<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<InstanceReport xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
  <Version>1.0.0.3</Version>
  <hasSegments>false</hasSegments>
  <ReportName>Business and Basis of Presentation</ReportName>
  <RoundingOption />
  <Columns>
    <Column>
      <LabelColumn>false</LabelColumn>
      <Id>1</Id>
      <Labels>
        <Label Id="1" Label="9 Months Ended" />
        <Label Id="2" Label="Sep. 30, 2009" />
        <Label Id="4" Label="USD / shares" />
      </Labels>
      <CurrencySymbol>$</CurrencySymbol>
      <hasSegments>false</hasSegments>
      <hasScenarios>false</hasScenarios>
      <Segments />
      <Scenarios />
      <Units>
        <Unit>
          <UnitID>u000</UnitID>
          <UnitType>Standard</UnitType>
          <StandardMeasure>
            <MeasureSchema>http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217</MeasureSchema>
            <MeasureValue>USD</MeasureValue>
            <MeasureNamespace>iso4217</MeasureNamespace>
          </StandardMeasure>
          <Scale>0</Scale>
        </Unit>
        <Unit>
          <UnitID>u002</UnitID>
          <UnitType>Divide</UnitType>
          <NumeratorMeasure>
            <MeasureSchema>http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217</MeasureSchema>
            <MeasureValue>USD</MeasureValue>
            <MeasureNamespace>iso4217</MeasureNamespace>
          </NumeratorMeasure>
          <DenominatorMeasure>
            <MeasureSchema>http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance</MeasureSchema>
            <MeasureValue>shares</MeasureValue>
            <MeasureNamespace>xbrli</MeasureNamespace>
          </DenominatorMeasure>
          <Scale>0</Scale>
        </Unit>
      </Units>
    </Column>
  </Columns>
  <Rows>
    <Row>
      <Id>2</Id>
      <Label>Notes to Financial Statements [Abstract]</Label>
      <Level>0</Level>
      <ElementName>anr_NotesToFinancialStatementsAbstract</ElementName>
      <ElementPrefix>anr</ElementPrefix>
      <IsBaseElement>false</IsBaseElement>
      <BalanceType>na</BalanceType>
      <PeriodType>duration</PeriodType>
      <ElementDataType>string</ElementDataType>
      <ShortDefinition>No definition available.</ShortDefinition>
      <IsReportTitle>false</IsReportTitle>
      <IsSegmentTitle>false</IsSegmentTitle>
      <IsSubReportEnd>false</IsSubReportEnd>
      <IsCalendarTitle>false</IsCalendarTitle>
      <IsTuple>false</IsTuple>
      <IsAbstractGroupTitle>true</IsAbstractGroupTitle>
      <IsBeginningBalance>false</IsBeginningBalance>
      <IsEndingBalance>false</IsEndingBalance>
      <IsEPS>false</IsEPS>
      <Cells>
        <Cell>
          <Id>1</Id>
          <ShowCurrencySymbol>false</ShowCurrencySymbol>
          <IsNumeric>false</IsNumeric>
          <NumericAmount>0</NumericAmount>
          <RoundedNumericAmount>0</RoundedNumericAmount>
          <NonNumbericText />
          <NonNumericTextHeader />
          <FootnoteIndexer />
          <hasSegments>false</hasSegments>
          <hasScenarios>false</hasScenarios>
        </Cell>
      </Cells>
      <ElementDefenition>No definition available.</ElementDefenition>
      <IsTotalLabel>false</IsTotalLabel>
    </Row>
    <Row>
      <Id>3</Id>
      <Label>Business and Basis of Presentation</Label>
      <Level>1</Level>
      <ElementName>us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsDisclosureTextBlock</ElementName>
      <ElementPrefix>us-gaap</ElementPrefix>
      <IsBaseElement>true</IsBaseElement>
      <BalanceType>na</BalanceType>
      <PeriodType>duration</PeriodType>
      <ElementDataType>string</ElementDataType>
      <ShortDefinition>No definition available.</ShortDefinition>
      <IsReportTitle>false</IsReportTitle>
      <IsSegmentTitle>false</IsSegmentTitle>
      <IsSubReportEnd>false</IsSubReportEnd>
      <IsCalendarTitle>false</IsCalendarTitle>
      <IsTuple>false</IsTuple>
      <IsAbstractGroupTitle>false</IsAbstractGroupTitle>
      <IsBeginningBalance>false</IsBeginningBalance>
      <IsEndingBalance>false</IsEndingBalance>
      <IsEPS>false</IsEPS>
      <Cells>
        <Cell>
          <Id>1</Id>
          <ShowCurrencySymbol>false</ShowCurrencySymbol>
          <IsNumeric>false</IsNumeric>
          <NumericAmount>0</NumericAmount>
          <RoundedNumericAmount>0</RoundedNumericAmount>
          <NonNumbericText>&lt;div&gt;       &lt;div&gt;         &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="hangingindent_0" width="100%" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman"&gt; &lt;tr valign="top"&gt;             &lt;td style="WIDTH: 18pt"&gt;               &lt;div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;(1)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;             &lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td&gt;               &lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;Business  and Basis of Presentation&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;             &lt;/td&gt;           &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;       &lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;Business&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;On July  31, 2009, Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. (&amp;#8220;Old Alpha&amp;#8221;) and Foundation Coal  Holdings, Inc. (&amp;#8220;Foundation&amp;#8221;) merged (the &amp;#8220;Merger&amp;#8221;) with Foundation continuing  as the surviving legal corporation of the Merger. Subsequent to the Merger,  Foundation was renamed Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. (the &amp;#8220;Company&amp;#8221; or &amp;#8220;New  Alpha&amp;#8221;) (see Note 18). For accounting purposes, the Merger was treated as a  &amp;#8220;reverse acquisition&amp;#8221; with Old Alpha considered the accounting acquirer.  Accordingly, Old Alpha&amp;#8217;s historical financial statements are the historical  financial statements of the Company.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;Foundation,  together with its affiliates, was a major U.S. coal producer operating mines and  associated processing and loading facilities in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and  Wyoming. Foundation primarily supplied steam coal to U.S. utilities generating  electricity and industrial plants.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;The  Company and its consolidated subsidiaries are primarily engaged in the business  of extracting, processing and marketing steam and metallurgical coal from  surface and deep mines, and mainly sells to electric utilities, steel and coke  producers, and industrial customers. The Company&amp;#8217;s operations are located  in&amp;#160;Central Appalachia, Northern Appalachia,&amp;#160;the the Powder River Basin  of the United States.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;Basis  of Presentation&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;The  accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been  prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles for  interim financial reporting. The preparation of the Company&amp;#8217;s condensed  consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and  assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the  date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts  of revenues and expenses during the reporting period; however, in the opinion of  management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered  necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Significant items subject  to estimates and assumptions include inventories; mineral reserves; allowance  for non-recoupable advanced mining royalties; asset impairments; environmental  and reclamation obligations; pensions; coal supply agreements; postemployment,  postretirement and other employee benefit obligations; future cash flows  associated with assets; useful lives for depreciation, depletion, and  amortization; workers&amp;#8217; compensation and black lung claims; postretirement  benefits other than pensions; valuation allowances for deferred income taxes;  income tax provision calculations; reserves for contingencies and litigation;  revenue recognized using the percentage of completion method; and fair value of  financial instruments. Due to the subjective nature of these estimates, actual  results could differ from those estimates. Results of operations for the three  and nine months ended September 30, 2009 are not necessarily indicative of the  results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2009. These financial  statements should be read in conjunction with Old Alpha&amp;#8217;s audited financial  statements and related notes as of and for the year ended December 31, 2008  included in Old Alpha&amp;#8217;s Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2009 with the Securities and  Exchange Commission.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;Subsequent  to the Merger with Foundation, the Company&amp;#8217;s results of operations are and will  be affected by the following significant accounting policy:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;Defined  Benefit Retirement Plans&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;         &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="left"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;The  Company is required to recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of a  defined benefit pension plan as an asset or liability on its balance sheet and  to recognize changes in that funded status in the year in which the changes  occur through other comprehensive (loss) income. The Company is required to  measure plan assets and benefit obligations as of the date of the Company&amp;#8217;s  fiscal year-end balance sheet and provide the required disclosures as of the end  of each fiscal year (see Note 13).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;Reclassifications&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;On  September 26, 2008, the Company sold its interests in Gallatin Materials, LLC  (&amp;#8220;Gallatin&amp;#8221;), a lime manufacturing business, to an unrelated third  party.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;Gallatin&amp;#8217;s results of operations for the prior periods have  been reported as discontinued operations (see Note 17).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;On  December 3, 2008, the Company announced the permanent closure of the Whitetail  Kittanning Mine, an adjacent coal preparation plant and other ancillary  facilities (&amp;#8220;Kingwood&amp;#8221;).&amp;#160;&amp;#160;The decision resulted from adverse geologic  conditions and regulatory requirements that rendered the coal seam unmineable at  this location.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;The mine stopped producing coal in early January 2009  and Kingwood ceased equipment recovery operations at the end of April  2009.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;Kingwood&amp;#8217;s results of operations for the current and prior  periods have been reported as discontinued operations (see Note  17).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;       &lt;div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="justify"&gt;&lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"&gt;Prior  period &lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Other revenues, Other  expenses, and Coal revenues&lt;/font&gt; have been adjusted to conform to the current  year presentation related to derivative instruments. Prior period &lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Other revenues&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Other expenses&lt;/font&gt; have been  adjusted due to the reclassification of the unrealized gains and losses on  forward coal sale and purchase contracts and commodity swaps for the three and  nine months ended September 30, 2008. The unrealized gains and losses were  previously reported in &lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;(Increase) Decrease in fair value of  derivative instruments, net&lt;/font&gt; in the condensed consolidated income  statement (see the last table in Note 11 which details amounts reclassified for  the three and nine months ended September 30, 2008). In addition, &lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Other revenues &lt;/font&gt;increased by  $825 and $1,930 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2008,  respectively, due to the reclassification of bookouts that were previously  reported in &lt;font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Coal  revenues&lt;/font&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</NonNumbericText>
          <NonNumericTextHeader>(1)                                         Business  and Basis of Presentation                                             Business              On July  31,</NonNumericTextHeader>
          <FootnoteIndexer />
          <hasSegments>false</hasSegments>
          <hasScenarios>false</hasScenarios>
        </Cell>
      </Cells>
      <ElementDefenition>No definition available.</ElementDefenition>
      <ElementReferences>No authoritative reference available.</ElementReferences>
      <IsTotalLabel>false</IsTotalLabel>
    </Row>
  </Rows>
  <Footnotes />
  <ComparabilityReport>false</ComparabilityReport>
  <NumberOfCols>1</NumberOfCols>
  <NumberOfRows>2</NumberOfRows>
  <HasScenarios>false</HasScenarios>
  <MonetaryRoundingLevel>UnKnown</MonetaryRoundingLevel>
  <SharesRoundingLevel>UnKnown</SharesRoundingLevel>
  <PerShareRoundingLevel>UnKnown</PerShareRoundingLevel>
  <HasPureData>false</HasPureData>
  <SharesShouldBeRounded>true</SharesShouldBeRounded>
</InstanceReport>
