Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

The components of the Company’s provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and a reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rates for such years, are shown below.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016		2015
Current:
Federal	$	349		$	1,766	$	8,177
Foreign		64,119			54,253		78,086
State and local (primarily UBT)		(32	)		4,090		4,970
Total current		64,436			60,109		91,233
Deferred:
Federal		480,085			50,602		(988,900	)
Foreign		12,928			1,354		(3,960	)
State and local		8,150			11,704		(107,925	)
Total deferred		501,163			63,660		(1,100,785	)
Total	$	565,599		$	123,769	$	(1,009,552	)

Schedule of Reconciliation of U.S. Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate to Effective Tax Rates

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate		35.0	%		35.0	%		35.0	%
U.S. tax reform		43.4			-			-
Foreign source income not subject to U.S.    income tax		(4.2	)		(9.3	)		419.4
Change in U.S. federal valuation allowance		(3.4	)		(3.6	)		5477.0
Share-based incentive compensation		(4.0	)		-			-
Foreign taxes		(0.2	)		(0.1	)		(361.6	)
State and local taxes		2.4			3.0			522.2
Income of non-controlling interests		(0.3	)		(0.3	)		13.8
Other, net		(0.2	)		(0.8	)		(31.5	)
Effective income tax rate (a)		68.5	%		23.9	%		6074.3	%

(a) For the year ended December 31, 2015, the effective tax rate on “operating income (loss)” includes (i) the significant effect of the release of substantially all of our valuation allowance on deferred tax assets and the recognition of deferred tax assets associated with the recording of the tax receivable agreement obligation, as described below, and (ii) the negative impact on “operating income (loss)” as a result of the provision pursuant to the tax receivable agreement.

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Details of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	December 31,
	2017			2016
Deferred Tax Assets:
Basis adjustments (a)	$	339,133		$	692,430
Compensation and benefits		175,456			197,750
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards		239,959			285,694
Depreciation and amortization		1,537			850
Other		34,615			53,895
Gross deferred tax assets		790,700			1,230,619
Valuation allowance		(61,456	)		(69,593	)
Deferred tax assets (net of valuation allowance)		729,244			1,161,026
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization		17,257			26,539
Compensation and benefits		23,251			5,447
Goodwill		21,749			27,932
Other		26,134			34,499
Deferred tax liabilities		88,391			94,417
Net deferred tax assets	$	640,853		$	1,066,609

(a) The basis adjustments recorded as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are primarily the result of additional basis from acquisitions of interests, including the impact of the tax receivable agreement obligation.

Summary of Changes in Deferred Tax Assets Valuation Allowance

Changes in the deferred tax assets valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Beginning Balance	$	69,593		$	89,251		$	1,044,152
Credited to provision (benefit) for income taxes		(23,670	)		(15,981	)		(954,487	)
Charged (credited) to other comprehensive income and    other (a)		15,533			(3,677	)		(414	)
Ending Balance	$	61,456		$	69,593		$	89,251

(a) In accordance with the new accounting guidance described above, 2017 includes recognition of previously unrecognized excess tax benefits offset by a valuation allowance of $12,090 recorded to retained earnings. 2016 includes acquisition-related deferred tax assets offset by a valuation allowance in the amount of $2,271.

Schedule of Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of the beginning to the ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalties) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Balance, January 1 (excluding interest and penalties    of $15,392, $13,083 and $13,004, respectively)	$	78,396		$	77,280		$	68,224
Increases in gross unrecognized tax benefits relating    to tax positions taken during:
Prior years		1,598			5,891			-
Current year		19,823			18,438			22,212
Decreases in gross unrecognized tax benefits    relating to:
Tax positions taken during prior years		(2,961	)		(5,316	)		(621	)
Settlements with tax authorities		-			(1,706	)		-
Lapse of the applicable statute of limitations		(18,182	)		(16,191	)		(12,535	)
Balance, December 31 (excluding interest and    penalties of $15,136, $15,392 and $13,083,    respectively)	$	78,674		$	78,396		$	77,280

Schedule of Additional Information Relating to Unrecognized Tax Benefits

Additional information with respect to unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016		2015
Unrecognized tax benefits at the end of the year that,    if recognized, would favorably affect the effective    tax rate (includes interest and penalties of $15,136,    $15,392 and $13,083, respectively)	$	78,841		$	81,564	$	74,785
Unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would not    affect the effective tax rate	$	14,969		$	12,224	$	15,578
Interest and penalties recognized in current income    tax expense (after giving effect to the reversal of    interest and penalties of $6,185, $3,143 and    $3,865, respectively)	$	(256	)	$	2,309	$	79