BUSINESS DESCRIPTION & SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION & SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION & SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

1.BUSINESS DESCRIPTION & SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Business and Basis of Accounting

Consolidated Communications Holdings, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) is a holding company with operating subsidiaries (collectively “Consolidated”) that provide communication solutions to consumer, commercial and carrier customers across a service area in over 20 states.

Leveraging our advanced fiber network spanning approximately 52,400 fiber route miles, we offer residential high-speed Internet, video, phone and home security services as well as a comprehensive business product suite including: data and Internet solutions, voice, data center services, security services, managed and IT services, and an expanded suite of cloud services.

Use of Estimates

Preparation of the financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that effect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.  Our critical accounting estimates include (i) impairment evaluations associated with indefinite-lived intangible assets (Note 1), (ii) the determination of deferred tax asset and liability balances (Notes 1 and 14) and (iii) pension plan and other post-retirement costs and obligations (Notes 1 and 13).

Principles of Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and our wholly-owned subsidiaries and subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated.

Recent Business Developments

Searchlight Investment

On December 7, 2021, we closed on the final stage of the investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) entered into on September 13, 2020 with an affiliate of Searchlight Capital Partners, L.P. (“Searchlight”).  In connection with the Investment Agreement, affiliates of Searchlight have invested an aggregate of $425.0 million in the Company and hold a combination of Series A perpetual preferred stock and approximately 35% of the Company’s outstanding common stock. For a more complete discussion of the transaction, refer to Note 4. With the strategic investment from Searchlight, we intend to enhance our fiber infrastructure and accelerate the investment in our network, which will include the upgrade over five years of approximately 1.6 million passings across select service areas to enable multi-Gig capable services to these homes and small businesses. Our fiber build plan included the upgrade of approximately 330,000 homes and small businesses in 2021.

Refinancing of Long-term Debt

On October 2, 2020, the Company and certain of its wholly-owned subsidiaries completed a refinancing of our long-term debt through the issuance of $2,250.0 million in new secured debt and retired all of our existing then outstanding debt obligations. As described in Note 8, we entered into a new credit agreement and issued $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.50% senior secured notes due 2028. On January 15, 2021, the Company issued an additional $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of incremental term loans under the credit agreement. On March 18, 2021, we issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount 5.00% Senior Notes and used the net proceeds from the issuance of notes to repay $397.0 million of the term loans outstanding under the credit agreement. On April 5, 2021, we entered into an amendment

to the credit agreement to refinance the outstanding term loans. For a more complete discussion of the refinancing, refer to Note 8.

COVID-19

We are closely monitoring the ongoing impact on our business of the novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and its variants.  We are taking precautions to ensure the safety of our employees, customers and business partners, while assuring business continuity and reliable service and support to our customers.  While we have not seen a material adverse impact to our financial results from COVID-19 to date, if the pandemic worsens or new variants of the virus become more dominant and were to cause significant negative impacts to economic conditions, our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially and adversely impacted.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted by the U.S. government as an emergency economic stimulus package that includes spending and tax breaks to strengthen the US economy and fund a nationwide effort to curtail the economic effects of COVID-19.  The CARES Act included, among other things, deferral of certain employer payroll tax payments and certain income tax law changes including modifications to the net interest deduction limitations.  In 2020, we deferred the payment of approximately $12.0 million for the employer portion of Social Security taxes otherwise due in 2020 with 50% due by December 31, 2021 and the remaining 50% by December 31, 2022. The portion of the taxes deferred until 2021 were paid during the third quarter of 2021. On March 11, 2021, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (“ARPA”) was enacted and provides further economic relief to address the continued economic impact of COVID-19.  To date, these acts have not had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, although we will continue to monitor the impact of any effects from these acts and other future legislation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.  Our cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds and commercial paper.  The carrying amounts of our cash equivalents approximate their fair values.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13 (“ASU 2016-13”), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of the new standard did not result in a material impact to the Company. As part of the adoption, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment of $0.3 million, net of tax, which decreased retained earnings during the year ended December 31, 2020. Of this amount, $0.2 million was related to the decrease in the value of our partnership interests as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 by our equity method partnerships. The following disclosures have been made in accordance with ASU 2016-13.

Accounts receivable (“AR”) consists primarily of amounts due to the Company from normal business activities. We maintain an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) based on our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasted changes including but not limited to changes related to the economy, our industry and business. Uncollectible accounts are written-off (removed from AR and charged against the ACL) when internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful. Subsequently, if payment is received from the customer, the recovery is credited to the ACL.

The following table summarizes the activity in the ACL for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

(In thousands)	2021		2020		2019
Balance at beginning of year	$	9,136	$	4,549	$	4,421
Cumulative adjustment upon adoption of ASU 2016-13		—		144		—
Provision charged to expense		7,752		11,573		9,347
Write-offs, less recoveries		(6,927)		(7,130)		(9,219)
Balance at end of year	$	9,961	$	9,136	$	4,549

Investments

Investments in debt securities that we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity are classified as held-to-maturity. We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Investments with original maturities of more than three months and less than one year are classified as short-term investments.  Held-to maturity debt securities are recorded at amortized cost, which approximates fair value, and realized gains or losses are recognized in earnings.

Our long-term investments are primarily accounted for under either the equity method or at cost.  If we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operations and financial policies of an affiliated company, the investment in the affiliated company is accounted for using the equity method.  If we do not have control and also cannot exercise significant influence, we account for these investments at our initial cost less impairment because fair value is not readily available for these investments.

We review our investment portfolio periodically to determine whether there are identified events or circumstances that would indicate there is a decline in the fair value that is considered to be other than temporary.  If we believe the decline is other than temporary, we evaluate the financial performance of the business and compare the carrying value of the investment to quoted market prices (if available) or the fair value of similar investments.  If an investment is deemed to have experienced an impairment that is considered other-than temporary, the carrying amount of the investment is reduced to its quoted or estimated fair value, as applicable, and an impairment loss is recognized in other income (expense).

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We account for certain assets and liabilities at fair value.  Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.  A financial asset or liability’s classification within a three-tiered value hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques into three broad levels in order to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.  The levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 – Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Inputs that reflect quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets and inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost.  We capitalize additions and substantial improvements and expense repairs and maintenance costs as incurred.

We capitalize the cost of internal-use network and non-network software which has a useful life in excess of one year. Subsequent additions, modifications or upgrades to internal-use network and non-network software are capitalized only to the extent that they allow the software to perform a task it previously did not perform. Software maintenance and training costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Also, we capitalize interest associated with the development of internal-use network and non-network software.

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	December 31,		December 31,		Estimated
(In thousands)	2021		2020		Useful Lives
Land and buildings	$	276,027	$	274,535	18	-	40	years
Central office switching and transmission		1,590,510		1,475,590	3	-	25	years
Outside plant cable, wire and fiber facilities		2,152,253		2,036,312	3	-	50	years
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		324,562		303,680	3	-	15	years
Assets under finance leases		44,495		40,407	2	-	20	years
Total plant in service		4,387,847		4,130,524
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(2,698,421)		(2,466,407)
Plant in service		1,689,426		1,664,117
Construction in progress		265,054		64,056
Construction inventory		64,964		31,979
Totals	$	2,019,444	$	1,760,152

Construction inventory, which is stated at weighted average cost, consists primarily of network construction materials and supplies that when issued are predominately capitalized as part of new customer installations and the construction of the network.

We record depreciation using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives using either the group or unit method.  The useful lives are estimated at the time the assets are acquired and are based on historical experience with similar assets, anticipated technological changes and the expected impact of our strategic operating plan on our network infrastructure.  In addition, the ranges of estimated useful lives presented above are impacted by the accounting for business combinations as the lives assigned to these acquired assets are generally much shorter than that of a newly acquired asset.  The group method is used for depreciable assets dedicated to providing regulated telecommunication services, including the majority of the network, outside plant facilities and certain support assets.  A depreciation rate for each asset group is developed based on the average useful life of the group.  The group method requires periodic revision of depreciation rates.  When an individual asset is sold or retired, the difference between the proceeds, if any, and the cost of the asset is charged or credited to accumulated depreciation, without recognition of a gain or loss.

The unit method is primarily used for buildings, furniture, fixtures and other support assets. Each asset is depreciated on the straight-line basis over its estimated useful life.  When an individual asset is sold or retired, the cost basis of the asset and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any associated gain or loss is recognized.

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property, plant and equipment was $261.1 million, $274.2 million and $315.0 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Amortization of assets under capital leases is included in the depreciation and amortization expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

We evaluate the recoverability of our property, plant and equipment whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable.  Recoverability is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group.  If the total of the expected future undiscounted cash flows were less than the carrying amount of the asset group, we would recognize an impairment charge for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset group.

Intangible Assets

Indefinite-Lived Intangibles

Goodwill and tradenames are evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired.  We evaluate the carrying value of goodwill and tradenames as of November 30 of each year.

Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of the acquisition cost of a business over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired.  Goodwill is not amortized but instead evaluated annually for impairment.  The evaluation of goodwill may first include a

qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount.  Events and circumstances integrated into the qualitative assessment process include a combination of macroeconomic conditions affecting equity and credit markets, significant changes to the cost structure, overall financial performance and other relevant events affecting the reporting unit.

When we use the quantitative approach to assess the goodwill carrying value and the fair value of our single reporting unit, the fair value of our reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount, including goodwill. The estimated fair value of the reporting unit is determined using a combination of market-based approaches and a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model and reconciled to our market capitalization plus an estimated control premium. The assumptions used in the estimate of fair value are based upon a combination of historical results and trends, new industry developments and future cash flow projections, as well as relevant comparable company earnings multiples for the market-based approaches.  Such assumptions are subject to change as a result of changing economic and competitive conditions.  We use a weighting of the results derived from the valuation approaches to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit.  For the 2020 assessment, using the quantitative approach, we concluded that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value at November 30, 2020 and that there was no impairment of goodwill.

In measuring the fair value of our single reporting unit as described, we consider the fair value of our reporting unit in relation to our overall enterprise value, measured as the publicly traded stock price multiplied by the fully diluted shares outstanding plus the fair value of outstanding debt.  Our reporting unit fair value models are consistent with a range in value indicated by both the preceding three-month average stock price and the stock price on the valuation date, plus an estimated acquisition premium which is based on observable transactions of comparable companies, if applicable.

For the 2021 assessment, we evaluated the fair value of goodwill compared to the carrying value using the qualitative approach.  The results of the qualitative approach concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill was greater than the carrying value as of November 30, 2021.

If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, a goodwill impairment is recorded for the difference in the carrying value and fair value.  We did not recognize any goodwill impairment in 2021, 2020 or 2019 as a result of the impairment tests.

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the carrying value of goodwill was $1,013.2 million and $1,035.3 million, respectively. Goodwill decreased $22.1 million during 2021 as a result of allocated goodwill for a divestiture classified as held for sale at December 31, 2021, as described in Note 5.

Trade Name

Our trade name is the federally registered mark CONSOLIDATED, a design of interlocking circles, which is used in association with our communication services. The Company’s corporate branding strategy leverages the CONSOLIDATED name and brand identity.  All of the Company’s business units and several of our products and services incorporate the CONSOLIDATED name.  Trade names with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually.  If facts and circumstances change relating to a trade name’s continued use in the branding of our products and services, it may be treated as a finite-lived asset and begin to be amortized over its estimated remaining life.  

When we use the quantitative approach to estimate the fair value of our trade names, we use DCFs based on a relief from royalty method.  If the fair value of our trade names was less than the carrying amount, we would recognize an impairment charge for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the assets.  We perform our impairment testing of our trade names as single units of accounting based on their use in our single reporting unit.

For the 2021 assessment, we used the qualitative approach to evaluate the fair value compared to the carrying value of the trade name.  Based on our assessment, we concluded that the fair value of the trade names continued to exceed the carrying value.  The carrying value of our trade names, excluding any finite lived trade names, was $10.6 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

Finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization consist primarily of our customer lists of an established base of customers that subscribe to our services, trade names of acquired companies and other intangible assets.  Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized using an accelerated amortization method or on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.  We evaluate the potential impairment of finite-lived intangible assets when impairment indicators exist.  If the carrying value is no longer recoverable based upon the undiscounted future cash flows of the asset, an impairment equal to the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset is recognized.  We did not recognize any intangible impairment charges in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 or 2019.

The components of finite-lived intangible assets are as follows:

					December 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
					Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Gross Carrying		Accumulated
(In thousands)	Useful Lives				Amount		Amortization		Amount		Amortization
Customer relationships	5	-	11	years	$	318,498	$	(244,559)	$	318,921	$	(205,503)

Amortization expense related to the finite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $39.5 million, $50.7 million and $66.2 million, respectively.  Expected future amortization expense of finite-lived intangible assets is as follows:

(In thousands)
2022	$	30,850
2023		23,963
2024		10,617
2025		3,180
2026		2,529
Thereafter		2,800
Total	$	73,939

Derivative Financial Instruments

We use derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to the risks associated with fluctuations in interest rates. Our interest rate swap agreements effectively convert a portion of our floating-rate debt to a fixed-rate basis, thereby reducing the impact of interest rate changes on future cash interest payments.  At the inception of a hedge transaction, we formally document the relationship between the hedging instruments including our objective and strategy for establishing the hedge.  In addition, the effectiveness of the derivative instrument is assessed at inception and on an ongoing basis throughout the hedging period.  Counterparties to derivative instruments expose us to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance.  We execute agreements only with financial institutions we believe to be creditworthy and regularly assess the credit worthiness of each of the counterparties.  We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets.  Fair value is determined based on projected interest rate yield curves and an estimate of our nonperformance risk or our counterparty’s nonperformance credit risk, as applicable.  We do not anticipate any nonperformance by any counterparty.

For derivative instruments designated as a cash flow hedge, the change in the fair value is recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) and is recognized as an adjustment to earnings over the period in which the hedged item impacts earnings.  When an interest rate swap agreement terminates, any resulting gain or loss is recognized over the shorter of the remaining original term of the hedging instrument or the remaining life of the underlying debt obligation.  If a derivative instrument is de-designated, the remaining gain or loss in AOCI on the date of de-designation is amortized to earnings over the remaining term of the hedging instrument. For derivative financial instruments that are not designated as a hedge, including those that have been de-designated, changes in fair value are recognized on a current basis in earnings.  Cash flows from hedging activities are classified under the same category as the cash flows from the hedged items in our consolidated statement of cash flows.  See Note 9 for further discussion of our derivative financial instruments.

Series A Preferred Stock

Our Series A Preferred Stock is classified as mezzanine equity in the consolidated balance sheets due to a deemed liquidation feature, which gives holders the right to require the Company to redeem all or any part of the holders’ Series A Preferred Stock for cash in the event of a fundamental change or change in control.  We have not adjusted the carrying value of the Series A Preferred Stock to its liquidation value since the securities are not currently redeemable nor is it probable that they will become redeemable. Subsequent adjustments to increase the carrying value to the liquidation value will be made only if and when it becomes probable that such a deemed liquidation event will occur.

Share-based Compensation

We recognize share-based compensation expense for all restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and performance share awards (“PSAs”) (collectively, “stock awards”) based on the estimated fair value of the stock awards on the date of grant.  We recognize the expense associated with RSAs and PSAs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which generally ranges from immediate vesting to a four-year vesting period, and account for forfeitures as they occur.  See Note 12 for additional information regarding share-based compensation.

Pension Plan and Other Post-Retirement Benefits

We maintain noncontributory defined benefit pension plans and provide certain post-retirement health care and life insurance benefits to certain eligible employees.  We also maintain two unfunded supplemental retirement plans to provide incremental pension payments to certain former employees. See Note 13 for a more detailed discussion regarding our pension and other post-retirement benefits.

We recognize pension and post-retirement benefits expense during the current period in the consolidated statement of operations using certain assumptions, including the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, interest cost implied by the discount rate, expected health care cost trend rate and the amortization of unrecognized gains and losses.  We determine expected long-term rate of return on plan assets by considering historical investment performance, plan asset allocation strategies and return forecasts for each asset class and input from its advisors. Projected returns by such advisors were based on broad equity and fixed income indices. The expected long-term rate of return is reviewed annually in conjunction with other plan assumptions and revised, if considered necessary, to reflect changes in the financial markets and the investment strategy.  Our plan assets are valued at fair value as of the measurement date.

Our discount rate assumption is determined annually to reflect the rate at which the benefits could be effectively settled and approximate the timing of expected future payments based on current market determined interest rates for similar obligations. We use bond matching model BOND:Link comprising of high quality corporate bonds to match cash flows to the expected benefit payments.

We recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of our defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans as either an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheet.  Actuarial gains and losses that arise during the year are recognized as a component of comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes, and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). These gains and losses are amortized over future years as a component of the net periodic benefit cost when the net gains and losses exceed 10% of the greater of the market-related value of the plan assets or the projected benefit obligation at the beginning of the year.  The amount in excess of the corridor is amortized over the average remaining service period of participating employees expected to receive benefits under the plans.

Income Taxes

Our estimates of income taxes and the significant items resulting in the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities are disclosed in Note 14 and reflect our assessment of future tax consequences of transactions that have been reflected in our financial statements or tax returns for each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate.  We base our provision for income taxes on our current period income, changes in our deferred income tax assets and liabilities, income tax rates, changes in estimates of our uncertain tax positions and tax planning opportunities available in the jurisdictions in which we operate.  We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities when there are temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of our assets and liabilities and for the expected benefits of using net operating loss and tax credit loss carryforwards.  We establish valuation allowances when necessary to reduce the carrying amount of deferred income tax assets to the amounts that we believe are more likely than not to be realized.  We evaluate the need to retain all or a portion

of the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets.  When a change in the tax rate or tax law has an impact on deferred taxes, we apply the change when the tax law change is enacted, based on the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse.  As we operate in more than one state, changes in our state apportionment factors, based on operating results, may affect our future effective tax rates and the value of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.  We record a change in tax rates in our consolidated financial statements in the period of enactment.

Income tax consequences that arise in connection with a business combination include identifying the tax basis of assets and liabilities acquired and any contingencies associated with uncertain tax positions assumed or resulting from the business combination.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities related to temporary differences of an acquired entity are recorded as of the date of the business combination and are based on our estimate of the appropriate tax basis that will be accepted by the various taxing authorities.

We record unrecognized tax benefits as liabilities in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes, and adjust these liabilities in the appropriate period when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information. In certain instances, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available. We classify interest and penalties, if any, associated with our uncertain tax positions as a component of interest expense and general and administrative expense, respectively.  See Note 14 for further discussion on income taxes.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when or as performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of the good or service to the customer.

Services

Services revenues, with the exception of usage-based revenues, are generally billed in advance and recognized in subsequent periods when or as services are transferred to the customer.

We offer bundled service packages that consists of high-speed Internet, video and voice services including local and long distance calling, voicemail and calling features.  Each service is considered distinct and therefore accounted for as a separate performance obligation.  Service revenue is recognized over time, consistent with the transfer of service, as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company’s performance as the Company performs.

Usage-based services, such as per-minute long-distance service and access charges billed to other telephone carriers for originating and terminating long-distance calls in our network, are billed in arrears.  We recognize revenue from these services when or as services are transferred to the customer. 

Revenue related to nonrefundable upfront fees, such as service activation and set-up fees are deferred and amortized over the expected customer life.

Equipment

Equipment revenue is generated from the sale of voice and data communications equipment as well as design, configuration, installation and professional support services related to such equipment.  Equipment revenue generated from telecommunications systems and structured cabling projects is recognized when or as the project is completed and control is transferred to the customer.  Maintenance services are provided on both a contract and time and material basis and are recognized when or as services are transferred.

Subsidies and Surcharges

Subsidies consist of both federal and state subsidies, which are designed to promote widely available, quality telephone service at affordable prices in rural areas.  These revenues are calculated by the administering government agency based on information we provide.  There is a reasonable possibility that out-of-period subsidy adjustments may be recorded in the future, but they are expected to be immaterial to our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

We recognize Federal Universal Service contributions on a gross basis. We account for all other taxes collected from customers and remitted to the respective government agencies on a net basis.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.  Advertising expense was $18.8 million, $11.1 million and $11.5 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Statement of Cash Flows Information

During 2021, 2020 and 2019, we made payments for interest and income taxes as follows:

(In thousands)	2021		2020		2019
Interest, net of amounts capitalized ($5,590, $1,660 and $3,737 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively)	$	123,031	$	120,897	$	129,508
Income taxes paid (received), net	$	836	$	(553)	$	(8,374)

In 2021, 2020 and 2019, we acquired equipment of $13.9 million, $2.5 million and $6.2 million, respectively, through finance lease agreements.

In 2021 and 2020, we acquired property and equipment of $52.9 million and $17.4 million, respectively, which were accrued but not yet paid.

Noncontrolling Interest

We have a majority-owned subsidiary, East Texas Fiber Line Incorporated (“ETFL”), which is a joint venture owned 63% by the Company and 37% by Eastex Telecom Investments, LLC.  ETFL provides connectivity over a fiber optic transport network to certain customers residing in Texas.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Effective January 1, 2021, we adopted ASU No. 2020-06 (“ASU 2020-06”), Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. ASU 2020-06 simplifies guidance on accounting for convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity including calculating diluted earnings per share. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Effective January 1, 2021, we adopted ASU No. 2019-12 (“ASU 2019-12”), Income Taxes.  ASU 2019-12 simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions and adding certain requirements to the general framework in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes. The new guidance will be applied prospectively. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued the Accounting Standards Update No. 2021-10 (“ASU 2021-10”), Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance. ASU 2021-10 requires disclosure by business entities of the types of government assistance received, the method of accounting for such assistance and the effects of the assistance on its financial statements. The new guidance is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this update will have on our related disclosures.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04 (“ASU 2020-04”), Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01 (“ASU 2021-01”), Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope. ASU 2021-01 clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 are both elective and are effective upon issuance through December 31, 2022. We are currently evaluating the impact these updates will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.