against fire and put under the Lessee’s management.

④ In the event that the Lessee suffers any damages or losses resulting from breaching the foregoing paragraph ② or ③, the Lessor shall not be liable for the damages of losses.

Article 10 Taxes and Utility Bills

① The Lessee shall pay to the Lessor the value added taxes levied on variety of user fees including the rent and maintenance charge.

② As for all the expenses, taxes and bills levied on operational facilities newly installed or attached by the necessity of the Lessee, the Lessee shall be liable for the payment regardless of name.

Article 11 Construction and New Installation of Facilities inside the Premises

① In the event any act of the Lessee falls under each of the following paragraphs, the Lessee shall have the prior written assent of the Lessor by preparing and submitting related dossier to the Lessor seven (7) days before the commencement date of an act. When the Lessee performs any of the following acts, the Lessee shall pay the expenses. However, with regard to this, the Lessor may exercise the right to direct and supervise the construction work to ensure that the unity and stability are guaranteed in terms of building management:

1. New installation of or change in interior decoration, construction, partition, windows and doors;

2. New installation or movement of lights or power, new installation, extension, movement and change of telephones, supply and drainage of water, and other facilities;

3. Entrance and fixation of safe and other heavy weight equipment; or

4. Installation and attachment of signboard or advertisement.

② The Lessee shall not charge the Lessor for all the expenses such as cost of equipment, cost of enhancement, necessary expenses, and premium on the ground that the Lessee has his/her share in the expenses for the premises. When the Lessee vacates the premises, he/she shall restore to the original at the Lessee’s expenses without fail.

6

③ In the event that the Lessee fails to perform his/her obligations stated in the foregoing paragraph or the premises are not restored to the extent acceptable to the Lessor, the Lessor may deduct the expenses required for remedy from the security deposit.

Article 12 Repairing Expenses

① The Less or shall pay for the repairing expenses for wall, ceiling and floor that had been naturally worn or discolored provided that the Lessee pays for the repairing expenses incurred by the Lessee’s negligence or necessity.

② In the event the Lessee finds out any place required for repair, the Lessee shall immediately notify the Lessor of the finding. In the event that the Lessee carries out the said repairs, the Lessee shall also consult with the Lessor prior to repair.

③ In the event that any damage or loss resulting from neglecting the Lessee’s notification obligations stated in the foregoing paragraph ② occurs, the Lessee shall be liable for the damage or loss.

Article 13 Due Diligence and Liability

① The Lessor shall offer the Lessee every convenience in connection with the use of rented premises and the Lessee shall have the duty of care as a bona fide caretaker.

② In the event that the Lessee or his/her employee or customer damages or destroys the premises or facilities owned by the Lessor either by intent or negligence, the Lessee shall immediately notify the Lessor of the event in writing and shall compensate the Lessor for loss at a reasonable market price at the time of compensation calculated by mutual consent between the Lessor and the Lessee. However, the loss that was not notified to the Lessor shall be deemed to the loss caused by the Lessee.

Article 14 Prohibition on Transfer of Right and Sub-lease

① The Lessee shall not transfer the rights or obligations under this agreement or sublease all or any part of the premises to any third party without the consent of the Lessor.

② In the event that the Lessee violates the obligations stated in the foregoing paragraph, the Lessor may terminate this agreement one-sidedly.

Article 15 Restrictions on the Use of the Premises

① The Lessee shall not allow any third party to use the rented premises, or to place any third party’s name inside the premises, or install telephone or fax under any third party’s name without the prior written consent of the Lessor.

7

② The Lessee shall not take up his/her abode in the premises regardless of any pretext whatsoever provided that the Lessee may designate a night watchman on a swift basis by the prior written consent of the Lessor.

③ The Lessor shall make it a rule to suspend the use of the building and the operation of all facilities on legal holidays, special holidays, Saturdays and Sundays. When it is necessary for the management and the safety supervision including repair and check, the Lessor may restrict either the use of the building or the operation of facilities even on weekdays.

④ In the event the Lessor operate facilities at the Lessee’s request during the suspension of use stated in the foregoing paragraph ③, the Lessee shall pay the additional maintenance charge calculated by the Lessor. In the event that the Lessee wants to receive the additional operation or services, the Lessee shall apply for such operation or services and get the approval from the Lessor.

Article 16 Protection of Property

① The Lessor may deploy guards to safeguard lobbies, corridors and other public facilities in the building.

② The Lessee has the sole responsibility to safeguard his/her property. If the Lessee fails to prove that any damage or loss is attributable to the Lessor, the Lessor shall not be liable for such damage or loss at all.

Article 17 Obligations of the Lessee

① In the event that the Lessee is incapable of carrying out business due to cancellation or suspension of business permit or approval resulting from the Lessee’s or his/her employee’s violation of conditions of the authorities concerned, this agreement shall be automatically terminated.

② The Lessee shall comply with all applicable laws, administrative instructions of the authorities concerned and management rules set forth by the Lessor in carrying out commercial activities.

③ The Lessor shall have the right to enter the premises for the purpose of confirming and supervising if the Lessee comply with the rules and regulations stated in the foregoing paragraph in carrying out his/her business.

④ The Lessee shall, to the maximum extent possible, perform his/her duties to take measures for sanitation and fire prevention.

Article 18 Prohibited Acts of the Lessee

In the premises and its attached facilities, the Lessee and his/her employees shall not:

1. install, place or leave signs or advertisements that will annoy the public or obstruct corridors or other public facilities;

8

2. bring in or keep on the premises or other places any items of a flammable, explosive or dangerous character or other materials that may be harmful and give an unpleasant feeling to the human body or be in danger of destroying the promises;

3. bring in and use any air conditioner other than the one that was supplied or approved by the Lessor;

4. make noise, use musical instrument, or keep animals except fishbowl, or commit indiscreet acts giving unpleasant feeling or hatred to other Lessees;

5. destroy or damage structure, equipment or facilities furnished by the Lessor or change structures, advertisements or signs without the written consent of the Lessor; or

6. manufacture, promote or sell materials contrary to the law.

Article 19 Change in the Premises and the Right to Entry

① In the event that the maintenance of the premises is required, the Lessor may move or change the place of a heap of merchandises in the premises through consultation with the Lessee.

② In the event that it is necessary for the Lessor to check the status of preservation, the Lessor shall, at any time, have the right to enter the premises for the purpose of inspecting, repairing and taking measures for sanitation, fire prevention, crime prevention or relief for general management and security business by giving prior notice to the Lessee and the Lessee shall not obstruct the Lessor’s entry to the premises without any reasonable cause.

Article 20 Immunity

① The Lessor shall, internally or externally, not be liable for the damages or losses that the Lessee or any third party suffered as a result of earthquake, storm, flood, war, riot, force majeure or other reasons that are not attributable to the Lessor.

② In the event that the deficiency of services or disruption in public use occurs when the Lessee repair, remodel or rebuild the premises, the Lessor shall not be liable for it.

Article 21 Change in the Lessor

Even in the event that there is any change in title to, name, manager or operator of the premises pursuant to Article 1, the lease agreement shall be valid and in force and a new Lessor or new operator shall fully comply with all the provisions of this agreement. The Lessor shall also notify the Lessee of these contents.

9

Article 22 Change in the Lessee

In the event that there is any important change in address, trade name, representative, or business purposes on the commercial registration or business proprietor registration, the Lessee shall notify the Lessor of such change in writing and all the responsibilities for the delay in such notification shall be attributable to the Lessee.

Article 23 The Lessor’s Right to Dispose of Goods

① The Lessee shall not be exempt from the responsibility of the performance of duties during the lease agreement on the ground that the Lessee or his/her legal mandatory or enforcement officer is absent. In the event that the agreement is expired during the Lessee’s absence, the Lessor may recover the possessory right to the premises without trial procedures. In this case, the Lessor may move and store the Lessee’s property in a proper warehouse. In the event that the Lessee fails to settle the amount in arrears after one (1) month from the expiration of the agreement, it is deemed that the Lessor established a right to pledge on the Lessee’s property and, thereafter, the Lessor may sell the said property in accordance with legal auction procedures.

② With regard to sale pursuant to the auction described in the foregoing paragraph, the Lessor shall have the right to recover the amount in arrears such as expenses for transportation and storage first of all.

Article 24 Liability

① In the event that the Lessee or his/her employees or customers infringes, by intent or negligence, any damage or loss to the Lessee’s or any third party’s property or body, the Lessee shall immediately notify the Lessor of the incident in writing and be liable for such damage or loss.

② The amount of damages shall, principally, be calculated through consultation between the Lessee and the sufferer. In the event that amicable agreement is not reached between two parties, the amount of damages shall be adjusted by the Lessor according to the market price at the time of liability.

Article 25 Right to Terminate the Agreement

① In the event that either the Lessor or the Lessee falls under any of the following subparagraphs, the other party may terminate this agreement and ask the Lessee to quit the premises immediately even before the expiration of the lease agreement with a written notice:

1. The Lessee consecutively defaults in the payment of monthly maintenance and other expenses more than two (2) months from the due date;

2. The Lessee enters into attachment, provisional attachment, or provisional disposition, or files for auction or bankruptcy, or is unable to continue this agreement due to material change to the Lessee’s property, credit or business;

10

3. The Lessor’s honor or credit is damaged as a result of the Lessee’s action;

4. While Nuritkum Square is a building of which use is limited to specified tenants involved in certain type of industry, such as, but not limited to, technological development and manufacturing related to information technology, nanotechnology and biotechnology, and distribution business of media and entertainment, the Lessee does not meet the tenant eligibility requirements during the term of agreement; or

5. Either the Lessor or the Lessee breaches the provisions of this agreement or the obligations with regard to this agreement.

② In case of any of the above subparagraphs of paragraph ①, the Lessor may terminate this agreement and take necessary legal proceedings so that the premises may be delivered.

Article 26 Termination of the Agreement during the Agreement Term and the Liquidated Damages

① In the event that either the Lessor or the Lessee, for certain reasons, intends to terminate (partial termination is included. In case of partial termination, Lessor’s approval is needed) the agreement during the lease agreement or in the middle of the extended period in accordance with Article 2, either party shall give 3 months’ prior written notice to the other party and, in this case, pay separately to the other party liquidated damages equivalent to one (1) months of rent. <Amended 2013.2.21.>

② Deleted <2013.2.21.>

③ In case of partial termination, lessee needs to pay lessor one month rent of applied terminated premises in proportion.

Article 27 Surrender of the Premises and Restoration

① Upon the expiration of the term hereof, the Lessee shall evacuate all his/her belongings and properties, return keys and properties owned by the Lessor to the Lessor, and deliver the entire premises to the Lessor.

② Any equipment, partitions or other changed facilities which the Lessee installs in the premises shall be dismantled and restored to the original state at the time of the conclusion of the agreement at the Lessee’s own expenses until the expiration of the agreement. However, the Lessor, instead of the Lessee, may carry out the said work at the Lessee’s own expenses and at the request of the Lessee.

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③ In the event that the Lessee fails to evacuate the Lessee’s belongings and properties or fails to restore the premises to the original state or fails to deliver it to the Lessor owing to any reason attributable to the Lessee by the date of expiry of this agreement, the Lessee shall pay to the Lessor the monthly rent and the monthly maintenance charge stated in following subparagraphs, reckoning from one day after the date of expiry of this agreement:

1. The Lessee shall pay to the Lessor the amount equivalent to 1.2 times the monthly rent during the agreement term until the date when the Lessee evacuates the Lessee’s belongings and properties. In the event that the Lessee completes evacuation of the Lessee’s belongings and properties in a month, the Lessee shall pay the amount calculated on a daily basis; and

2. The Lessee shall pay the monthly maintenance charge during the agreement term to the Lessor until the Lessee restores the premises to the original state and delivers it to the Lessor. In the event that the Lessee restores the premises to the original state and delivers it to the Lessor in a month, the Lessee shall pay the monthly maintenance charge calculated on a daily basis.

Article 28 Refund of Security Deposit

① In the event that this agreement is terminated due to expiration or rescission of the lease agreement or other reasons, the Lessor shall refund the security deposit to the Lessee within ten(10) days after the delivery of the premises. However, in the event that there are charges or debt outstanding, the Lessor deduct from the security deposit, all the charges and debt which the Lessee is liable to pay to the Lessor, and refund the balance to the Lessor.

② In the event that the Lessor fails to refund to the Lessee the security deposit within 10 days owing to a reason attributable to the Lessor, the Lessor shall pay the security deposit plus arrears applying an annual interest of 18 % until the date of refund from the day overdue.

Article 29 Building Manager

① The Lessor may designate any third party who is a specialized caretaker company as a building manager for the purpose of properly managing the premises.

② The building manager described in the foregoing paragraph shall act as a managing agent for the Lessor and have the same rights and obligations as those of the Lessor.

Article 30 Building Maintenance Rule

① The Lessor or managing agent may draw up, enforce, amend or abolish “Building Management Rule (rules related to such facilities as parking and elevator)” and “Occupancy Guideline” and the Lessee shall abide by the management rule and guideline for the purpose of facilitating the maintenance of the premises and the Lessee’s business.

② Any change in the maintenance rule or guideline to be drawn up and enforced by the Lessor shall become enforceable by the parties with a month’s prior notice.

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Article 31 Registration

① The Lessee may request establishment of a right to lease on a deposit basis from the Lessor to secure a claim related to the security deposit and the Lessor shall accommodate the Lessee’s request. The Lessee shall request refund of security deposit from the Lessor after the right to lease on a deposit basis is terminated.

② The Lessee shall pay the expenses related to establishment or termination of a right to lease on a deposit basis.

Article 32 Sale of Premises and The Lessor’s Obligations

In the event that the Lessor, for certain reason, sells the premises to any other person, the Lessor shall have his/her obligation to ensure that the purchaser succeeds to the Lessor’s status as stated in the terms and conditions of this agreement.

Article 33 Compromise before Filing Lawsuit

In the event that any dispute arises in connection with this agreement, the Lessor and the Lessee may draw up the Compromise Statement before Filing Suit after the execution of this agreement according to a separate form. The parties shall jointly share the expenses required for this.

Article 34 Governing Law and Interpretation

Matters not stipulated in this agreement shall be decided upon by mutual consent between the Lessor and the Lessee. Any matter for which an agreement is not reached between the parties shall be governed and interpreted by the Laws of Korea and the general practices of the lease.

Article 35 Jurisdiction

Any lawsuits which are filed in connection with this agreement may be brought in the courts sitting in the Lessor’s address.

Article 36 Miscellaneous

The Lessor notify the Lessee that aircrafts are entering frequently in DMC area, the Lessee be notified of it and the Lessee shall not file a civil complaint of aircraft noise.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto sign their names and affix seal, executed this agreement in duplicate and each retaining one.

December 31, 2016

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Lessor

Address: 10, Jeongtong-ro, Deoksan-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea

Name of Company: National IT Industry Promotion Agency

Representative: Yoon, Jong-lok (seal)

Lessee

Address: Nuritkum Square Business Tower 15F, 396 World Cup buk-ro (Sangam-Dong), Mapo-Gu, Seoul, Korea

Name of Company: Gravity Co., Ltd.

Representative: Park, Hyun Chul (seal)

14

Lease Agreement (Special Conditions)

Article 1 Parking

① The number of cars subject to free parking are 42 cars and addition shall not be allowed.

② The number of cars subject to paid parking are 30 cars. However, the number of additional cars subject to paid parking may be adjusted through mutual consultation according to the Lessor’s operational condition.

③ Matters related to parking shall comply with the regulations for parking control of Nuritkum Square.

Article 2 Rent-free

Lessor offers two (2) months rent-free period every year to lessee, the rent-free period applies on eleventh (11) months, twelfth (12) months, twenty-third(23) months and twenty-fourth(24) months throughout the lease term.

Article 3 Annexed Fixtures

The Lessor shall provide the premises for rent and comply with the relevant guideline for annexed fixtures of Nuritkum Square and the Lessee shall bear all the expenses for construction.

Article 4 Penalty Resulting From Early Termination

In the event that the agreement is terminated during the term of agreement at the Lessee’s request, the Lessee shall pay to the Lessor the amount equivalent to the discount of the monthly rent already applied in cash in addition to the liquidated damages in accordance with Article 26. ① (Termination of the Agreement During the Agreement Term and the Liquidated Charges) of “the Lease Agreement (General Conditions).”

Article 5 Real Estate Fee Resulting from Early Termination

In the event that the agreement is terminated during the term of agreement at the Lessee’s request, the Lessee shall pay the real estate fee which is statutory fee (0.9% commission on the amount equivalent to lease deposit).

Article 6 Confidentiality

Lessee is required to preserve confidentiality includes in accordance with Article 2 on the Lease Agreement (special condition) without lessor’s consent and if a breach of the confidentiality is cause, the Lessee takes all responsibility for civil and criminal.

15

EX-8.1

Exhibit 8.1

List of Subsidiaries of Gravity Co., Ltd.

Gravity Interactive, Inc., formed under the laws of the State of California and formerly known as Gravity Interactive, LLC

Gravity Entertainment Corporation, incorporated under the laws of Japan and formerly known as RO Production Ltd.

Gravity Middle East & Africa FZ-LLC, formed under the laws of the Emirates of Dubai

NeoCyon, Inc., formed under the laws of the Republic of Korea

Gravity Games Corporation, formed under the laws of the Republic of Korea and formerly known as Barunson Interactive Corporation

EX-12.1

Exhibit 12.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Hyun Chul Park, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Gravity Co., Ltd. (this “report”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 28, 2017

/s/ Hyun Chul Park

Name: Hyun Chul Park

Title:   Chief Executive Officer

EX-12.2

Exhibit 12.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Heung Gon Kim, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Gravity Co., Ltd. (this “report”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 28, 2017
/s/ Heung Gon Kim
Name:	Heung Gon Kim
Title:	Chief Financial Officer

EX-13.1

Exhibit 13.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

In connection with the accompanying Annual Report on Form 20-F of Gravity Co., Ltd. (the “Company”) for the annual period ended December 31, 2016 (the “Periodic Report”), I, Hyun Chul Park, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge, the Periodic Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Securities Exchange Act”), and that information contained in the Periodic Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: April 28, 2017
/s/ Hyun Chul Park
Name:	Hyun Chul Park
Title:	Chief Executive Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Periodic Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and is not deemed to be “filed” for purposes of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

EX-13.2

Exhibit 13.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

In connection with the accompanying Annual Report on Form 20-F of Gravity Co., Ltd. (the “Company”) for the annual period ended December 31, 2016 (the “Periodic Report”), I, Heung Gon Kim, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge, the Periodic Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Securities Exchange Act”), and that information contained in the Periodic Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: April 28, 2017
/s/ Heung Gon Kim
Name:	Heung Gon Kim
Title:	Chief Financial Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Periodic Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and is not deemed to be “filed” for purposes of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

XML

Document and Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 shares
Document And Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	20-F
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2016
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2016
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Trading Symbol	GRVY
Entity Registrant Name	GRAVITY CO., LTD.
Entity Central Index Key	0001313310
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	6,948,900

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	₩ 16,720	$ 13,890	₩ 24,909
Short-term financial instruments	22,000	18,277	11,500
Accounts receivable, net (including related party balances of W1,224 and W1,080, respectively)	11,819	9,819	5,289
Prepaid expenses	1,011	840	982
Other current assets (including related party balances of W37 and W36, respectively)	1,841	1,528	996
Total current assets	53,391	44,354	43,676
Property and equipment, net	593	493	882
Leasehold and other deposits	962	799	954
Other intangible assets	91	76	132
Other non-current assets	153	127	85
Total assets	55,190	45,849	45,729
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (including related party balances of W6 and W3,025, respectively)	10,033	8,336	2,971
Deferred revenue	9,689	8,049	4,997
Accrued expense (including related party balances of W7 and nil, respectively)	555	461	511
Other current liabilities	409	340	325
Total current liabilities	20,686	17,186	8,804
Long-term deferred revenue (including related party balances of W4,699 and nil respectively)	4,096	3,403	6,600
Accrued severance benefits	104	86	123
Other non-current liabilities	210	174	210
Total liabilities	25,096	20,849	15,737
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 11)
Parent Company Shareholders' equity:
Preferred shares, W500 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized, and no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2016
Common shares, W500 par value, 38,000,000 shares authorized, and 6,948,900 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2016	3,474	2,886	3,474
Additional paid-in capital	75,076	62,369	75,076
Accumulated deficit	(48,511)	(40,301)	(48,761)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	617	513	694
Total parent company shareholders' equity	30,656	25,467	30,483
Non-controlling interest	(562)	(467)	(491)
Total equity	30,094	25,000	29,992
Total liabilities and equity	₩ 55,190	$ 45,849	₩ 45,729

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩) ₩ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩) ₩ / shares shares
Other current assets	₩ 1,841	$ 1,528	₩ 996
Accrued expense	555	461	511
Long-term deferred revenue	₩ 4,096	$ 3,403	₩ 6,600
Preferred shares, par value (in Korean Won per share) | ₩ / shares	₩ 500		₩ 500
Preferred shares, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000,000	2,000,000	2,000,000
Preferred shares, shares issued (in shares)	0	0	0
Preferred shares, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0	0
Common shares, par value (in Korean Won per share) | ₩ / shares	₩ 500		₩ 500
Common shares, shares authorized (in shares)	38,000,000	38,000,000	38,000,000
Common shares, shares issued (in shares)	6,948,900	6,948,900	6,948,900
Common shares, shares outstanding (in shares)	6,948,900	6,948,900	6,948,900
Related Party
Accounts receivable, related party | ₩	₩ 1,080		₩ 1,224
Other current assets | ₩	36		37
Accounts payable, related party | ₩	3,025		6
Accrued expense | ₩	0		7
Long-term deferred revenue | ₩	₩ 0		₩ 4,699

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩) ₩ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩) ₩ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩) ₩ / shares shares
Revenue
Online games-subscription revenue	₩ 23,065	$ 19,161	₩ 6,521	₩ 7,962
Online games-royalties and license fees (including related party revenue of W8,034, W6,705 and W8,470, respectively)	12,867	10,690	11,010	13,093
Mobile games and applications (including related party revenue of W3,214, W2,639 and W2,080, respectively)	12,041	10,003	15,078	15,055
Character merchandising, animation and other revenue (including related party revenue of W193, W111 and W116, respectively)	3,423	2,844	3,051	3,779
Total net revenue	51,396	42,698	35,660	39,889
Cost of revenue (including related party cost of W315, W61 and W29, respectively)	29,995	24,918	30,282	34,188
Gross profit	21,401	17,780	5,378	5,701
Selling, general and administrative expenses (including related party expenses of W7, W8 and W10, respectively)	16,000	13,294	11,481	12,682
Research and development (including related party expenses of W277, W158 and nil, respectively)	1,973	1,639	5,277	4,847
Impairment loss on intangible assets and goodwill	5	4	5,849	1
Operating income (loss)	3,423	2,843	(17,229)	(11,829)
Other income (expenses)
Interest income	522	434	675	1,137
Interest expense			(4)	(11)
Foreign currency gain (loss), net	(529)	(439)	256	(152)
Others, net	3	2	624	3
Income (loss) before income tax expense	3,419	2,840	(15,678)	(10,852)
Income tax expenses	3,240	2,692	1,351	10,147
Net Income (loss)	179	148	(17,029)	(20,999)
Net income (loss) attributable to:
Non-controlling interest	(71)	(59)	(64)	(92)
Parent company	₩ 250	$ 207	₩ (16,965)	₩ (20,907)
Earnings (loss) per share-basic and diluted | (per share)	₩ 36.00	$ 0.03	₩ (2,441.00)	₩ (3,009.00)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding
Basic and diluted | shares	6,948,900	6,948,900	6,948,900	6,948,900
Foreign currency translation adjustment ("CTA")
Foreign CTA loss	₩ (77)	$ (64)	₩ (203)	₩ (156)
Reclassification adjustment for CTA			(624)	3
Net foreign CTA loss	(77)	(64)	(827)	(153)
Comprehensive income (loss)	102	84	(17,856)	(21,152)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
Non-controlling interest	(71)	(59)	(64)	(92)
Parent company	₩ 173	$ 143	₩ (17,792)	₩ (21,060)

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)
Online games-royalties and license fees related party revenue	₩ 12,867	₩ 11,010	₩ 13,093
Mobile games and applications related party revenue	12,041	15,078	15,055
Character merchandising, animation and other revenue, related party revenue	3,423	3,051	3,779
Cost of revenue	29,995	30,282	34,188
Selling, general and administrative expenses	16,000	11,481	12,682
Research and development	1,973	5,277	4,847
Related Party
Online games-royalties and license fees related party revenue	8,470	6,705	8,034
Mobile games and applications related party revenue	2,080	2,639	3,214
Character merchandising, animation and other revenue, related party revenue	116	111	193
Cost of revenue	29	61	315
Selling, general and administrative expenses	₩ 10	8	7
Research and development		₩ 158	₩ 277

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	KRW (₩)	USD ($)	Common Shares KRW (₩) shares	Common Shares USD ($) shares	Additional Paid-in Capital KRW (₩)	Additional Paid-in Capital USD ($)	Retained Earnings (Accumulated deficit). KRW (₩)	Retained Earnings (Accumulated deficit). USD ($)	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) KRW (₩)	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) USD ($)	Non-Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries KRW (₩)	Non-Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries USD ($)
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2013	₩ 69,000		₩ 3,474		₩ 75,076		₩ (10,889)		₩ 1,674		₩ (335)
Beginning Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2013 | shares			6,948,900	6,948,900
Comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(153)								(153)
Net Income (loss)	(20,999)						(20,907)				(92)
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2014	47,848		₩ 3,474		75,076		(31,796)		1,521		(427)
Ending Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2014 | shares			6,948,900	6,948,900
Comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(827)								(827)
Net Income (loss)	(17,029)						(16,965)				(64)
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2015	29,992	$ 24,916	₩ 3,474	$ 2,886	75,076	$ 62,369	(48,761)	$ (40,508)	694	$ 577	(491)	$ (408)
Ending Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2015 | shares			6,948,900	6,948,900
Comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(77)	(64)							(77)	(64)
Net Income (loss)	179	148					250	207			(71)	(59)
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2016	₩ 30,094	$ 25,000	₩ 3,474	$ 2,886	₩ 75,076	$ 62,369	₩ (48,511)	$ (40,301)	₩ 617	$ 513	₩ (562)	$ (467)
Ending Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2016 | shares			6,948,900	6,948,900

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net Income (loss)	₩ 179	$ 148	₩ (17,029)	₩ (20,999)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	516	429	4,763	5,617
Allowance for accounts receivable and other receivables	1	1	8	98
Impairment loss on intangible assets and goodwill	5	4	5,849	1
Impairment loss on property plant & equipment				4
Provision (reversal) for accrued severance benefits	(19)	(16)	20	(60)
Loss (gain) on foreign currency transactions	419	348	(129)	(75)
Gain on disposition of property and equipment	(2)	(1)	(13)	(5)
Others			(624)	(3)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(6,363)	(5,286)	24	265
Other assets	(879)	(730)	841	4,026
Accounts payable	1,584	1,316	102	(1,702)
Accrued expenses	40	33	(283)	208
Deferred revenue	6,841	5,683	482	(1,719)
Income tax payable	89	74	7	(34)
Deferred income taxes				8,673
Payment of severance benefits				(100)
Other liabilities	17	14	4	(342)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	2,428	2,017	(5,978)	(6,147)
Cash flows from investing activities
Decrease in short-term financial instruments	43,000	35,722	52,000	45,005
Increase in short-term financial instruments	(53,500)	(44,445)	(49,000)	(41,500)
Decrease in short-term loans receivables	6	5	7	36
Purchase of property and equipment	(178)	(148)	(418)	(342)
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment	13	11	15	15
Decrease (increase) in leasehold deposits	2	2	(9)	330
Others, net	(10)	(8)		(61)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(10,667)	(8,861)	2,595	3,483
Cash flows from financing activities
Repayment of borrowings	(5)	(5)	(117)	(144)
Net cash used in financing activities	(5)	(5)	(117)	(144)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	55	46	27	(32)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(8,189)	(6,803)	(3,473)	(2,840)
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of the year	24,909	20,693	28,382	31,222
End of the year	₩ 16,720	$ 13,890	₩ 24,909	₩ 28,382

XML

Description of Business

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Description of Business

1. Description of Business

Gravity Co., Ltd. (“Gravity”) was incorporated on April 4, 2000 to engage in developing and distributing online games and other related businesses principally in the Republic of Korea and other countries in Asia, North and South America, and Europe. Gravity’s principal product, Ragnarok Online, a multiplayer online role playing game, was commercially launched in August 2002. On February 8, 2005, Gravity listed its common shares on NASDAQ in the United States by means of American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”).

Gravity has four subsidiaries. NeoCyon, Inc. and Gravity Games Corporation operate in the Republic of Korea, Gravity Interactive, Inc., operates in the United States and Gravity Entertainment Corporation operates in Japan.

On April 1, 2008, GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. became a majority shareholder by acquiring 52.39% of the voting shares from Heartis Inc., the former majority shareholder, and also acquired additional 6.92% voting shares on June 23 and June 24, 2008. As of December 31, 2016, GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. has majority ownership and voting rights (59.31%) over the Company.

XML

Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Significant Accounting Policies

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Significant accounting policies followed by the Company in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are summarized below.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gravity and the following subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation.

Subsidiary	Year of Establishment		Year of Obtaining Control		Percentage of Ownership (%)
Gravity Interactive, Inc.		2003		2003		100.00
Gravity Entertainment Corporation		2003		2004		100.00
NeoCyon, Inc.		2000		2005		96.11
Gravity Games Corporation		2003		2010		85.50

Investments in entities where the Company holds more than 20% but less than 50% ownership or over which the Company has significant management influence are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and the Company’s share of the investee’s operations is included in equity method investments.

The Company recorded its initial investments at cost and records its pro rata share of the earnings or losses in the results of operations of the equity method investees.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include useful lives of property and equipment, salvage values and recovery of property and equipment; recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets; valuation allowances for receivables, realization of deferred income tax assets, and estimated life cycle of game users. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used.

Risks and uncertainties

Industry and revenue

The industry in which the Company operates is subject to a number of industry-specific risks, including, but not limited to, rapidly changing technologies; significant numbers of new competitive entrants; dependence on key individuals; competition from similar products from larger companies; change in customer preferences; the need for the continued successful development, marketing, and selling of its products and services; and the need for positive cash flows from operations. The Company depends on one key product, “Ragnarok Online,” for most of its revenues.

During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, the Company generated 84%, 87% and 88% of its revenues from countries in Asia, respectively.

As of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. and LG Electronics Inc. were customers whose related accounts receivable and total revenues exceeded 10% of the Company’s total accounts receivable or total revenues. Proportions are as follows:

		2014						2015						2016
Country	Customer	Accounts Receivable			Revenues			Accounts Receivable			Revenues			Accounts Receivable			Revenues
Japan	GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.		25	%		28	%		23	%		27	%		9	%		21	%
Korea	LG Electronics Inc.		15	%		8	%		11	%		12	%		8	%		8	%

The amounts included within the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2016 are W1,080 million and W1,013 million from GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. and LG Electronics Inc., respectively.

Concentrations of credit risk

Cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments and accounts receivables are potentially subject to concentration of credit risk. Cash and cash equivalents and short-term financial instruments are placed with several financial institutions, of which approximately 30.60%, 25.34% and 24.54% of such amounts are held at three financial institutions, respectively, as of December 31, 2016. Accounts receivables are due from several payment gateway companies, of which approximately 45.53% of such amounts are due from one payment gateway company as of December 31, 2016.

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product or the service has been delivered or rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.

The Company derives most of its revenues from online game subscription revenue mainly from Ragnarok Online paid by users in Korea, Taiwan, the United States and Canada, and royalties and license fees paid by the licensees of the Company in overseas markets.

Online games—subscription revenue

Players can access certain games free of charge, but may purchase game points to acquire in-game premium features. Subscription revenue consists of revenues from (i) micro-transactions, (ii) subscription fees from Internet cafés and (iii) premium services for individual PC users. Micro-transaction fees for consumable in-game items are deferred when such in-game items are purchased by users and recognized as revenue when the purchased in-game items are used in the games while those for permanent in-game items are recognized ratably as revenues over the estimated life cycle of game users. Micro-transaction fees for in-game items with limited time period are deferred and recognized as revenue in proportion to the number of days lapsed. All online game subscription fees and premium service fees are prepaid. Prepaid subscription fees from Internet cafés are deferred and recognized as revenue on a monthly basis based on actual hours used. Prepaid premium service fees from individual PC users are deferred and recognized as revenue on a monthly basis in proportion to the number of days lapsed.

Online games—royalties and license fees

The Company licenses the right to develop, sell and distribute its games in exchange for an initial prepaid license fee and guaranteed minimum royalty payments. The prepaid license fee revenues are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized ratably over the license period. If license agreements are renewed upon expiration of their terms, renewed license fees are deferred and recognized ratably over the new license period.

The Company generally provides its licensees with minimal post-contract customer support on its software products, consisting of technical support and occasional unspecified upgrades, or enhancements during the contract term. The estimated costs of providing such support are insignificant and sufficient vendor-specific evidence does not exist to allocate the revenue from software and related integration projects to the separate elements of such projects, therefore all license revenue is recognized ratably over the life of the contract.

The guaranteed minimum royalty payments are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as the royalties are earned. In addition, the Company receives a royalty payment based on a specified percentage of the licensees’ sales, including game item revenues. These royalties that exceed the guaranteed minimum royalty are recognized on a monthly basis, as the related revenues are earned by the licenses.

Mobile games and applications revenue

Mobile games and applications revenue consists of (i) revenues from micro-transactions that users pay in cases where the Company directly provides mobile games services to users, such as in Korea and Taiwan; (ii) license fees and/or guaranteed minimum royalty payments, and royalty revenues from the Company’s licensees to which it licenses the right to market and distribute its mobile games in overseas countries; (iii) contract prices, which are related to various development services and products provided by the Company to third parties, such as developing games embedded in mobile phones, mobile applications, and sound for mobile phones and appliances; (iv) revenues from mobile games operation service for third parties; and (v) revenues from third parties that license the Company’s original intellectual property to develop and distribute mobile games.

Micro-transaction fees for in-game items are deferred when such in-game items are purchased by users and recognized ratably as revenues over the estimated life cycle of game users. License fees are deferred and recognized ratably as revenue over the license period. Royalty revenues are based on an agreed percentage of each of the licensees’ revenues based on the licensees’ sales from mobile games. Intellectual property royalty revenues from third parties including any guaranteed minimum amounts are recognized ratably as revenue over the terms of the license agreement. Contract prices are recognized when the products or services have been delivered or rendered and the customers can begin use in accordance with the contractual terms. Revenues from mobile games operation service are based on an agreed percentage of each of the licensors’ revenues based on the licensor’s sales from the mobile games the Company operates on their behalf and recognized on a monthly basis after the licensor confirms its revenues based on the licensor’s sales from the relevant mobile games during the month.

Mobile application development service revenues are recognized by measuring progress-to-completion under the percentage-of-completion method. If the Company does not have a sufficient basis to measure progress towards completion, revenues are recognized when it receives final acceptance from the customer that the services have been completed.

Character merchandising, animation and other revenue

Character merchandising, animation and other revenue consists of revenue from sales of console games, game character merchandising, animation and other services, including sales of goods related to mobile phones and website development and operation services for third parties.

Revenue from sales of console games is derived from a specified percentage of the publisher’s sales after deductibles, including payments to the platform holder and others, and recognized on a quarterly basis as they are earned by the publisher. Royalty payments from game character merchandising are recognized on a quarterly basis as they are earned by the licensee. Contract prices for the Company’s services provided to third parties are recognized when the products or services have been delivered or rendered and the customers can begin their use in accordance with the contractual terms.

The Company also sells goods related to mobile phones, such as accessories or provides contracted services, which is recorded in other revenue. The Company records these sales of goods when delivery has occurred and collectability of the fixed or determinable sales price is reasonably assured.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and time deposits with maturities of three months or less when acquired.

Short-term financial instruments

Short-term financial instruments primarily include time deposits placed with financial institutions which have an original maturity of greater than three months but less than one year.

Allowance for doubtful accounts

The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts based upon the following information: an aging analysis of existing accounts receivable, historical write-off experience, repayment patterns, creditworthiness of its customers, and industry trend analysis.

The payment processing service providers are responsible for remitting to the Company the full subscription revenues generated in Korea after deducting their fixed service fees and charges, which range from approximately 1.4% to 15% and risk of loss or delinquencies are borne by such payment processing service providers.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Computer and equipment	4 years
Furniture and fixtures	4 years
Software	3 years
Vehicles	4 years

Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets or the lease term, whichever is shorter.

Routine maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures which enhance the value or extend the useful lives of the related assets are capitalized.

Depreciation for property and equipment is allocated to cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses or research and development expenses.

Accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets

Definite-lived tangible and intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life according to the nature and characteristics of each asset. The Company continually evaluates the reasonableness of the useful lives of these assets.

The Company reviews property and equipment and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value.

Intangible assets

Capitalized software development costs—online game development costs

The Company capitalizes certain software development costs relating to online games that will be distributed through subscriptions or licenses. The Company accounts for software development costs in accordance with ASC 985, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed. Software development costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility are expensed when incurred and are included in research and development expense. Once a software product has reached technological feasibility, then all subsequent software development costs for that product are capitalized until the product is commercially launched. Technological feasibility is evaluated on a product-by-product basis, but typically occurs when the online game has a proven ability to operate on a multiplayer level for a large number of users. Technological feasibility of a product encompasses both technical design documentation and game design documentation.

The Company amortizes capitalized software development costs relating to games and records such costs as a component of cost of revenues. Amortization is determined based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. If that pattern cannot be reliably determined, the straight-line method is used over the remaining estimated economic life of the game. Amortization starts when a game is available for general release to public users. The Company continually evaluates the reasonableness of the economic life of the capitalized software development costs based on the average life cycle of the games whenever each new game is commercially launched or acquired.

Capitalized software development costs for games, net of accumulated amortization and impairment, at December 31, 2015 and 2016 were nil. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were W3,990 million, W3,948 million and nil, respectively.

The Company evaluates the recoverability of capitalized software development costs on a product-by-product basis. The recoverability of capitalized software development costs is evaluated based on the expected performance of the specific products to which the costs relate. Criteria used to evaluate expected product performance include: historical performance of comparable products using comparable technology; orders for the product prior to its release; and estimated performance of a sequel product based on the performance of the product on which the sequel is based. Capitalized costs for those products that are cancelled are expensed in the period of cancellation. In addition, an impairment loss shall be recorded when management’s forecast for a particular game indicates that unamortized capitalized costs exceed the net realizable value of that asset. Significant management judgments and estimates are utilized in the assessment of when technological feasibility is established, as well as in the ongoing assessment of the recoverability of capitalized costs. In evaluating the recoverability of capitalized costs, the assessment of expected product performance utilizes forecasted sales amounts and estimates of additional development costs to be incurred. If revised forecasted or actual product sales are changed from the original forecasted amounts utilized in the initial recoverability analysis, the actual impairment charge may be larger than originally estimated in any given period.

Impairment losses on capitalized software development cost for games for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were W4,605 million and nil, respectively.

Capitalized software development costs—website and internal use software development costs

The Company accounts for website and internal use software development cost in accordance with ASC 340, Internal Use Software. For website and internally used software development costs, the Company expenses all costs that are incurred in connection with the planning and implementation phases of development and costs that are associated with repair or maintenance of the existing websites and software. Costs incurred in the development phase are capitalized and amortized over the estimated product life.

Research and development costs

Research and development expenses consist primarily of payroll and other overhead expenses which are all expensed as incurred (i) until technological feasibility of an online game is reached or (ii) until commercial operation of a mobile game commences. Once technological feasibility of an online game is reached, these costs are capitalized and, once commercial operation commences, amortized as cost of revenues.

Goodwill

Goodwill is accounted for under ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, which requires that goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but instead be tested at least annually for impairment, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of these assets below their carrying amount. Such an event would include unfavorable variances from established business plans, significant changes in forecasted results or volatility inherent to external markets and industries, which are periodically reviewed by the Company’s management.

Specifically, qualitative factors are assessed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. In evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the relevant events and circumstances are assessed. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, it is determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a two-step process of the goodwill impairment test is not performed. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test is performed. The first step of the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The second step of the goodwill impairment test compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized immediately in an amount equal to that excess. The goodwill impairment test is carried out at the reporting unit, which is either an operating division or a subdivision, for which stand-alone financial information is available to the management personnel of such division or subdivision for evaluating operating results.

When performing goodwill impairment testing, the fair values of reporting units are determined based on valuation techniques using the best available information, primarily discounted cash flow projections. The Company makes significant assumptions and estimates about the extent and timing of future cash flows and discount rates that represent unobservable inputs into valuation methodologies.

Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) technology

Acquired IPR&D assets are considered indefinite-lived intangible assets and are not subject to amortization. An IPR&D asset must be tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the IPR&D asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the IPR&D asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss must be recognized in an amount equal to that excess. After an impairment loss is recognized, the adjusted carrying amount of the IPR&D asset will be its new accounting basis. Subsequent reversal of a previously recognized impairment loss is prohibited. The initial determination and subsequent evaluation for impairment of the IPR&D asset requires management to make significant judgments and estimates. Once an IPR&D project has been completed, the useful life of the IPR&D asset is determined and amortized accordingly. If an IPR&D project has been abandoned, it is immediately expensed.

The Company’s intangible assets other than capitalized software development costs and goodwill are remeasured at fair value only if an impairment charge is recognized. The Company uses unobservable inputs to the valuation methodologies that were significant to the fair value measurements, and the valuations required management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices.

Advertising

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense was W1,614 million, W1,882 million and W2,411 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Accrued severance benefits and pension plan

Certain employees and directors in Korea with one year or more of service are entitled to receive a lump-sum payment upon termination of their employment with the Company based on the length of service and rate of pay at the time of termination. Accrued severance benefits are estimated assuming all eligible employees were to terminate their employment at the balance sheet date in compliance with relevant laws in Korea. The annual severance benefits expense charged to operations is calculated based upon the net change in the accrued severance benefits payable at the balance sheet date based on the guidance of ASC 715, Compensation—Retirement Benefits.

Gravity and NeoCyon introduced a defined contribution pension plan in 2005 and 2011, respectively, and provide an individual account for each participant. A plan’s defined contributions to an individual’s account are to be made for periods in which that individual renders services, the net pension cost for a period shall be the contribution called for in that period.

Foreign currency translation

The Korean parent company and its subsidiaries use their local currencies as their functional currencies. The financial statements of the subsidiaries in functional currencies other than the Korean Won are translated into the Korean Won in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. All assets and liabilities of the foreign subsidiaries are translated into the Korean Won at the exchange rate in effect at the end of the period, and capital accounts are determined to be of a permanent nature and are therefore translated using historical exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the period. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are reflected in the cumulative translation adjustment account, reported as a separate component of comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity.

Foreign currency transactions

Net gains and losses resulting from foreign exchange transactions are included in foreign currency income (losses) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under ASC 740, income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are determined based upon differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at currently enacted statutory tax rates for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.

A valuation allowance is provided on deferred income tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The total income tax provision includes current tax expenses under applicable tax regulations and the change in the balance of deferred income tax assets and liabilities.

The Company follows ASC 740, Income Taxes, which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. This standard also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The evaluation of a tax position in accordance with this standard is a two-step process. In the first step, recognition, the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The second step addresses measurement of a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not criteria. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that has a likelihood of greater than 50 percent of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Differences between tax positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the financial statements will generally result in (a) an increase in a liability for income taxes payable or a reduction of an income tax refund receivable, (b) a reduction in a deferred income tax asset or an increase in a deferred income tax liability or (c) both (a) and (b). Interest and penalty recognized related to uncertain tax positions are recorded as a component of income tax expense.

Segment Reporting

An operating segment is defined as a component of a company that engages in business activities for which discrete financial information is available, that is regularly reviewed by the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance. In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, the Company currently operates and manages its business as several operating and reportable segments (See Note 15).

Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, with respect to assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and nonrecurring basis. Under the standard, fair value is defined as the exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset and liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, a fair value hierarchy has been established that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

• Level 1—Quoted prices in active exchange markets involving identical assets or liabilities.

• Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

• Level 3—Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management estimates of assumptions and inputs using a binomial lattice model as the valuation technique.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments for which the determination of fair value is practicable. The fair values of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, accounts receivable and other current assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities approximate carrying values due to the short maturity of these instruments.

Earnings (losses) per share

Basic earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for all periods. Diluted earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net earnings (losses) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, increased by common stock equivalents. However, for each of three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, there has been no common stock equivalent.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as a new Topic, Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606. The new revenue recognition standard relates to revenue from contracts with customers, which, along with amendments issued in 2015 and 2016, will supersede nearly all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminate industry-specific guidance. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The standard, as amended, will be effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting period within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. The standard provides for either full retrospective adoption or a modified retrospective adoption by which it is applied only to the most current period presented. The Company has not yet selected a transition method.

The Company is in initial stages of evaluating the impact of the new standard on its accounting policies, processes, and system requirements. While the Company is continuing to assess all potential impacts of this standard, the Company currently believes that the most significant impact relates to its accounting for the revenues from long-term contracts. The actual treatment required under the standard may vary based on specific contract terms and therefore, the amounts of impact on historical financial statements are not yet determined.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, an amended standard, requiring that the Company classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as non-current on the balance sheet instead of separating deferred taxes into current and non-current. The amended standard is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2017. The amended standard may be adopted on either a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which revises the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and the presentation of certain fair value changes in financial liabilities measured at fair value. This standard is effective beginning January 1, 2018 with early adoption permitted and the Company is evaluating whether the Company will elect to early adopt these provisions. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, replacing existing lease accounting guidance. The new standard introduces a lessee model that would require entities to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, but recognize expenses on their income statements in a manner similar to current accounting. The ASU does not make fundamental changes to existing lessor accounting. However, it modifies what qualifies as a sales-type and direct financing lease and related accounting and aligns a number of the underlying principles with those of the new revenue standard, ASU No. 2014-09, such as evaluating how collectability should be considered and determining when profit can be recognized. The guidance eliminates existing real estate-specific provisions and requires expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The standard requires modified retrospective transition by which it is applied at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the year of adoption. This standard will be effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting period within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently assessing this ASU’s impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The standard provides guidance in a number of situations including, among others, settlement of zero-coupon bonds, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and distributions received from equity method investees. The ASU also provides guidance for classifying cash receipts and payments that have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. For Gravity, this ASU is effective January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The standard requires application using a retrospective transition method. The Company does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which narrows the existing definition of a business and provides a framework for evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of assets or a business. The ASU requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets; if so, the set of transferred assets and activities (collectively, the set) is not a business. To be considered a business, the set would need to include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. The standard also narrows the definition of outputs. The definition of a business affects areas of accounting such as acquisitions, disposals and goodwill. Under the new guidance, fewer acquired sets are expected to be considered businesses. For Gravity, this ASU is effective January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted. The impact on the Company’s financial statements will depend on the facts and circumstances of any specific future transactions.

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Convenience Translation into United States Dollar Amounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Text Block [Abstract]

Convenience Translation into United States Dollar Amounts

3. Convenience Translation into United States Dollar Amounts

The Company reports its consolidated financial statements in Korean Won. The United States dollar (“US dollar”) amounts disclosed in the accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented solely for the convenience of the reader, and have been converted at the rate of 1,203.73 Korean Won to one US dollar, which is the noon buying rate of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in effect on December 30, 2016. Such translations should not be construed as representations that the Korean Won amounts represent, have been, or could be, converted into US dollars at that or any other rate. The US dollar amounts are

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Restricted Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Receivables [Abstract]

Restricted Assets

4. Restricted Assets

As of December 31, 2015 and 2016, the Company has no restricted financial instrument.

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Allowance for doubtful accounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Receivables [Abstract]

Allowance for doubtful accounts

5. Allowance for doubtful accounts

Changes in the allowance for accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014			2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of year	W	32		W	35	W	36
Provision for allowances		16			1		1
Reversal of previous provision		—			—		—
Write-offs		(13	)		—		—
Balance at end of year	W	35		W	36	W	37

Changes in the allowance for loan receivable for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of year	W	1,200	W	1,200	W	1,210
Provision for allowances		—		10		—
Reversal of previous provision		—		—		—
Write-offs		—		—		—
Balance at end of year	W	1,200	W	1,210	W	1,210

The original long-term loans receivable due from Naru Entertainment Corporation (“Naru”) were W1,200 million. The loans and its accrued interest at 8% annually, would be paid by revenue sharing payments in the future. As Naru reported the closure of business during 2012, the Company has reserved the full amount due from Naru as bad debt reserve since the year ended December 31, 2012.

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Equity Method Investment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Equity Method Investment

6. Equity Method Investment

Gravity EU SAS

Gravity EU SAS was accounted for by using the equity method since August 2011, due to a dilution of the Company’s interest in Gravity EU SASU, the Company’s ownership of the investee decreased from 100% to 25%. In 2013, the Company discontinued applying the equity method as the investment was reduced to zero. The Company did not have any contractual obligation to fund further losses of Gravity EU SAS. Gravity EU SAS was disposed in November 2014 and the Company recognized the gain on disposition of investments amounting to W3 million.

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Fair value of financial instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair value of financial instruments

7. Fair value of financial instruments

The Company adopted ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures effective January 1, 2009, for all financial assets and liabilities as required. This statement defines fair value as the exit price, or the amount that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. When determining fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact, and the Company considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and risk of non-performance.

The Company’s financial instruments are measured and recorded at fair value, except for cost method investments. The Company’s non-financial assets, such as goodwill, intangible assets, and property and equipment, are measured at fair value when there is an indicator of impairment and recorded at fair value only when an impairment charge is recognized.

As discussed in Note 2, the Company adopted ASC 825, which permits entities to choose to measure financial instruments and certain other items at fair value and consequently report unrealized gains and losses on these items in earnings. ASC 825 was effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2009. The Company has elected the fair value option to measure its short-term available-for-sale investments.

The estimated fair value of financial assets is determined by the Company, using available market information and valuation methodologies considered to be appropriate. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value.

As of December 31, 2015 and 2016, the Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, short-term financial instruments, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable, and other current liabilities. The Company’s carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments

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Property and Equipment, Net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment, Net

8. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 consist of the following:

	2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Computer and equipment	W	6,413		W	5,072
Furniture and fixtures		1,750			1,714
Capital lease assets		1,429			1,465
Leasehold improvements		964			1,006
Software externally-purchased		10,506			10,527
		21,062			19,784
Less accumulated depreciation		(20,180	)		(19,191	)
	W	882		W	593

Depreciation expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were W1,578 million, W765 million and W471 million, respectively.

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Goodwill and other intangible assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and other intangible assets

9. Goodwill and other intangible assets

Capitalized software development cost and other intangible assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 consist of the following:

	December 31, 2015										December 31, 2016
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Accumulated Impairment			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Accumulated Impairment			Net Carrying Amount
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Capitalized software development cost	W	29,558	W	(24,174	)	W	(5,384	)	W	—	W	29,558	W	(24,174	)	W	(5,384	)	W	—
Acquired intangible assets
Product technology		18,599		(12,543	)		(6,033	)		23		18,599		(12,564	)		(6,033	)		2
IPR&D technology		8,503		—			(8,503	)		—		8,503		—			(8,503	)		—
Trademarks		586		(440	)		(37	)		109		595		(464	)		(42	)		89
Others		3,078		(1,089	)		(1,989	)		—		3,078		(1,089	)		(1,989	)		—
Total	W	60,324	W	(38,246	)	W	(21,946	)	W	132	W	60,333	W	(38,291	)	W	(21,951	)	W	91

The Company capitalized W548 million of R&D costs in accordance with ASC 985, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed in 2013.

All of the Company’s intangible assets other than goodwill and IPR&D are subject to amortization. No significant residual value is estimated for the intangible assets. Aggregate amortization expenses for intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were W4,039 million, W3,999 million and W45 million, respectively.

The Company recognized impairment loss of W4,605 million for capitalized software cost for Ragnarok Online II in 2015.

The Company recognized impairment loss of W34 million and W5 million for trademarks in 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Expected amortization expenses related to the current net carrying amount of intangible assets are as follows:

	(In millions of Korean Won)
2017	W	26
2018		19
2019		13
2020		10
2021 and thereafter		23
	W	91

Changes in goodwill balances for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of the year
Goodwill	W	8,232		W	8,232		W	8,232
Accumulated impairment losses		(7,022	)		(7,022	)		(8,232	)
		1,210			1,210			—
Impairment losses		—			(1,210	)		—
Balance at end of the year
Goodwill		8,232			8,232			8,232
Accumulated impairment losses		(7,022	)		(8,232	)		(8,232	)
	W	1,210		W	—		W	—

The Company performed its annual impairment test for goodwill at its reporting unit using data as of December 31, 2014 and 2015. In performing the valuations, the Company used cash flows, which reflected management’s forecasts and discount rates which reflect the risks associated with the current market. Prior to performing the two-step impairment test for goodwill, the Company performed a qualitative assessment for the reporting unit.

In 2014, the Company concluded not to recognize impairment loss for goodwill as the fair value of the business reporting unit was determined to be greater than its carrying amount.

In performing the annual impairment test for goodwill for NeoCyon in 2015, the fair value of the business reporting unit NeoCyon was determined to be lower than its carrying amount. Therefore, during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded impairment losses of W1,210 million in reporting unit of NeoCyon due to the overall decline in the fair value of the reporting unit and uncertainty of the future. The fair value of the reporting unit was estimated principally using the expected present value of the future cash flows.

The Company did not perform its annual impairment test for goodwill in fiscal year 2016 since its carrying amount subject to the impairment test became nil.

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Accrued Severance Benefits

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Postemployment Benefits [Abstract]

Accrued Severance Benefits

10. Accrued Severance Benefits

Changes in accrued severance benefits for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014			2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of year	W	263		W	103	W	123
Provisions for severance benefits		(60	)		20		(19	)
Severance payments		(100	)		—		—
Balance at end of year	W	103		W	123	W	104

In 2005, Gravity introduced a defined contribution pension plan (“Pension Plan”) in accordance with the Employee Benefit Security Act of Korea and entered into a nonparticipating defined contribution insurance contract with a life insurance company. Gravity made contributions of W1,227 million, W827 million and W1,100 million to the plan in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. In 2011, NeoCyon, Inc. also introduced a pension plan and made contributions of W569 million, W562 million and W518 million in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. For the contributions already made, Gravity and NeoCyon will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts and therefore no severance benefits were accrued. The accrued severance benefits recorded as of December 31, 2016 relate to the other employees who have not been included in a Pension Plan.

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

11. Commitments and Contingencies

As of December 31, 2016, the Company has outstanding license agreements for Ragnarok Online with 6 companies internationally. Under the contractual terms set forth in these agreements, the Company receives ranging from 20% to 40% of each licensee’s revenues as royalties.

In May 2013 and January 2015, the Company entered into a development agreement with Shanghai The Dream Network Technology Co., Ltd. that provided them with a license to intellectual property owned by Gravity to develop and distribute web game and two mobile games in China based on the contents of Ragnarok Online, respectively. In March 2016, Gravity and Shanghai The Dream Network Technology Co., Ltd. amended the agreement to grant them an exclusive right to develop mobile games and web games based on the contents of Ragnarok Online and distribute such games for 5 years. Under the terms of this agreement, the Company has a right to collect the portion of agreed percentage of royalty payments that exceed the minimum royalty guarantee.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company has a contract for the exclusive rights of Ragnarok Online II game distribution and sales with Shanghai The Dream Square Network Technology Co., Ltd. in China. The Company terminated the license and distribution agreement for Ragnarok Online II entered into with GungHo in February 2016.

The Company entered into various capital lease agreements to utilize game servers. The Company made principal and interest payments of $137 thousand (W144 million) and $11 thousand (W11 million) in 2014 and $103 thousand (W117 million) and $4 thousand (W4 million) in 2015, respectively. In 2016, the Company made principal payments of $14 thousand (W17 million).

The Company has no obligation to pay future minimum capital lease payments as of December 31, 2016 due to the expiration of lease terms.

In addition to the capital lease above, the Company leases certain properties which are considered to be operating leases. Rental expenses incurred under these operating leases were W2,324 million, W1,755 million and W1,921 million, for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The Company entered into a lease agreement with Korea Software Industry Promotion Agency in 2008 and Ling, Hsiao-hui in 2016. The Company extended lease period with Marina Business Center (U.S.A.). This lease agreement recorded a guarantee deposit of W935 million as of December 31, 2016.

Future minimum rental payments for the operating leases as of December 31, 2016, are as follows:

	(In millions of Korean Won)
2017	W	1,896
2018		1,823
2019		149
	W	3,868

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Shareholders' Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Equity [Abstract]

Shareholders' Equity

12. Shareholders’ Equity

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity is authorized to issue a total of 40 million shares with a par value of W500 per share, in registered form, consisting of common shares and non-voting preferred shares. Of this authorized amount, Gravity is authorized to issue up to 2 million non-voting preferred shares. Under the articles of incorporation, holders of non-voting preferred shares are entitled to receive dividends of not less than 1% and up to 15% of the par value of such shares, the exact rate to be determined by Gravity’s Board of Directors at the time of issuance, provided that the holders of preferred shares are entitled to receive dividend at a rate not lower than that determined for holders of common shares. Gravity does not have any non-voting preferred shares outstanding.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had a total of 6,948,900 common shares issued and outstanding. All of the issued and outstanding shares are fully paid and registered.

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Earnings (Loss) Per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

13. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

The components of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are as follows:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won, except per share data)
Net income (loss) available for common shareholders (A)	W	(20,907	)	W	(16,965	)	W	250
Weighted average outstanding shares of common shares (B)		6,948,900			6,948,900			6,948,900
Earnings (loss) per share Basic and diluted (A/B)	W	(3,009	)	W	(2,441	)	W	36

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

14. Income Taxes

Income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 consist of the following:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Income (loss) before income taxes
Domestic	W	(9,415	)	W	(14,790	)	W	3,887
Foreign		(1,437	)		(888	)		(468	)
		(10,852	)		(15,678	)		3,419
Current income taxes
Domestic		1,473			1,351			3,240
Foreign		—			—			—
		1,473			1,351			3,240
Deferred income taxes (benefit)
Domestic		8,674			—			—
Foreign		—			—			—
		8,674			—			—
Total income tax expenses	W	10,147		W	1,351		W	3,240

Income taxes recognized directly in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are W68 million, nil and nil, respectively.

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Deferred tax assets
Accrued expense	W	345		W	634
Allowance for doubtful		1,179			1,150
Investments in subsidiaries and equity method investees		77			—
Depreciation and amortization		1,228			218
Deferred revenue		487			247
Net operation loss carryforwards		14,157			14,892
Foreign tax credit carryforwards		10,078			9,401
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development		3,533			3,659
Tax credit carryforwards for social insurance for employment increase		70			70
Others		91			89
Total deferred tax assets		31,245			30,360
Less valuation allowance		(31,146	)		(30,327	)
		99			33
Deferred tax liabilities
Accrued income		23			33
Investments in subsidiaries and equity method investees		76			—
Total deferred tax liabilities		99			33
Net deferred tax assets	W	—		W	—
Reported as
Current portion of deferred income tax assets	W	—		W	—
Non-current deferred income tax assets	W	—		W	—

Deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent that realization of the related tax benefit is more likely than not. Realization of the future tax benefits related to the deferred income tax assets is dependent on many factors, including the Company’s ability to generate taxable income within the period during which the temporary differences reverse, the outlook for the economic environment in which the Company operates, and the overall future industry outlook.

In assessing the realizability of deferred income tax assets, management considered whether it was more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets would not be realized. In particular, a significant portion of the available loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards is expected to expire if the Company does not generate sufficient taxable income in Korea. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax asset is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences became deductible. Management considered the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, uncertainty in the future taxable income, the tax structure of the Company and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. In 2015 and 2016, management believed it was more likely than not that Gravity and certain subsidiaries could not realize the benefits of these deductible differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards, and recognized full allowances from deferred income tax assets.

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity Co., Ltd. in Korea had temporary differences of W8,345 million, available loss carryforwards of W30,792 million, foreign tax credit carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development etc. of W8,813 million and W1,835 million, respectively, which expire from 2017 to 2021. Based on the Company’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W19,258 million on the full amount of temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and available tax credit carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred to Gravity.

As of December 31, 2016, NeoCyon, Inc., the Company’s 96.11% owned subsidiary in Korea, had temporary differences of W334 million and available loss carryforwards of W6,660 million. Also, the subsidiary had foreign tax credit carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development etc. of W452 million and W1,819 million, respectively, which expire from 2017 to 2021. Based on this subsidiary’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W3,809 million on the full amount of the temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred in Korea.

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity Entertainment Corp., the Company’s 100% owned subsidiary in Japan, had temporary differences of W242 million and available loss carryforwards of W92 million which expire from 2018 to 2025. Based on this subsidiary’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these temporary differences and loss carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W141 million on the full amount of the temporary differences and available loss carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred in Japan.

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity Interactive, Inc., the Company’s 100% owned subsidiary in the United States of America, had available loss carryforwards of W10,250 million for federal tax and W10,625 million for state tax, respectively, which expire from 2027 to 2036. Based on this subsidiary’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these loss carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W4,337 million on the full amount of the available loss carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred in U.S.

As of December 31, 2016, Gravity Games Corporation, the Company’s 85.50% owned subsidiary in Korea, had temporary differences of W1,731 million and available loss carryforwards of W9,951 million. Also, the subsidiary had foreign tax credit carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development etc. of W137 million and W75 million, respectively, which expire from 2017 to 2018. Based on this subsidiary’s historical and projected net and taxable income, the Company determined that it would not be able to realize these temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards, and recognized a valuation allowance of W2,782 million on the full amount of the temporary differences, available loss carryforwards and tax credits carryforwards at an effective rate expected to be incurred in Korea.

The Korean statutory tax rate applicable to the Company for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 is 22%. Deferred taxes are measured using the enacted tax rate expected to apply at the time of reversal, which is 22% for the Company. On January 1, 2014, amended local income tax law was enacted. This amendment has an impact on calculation of surtax on income tax for the period ended December 31, 2015 and 2016. Prior to the amended local income tax law was enacted, surtax on corporate income tax was calculated at 10% of income tax payable which was subtracted by tax credit. However, it is now calculated at 10% of income tax payable in accordance with this amendment.

A reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) from the Korean statutory income tax rate to actual income tax expense is as follows:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Tax expense (benefit) at Korean statutory tax rate (22%)	W	(2,387	)	W	(3,449	)	W	752
Foreign tax credit and foreign tax deduction		1,069			1,104			39
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development		(756	)		(558	)		(471	)
Foreign tax differential		(259	)		(184	)		(99	)
Income not assessable for tax purpose		(26	)		(77	)		(1	)
Expense not deductible for tax purpose		351			140			37
Change in formula of surtax on income tax		2,049			—			—
Change in valuation allowances		6,550			244			(819	)
Tax effect from consolidation of subsidiaries		3			205			(14	)
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rate		(110	)		(187	)		(114	)
Expiration of unused foreign tax credit and unused net operating loss carryforwards		4,090			4,238			4,055
Others		(427	)		(125	)		(125	)
Total income tax expense	W	10,147		W	1,351		W	3,240

The Company assessed uncertain tax positions and measured unrecognized tax benefits for open tax years in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company is subject to income tax examination by various tax jurisdictions, such as Korea and the United States. As of December 31, 2016, the Company remains subject to income tax examination of Korean National Tax Service for the tax years 2011 to 2016 and Internal Revenue Service of the United States for the tax years 2013 to 2016. The Company’s policy is that it recognizes interest expenses and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense. Accordingly, the Company assesses its income tax positions and records tax benefits for all years subject to examinations based upon the evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at that reporting date. For those tax positions for which it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company records the amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. If the Company does not believe that it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized.

Based on the approach above, the Company assessed the uncertain tax positions and did not record any unrecognized tax benefits as the Company believes that it is more likely than not that there will not be any unrecognized tax benefits.

Allowances for deferred income tax assets for three years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	Balance at Beginning of Year		Decrease(*)			Increase		Balance at End of Year
	(In millions of Korean Won)
2014
Valuation allowance	W	24,352	W	(4,090	)	W	10,640	W	30,902
2015
Valuation allowance		30,902		(4,238	)		4,482		31,146
2016
Valuation allowance		31,146		(4,055	)		3,236		30,327

(*1) The valuation allowances decreased primarily due to the expiration of unused foreign tax credits and unused net operating loss carryforwards.

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Operating Segments and Geographic Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Operating Segments and Geographic Information

15. Operating Segments and Geographic Information

Operating segments of the Company are consistent with its internal organizational structure, the manner in which its operations are reviewed and managed by its Chief Executive Officer, who is its Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), the manner in which the Company assesses operating performance and allocates resources, and the availability of separate financial information.

The Company had previously reported its results of operations under one operating segment. In 2015, the Company realigned new operating segments comprised of online game operations and mobile game operations. During the fiscal year of 2015, the Company’s CODM decided to begin to receive and analyze separate financial information of the operating segments in order to perform independent evaluations about its online game operations and mobile game operations and to make separate business decisions and, also to allocate resources for each segment. The nature of change is based on consideration about (i) recent focus on mobile game business due to significant growth of global mobile game market as well as (ii) gradually declining portion of online game revenues in total revenues.

The CODM does not review any information regarding total assets on an operating segment basis, and accordingly, no disclosure is made with respect thereto. Information on the operating segments and reconciliations of total net revenues and total segment operating income to consolidated net revenues from external customers and consolidated operating income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, and 2016 are presented in the table below:

	2014			2015			2016
Segment net Revenues		(In millions of Korean Won)
Online games	W	22,153		W	18,147		W	36,354
Mobile games		15,649			15,350			14,003
Other		4,772			3,830			4,292
Elimination		(2,685	)		(1,667	)		(3,253	)
Total	W	39,889		W	35,660		W	51,396

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Income (loss) from operations
Online games	W	(4,625	)	W	(7,038	)	W	11,157
Mobile games		(7,196	)		(9,701	)		(7,939	)
Other		(386	)		398			304
Elimination		378			(888	)		(99	)
Total	W	(11,829	)	W	(17,229	)	W	3,423

Geographic information for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 is based on the location of the distribution entity. Revenues by geographic region are as follows:

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Taiwan and Hong Kong	W	2,315	W	2,763	W	16,705
Korea		19,469		18,189		14,770
Japan		8,511		7,781		9,274
United States of America		5,038		3,624		5,130
China		749		1,045		2,322
Thailand		1,283		958		2,262
Brazil		664		452		529
Europe		300		203		138
Russia		123		26		—
Other		1,437		619		266
	W	39,889	W	35,660	W	51,396

As of December 31, 2016, approximately 79%, 7% and 14% of the Company’s property, plant and equipment are located in Korea, the United States and Taiwan, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, approximately 86% and 14% of the Company’s property, plant and equipment are located in Korea and the United States, respectively.

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Related Party Transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Transactions

16. Related Party Transactions

During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, there were related party transactions with a shareholder and an equity investee as follows:

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Sales to related parties	W	11,441	W	9,454	W	10,667
Purchases from related parties		599		226		39
Amounts due from related parties		1,365		1,261		1,116
Amounts due to related parties		5,111		4,712		3,025

Due to the disposal of equity investments in Gravity EU SAS, in November 2014, the related party relationships between the Company and the equity investees was discontinued. Therefore, the transactions with Gravity EU SAS that occurred before the disposal of the equity investments were included in the related party transactions. Sales to Gravity EU SAS were W237 million in 2014.

Zerodiv Inc. has been excluded from the coverage of GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.’s consolidation as a result of the sale of all of its shares on December 1, 2015. Therefore, the related party relationship between the Company and Zerodiv Inc. was discontinued and the transactions with Zerodiv Inc. that occurred before the sales date were included in the related party transactions.

Gravity Middle East & Africa FZ LLC was excluded from the consolidation during the year ended December 31, 2015 due to liquidation.

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information and Non-Cash Activities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

Supplemental Cash Flow Information and Non-Cash Activities

17. Supplemental Cash Flow Information and Non-Cash Activities

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid during the year for income taxes	W	1,344	W	1,279	W	3,187
Interest paid		11		4		—
Supplemental non-cash activities
Reclassification of long-term deferred revenue to deferred revenue	W	1,242	W	940	W	65
Reclassification of long-term deferred revenue to accounts payable		—		—		4,699
Reclassification of prepayment to intangible assets		31		6		9

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Subsequent events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent events

18. Subsequent events

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of presentation

Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Significant accounting policies followed by the Company in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are summarized below.

Principles of consolidation

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gravity and the following subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation.

Subsidiary	Year of Establishment		Year of Obtaining Control		Percentage of Ownership (%)
Gravity Interactive, Inc.		2003		2003		100.00
Gravity Entertainment Corporation		2003		2004		100.00
NeoCyon, Inc.		2000		2005		96.11
Gravity Games Corporation		2003		2010		85.50

Investments in entities where the Company holds more than 20% but less than 50% ownership or over which the Company has significant management influence are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and the Company’s share of the investee’s operations is included in equity method investments.

The Company recorded its initial investments at cost and records its pro rata share of the earnings or losses in the results of operations of the equity method investees.

Use of estimates

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include useful lives of property and equipment, salvage values and recovery of property and equipment; recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets; valuation allowances for receivables, realization of deferred income tax assets, and estimated life cycle of game users. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used.

Risks and uncertainties

Risks and uncertainties

Industry and revenue

The industry in which the Company operates is subject to a number of industry-specific risks, including, but not limited to, rapidly changing technologies; significant numbers of new competitive entrants; dependence on key individuals; competition from similar products from larger companies; change in customer preferences; the need for the continued successful development, marketing, and selling of its products and services; and the need for positive cash flows from operations. The Company depends on one key product, “Ragnarok Online,” for most of its revenues.

During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, the Company generated 84%, 87% and 88% of its revenues from countries in Asia, respectively.

As of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. and LG Electronics Inc. were customers whose related accounts receivable and total revenues exceeded 10% of the Company’s total accounts receivable or total revenues. Proportions are as follows:

		2014						2015						2016
Country	Customer	Accounts Receivable			Revenues			Accounts Receivable			Revenues			Accounts Receivable			Revenues
Japan	GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.		25	%		28	%		23	%		27	%		9	%		21	%
Korea	LG Electronics Inc.		15	%		8	%		11	%		12	%		8	%		8	%

The amounts included within the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2016 are W1,080 million and W1,013 million from GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. and LG Electronics Inc., respectively.

Concentrations of credit risk

Cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments and accounts receivables are potentially subject to concentration of credit risk. Cash and cash equivalents and short-term financial instruments are placed with several financial institutions, of which approximately 30.60%, 25.34% and 24.54% of such amounts are held at three financial institutions, respectively, as of December 31, 2016. Accounts receivables are due from several payment gateway companies, of which approximately 45.53% of such amounts are due from one payment gateway company as of December 31, 2016.

Revenue recognition

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product or the service has been delivered or rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.

The Company derives most of its revenues from online game subscription revenue mainly from Ragnarok Online paid by users in Korea, Taiwan, the United States and Canada, and royalties and license fees paid by the licensees of the Company in overseas markets.

Online games—subscription revenue

Players can access certain games free of charge, but may purchase game points to acquire in-game premium features. Subscription revenue consists of revenues from (i) micro-transactions, (ii) subscription fees from Internet cafés and (iii) premium services for individual PC users. Micro-transaction fees for consumable in-game items are deferred when such in-game items are purchased by users and recognized as revenue when the purchased in-game items are used in the games while those for permanent in-game items are recognized ratably as revenues over the estimated life cycle of game users. Micro-transaction fees for in-game items with limited time period are deferred and recognized as revenue in proportion to the number of days lapsed. All online game subscription fees and premium service fees are prepaid. Prepaid subscription fees from Internet cafés are deferred and recognized as revenue on a monthly basis based on actual hours used. Prepaid premium service fees from individual PC users are deferred and recognized as revenue on a monthly basis in proportion to the number of days lapsed.

Online games—royalties and license fees

The Company licenses the right to develop, sell and distribute its games in exchange for an initial prepaid license fee and guaranteed minimum royalty payments. The prepaid license fee revenues are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized ratably over the license period. If license agreements are renewed upon expiration of their terms, renewed license fees are deferred and recognized ratably over the new license period.

The Company generally provides its licensees with minimal post-contract customer support on its software products, consisting of technical support and occasional unspecified upgrades, or enhancements during the contract term. The estimated costs of providing such support are insignificant and sufficient vendor-specific evidence does not exist to allocate the revenue from software and related integration projects to the separate elements of such projects, therefore all license revenue is recognized ratably over the life of the contract.

The guaranteed minimum royalty payments are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as the royalties are earned. In addition, the Company receives a royalty payment based on a specified percentage of the licensees’ sales, including game item revenues. These royalties that exceed the guaranteed minimum royalty are recognized on a monthly basis, as the related revenues are earned by the licenses.

Mobile games and applications revenue

Mobile games and applications revenue consists of (i) revenues from micro-transactions that users pay in cases where the Company directly provides mobile games services to users, such as in Korea and Taiwan; (ii) license fees and/or guaranteed minimum royalty payments, and royalty revenues from the Company’s licensees to which it licenses the right to market and distribute its mobile games in overseas countries; (iii) contract prices, which are related to various development services and products provided by the Company to third parties, such as developing games embedded in mobile phones, mobile applications, and sound for mobile phones and appliances; (iv) revenues from mobile games operation service for third parties; and (v) revenues from third parties that license the Company’s original intellectual property to develop and distribute mobile games.

Micro-transaction fees for in-game items are deferred when such in-game items are purchased by users and recognized ratably as revenues over the estimated life cycle of game users. License fees are deferred and recognized ratably as revenue over the license period. Royalty revenues are based on an agreed percentage of each of the licensees’ revenues based on the licensees’ sales from mobile games. Intellectual property royalty revenues from third parties including any guaranteed minimum amounts are recognized ratably as revenue over the terms of the license agreement. Contract prices are recognized when the products or services have been delivered or rendered and the customers can begin use in accordance with the contractual terms. Revenues from mobile games operation service are based on an agreed percentage of each of the licensors’ revenues based on the licensor’s sales from the mobile games the Company operates on their behalf and recognized on a monthly basis after the licensor confirms its revenues based on the licensor’s sales from the relevant mobile games during the month.

Mobile application development service revenues are recognized by measuring progress-to-completion under the percentage-of-completion method. If the Company does not have a sufficient basis to measure progress towards completion, revenues are recognized when it receives final acceptance from the customer that the services have been completed.

Character merchandising, animation and other revenue

Character merchandising, animation and other revenue consists of revenue from sales of console games, game character merchandising, animation and other services, including sales of goods related to mobile phones and website development and operation services for third parties.

Revenue from sales of console games is derived from a specified percentage of the publisher’s sales after deductibles, including payments to the platform holder and others, and recognized on a quarterly basis as they are earned by the publisher. Royalty payments from game character merchandising are recognized on a quarterly basis as they are earned by the licensee. Contract prices for the Company’s services provided to third parties are recognized when the products or services have been delivered or rendered and the customers can begin their use in accordance with the contractual terms.

The Company also sells goods related to mobile phones, such as accessories or provides contracted services, which is recorded in other revenue. The Company records these sales of goods when delivery has occurred and collectability of the fixed or determinable sales price is reasonably assured.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and time deposits with maturities of three months or less when acquired.

Short-term financial instruments

Short-term financial instruments

Short-term financial instruments primarily include time deposits placed with financial institutions which have an original maturity of greater than three months but less than one year.

Allowance for doubtful accounts

Allowance for doubtful accounts

The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts based upon the following information: an aging analysis of existing accounts receivable, historical write-off experience, repayment patterns, creditworthiness of its customers, and industry trend analysis.

The payment processing service providers are responsible for remitting to the Company the full subscription revenues generated in Korea after deducting their fixed service fees and charges, which range from approximately 1.4% to 15% and risk of loss or delinquencies are borne by such payment processing service providers.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Computer and equipment	4 years
Furniture and fixtures	4 years
Software	3 years
Vehicles	4 years

Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets or the lease term, whichever is shorter.

Routine maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures which enhance the value or extend the useful lives of the related assets are capitalized.

Depreciation for property and equipment is allocated to cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses or research and development expenses.

Accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets

Accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets

Definite-lived tangible and intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life according to the nature and characteristics of each asset. The Company continually evaluates the reasonableness of the useful lives of these assets.

The Company reviews property and equipment and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets

Capitalized software development costs—online game development costs

The Company capitalizes certain software development costs relating to online games that will be distributed through subscriptions or licenses. The Company accounts for software development costs in accordance with ASC 985, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed. Software development costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility are expensed when incurred and are included in research and development expense. Once a software product has reached technological feasibility, then all subsequent software development costs for that product are capitalized until the product is commercially launched. Technological feasibility is evaluated on a product-by-product basis, but typically occurs when the online game has a proven ability to operate on a multiplayer level for a large number of users. Technological feasibility of a product encompasses both technical design documentation and game design documentation.

The Company amortizes capitalized software development costs relating to games and records such costs as a component of cost of revenues. Amortization is determined based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. If that pattern cannot be reliably determined, the straight-line method is used over the remaining estimated economic life of the game. Amortization starts when a game is available for general release to public users. The Company continually evaluates the reasonableness of the economic life of the capitalized software development costs based on the average life cycle of the games whenever each new game is commercially launched or acquired.

Capitalized software development costs for games, net of accumulated amortization and impairment, at December 31, 2015 and 2016 were nil. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were W3,990 million, W3,948 million and nil, respectively.

The Company evaluates the recoverability of capitalized software development costs on a product-by-product basis. The recoverability of capitalized software development costs is evaluated based on the expected performance of the specific products to which the costs relate. Criteria used to evaluate expected product performance include: historical performance of comparable products using comparable technology; orders for the product prior to its release; and estimated performance of a sequel product based on the performance of the product on which the sequel is based. Capitalized costs for those products that are cancelled are expensed in the period of cancellation. In addition, an impairment loss shall be recorded when management’s forecast for a particular game indicates that unamortized capitalized costs exceed the net realizable value of that asset. Significant management judgments and estimates are utilized in the assessment of when technological feasibility is established, as well as in the ongoing assessment of the recoverability of capitalized costs. In evaluating the recoverability of capitalized costs, the assessment of expected product performance utilizes forecasted sales amounts and estimates of additional development costs to be incurred. If revised forecasted or actual product sales are changed from the original forecasted amounts utilized in the initial recoverability analysis, the actual impairment charge may be larger than originally estimated in any given period.

Impairment losses on capitalized software development cost for games for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were W4,605 million and nil, respectively.

Capitalized software development costs—website and internal use software development costs

The Company accounts for website and internal use software development cost in accordance with ASC 340, Internal Use Software. For website and internally used software development costs, the Company expenses all costs that are incurred in connection with the planning and implementation phases of development and costs that are associated with repair or maintenance of the existing websites and software. Costs incurred in the development phase are capitalized and amortized over the estimated product life.

Research and development costs

Research and development expenses consist primarily of payroll and other overhead expenses which are all expensed as incurred (i) until technological feasibility of an online game is reached or (ii) until commercial operation of a mobile game commences. Once technological feasibility of an online game is reached, these costs are capitalized and, once commercial operation commences, amortized as cost of revenues.

Goodwill

Goodwill is accounted for under ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, which requires that goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but instead be tested at least annually for impairment, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of these assets below their carrying amount. Such an event would include unfavorable variances from established business plans, significant changes in forecasted results or volatility inherent to external markets and industries, which are periodically reviewed by the Company’s management.

Specifically, qualitative factors are assessed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. In evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the relevant events and circumstances are assessed. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, it is determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a two-step process of the goodwill impairment test is not performed. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test is performed. The first step of the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The second step of the goodwill impairment test compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized immediately in an amount equal to that excess. The goodwill impairment test is carried out at the reporting unit, which is either an operating division or a subdivision, for which stand-alone financial information is available to the management personnel of such division or subdivision for evaluating operating results.

When performing goodwill impairment testing, the fair values of reporting units are determined based on valuation techniques using the best available information, primarily discounted cash flow projections. The Company makes significant assumptions and estimates about the extent and timing of future cash flows and discount rates that represent unobservable inputs into valuation methodologies.

Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) technology

Acquired IPR&D assets are considered indefinite-lived intangible assets and are not subject to amortization. An IPR&D asset must be tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the IPR&D asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the IPR&D asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss must be recognized in an amount equal to that excess. After an impairment loss is recognized, the adjusted carrying amount of the IPR&D asset will be its new accounting basis. Subsequent reversal of a previously recognized impairment loss is prohibited. The initial determination and subsequent evaluation for impairment of the IPR&D asset requires management to make significant judgments and estimates. Once an IPR&D project has been completed, the useful life of the IPR&D asset is determined and amortized accordingly. If an IPR&D project has been abandoned, it is immediately expensed.

The Company’s intangible assets other than capitalized software development costs and goodwill are remeasured at fair value only if an impairment charge is recognized. The Company uses unobservable inputs to the valuation methodologies that were significant to the fair value measurements, and the valuations required management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices.

Advertising

Advertising

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense was W1,614 million, W1,882 million and W2,411 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Accrued severance benefits and pension plan

Accrued severance benefits and pension plan

Certain employees and directors in Korea with one year or more of service are entitled to receive a lump-sum payment upon termination of their employment with the Company based on the length of service and rate of pay at the time of termination. Accrued severance benefits are estimated assuming all eligible employees were to terminate their employment at the balance sheet date in compliance with relevant laws in Korea. The annual severance benefits expense charged to operations is calculated based upon the net change in the accrued severance benefits payable at the balance sheet date based on the guidance of ASC 715, Compensation—Retirement Benefits.

Gravity and NeoCyon introduced a defined contribution pension plan in 2005 and 2011, respectively, and provide an individual account for each participant. A plan’s defined contributions to an individual’s account are to be made for periods in which that individual renders services, the net pension cost for a period shall be the contribution called for in that period.

Foreign currency translation and transactions

Foreign currency translation

The Korean parent company and its subsidiaries use their local currencies as their functional currencies. The financial statements of the subsidiaries in functional currencies other than the Korean Won are translated into the Korean Won in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. All assets and liabilities of the foreign subsidiaries are translated into the Korean Won at the exchange rate in effect at the end of the period, and capital accounts are determined to be of a permanent nature and are therefore translated using historical exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the period. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are reflected in the cumulative translation adjustment account, reported as a separate component of comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity.

Foreign currency transactions

Net gains and losses resulting from foreign exchange transactions are included in foreign currency income (losses) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Income taxes

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under ASC 740, income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are determined based upon differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at currently enacted statutory tax rates for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.

A valuation allowance is provided on deferred income tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The total income tax provision includes current tax expenses under applicable tax regulations and the change in the balance of deferred income tax assets and liabilities.

The Company follows ASC 740, Income Taxes, which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. This standard also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The evaluation of a tax position in accordance with this standard is a two-step process. In the first step, recognition, the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The second step addresses measurement of a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not criteria. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that has a likelihood of greater than 50 percent of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Differences between tax positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the financial statements will generally result in (a) an increase in a liability for income taxes payable or a reduction of an income tax refund receivable, (b) a reduction in a deferred income tax asset or an increase in a deferred income tax liability or (c) both (a) and (b). Interest and penalty recognized related to uncertain tax positions are recorded as a component of income tax expense.

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

An operating segment is defined as a component of a company that engages in business activities for which discrete financial information is available, that is regularly reviewed by the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance. In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, the Company currently operates and manages its business as several operating and reportable segments (See Note 15).

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, with respect to assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and nonrecurring basis. Under the standard, fair value is defined as the exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset and liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, a fair value hierarchy has been established that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

• Level 1—Quoted prices in active exchange markets involving identical assets or liabilities.

• Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

• Level 3—Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management estimates of assumptions and inputs using a binomial lattice model as the valuation technique.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments for which the determination of fair value is practicable. The fair values of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, accounts receivable and other current assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities approximate carrying values due to the short maturity of these instruments.

Earnings (losses) per share

Earnings (losses) per share

Basic earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for all periods. Diluted earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net earnings (losses) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, increased by common stock equivalents. However, for each of three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, there has been no common stock equivalent.

Recent accounting pronouncements

Recent accounting pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as a new Topic, Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606. The new revenue recognition standard relates to revenue from contracts with customers, which, along with amendments issued in 2015 and 2016, will supersede nearly all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminate industry-specific guidance. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The standard, as amended, will be effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting period within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. The standard provides for either full retrospective adoption or a modified retrospective adoption by which it is applied only to the most current period presented. The Company has not yet selected a transition method.

The Company is in initial stages of evaluating the impact of the new standard on its accounting policies, processes, and system requirements. While the Company is continuing to assess all potential impacts of this standard, the Company currently believes that the most significant impact relates to its accounting for the revenues from long-term contracts. The actual treatment required under the standard may vary based on specific contract terms and therefore, the amounts of impact on historical financial statements are not yet determined.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, an amended standard, requiring that the Company classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as non-current on the balance sheet instead of separating deferred taxes into current and non-current. The amended standard is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2017. The amended standard may be adopted on either a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which revises the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and the presentation of certain fair value changes in financial liabilities measured at fair value. This standard is effective beginning January 1, 2018 with early adoption permitted and the Company is evaluating whether the Company will elect to early adopt these provisions. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, replacing existing lease accounting guidance. The new standard introduces a lessee model that would require entities to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, but recognize expenses on their income statements in a manner similar to current accounting. The ASU does not make fundamental changes to existing lessor accounting. However, it modifies what qualifies as a sales-type and direct financing lease and related accounting and aligns a number of the underlying principles with those of the new revenue standard, ASU No. 2014-09, such as evaluating how collectability should be considered and determining when profit can be recognized. The guidance eliminates existing real estate-specific provisions and requires expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The standard requires modified retrospective transition by which it is applied at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the year of adoption. This standard will be effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting period within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently assessing this ASU’s impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The standard provides guidance in a number of situations including, among others, settlement of zero-coupon bonds, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and distributions received from equity method investees. The ASU also provides guidance for classifying cash receipts and payments that have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. For Gravity, this ASU is effective January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The standard requires application using a retrospective transition method. The Company does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which narrows the existing definition of a business and provides a framework for evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of assets or a business. The ASU requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets; if so, the set of transferred assets and activities (collectively, the set) is not a business. To be considered a business, the set would need to include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. The standard also narrows the definition of outputs. The definition of a business affects areas of accounting such as acquisitions, disposals and goodwill. Under the new guidance, fewer acquired sets are expected to be considered businesses. For Gravity, this ASU is effective January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted. The impact on the Company’s financial statements will depend on the facts and circumstances of any specific future transactions.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Subsidiaries

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gravity and the following subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation.

Subsidiary	Year of Establishment		Year of Obtaining Control		Percentage of Ownership (%)
Gravity Interactive, Inc.		2003		2003		100.00
Gravity Entertainment Corporation		2003		2004		100.00
NeoCyon, Inc.		2000		2005		96.11
Gravity Games Corporation		2003		2010		85.50

Accounts Receivable or Total Revenue Risks and Uncertainties

As of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc. and LG Electronics Inc. were customers whose related accounts receivable and total revenues exceeded 10% of the Company’s total accounts receivable or total revenues. Proportions are as follows:

		2014						2015						2016
Country	Customer	Accounts Receivable			Revenues			Accounts Receivable			Revenues			Accounts Receivable			Revenues
Japan	GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.		25	%		28	%		23	%		27	%		9	%		21	%
Korea	LG Electronics Inc.		15	%		8	%		11	%		12	%		8	%		8	%

Property and Equipment Estimated Useful Lives

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Computer and equipment	4 years
Furniture and fixtures	4 years
Software	3 years
Vehicles	4 years

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Allowance for doubtful accounts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Trade Accounts Receivable

Changes in Allowance for Receivables

Changes in the allowance for accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014			2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of year	W	32		W	35	W	36
Provision for allowances		16			1		1
Reversal of previous provision		—			—		—
Write-offs		(13	)		—		—
Balance at end of year	W	35		W	36	W	37

Loan Receivable

Changes in Allowance for Receivables

Changes in the allowance for loan receivable for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of year	W	1,200	W	1,200	W	1,210
Provision for allowances		—		10		—
Reversal of previous provision		—		—		—
Write-offs		—		—		—
Balance at end of year	W	1,200	W	1,210	W	1,210

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Property and Equipment, Net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 consist of the following:

	2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Computer and equipment	W	6,413		W	5,072
Furniture and fixtures		1,750			1,714
Capital lease assets		1,429			1,465
Leasehold improvements		964			1,006
Software externally-purchased		10,506			10,527
		21,062			19,784
Less accumulated depreciation		(20,180	)		(19,191	)
	W	882		W	593

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Goodwill and other intangible assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Capitalized Software Development Cost and Other Intangible Assets

Capitalized software development cost and other intangible assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 consist of the following:

	December 31, 2015										December 31, 2016
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Accumulated Impairment			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Accumulated Impairment			Net Carrying Amount
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Capitalized software development cost	W	29,558	W	(24,174	)	W	(5,384	)	W	—	W	29,558	W	(24,174	)	W	(5,384	)	W	—
Acquired intangible assets
Product technology		18,599		(12,543	)		(6,033	)		23		18,599		(12,564	)		(6,033	)		2
IPR&D technology		8,503		—			(8,503	)		—		8,503		—			(8,503	)		—
Trademarks		586		(440	)		(37	)		109		595		(464	)		(42	)		89
Others		3,078		(1,089	)		(1,989	)		—		3,078		(1,089	)		(1,989	)		—
Total	W	60,324	W	(38,246	)	W	(21,946	)	W	132	W	60,333	W	(38,291	)	W	(21,951	)	W	91

Expected Amortization Expense of Intangible Assets

Expected amortization expenses related to the current net carrying amount of intangible assets are as follows:

	(In millions of Korean Won)
2017	W	26
2018		19
2019		13
2020		10
2021 and thereafter		23
	W	91

Changes in Goodwill Balance

Changes in goodwill balances for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of the year
Goodwill	W	8,232		W	8,232		W	8,232
Accumulated impairment losses		(7,022	)		(7,022	)		(8,232	)
		1,210			1,210			—
Impairment losses		—			(1,210	)		—
Balance at end of the year
Goodwill		8,232			8,232			8,232
Accumulated impairment losses		(7,022	)		(8,232	)		(8,232	)
	W	1,210		W	—		W	—

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Accrued Severance Benefits (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Postemployment Benefits [Abstract]

Changes in Accrued Severance Benefits

Changes in accrued severance benefits for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2014			2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Balance at beginning of year	W	263		W	103	W	123
Provisions for severance benefits		(60	)		20		(19	)
Severance payments		(100	)		—		—
Balance at end of year	W	103		W	123	W	104

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Future Minimum Rental Payments Under Operating Lease

Future minimum rental payments for the operating leases as of December 31, 2016, are as follows:

	(In millions of Korean Won)
2017	W	1,896
2018		1,823
2019		149
	W	3,868

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Earnings (Loss) Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Basic and Diluted Earning (Loss) Per Share

The components of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are as follows:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won, except per share data)
Net income (loss) available for common shareholders (A)	W	(20,907	)	W	(16,965	)	W	250
Weighted average outstanding shares of common shares (B)		6,948,900			6,948,900			6,948,900
Earnings (loss) per share Basic and diluted (A/B)	W	(3,009	)	W	(2,441	)	W	36

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Tax Expenses Benefit

Income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 consist of the following:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Income (loss) before income taxes
Domestic	W	(9,415	)	W	(14,790	)	W	3,887
Foreign		(1,437	)		(888	)		(468	)
		(10,852	)		(15,678	)		3,419
Current income taxes
Domestic		1,473			1,351			3,240
Foreign		—			—			—
		1,473			1,351			3,240
Deferred income taxes (benefit)
Domestic		8,674			—			—
Foreign		—			—			—
		8,674			—			—
Total income tax expenses	W	10,147		W	1,351		W	3,240

Deferred Income Tax Assets and Deferred Income Tax Liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Deferred tax assets
Accrued expense	W	345		W	634
Allowance for doubtful		1,179			1,150
Investments in subsidiaries and equity method investees		77			—
Depreciation and amortization		1,228			218
Deferred revenue		487			247
Net operation loss carryforwards		14,157			14,892
Foreign tax credit carryforwards		10,078			9,401
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development		3,533			3,659
Tax credit carryforwards for social insurance for employment increase		70			70
Others		91			89
Total deferred tax assets		31,245			30,360
Less valuation allowance		(31,146	)		(30,327	)
		99			33
Deferred tax liabilities
Accrued income		23			33
Investments in subsidiaries and equity method investees		76			—
Total deferred tax liabilities		99			33
Net deferred tax assets	W	—		W	—
Reported as
Current portion of deferred income tax assets	W	—		W	—
Non-current deferred income tax assets	W	—		W	—

Reconciliation of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

A reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) from the Korean statutory income tax rate to actual income tax expense is as follows:

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Tax expense (benefit) at Korean statutory tax rate (22%)	W	(2,387	)	W	(3,449	)	W	752
Foreign tax credit and foreign tax deduction		1,069			1,104			39
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development		(756	)		(558	)		(471	)
Foreign tax differential		(259	)		(184	)		(99	)
Income not assessable for tax purpose		(26	)		(77	)		(1	)
Expense not deductible for tax purpose		351			140			37
Change in formula of surtax on income tax		2,049			—			—
Change in valuation allowances		6,550			244			(819	)
Tax effect from consolidation of subsidiaries		3			205			(14	)
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rate		(110	)		(187	)		(114	)
Expiration of unused foreign tax credit and unused net operating loss carryforwards		4,090			4,238			4,055
Others		(427	)		(125	)		(125	)
Total income tax expense	W	10,147		W	1,351		W	3,240

Allowances for Deferred Income Tax Assets

Allowances for deferred income tax assets for three years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:

	Balance at Beginning of Year		Decrease(*)			Increase		Balance at End of Year
	(In millions of Korean Won)
2014
Valuation allowance	W	24,352	W	(4,090	)	W	10,640	W	30,902
2015
Valuation allowance		30,902		(4,238	)		4,482		31,146
2016
Valuation allowance		31,146		(4,055	)		3,236		30,327

(*1) The valuation allowances decreased primarily due to the expiration of unused foreign tax credits and unused net operating loss carryforwards.

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Operating Segments and Geographic Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Reconciliation of Segment Net Revenues and Operating Income

Information on the operating segments and reconciliations of total net revenues and total segment operating income to consolidated net revenues from external customers and consolidated operating income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, and 2016 are presented in the table below:

	2014			2015			2016
Segment net Revenues		(In millions of Korean Won)
Online games	W	22,153		W	18,147		W	36,354
Mobile games		15,649			15,350			14,003
Other		4,772			3,830			4,292
Elimination		(2,685	)		(1,667	)		(3,253	)
Total	W	39,889		W	35,660		W	51,396

	2014			2015			2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Income (loss) from operations
Online games	W	(4,625	)	W	(7,038	)	W	11,157
Mobile games		(7,196	)		(9,701	)		(7,939	)
Other		(386	)		398			304
Elimination		378			(888	)		(99	)
Total	W	(11,829	)	W	(17,229	)	W	3,423

Revenues by Geographic Region

Revenues by geographic region are as follows:

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Taiwan and Hong Kong	W	2,315	W	2,763	W	16,705
Korea		19,469		18,189		14,770
Japan		8,511		7,781		9,274
United States of America		5,038		3,624		5,130
China		749		1,045		2,322
Thailand		1,283		958		2,262
Brazil		664		452		529
Europe		300		203		138
Russia		123		26		—
Other		1,437		619		266
	W	39,889	W	35,660	W	51,396

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Related Party Transactions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Transactions

During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, there were related party transactions with a shareholder and an equity investee as follows:

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Sales to related parties	W	11,441	W	9,454	W	10,667
Purchases from related parties		599		226		39
Amounts due from related parties		1,365		1,261		1,116
Amounts due to related parties		5,111		4,712		3,025

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information and Non-Cash Activities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

Supplemental Cash Flow Information and Non Cash Activities

	2014		2015		2016
	(In millions of Korean Won)
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid during the year for income taxes	W	1,344	W	1,279	W	3,187
Interest paid		11		4		—
Supplemental non-cash activities
Reclassification of long-term deferred revenue to deferred revenue	W	1,242	W	940	W	65
Reclassification of long-term deferred revenue to accounts payable		—		—		4,699
Reclassification of prepayment to intangible assets		31		6		9

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Description of Business (Detail) - Item	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Jun. 24, 2008	Apr. 01, 2008
Description of Business
Number of subsidiaries	4
GungHo Online Entertainment Incorporated
Description of Business
Majority ownership interest in Gravity acquired during the period (as a percent)	59.31%	6.92%	52.39%

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Significant Accounting Policies (Detail)	Dec. 31, 2016
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
Subsidiary or Equity Method Investee
Percentage of Ownership	100.00%
Gravity Entertainment Corporation
Subsidiary or Equity Method Investee
Percentage of Ownership	100.00%
NeoCyon, Inc.
Subsidiary or Equity Method Investee
Percentage of Ownership	96.11%
Gravity Games Corporation
Subsidiary or Equity Method Investee
Percentage of Ownership	85.50%

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Significant Accounting Policies (Details 2) (Detail) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩) Item	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Cash And Cash Equivalents And Short Term Financial Instruments | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Number of financial institutions, concentrations of credit risk | Item	3
Financial Institution One | Cash And Cash Equivalents And Short Term Financial Instruments | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	30.60%
Financial Institution Two | Cash And Cash Equivalents And Short Term Financial Instruments | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	25.34%
Financial Institution Three | Cash And Cash Equivalents And Short Term Financial Instruments | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	24.54%
One Payment Gateway Company | Accounts Receivable | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	45.53%
GungHo Online Entertainment Incorporated | Accounts Receivable | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Accounts Receivable	₩ 1,080
LG Electronics Incorporation | Accounts Receivable | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Accounts Receivable	₩ 1,013
Countries in Asia | Revenue | Geographic concentration risk
Risks and uncertainties
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	88.00%	87.00%	84.00%
Japan | GungHo Online Entertainment Incorporated | Revenue | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	21.00%	27.00%	28.00%
Japan | GungHo Online Entertainment Incorporated | Accounts Receivable | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	9.00%	23.00%	25.00%
Korea | LG Electronics Incorporation | Revenue | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	8.00%	12.00%	8.00%
Korea | LG Electronics Incorporation | Accounts Receivable | Credit Concentration Risk
Risks and uncertainties
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	8.00%	11.00%	15.00%

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Significant Accounting Policies (Details 3) (Detail) - Credit Card Intermediary	Dec. 31, 2016
Minimum
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Payment processing fee, percent of revenues	1.40%
Maximum
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Payment processing fee, percent of revenues	15.00%

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Significant Accounting Policies (Details 4) (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Computer and equipment
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment estimated useful lives	4 years
Furniture and fixtures
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment estimated useful lives	4 years
Purchased software applications
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment estimated useful lives	3 years
Vehicles
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment estimated useful lives	4 years

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Significant Accounting Policies (Details 5) (Detail) - Online Game Product Development Costs - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Intangible assets
Capitalized software development costs	₩ 0	₩ 0
Amortization expense for the period	0	3,948	₩ 3,990
Impairment losses	₩ 0	₩ 4,605

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Significant Accounting Policies (Details 6) (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Advertising
Advertising expense incurred	₩ 2,411	₩ 1,882	₩ 1,614
Accrued severance benefits and pension plan
Severance benefits, minimum length of service requirement	1 year
Earnings (losses) Per Share
Common stock equivalent	0	0	0

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Convenience Translation into United States Dollar Amounts (Detail)	Dec. 30, 2016
Convenience Translation into United States Dollar Amounts
Translations of Korean Won to US dollars, prevailing exchange rate	1,203.73

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Restricted Assets (Detail) - KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Gravity and Subsidiaries
Restricted Assets
Restricted financial instrument amount	₩ 0	₩ 0

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Allowance for doubtful accounts (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	₩ 36	₩ 35	₩ 32
Provision for allowances	1	1	16
Write-offs			(13)
Balance at end of year	₩ 37	₩ 36	₩ 35

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Allowance for doubtful accounts (Details 2) (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Allowance for loan receivable
Balance at beginning of year	₩ 1,210	₩ 1,200	₩ 1,200
Provision for allowances	0	10	0
Balance at end of year	₩ 1,210	₩ 1,210	₩ 1,200

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Allowance for doubtful accounts (Details 3) (Detail) - Loan Receivable - Naru ₩ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2012 KRW (₩)
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Accounts receivable, accrued interest (as a percent)	8.00%
Loan receivable, long-term	₩ 1,200

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Equity Method Investment (Details 2) (Detail) - Gravity EU SAS - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2014	Dec. 31, 2013	Dec. 31, 2011	Dec. 31, 2010
Equity Method Investment
Equity method investments		₩ 0
Ownership of investee (as a percent)			25.00%	100.00%
Gain on disposal of equity investments	₩ 3

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Property and Equipment, Net (Detail) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)
Property and Equipment
Property and Equipment	₩ 19,784		₩ 21,062
Less: accumulated depreciation	(19,191)		(20,180)
Property and equipment, net	593	$ 493	882
Computer and equipment
Property and Equipment
Property and Equipment	5,072		6,413
Furniture and fixtures
Property and Equipment
Property and Equipment	1,714		1,750
Assets Held under Capital Leases
Property and Equipment
Property and Equipment	1,465		1,429
Leasehold Improvements
Property and Equipment
Property and Equipment	1,006		964
Software
Property and Equipment
Property and Equipment	₩ 10,527		₩ 10,506

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Property and Equipment, Net (Details 2) (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation expenses	₩ 471	₩ 765	₩ 1,578

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Goodwill and other intangible assets (Detail) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2013 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Finite And Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	₩ 60,333	₩ 60,324
Accumulated Amortization	(38,291)	(38,246)
Accumulated Impairment	(21,951)	(21,946)
Net Carrying Amount	91	132			$ 76
Aggregate amortization expense for intangible assets	45	3,999	₩ 4,039
Capitalized software development cost
Finite And Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	29,558	29,558
Accumulated Amortization	(24,174)	(24,174)
Accumulated Impairment	(5,384)	(5,384)
Capitalized R&D costs, costs of software to be sold, leased, or marketed				₩ 548
Impairment loss recognized		4,605
Product Technology
Finite And Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	18,599	18,599
Accumulated Amortization	(12,564)	(12,543)
Accumulated Impairment	(6,033)	(6,033)
Net Carrying Amount	2	23
In-process research and development technology
Finite And Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	8,503	8,503
Accumulated Impairment	(8,503)	(8,503)
Trademarks
Finite And Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	595	586
Accumulated Amortization	(464)	(440)
Accumulated Impairment	(42)	(37)
Net Carrying Amount	89	109
Impairment loss recognized	5	34
Other Intangible Assets
Finite And Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	3,078	3,078
Accumulated Amortization	(1,089)	(1,089)
Accumulated Impairment	₩ (1,989)	₩ (1,989)

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Goodwill and other intangible assets (Details 3) (Detail) ₩ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2017	₩ 26
2018	19
2019	13
2020	10
2021 and thereafter	23
Net Carrying Amount	₩ 91

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Goodwill and other intangible assets (Details 2) (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Goodwill
Goodwill at beginning of the year before accumulated impairment losses	₩ 8,232	₩ 8,232	₩ 8,232
Accumulated impairment losses at beginning of year	(8,232)	(7,022)	(7,022)
Goodwill at beginning of year	0	1,210	1,210
Impairment losses	0	(1,210)	0
Goodwill at ending of the year before accumulated impairment losses	8,232	8,232	8,232
Accumulated impairment losses at ending of year	(8,232)	(8,232)	(7,022)
Goodwill at end of the year	₩ 0	0	₩ 1,210
NeoCyon, Inc.
Goodwill
Impairment losses		₩ (1,210)

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Accrued Severance Benefits (Detail) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)
Accrued Severance Benefits
Balance at beginning of year	₩ 123		₩ 103	₩ 263
Provisions for severance benefits	(19)	$ (16)	20	(60)
Severance payments				(100)
Balance at end of year	₩ 104	$ 86	₩ 123	₩ 103

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Accrued Severance Benefits (Details 2) (Detail) - Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, by Type of Compensation, Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Gravity Co., LTD.
Defined contribution pension plan ("Pension Plan")
Defined contribution pension plan, contribution	₩ 1,100	₩ 827	₩ 1,227
NeoCyon, Inc.
Defined contribution pension plan ("Pension Plan")
Defined contribution pension plan, contribution	₩ 518	₩ 562	₩ 569

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Commitments and Contingencies (Detail)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016 Item	Jan. 31, 2015	May 31, 2013
Ragnarok Online
Commitments and Contingencies
Number of games agree to develop and distribute			2	1
Agreement expiration period	5 years
Royalties from Licensing Arrangements
Commitments and Contingencies
Outstanding licensing agreements		6
Royalties from Licensing Arrangements | Ragnarok Online | Minimum
Commitments and Contingencies
Licensing agreements, percentage of royalty receivable		20.00%
Royalties from Licensing Arrangements | Ragnarok Online | Maximum
Commitments and Contingencies
Licensing agreements, percentage of royalty receivable		40.00%

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details 2) (Detail) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies
Capital lease, interest payment | ₩			₩ 4		₩ 11
Obligation to pay future minimum capital lease payments | $		$ 0
Capital Lease Obligations | Principal Payments
Commitments and Contingencies
Capital lease, principal payment	₩ 17	$ 14	117	$ 103	144	$ 137
Capital Lease Obligations | Interest
Commitments and Contingencies
Capital lease, interest payment			₩ 4	$ 4	₩ 11	$ 11

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details 3) (Detail) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Rental expenses under operating leases	₩ 1,921	₩ 1,755	₩ 2,324
Lease agreement, guarantee deposit	962	₩ 954		$ 799
Future minimum rental payments
2017	1,896
2018	1,823
2019	149
Total operating lease due	3,868
Marina Business Center ( U.S.A)
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Lease agreement, guarantee deposit	₩ 935

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Shareholders' Equity (Detail) - ₩ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Shareholders Equity
Common shares and non-voting preferred shares, authorized	40,000,000
Preferred shares, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000,000	2,000,000
Common shares, shares issued (in shares)	6,948,900	6,948,900
Common shares, shares outstanding (in shares)	6,948,900	6,948,900
Common Shares
Shareholders Equity
Shares, par value (in Korean Won per share)	₩ 500
Non-voting preferred shares
Shareholders Equity
Shares, par value (in Korean Won per share)	₩ 500
Non-voting preferred shares | Minimum
Shareholders Equity
Non-voting preferred shares, dividends (as a percent)	1.00%
Non-voting preferred shares | Maximum
Shareholders Equity
Non-voting preferred shares, dividends (as a percent)	15.00%
Preferred shares, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000,000

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Earnings (Loss) Per Share (Detail) ₩ / shares in Units, $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩) ₩ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩) ₩ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩) ₩ / shares shares
Earnings (losses) Per Share
Net income (loss) available for common shareholders (A)	₩ 250	$ 207	₩ (16,965)	₩ (20,907)
Weighted average outstanding shares of common shares (B)	6,948,900	6,948,900	6,948,900	6,948,900
Earnings (loss) per share Basic and diluted (A/B) | (per share)	₩ 36.00	$ 0.03	₩ (2,441.00)	₩ (3,009.00)

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Income Taxes (Detail) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Domestic	₩ 3,887		₩ (14,790)	₩ (9,415)
Foreign	(468)		(888)	(1,437)
Income (loss) before income tax expense	3,419	$ 2,840	(15,678)	(10,852)
Domestic	3,240		1,351	1,473
Foreign	0		0	0
Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Total	3,240		1,351	1,473
Domestic				8,674
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Total				8,674
Total income tax expenses	3,240	$ 2,692	1,351	10,147
Income taxes recognized in other comprehensive income	₩ 0		₩ 0	₩ 68

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Income Taxes (Details 2) (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2013
Deferred tax assets
Accrued expense	₩ 634	₩ 345
Allowance for doubtful	1,150	1,179
Investments in subsidiaries and equity method investees		77
Depreciation and amortization	218	1,228
Deferred revenue	247	487
Net operation loss carryforwards	14,892	14,157
Foreign tax credit carryforwards	9,401	10,078
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development	3,659	3,533
Tax credit carryforwards for social insurance for employment increase	70	70
Others	89	91
Total deferred tax assets	30,360	31,245
Less valuation allowance	(30,327)	(31,146)	₩ (30,902)	₩ (24,352)
Deferred Tax Assets, Net of Valuation Allowance, Total	33	99
Deferred tax liabilities
Accrued income	33	23
Investments in subsidiaries and equity method investees		76
Total deferred tax liabilities	33	99
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	0	0
Current portion of deferred income tax assets	0	0
Non-current deferred income tax assets	₩ 0	₩ 0

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Income Taxes (Details 3) (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2013
Income Taxes
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	₩ 0	₩ 0
Deferred foreign tax credit carryforwards	9,401	10,078
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development	3,659	3,533
Temporary differences and loss carryforwards, recognized valuation allowance	30,327	₩ 31,146	₩ 30,902	₩ 24,352
Gravity Co., Ltd
Income Taxes
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	8,345
Deferred foreign tax credit carryforwards	8,813
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development	1,835
Tax credits carry forwards, recognized valuation allowance	19,258
Gravity Co., Ltd | Korea
Income Taxes
Available loss carryforwards	₩ 30,792
NeoCyon, Inc.
Income Taxes
Percentage of Ownership	96.11%
NeoCyon, Inc. | Korea
Income Taxes
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	₩ 334
Deferred foreign tax credit carryforwards	452
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development	1,819
Available loss carryforwards	₩ 6,660
Percentage of Ownership	96.11%
Temporary differences and loss carryforwards, recognized valuation allowance	₩ 3,809
Gravity Entertainment Corporation
Income Taxes
Percentage of Ownership	100.00%
Gravity Entertainment Corporation | Japan
Income Taxes
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	₩ 242
Available loss carryforwards	92
Temporary differences and loss carryforwards, recognized valuation allowance	₩ 141
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
Income Taxes
Percentage of Ownership	100.00%
Gravity Interactive, Inc. | United States
Income Taxes
Available loss carryforwards, recognized valuation allowance	₩ 4,337
Gravity Interactive, Inc. | United States | Domestic
Income Taxes
Available loss carryforwards	10,250
Gravity Interactive, Inc. | United States | State tax
Income Taxes
Available loss carryforwards	₩ 10,625
Gravity Games Corporation
Income Taxes
Percentage of Ownership	85.50%
Gravity Games Corporation | Korea
Income Taxes
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	₩ 1,731
Deferred foreign tax credit carryforwards	137
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development	75
Available loss carryforwards	₩ 9,951
Percentage of Ownership	85.50%
Temporary differences and loss carryforwards, recognized valuation allowance	₩ 2,782

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Income Taxes (Details 4) (Detail) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)
Reconciliation Of Income Taxes
Tax expense (benefit) at Korean statutory tax rate (22%)	₩ 752		₩ (3,449)	₩ (2,387)
Foreign tax credit and foreign tax deduction	39		1,104	1,069
Tax credit carryforwards for research and human resource development	(471)		(558)	(756)
Foreign tax differential	(99)		(184)	(259)
Income not assessable for tax purpose	(1)		(77)	(26)
Expense not deductible for tax purpose	37		140	351
Change in formula of surtax on income tax				2,049
Change in valuation allowances	(819)		244	6,550
Tax effect from consolidation of subsidiaries	(14)		205	3
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rate	(114)		(187)	(110)
Expiration of unused foreign tax credit and unused net operating loss carryforwards	4,055		4,238	4,090
Others	(125)		(125)	(427)
Total income tax expenses	₩ 3,240	$ 2,692	₩ 1,351	₩ 10,147
Earliest Tax Year | Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Reconciliation Of Income Taxes
Years subject to income tax examination	2013	2013
Earliest Tax Year | Korean National Tax Service
Reconciliation Of Income Taxes
Years subject to income tax examination	2011	2011
Latest Tax Year | Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Reconciliation Of Income Taxes
Years subject to income tax examination	2016	2016
Latest Tax Year | Korean National Tax Service
Reconciliation Of Income Taxes
Years subject to income tax examination	2016	2016
Korean surtax amendment
Reconciliation Of Income Taxes
Tax expense (benefit) at Korean statutory tax rate, rate (as a percent)	22.00%	22.00%	22.00%	22.00%
Surtax on corporate income tax (as a percent)	10.00%	10.00%
Surtax on corporate income tax, net of tax credit (as a percent)			10.00%

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Income Taxes (Details 5) (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Balance at Beginning of Year		₩ 31,146	₩ 30,902	₩ 24,352
Decrease during the year	[1]	(4,055)	(4,238)	(4,090)
Increase during the year		3,236	4,482	10,640
Balance at End of Year		₩ 30,327	₩ 31,146	₩ 30,902

[1] The valuation allowances decreased primarily due to the expiration of unused foreign tax credits and unused net operating loss carryforwards.

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Operating Segments and Reconciliations of Total Revenues and Income (Detail) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue	₩ 51,396	$ 42,698	₩ 35,660	₩ 39,889
Income from operations	3,423	$ 2,843	(17,229)	(11,829)
Intersegment Eliminations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue	(3,253)		(1,667)	(2,685)
Income from operations	(99)		(888)	378
Online Game Software | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue	36,354		18,147	22,153
Income from operations	11,157		(7,038)	(4,625)
Mobile Games | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue	14,003		15,350	15,649
Income from operations	(7,939)		(9,701)	(7,196)
Other Segments | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue	4,292		3,830	4,772
Income from operations	₩ 304		₩ 398	₩ (386)

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Operations by Geographic Area (Detail) $ in Thousands, ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 KRW (₩)	Dec. 31, 2014 KRW (₩)
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	₩ 51,396	$ 42,698	₩ 35,660	₩ 39,889
Taiwan and Hong Kong/Macau
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	16,705		2,763	2,315
Korea
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	14,770		18,189	19,469
Japan
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	9,274		7,781	8,511
United States and Canada
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	5,130		3,624	5,038
China
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	2,322		1,045	749
Thailand
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	2,262		958	1,283
Brazil
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	529		452	664
Europe
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	138		203	300
Russia
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue			26	123
Other
Revenue by geographic region
Revenue	₩ 266		₩ 619	₩ 1,437

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Operations by Geographic Area (Details 2) (Detail) - Property, Plant and Equipment [Member] - Geographic concentration risk	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Korea
Property Plant & Equipment by geographic region
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	79.00%	86.00%
United States
Property Plant & Equipment by geographic region
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	7.00%	14.00%
Taiwan
Property Plant & Equipment by geographic region
Concentration of risk, rate (as a percent)	14.00%

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Related Party Transactions (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Gravity EU SAS
Related Party Transactions
Sales to related parties			₩ 237
Share Holder and Equity Investee
Related Party Transactions
Sales to related parties	₩ 10,667	₩ 9,454	11,441
Purchases from related parties	39	226	599
Amounts due from related parties	1,116	1,261	1,365
Amounts due to related parties	₩ 3,025	₩ 4,712	₩ 5,111

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information and Non-Cash Activities (Detail) - KRW (₩) ₩ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid during the year for income taxes	₩ 3,187	₩ 1,279	₩ 1,344
Interest paid		4	11
Supplemental non-cash activities
Reclassification of long-term deferred revenue to deferred revenue	65	940	1,242
Reclassification of long-term deferred revenue to accounts payable	4,699
Reclassification of prepayment to intangible assets	₩ 9	₩ 6	₩ 31