Exhibit 99.1
GREAT PANTHER SILVER LIMITED
ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015
MARCH 24, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| PRELIMINARY NOTES | 3 |
| GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND UNITS OF MEASURE | 5 |
| CORPORATE STRUCTURE | 8 |
| DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS | 8 |
| GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS | 9 |
| DIVIDENDS | 59 |
| DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE | 59 |
| MARKET FOR SECURITIES | 60 |
| ESCROWED SECURITIES | 61 |
| DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS | 62 |
| AUDIT COMMITTEE INFORMATION | 64 |
| LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS | 65 |
| INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS | 66 |
| TRANSFER AGENTS AND REGISTRARS | 66 |
| MATERIAL CONTRACTS | 66 |
| INTERESTS OF EXPERTS | 66 |
| ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 67 |
| SCHEDULE “A” | 68 |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 2 |
PRELIMINARY NOTES
DATE OF INFORMATION
Unless otherwise identified, all information contained in this Annual Information Form (“AIF”) is as at December 31, 2015.
NOMENCLATURE
In this AIF, unless the context otherwise dictates, “Great Panther” or the “Company” refers to Great Panther Silver Limited, and its subsidiaries, Minera Mexicana el Rosario, S.A. de C.V. (“MMR”), Metálicos de Durango, S.A. de C.V. (“MDU”), Minera de Villa Seca, S.A. de C.V. (“MVS”), Coboro Minerales de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. (“Coboro”), Cangold Limited (“Cangold”), Great Panther Silver Peru S.A.C., Great Panther Finance Canada Limited, and GP Finance International S.a.r.l.
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain of the statements and information in this AIF constitute “forward-looking information” within the meaning of Canadian securities laws. Forward-looking statements are often, but not always, identified by the words “anticipates”, “believes”, “expects”, “may”, “likely”, “plans” and similar words. Forward-looking statements reflect the Company’s current expectations and assumptions, and are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the Company’s actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
In particular, this AIF includes forward-looking statements as noted throughout the document. These relate to estimates, forecasts, and statements as to management’s expectations with respect to the future production of silver, gold, lead and zinc; profit, operating costs and cash flow; grade improvements, sales volume and selling prices of products; capital and exploration expenditures, plans, timing, progress and expectations for the development of the Company’s mines and projects; progress in the development of mineral properties; the timing of production and the cash and total costs of production; sensitivity of earnings to changes in commodity prices and exchange rates; the impact of foreign currency exchange rates; the impact of taxes and royalties; expenditures to increase or determine reserves and resources; sufficiency of available capital resources; titles to claims; expansions and acquisition plans; and the future plans and expectations for the Company’s properties and operations.
These forward-looking statements are necessarily based on a number of factors and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by the Company as of the date of such statements, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies. The assumptions made by the Company in preparing the forward looking information contained in this AIF, which may prove to be incorrect, include, but are not limited to, general business and economic conditions; the supply and demand for, deliveries of, and the level and volatility of prices of silver, gold, lead and zinc; expected Canadian dollar, Mexican peso and US dollar exchange rates; expected taxes and royalties; the timing of the receipt of regulatory and governmental approvals for development projects and other operations; costs of production and production and productivity levels; estimated future capital expenditures and cash flows; the continuing availability of water and power resources for operations; the accuracy of the interpretation and assumptions and the method or methods used in calculating reserve and resource estimates (including with respect to size, grade and recoverability); the accuracy of the information included or implied in the various published technical reports; the geological, operational and price assumptions on which these technical reports are based; conditions in the financial markets; the ability to attract and retain skilled staff; the ability to procure equipment and operating supplies and that there are no material unanticipated variations in the cost of energy or supplies; the ability to secure contracts for the sale of the Company’s products (metals concentrates); the execution and outcome of current or future exploration activities; the ability to obtain adequate financing for planned activities and to complete further exploration programs; the possibility of project delays and cost overruns, or unanticipated excessive operating cost and expenses, the Company’s ability to maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting, and disclosure controls and procedures; the ability of contractors to perform their contractual obligations; and operations not being disrupted by issues such as mechanical failures, labour disturbances, illegal occupations or mining, seismic events, and adverse weather conditions.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 3 |
This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of the Company’s forward-looking statements or information. Forward-looking statements or information are statements about the future and are inherently uncertain, and actual achievements of the Company or other future events or conditions may differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements or information due to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, without limitation, changes in commodity prices; changes in foreign currency exchange rates; acts of foreign governments; political risk and social unrest; uncertainties related to title to the Company’s mineral properties and the surface rights thereon, including the Company’s ability to acquire, or economically acquire, the surface rights to certain of the Company’s exploration and development projects; unanticipated operational difficulties due to adverse weather conditions, failure of plant or mine equipment and unanticipated events related to health, safety, and environmental matters; failure of counterparties to perform their contractual obligations; uncertainty of Mineral Resource estimates and deterioration of general economic conditions.
Readers are advised to carefully review and consider the risk factors identified in this AIF under the heading “Risk Factors” for a discussion of the factors that could cause the Company’s actual results, performance and achievements to be materially different from any anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Readers are further cautioned that the foregoing list of assumptions and risk factors is not exhaustive and it is recommended that prospective investors consult the more complete discussion of the Company’s business, financial condition and prospects that is included in this AIF.
The Company’s forward-looking statements and information are based on the assumptions, beliefs, expectations and opinions of management as of the date of this AIF. The Company will update forward-looking statements and information if and when, and to the extent, required by applicable securities laws. Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements and information contained herein are expressly qualified by this cautionary statement.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and interpretations of the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC”), and they are subject to Canadian auditing and auditor independence standards. IFRS differs in some respects from United States generally accepted accounting principles, (“US GAAP”) or (“United States GAAP”), and thus the Company’s financial statements may not be comparable to financial statements of United States companies.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
The technical information in this AIF relating to the Company’s mineral projects has been reviewed and approved by Robert F. Brown, P. Eng, the Company’s Vice President, Exploration and a qualified person under National Instrument 43-101.
CURRENCY
The Company’s financial statements are presented in Canadian dollars (the reporting currency). Financial and operating information presented in this AIF is presented in Canadian dollars unless otherwise noted.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 4 |
CAUTIONARY NOTES TO US INVESTORS REGARDING RESOURCE AND RESERVE ESTIMATES
Certain terms contained in this AIF have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada, which differ from the requirements of United States securities laws. The terms “Mineral Reserve”, “Proven Mineral Reserve” and “Probable Mineral Reserve” are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the “CIM”) - CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended. These definitions differ from the definitions in SEC Industry Guide 7 under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Under SEC Industry Guide 7 standards, mineralization may not be classified as a “reserve” unless the determination has been made that the mineralization could be economically and legally produced or extracted at the time the reserve determination is made. Among other things, all necessary permits would be required to be in hand or issuance imminent in order to classify mineralized material as reserves under the SEC standards. Under SEC Industry Guide 7 standards, a “final” or “bankable” feasibility study is required to report reserves, the three-year historical average price is used in any reserve or cash flow analysis to designate reserves and the primary environmental analysis or report must be filed with the appropriate governmental authority.
In addition, the terms “Mineral Resource”, “Measured Mineral Resource”, “Indicated Mineral Resource” and “Inferred Mineral Resource” are defined in and required to be disclosed by NI 43-101; however, these terms are not defined terms under SEC Industry Guide 7 and are normally not permitted to be used in reports and registration statements filed with the SEC. Investors are cautioned not to assume that any part or all of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into reserves. “Inferred Mineral Resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian rules, estimates of Inferred Mineral Resources may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies, except in rare cases. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource exists or is economically or legally mineable. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC Industry Guide 7 standards as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures.
Accordingly, information contained in this AIF and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain descriptions of the Company’s mineral deposits that may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND UNITS OF MEASURE
The following glossary, which is not exhaustive, should be used only as an adjunct to a thorough reading of the entire document of which it forms a part.
AAS: Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Adit: A horizontal or close-to-horizontal tunnel, man-made for mining purposes.
Ag: The chemical symbol for silver on the periodic table of elements.
Ag eq oz: Silver equivalent ounces, reflecting the equivalent values of silver and all other products produced by the Company, relative to the prevailing silver price.
Andesite: A fine-grained brown, green or greyish intermediate volcanic rock.
Au: The chemical symbol for gold on the periodic table of elements.
Breccia: A course-grained rock, composed of angular, broken rock fragments held together by a mineral cement or a fine-grained matrix.
Cash cost: cash cost per payable silver ounce, a widely reported non-IFRS measure in the silver industry
cfm: Cubic feet per minute.
CONAGUA: Comisión Nacional del Agua, or National Water Commission, is an agency of SEMARNAT in Mexico and is responsible to manage and preserve national waters and their inherent goods in order to achieve sustainable use.
Cu: The chemical symbol for copper on the periodic table of elements.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 5 |
Cut and fill: A mining method which removes ore in horizontal slices and the remaining void is filled with waste rock before proceeding to mine the next slice of ore.
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment.
eq.: Equivalent values or quantities of products, expressed relative to the prevailing silver price.
Epithermal: Hydrothermal deposits formed at low temperature and pressure.
Feasibility Study: A detailed study of a deposit in which geological, engineering, operating, economic and other relevant factors are engineered in sufficient detail that it could reasonably serve as the basis for a final decision by a financial institution to finance the development of the deposit for mineral production.
Felsic: An igneous rock having abundant light-coloured materials.
g/t: Grams per metric tonne.
gpm: Gallons per minute.
Hectare: A metric unit of land measure equal to 10,000 square metres or 2.471 acres.
Hydrothermal: Relating to hot fluids circulating in the earth's crust.
Indicated Mineral Resource: As defined by the CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves (“CIM Definition Standards”), an Indicated Mineral Resource is part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, and physical characteristics, can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings, and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed.
Inferred Mineral Resource: As defined by the CIM Definition Standards, an Inferred Mineral Resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings, and drill holes.
LHD: Load-haul-dump trucks.
LOM: Life of Mine.
MASL: Metres above sea level.
Measured Mineral Resource: As defined by the CIM Definition Standards, a Measured Mineral Resource is part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on a detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings, and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity.
Mineral: An inorganic substance usually having a definite chemical composition and, if formed under favourable conditions, having a certain characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other physical properties.
Mineral Resource: As defined by the CIM Definition Standards, a Mineral Resource is a concentration or occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic, or fossilized organic material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade geological characteristics and continuity of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 6 |
Mineral Reserve: As defined by the CIM Definition Standards, a Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A Mineral Reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined.
Mineral claim: The portion of mining ground held under law by a claimant.
Mineralization: Implication that the rocks contain metallic minerals and that these could be related to ore.
Ore: That part of a mineral deposit which could be economically and legally extracted.
oz: Troy ounces.
Pb: The chemical symbol for lead on the periodic table of elements.
Preliminary Feasibility Study: A comprehensive study of the viability of a mineral project that has advanced to a stage where the mining method, in the case of underground mining, or the pit configuration, in the case of an open pit, has been established and an effective method of mineral processing has been determined, and includes a financial analysis based on reasonable assumptions of technical, engineering, legal, operating, economic, social, and environmental factors and the evaluation of other relevant factors which are sufficient for a Qualified Person, acting reasonably, to determine if all or part of the Mineral Resource may be classified as a Mineral Reserve.
Probable Mineral Reserve: As defined by the CIM Definition Standards, a Probable Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of an Indicated, and in some circumstances a Measured, Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified.
Proven Mineral Reserve: As defined by the CIM Definition Standards, a Proven Mineral Reserve, is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction is justified.
psi: Pounds per square inch.
QA/QC: Quality Assurance/Quality Control.
Quartz: A common rock forming mineral consisting of silicon and oxygen.
Resuing: A method of stoping wherein the wall rock on one side of the vein is removed before the ore is broken. Employed on narrow veins, and yields cleaner ore than when wall and ore are broken together.
Rhyolite: A fine-grained volcanic (extrusive) rock of granitic composition.
SEMARNAT: Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales or Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, the Mexican federal agency responsible for environmental protection, including permitting of surface work programs.
Stockwork: A metalliferous deposit characterized by the impregnation of the mass of rock with many small veins or nests irregularly grouped.
tpd: Metric tonnes per day.
t/m³: Metric tonnes per cubic metre.
Vein: A zone or belt of mineralized rock lying within boundaries clearly distinguished from neighbouring rock. A mineralized zone has, more or less, a regular development in length, width and depth to give it a tabular form and is commonly inclined at a considerable angle to the horizontal. The term "lode" is commonly used synonymously for vein.
Yd³: Cubic yards.
Zn: The chemical symbol for zinc on the periodic table of elements.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 7 |
CORPORATE STRUCTURE
NAME, ADDRESS AND INCORPORATION
Great Panther Silver Limited was originally incorporated under the Company Act (British Columbia) in 1965. On March 22, 1996, the Company was continued under the Business Corporation Act (Yukon). On July 9, 2004, the Company was continued to British Columbia under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia). The articles of the Company were amended on June 28, 2012, to provide for and facilitate the electronic delivery and receipt of notices, statements, reports or other records to shareholders.
Great Panther’s principal and registered offices are located at 1330 - 200 Granville Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6C 1S4, Canada. The Company’s telephone number is 604-608-1766, its facsimile number is 604-608-1768, and the Company’s website can be found at www.greatpanther.com.
INTERCORPORATE RELATIONSHIPS
The following companies are all of the subsidiaries of the Company, each of which is 100% beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by the Company.
|
Company Name |
Jurisdiction of Incorporation/Formation/Continuation |
| Minera Mexicana el Rosario, S.A. de C.V. | Mexico |
| Metálicos de Durango, S.A. de C.V. | Mexico |
| Minera de Villa Seca, S.A. de C.V. | Mexico |
| Coboro Minerales de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. | Mexico |
| Great Panther Silver Peru S.A.C. | Peru |
| Great Panther Finance Canada Limited | Canada |
| Cangold Limited | Canada |
| GP Finance International S.a.r.l. | Luxembourg |
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS
GENERAL
The information contained in this section of the AIF is as at March 24, 2016.
Great Panther Silver Limited is a primary silver mining and precious metals producer and exploration company listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (the “TSX”) trading under the symbol “GPR”, and on the NYSE MKT LLC (the “NYSE MKT”) trading under the symbol “GPL”. The Company’s wholly-owned mining operations in Mexico are the Topia Mine (or “Topia”), and the Guanajuato Mine Complex (the “GMC”) which comprises the Company’s Guanajuato Mine, Cata processing plant, and the San Ignacio Mine (or “San Ignacio”).
The GMC produces silver and gold concentrate and is located in central Mexico, approximately 380 kilometres north-west of Mexico City, and approximately 30 kilometres from the Guanajuato International Airport. The Topia Mine is located in the Sierra Madre Mountains in the state of Durango in northwestern Mexico and produces concentrates containing silver, gold, lead and zinc at its own processing facility.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 8 |
The method of production at Topia and the GMC consists of underground mining through cut and fill operations. Extracted ore is trucked to on-site conventional processing plants which consist of zinc and lead-silver flotation circuits at Topia Mine, and a pyrite-silver-gold flotation circuit at the GMC.
The Company also holds an option to acquire a 100% interest in the Coricancha Mine Complex (“Coricancha”), located in the central Andes of Peru. Coricancha is a gold-silver-copper-lead-zinc mine, located in the Peruvian province of Huarochiri, approximately 90 kilometres east of Lima, and has been on care and maintenance since August 2013. Coricancha has a permitted and operational 600 tonne per day processing facility along with supporting mining infrastructure.
The Company’s exploration properties include El Horcón, Santa Rosa and Plomo in Mexico; and Argosy in Canada. The Santa Rosa project is located approximately 15 kilometres northeast of Guanajuato, El Horcón is 100 kilometres by road northwest of Guanajuato, and the Plomo exploration property is located in Sonora, Mexico. The Argosy exploration property is located in the Red Lake Mining District in Northwestern Ontario.
The Company did not undertake any active exploration programs on the above noted exploration properties in 2015 and does not have any planned exploration of these properties in the near term. The Company undertook significant exploration and evaluation work on Coricancha in 2015 which continues in the current year. The Company continues to evaluate additional mining opportunities in the Americas.
The GMC, Topia, El Horcón and Santa Rosa are held by MMR, a wholly-owned subsidiary acquired in February 2004. In 2005, the Company incorporated MDU and MVS which are responsible for the day-to-day affairs and operations of Topia and the GMC, respectively, through service agreements with MMR.
Argosy is held by Cangold, and Plomo is held by Coboro.
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS
General
Great Panther Silver Limited was originally incorporated under the Company Act (British Columbia) in 1965 under the name “Lodestar Mines Ltd.” On June 18, 1980, the Company’s common shares were listed on the TSX Venture Exchange and, on November 14, 2006, the Company’s common shares began trading on the TSX under the symbol “GPR”. On February 8, 2011, the Company’s common shares were listed on the NYSE MKT under the trading symbol “GPL”, while retaining its listing on the TSX in Canada.
Topia Mine
Effective February 18, 2004, the Company entered into an option agreement, which granted it the right and option, for a term of one year, to purchase 100% of the ownership rights in and to all the fixed assets, machinery, equipment (including the mill, buildings, offices, houses and quarters for the workers) and Topia Mining Concessions located in the Municipality of Topia, state of Durango, Mexico from Compañía Minera de Canelas y Topia, as optionor, by making cash payments totalling US$1,737,084. In addition to the payments to the optionor, the Company agreed to assume the debt encumbering the property totalling US$814,594 upon signing of the purchase agreement. The debt owing was secured by the Topia Mine assets. The balance of the debt was repayable out of production from concentrate sales as a 10% net smelter return (“NSR”). After the debt was repaid, there was no further NSR. The remaining debt balance was fully paid and there are no outstanding conditions to retain title to the property. The Company has surface rights for the land on which the plant sits and mineral rights for the rest of the property.
GMC
On October 25, 2005, the Company signed a formal purchase agreement with the Sociedad Cooperativa Minero Metalúrgica Santa Fe de Guanajuato (the “Cooperative”) to purchase 100% of the ownership rights in a group of producing and non-producing silver-gold mines in the Guanajuato Mining District. The total purchase price was US$7,250,000, which included 1,107 hectares in two main properties (the Guanajuato and San Ignacio claims), the 1,200tpd Cata processing plant, workshops and administration facilities, complete mining infrastructure, mining equipment, and certain surface rights.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 9 |
On May 15, 2006, the Company announced the purchase of 3.88 hectares of real estate adjacent to the plant at the GMC for a total of US$690,425 from the Cooperative. The decision to buy the extra land was made in order to facilitate any future expansion of the plant facilities and to buffer the plant site from any possible development nearby.
On December 27, 2007, the Company purchased an additional 0.2804 hectares of land immediately adjacent to the plant and below the tailings dam at the GMC from the Cooperative for a total of US$320,530. The land was primarily purchased in order to buffer the area from any possible development.
In August 2012, the Company announced it had signed a definitive agreement for the purchase of a 100% interest in certain surface rights to a total of 19.4 hectares at the San Ignacio Mine, for the construction of a mine portal and ancillary surface facilities.
Santa Rosa
The Company purchased a 100% interest in the Santa Rosa Silver-Gold Project in Guanajuato State, Mexico in 2011 for total consideration of US$1,459,000 in cash. Santa Rosa includes a cluster of non-contiguous mineral claims 20 kilometres to the northeast of Guanajuato most covering segments of historically known mineralized veins within the Sierra vein system, as well as two claims located further north staked from a regional conceptual nature.
El Horcón
The Company purchased a 100% interest in the El Horcón Silver-Gold Project in Jalisco State, Mexico in 2012 for total consideration of US$1,600,000 in cash. El Horcón covers 7,908 hectares in 17 contiguous mining concessions and is located 60 kilometres northwest of the GMC (100km by road).
Coricancha Mine Complex
The Company entered into an option agreement in May 2015 to acquire a 100% interest in the Coricancha Mine Complex. Coricancha is a gold-silver-copper-lead-zinc mine, located in the Peruvian province of Huarochiri, approximately 90 kilometres east of Lima, and has been on care and maintenance since August 2013. Coricancha has a fully-permitted and operational 600 tonne per day processing facility along with supporting mining infrastructure.
Cangold and Coboro
In May 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of Cangold and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Coboro, for total consideration of $3,093,000 (approximately half of which was represented by shares of the Company issued for shares of Cangold). As a result, the Company acquired an option to purchase up to a 100% interest in the advanced stage Guadalupe de los Reyes gold and silver project (the “GDLR Project”) located in the foothills of the Sierra Madre Mountains in the state of Sinaloa in northwestern Mexico. The Company also acquired 100% interests in the Plomo property located in Sonora, Mexico and the Argosy property located in the Red Lake Mining District in northwestern Ontario. On February 24, 2016, the Company terminated the option agreement for the GDLR Project after conducting an evaluation of the project, including an initial drill program, as the results of the evaluation did not warrant continued exploration work.
THREE-YEAR HISTORY
January 1, 2016 to Present
Given the significant increase in production in 2015 and the continued low metal price environment, the Company will primarily focus on operational efficiencies and strong grade control in 2016 and build on the successful achievements in these areas in 2015. The Company also considered that the significant growth in 2015 has brought production levels to plant capacity at the GMC. As such, consolidated production for 2016 is anticipated to be in the range of 4.0 - 4.2 million Ag eq oz (using a 70:1 silver:gold ratio), similar to that of 2015. Although overall production at the GMC is planned to remain at similar levels to 2015, San Ignacio is expected to account for a larger proportion of the throughput. Topia is also expected to produce at similar levels as in 2015.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 10 |
Drilling in 2016 will focus on increasing the resource base at the GMC with 6,000 metres of underground drilling planned at the Guanajuato Mine, and 2,500 metres of underground drilling and 2,500 metres of surface drilling planned at San Ignacio. At the Guanajuato Mine, the focus of exploration in 2016 will be at the Los Pozos, Guanajuatito, and Valenciana zones. A compilation of the historical workings is being undertaken with a focus on parallel and sigmoidal veins with mineralization of economic significance. This will include the Rayas, upper Cata, Los Pozos, Valenciana and Guanajuatito zones. At San Ignacio, plans for 2016 include the continuation of surface exploration south from the present mineral resource to the historic mining area of San Pedro. Underground drilling will focus on converting Inferred Mineral Resources to the Measured and Indicated categories. An additional 4,000 metres are planned at Coricancha in order to better define and test the extension of several high grade zones. This information will be used for an updated resource model and internal economic evaluation of the mine.
On February 24, 2016, the Company terminated the option agreement on the GDLR Project after conducting an initial drill program and an in-house economic evaluation on the project. It was determined that the potential of the project was less than anticipated and the economics of the project did not warrant continued exploration work.
On February 22, 2016, the Company provided an update to the Mineral Resource at the GMC, with effective dates of July 31, 2015 for the Guanajuato Mine and El Horcón, and December 31, 2015 for the San Ignacio Mine. Measured Mineral Resources were estimated at 4,330,941 Ag eq oz, Indicated Mineral Resources were estimated at 1,778,275 Ag eq oz, and Inferred Mineral Resources were estimated at 11,535,680 Ag eq oz. The information is presented in summarized form and reference should be made to the full text of the technical report which is available for review under the Company’s profile on SEDAR located at www.sedar.com.
On February 15, 2016, the Company reported a fatality of a contract scoop tram operator that occurred at the GMC. All relevant authorities were contacted and a formal investigation into the cause of the accident was conducted. The investigation is now closed. Safety procedures were reviewed and reinforced as safety remains the top priority across all operations.
During February 2016, the Company met with representatives of CONAGUA, the Mexican federal agency responsible for water administration, who have asserted that the Company is required to make applications for permits associated with the occupation and construction of the tailings facility at the GMC (the “Tailings Permits”). During this meeting, CONAGUA officials identified no issues arising from the outstanding Tailings Permits and requested that the Company complete its applications. The Company believes its current tailings capacity at the GMC is sufficient to operate and no expansions will be required until the fall of 2016. Although the Company expects the Tailings Permits to be granted in due course without any impact to the ongoing operations, there is no guarantee that the Company will receive any of the Tailings Permits, or that the terms of such permits will be favourable to the Company. The failure to obtain a required permit could impact the Company’s ability to continue operating the tailings facility at the GMC.
The Company reported a theft of explosives from one of the mines at the GMC on January 14, 2016. The Company voluntarily suspended the use of all explosives material at the GMC to facilitate ongoing investigations by regulatory authorities and to enhance security measures. On February 16, 2016, the regulatory authorities concluded their formal investigation. Operations at the GMC were intermittently halted during the investigation period and were fully resumed on February 16, 2016. The Company reported that the interruption may have a minor effect on the first quarter's results, but that it did not change the Company's previously-announced 2016 production guidance.
2015
Overall metal production for 2015 was a record 4,159,121 Ag eq oz, representing an increase of 30% over the prior year. The increase reflected the continued ramp-up in production at the San Ignacio Mine since commercial production commenced in June 2014, and higher ore grades at all operations. The higher average grades were achieved through improvements in grade control, application of higher grade cut-offs, and generally higher grade resources at San Ignacio. As a result of the increase in ore grades at all operations, and the strengthening of the US dollar compared to the Mexican peso during 2015, cash cost decreased 41% to US$7.50. The strengthening of the US dollar compared to the Mexican peso reduced cash operating costs in US dollar terms as operating cost are primarily denominated in Mexican peso.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 11 |
Mine development at the GMC during 2015 was focused on San Ignacio, with additional development at the Cata, Los Pozos, Santa Margarita and Guanajuatito zones. Development at San Ignacio concentrated on infrastructure work including the maintenance facilities on the surface, preparation of loading bays, pumping stations and developing access levels to stopes. At Topia, mine development was focused on the Argentina, 15-22, La Prieta and El Rosario mines.
The goal of the Company’s exploration program for the GMC during 2015 was to expand the Mineral Resource base, and on February 22, 2016, the Company provided an update to the Mineral Resource at the GMC. Drilling at the Guanajuato Mine in 2015 totaled 13,024 metres, and was focused on the Valenciana, Cata and Los Pozos zones. At San Ignacio, total drilling amounted to 4,657 metres for the year and consisted of underground drilling to better define the Mineral Resource in the Intermediate and Melladito zones, and a surface drill program to define the southern extension of the Mineral Resource in the Melladito, Melladito Splay, Melladito 2 and Melladito 3 zones.
There was no exploration drilling at Topia during 2015 as the mine has sufficient mineral resources to support an 11-year mine life at current production levels. The Company provided an update to the Mineral Resource at the Topia Mine on July 9, 2015, based on the results of prior years’ drill programs. Measured Mineral Resources were estimated at 6,006,000 Ag eq oz, Indicated Mineral Resources were estimated at 5,574,000 Ag eq oz, and Inferred Mineral Resources were estimated at 11,050,000 Ag eq oz. In light of the updated Mineral Resource Estimate, management changed its estimate of the useful life of the Topia Mine to 11 years (as at July 1, 2015), an increase from the previous estimate of 6.5 years. The information above is presented in summarized form and reference should be made to the full text of the technical report which is available for review under the Company’s profile on SEDAR located at www.sedar.com.
On May 27, 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the 42,780,600 common shares of Cangold issued and outstanding to third parties, in exchange for 2,138,898 common shares of Great Panther and derecognition of $1,349,000 loaned to Cangold and its subsidiary, Coboro.
A surface drill program at the GDLR Project commenced in mid-August and was completed in early December with a total of 5,514 metres drilled. The objectives of this drill program were to test the continuity of the mineralized structures and associated gold-silver mineralization with fill-in holes, and to expand the mineralized zones with select step-outs. The remainder of 2015 was spent interpreting and 3D-modelling the results of the 2015 drill program, in conjunction with the historic drilling results, for use in a 'high-level' economic evaluation. Based on the results of the economic evaluation the Company terminated the option agreement for the GDLR Project on February 24, 2016.
During the year, the Company fully secured mineral property titles for all of its 7,909 hectares related to the El Horcón Project. Three of the Company’s mineral property title claims were previously cancelled due to an administrative oversight on the part of the government agency which manages mineral property titles in Mexico. All titles have been restored. No drilling was conducted at the El Horcón Project during 2015.
Great Panther announced in May 2015 that it had entered into a two-year option agreement with two wholly-owned subsidiaries of Nyrstar N.V. (“Nyrstar”) whereby the Company can acquire 100% of the shares of Nyrstar Coricancha S.A. which holds a 100% interest in the Coricancha Mine Complex, 90km east of Lima, Peru.
2014
Overall metal production for 2014 was 3,187,832 Ag eq oz, which represented an increase of 12% over the prior year. This was attributable to increases in throughput at both sites, primarily at the GMC due to the commissioning of San Ignacio in June of 2014. The increased throughput more than offset the impact of lower silver grades realized at Topia and lower gold grades realized at the GMC during the same period. As a result of the improved production, cash cost decreased by 5% to US$12.78 compared to 2013.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 12 |
The number of operating mines at Topia was reduced to nine as Mina Oliva and Mina 80 were closed in June and July of 2014, respectively, as they were determined uneconomic at prevailing metal prices. During 2014, modifications and optimizations were made to the crushing and flotation circuits at both the Cata plant in Guanajuato and at Topia, which improved recoveries and concentrate grades. The GMC tailings dam went through a further dyke lift in 2014 to increase the storage capacity and the water recovery circuit was upgraded with a more efficient pump system and pipeline extensions, which has the impact of improving water usage at the plant.
The Company reported the occurrence of a fatal accident at its Topia Mine on the morning of November 1, 2014. A contract miner was struck by falling rock that became dislodged while he was working in a raise at the Hormiguera underground mine, one of the independent mines comprising the Company’s Topia Mine. All underground activities at Hormiguera were immediately suspended and secured. Appropriate governmental authorities were contacted and a formal investigation was conducted. The Company reinforced safety measures to prevent such an accident from recurring. Creating and maintaining high standards of safety are a top priority of the Company.
On October 30, 2014, the Company announced high grade gold and silver intercepts from the first six holes in the latest surface diamond drilling program at its San Ignacio Mine. Results were highlighted by a 7.45 metre (5.26 metre true width) intersection of 1,133g/t silver and 6.86g/t gold in hole ESI14-120. This zone contained a 0.5 metre section of mineralization that assayed 11,951g/t silver and 48.2g/t gold, the highest assays ever received from San Ignacio.
On October 15, 2014, the Company filed a final short form base shelf prospectus with the securities commissions in each of the provinces and territories of Canada, except Quebec, and a corresponding registration statement on Form F-10 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the U.S./Canada Multijurisdictional Disclosure System. These filings will allow Great Panther to make offerings of common shares, warrants, subscription receipts, units, or any combination thereof, having an aggregate offering amount of up to $80 million in Canada and the United States over a 25-month period from the date of filing. Great Panther filed this final base shelf prospectus to maintain financial flexibility, and the maximum amount that can be offered under the base shelf prospectus does not reflect an estimate of future financing requirements. Any amount of a future financing (if any) will depend upon future developments.
During the second quarter of 2014, the San Ignacio Mine commenced commercial production and contributed 54,154 tonnes of ore in 2014 (including development ore prior to reaching commercial production).
The Company reported the death of an employee on June 25 due to a rock fall at its Topia Mine. The accident occurred in the 1522 underground mine, one of the independent mines comprising the Company's Topia Mine. The 1522 mine was closed immediately, authorities were notified and an investigation was conducted. The Company implemented additional safety measures.
On March 5, 2014, the Company announced that an altercation with illegal miners led to the death of an illegal miner at the GMC. Subsequently, a group of people attacked and vandalized mine offices and vehicles. The Company’s personnel and local residents had been subjected to intimidation and escalating violence from illegal miners which led the Company to increase security including the deployment of armed security personnel. On March 9, 2014, approximately 50 people gained unauthorized and illegal entry to the Company’s main administration building and plant facility in Guanajuato. On March 13, 2014, the Mexican authorities gained entry and removed the illegal occupants, arresting several of them. By March 17, 2014, the Company announced that it had resumed full operation of the Guanajuato Mine and plant facilities. Since the resolution of the illegal occupation, there have not been any further incidents of disruptions by illegal miners, and the Company’s relationship and standing with the community in Guanajuato remains positive. The Company considers those who were involved in illegal mining activities and in the occupation as a very small group in the community and are not in any way representative of the views and disposition of the broader community which has been supportive of mining for generations.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 13 |
2013
Overall metal production for 2013 was 2,840,844 Ag eq oz, representing an increase of 19% over the prior year, and was attributable to increased throughput at both mines, improved silver grades at Topia and improved gold grades at Guanajuato. However, grade variability had a significant impact on cash cost in the first half of the year and the Company took steps to improve grade control and reduce site costs which resulted in a decrease in cash cost in the second half of 2013. Initiatives taken to reduce operating costs included a reduction in the number of mining contractors at Guanajuato, renegotiation of mining contracts to create greater accountability for material and labour costs, improvements in mine planning and coordination with geology and improvement of grade control.
In December 2013, the Company announced the completion of a 1,125-metre infill drilling campaign to further define the San Ignacio resource. While this program provided valuable information to guide the underground development, the intersection of old mine workings in a few holes prevented the Company from accurately estimating tonnages in these specific areas with the required confidence levels. Consequently, there was insufficient data to provide for an updated NI 43-101 resource estimate with M&I Resources.
After receiving an EIA permit for San Ignacio in October 2013, the Company completed extensive work on site preparation and road and ramp development. As at the end of 2013, development ore of 1,082 tonnes grading 121g/t Ag and 2.11g/t Au was mined in the upper levels of the mine, and was stockpiled until there was a sufficient amount for a processing campaign to test the metallurgical characteristics of the ore.
The Company completed an internal resource estimate for the El Horcón Project during October 2013. The initial inferred resource contained approximately 2.47 million Ag eq oz. While this was insufficient to make a production decision, the Company was encouraged by the tenor and continuity of the mineralization. However, plans for El Horcón were limited to applying for the necessary government permits to allow further exploration and development.
The Company announced in February 2013, that underground drilling programs at the GMC were successful in intersecting high grade silver-gold mineralization in the historic Valenciana Mine area and discovered two new zones of silver-gold mineralization in the Guanajuatito Mine area.
On January 14, 2013, the Company announced an update to the ongoing mineral resource development at Topia. Although the total number of ounces was reduced from the previous 2011 estimate, the updated Resource Estimate reflected a more robust model and a better reconciliation to mine production.
RISK FACTORS
The operations of the Company are characterized by a number of risks inherent to the nature of the mining industry and to the nature of the Company’s business in particular. The following risk factors, as well as other risks discussed in this AIF, could materially affect the Company’s future operating results and could cause actual events to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements relating to the Company. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones faced by the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to management or that management currently consider immaterial may also impair the Company’s business operations. If any of these events actually occur, the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition, cash flows and operating results could be materially harmed. Before deciding to invest in securities of the Company, investors should carefully consider such risks and uncertainties.
Metals and Mineral Prices Are Subject to Dramatic and Unpredictable Fluctuations
The market prices of precious metals and other minerals are volatile and cannot be controlled. If the prices of precious metals and other minerals should drop significantly, the economic prospects of the Company’s operating mines and projects could be significantly reduced or rendered uneconomic. There is no assurance that even if commercial quantities of ore are discovered, a profitable market may exist for the sale of same. Mineral prices have fluctuated widely, particularly in recent years. The marketability of minerals is also affected by numerous other factors beyond the control of the Company, including government regulations relating to royalties, allowable production and importing and exporting of minerals, the effect of which cannot be accurately predicted.
The Company has not entered into any hedging arrangements for any of its metal and mineral production, but has sought arrangements to price silver and gold content of its production in advance of contractual pricing periods which can be two to three months from the time of shipment. The Company may enter into similar arrangements in the future.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 14 |
Current Global Financial Conditions
In recent years, global financial markets have experienced increased volatility and global financial conditions have been subject to increased instability. These have a profound impact on the global economy. Many industries, including the mining sector, were impacted by these market conditions. Some of the key impacts of financial market turmoil include contraction in credit markets resulting in a widening of credit risk, devaluations and high volatility in global equity, commodity, foreign exchange and precious metal markets and a lack of market liquidity. Access to financing for mining companies continues to be negatively impacted by liquidity constraints. These factors may impact the ability of the Company to obtain equity or debt financing and, if available, to obtain such financing on terms favourable to the Company. If these increased levels of volatility and market turmoil continue, the Company’s operations and planned growth could be adversely impacted and the trading price of the securities of the Company may be adversely affected.
Inaccuracies in Production and Cost Estimates
The Company prepares estimates of future production and future production costs for its operations. No assurance can be given that these estimates will be achieved. Production and cost estimates are based on, among other things, the following: the accuracy of Mineral Resource estimates; the accuracy of assumptions regarding ground conditions and physical characteristics of mineralization, equipment and mechanical availability, labour, and the accuracy of estimated rates and costs of mining and processing. Actual production and costs may vary from estimates for a variety of reasons, including actual mineralization mined varying from estimates of grade, tonnage, dilution and metallurgical and other characteristics, short-term operating factors relating to the Mineral Resources, such as the need for sequential development of mineralized zones and the processing of new or different grades of mineralization; and the risks and hazards associated with mining described below under “Mining and Mineral Exploration Have Substantial Operational Risks”. In addition, there can be no assurance that silver recoveries or other metal recoveries in small scale laboratory tests will be duplicated in larger scale tests under on-site conditions or during production, or that the existing known and experienced recoveries will continue. Costs of production may also be affected by a variety of factors, including: variability in grade or dilution, metallurgy, labour costs, costs of supplies and services (such as, fuel and power), general inflationary pressures and currency exchange rates. Failure to achieve production or cost estimates, or increases in costs, could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition.
Uncertainty Regarding Resource Estimates
Only Mineral Resources have been determined for certain of the Company’s properties, and no estimate of reserves on any property has been completed. Resource estimates are based on interpretation and assumptions and may yield less mineral production under actual conditions than estimated. In making determinations about whether to advance any projects to development, the Company must rely upon estimated calculations as to the Mineral Resources and grades of mineralization on its properties. Until mineralized zones are actually mined and processed, Mineral Resources and grades of mineralization must be considered as estimates only. These estimates are imprecise and depend upon geological interpretation and statistical inferences drawn from drilling and sampling which may prove to be unreliable. The Company cannot assure that:
| · | Resource or other mineralization estimates will be accurate; or |
| · | Mineralization can be mined or processed profitably. |
Any material changes in Mineral Resource estimates and grades of mineralization will affect the economic viability of a mine or a project and its return on capital. The Company’s resource estimates have been determined and valued based on assumed future prices, cut-off grades and operating costs that may prove to be inaccurate. Extended declines in market prices for silver, gold, zinc and lead may render portions of the Company’s mineralization uneconomic and result in reduced reported Mineral Resources.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 15 |
Any material reductions in estimates of Mineral Resources, or of the Company’s ability to extract such Mineral Resources, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition. The Company cannot assure that mineral recovery rates achieved in small scale tests will be duplicated in large scale tests under on-site conditions or in production scale.
No Reserves
There are no current estimates of Mineral Reserves for any of the Company’s mines or projects. The Company made decisions to enter into production at the Topia Mine, the Guanajuato Mine and the San Ignacio Mine without having completed final feasibility studies. Accordingly, the Company did not base its production decisions on any feasibility studies of Mineral Reserves demonstrating economic and technical viability of the mines. As a result, there may be increased uncertainty and risks of achieving any particular level of recovery of minerals from the Company’s mines or the costs of such recovery. As the Company’s mines do not have established reserves, the Company faces higher risks that anticipated rates of production and production costs will be achieved, and these risks could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s ability to continue to generate anticipated revenues and cash flows to fund operations from and ultimately achieve profitable operations.
Sufficiency of Current Capital and Ability to Obtain Financing
The further exploitation, development and exploration of mineral properties in which the Company holds interests or which the Company acquires may depend upon its ability to obtain equity financing and/or debt financing, to enter into joint ventures or to obtain other means of financing. There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining required financing as and when needed. Volatile precious metals markets may make it difficult or impossible for the Company to obtain financing on favourable terms, or at all.
As at December 31, 2015, the Company had approximately $17.9 million of cash and cash equivalents and, for the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company generated positive cash flow from operating activities. While the Company considers that it has sufficient capital to support its current operating requirements based on its current capital resources and expected cash flows from ongoing operations, there is a risk that commodity prices decline or other factors may cause the Company to be unable to continue generating sufficient cash flows to sustain operations or to be unable to fund planned capital projects, including expansions and potential acquisitions. In addition, the Company may require additional capital if the costs of its capital projects are materially greater than the Company’s projections. There is no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain additional capital when required. Failure to obtain additional financing on a timely basis may cause the Company to postpone acquisitions, expansion, development and exploration plans, or even suspend operations.
Mining and Mineral Exploration Have Substantial Operational Risks
Mining and mineral exploration involves many risks, which even a combination of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may not be able to overcome. These risks include but are not limited to:
| · | major or catastrophic equipment failures; |
| · | mine failures and slope failures; |
| · | ground fall and cave-ins; |
| · | deleterious elements materializing in the mined resources; |
| · | environmental hazards; |
| · | industrial accidents and explosions; |
| · | encountering unusual or unexpected geological formations; |
| · | labour shortages or strikes; |
| · | civil disobedience and protests; and |
| · | natural phenomena such as inclement weather conditions, floods, droughts, rock slides and earthquakes. |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 16 |
These occurrences could result in environmental damage and liabilities, work stoppages and delayed production, increased production costs, damage to, or destruction of, mineral properties or production facilities, personal injury or death, asset write-downs, monetary losses and other liabilities. The nature of these risks is such that liabilities could exceed policy limits of the Company’s insurance coverage, in which case the Company could incur significant costs that could prevent profitable operations.
Political Risk and Government Regulations
The Company’s mining, exploration and development activities are focussed in Mexico and Peru, and are subject to national and local laws and regulations, governing prospects, taxes, labour standards, occupational health, land use, environmental protection, mine safety and others which currently or in the future may have a substantial adverse impact on the Company. In order to comply with applicable laws, the Company may be required to incur significant capital or operating expenditures. Existing and possible future environmental legislation, regulation and action could cause additional expense, capital expenditures, restriction and delays in the activities of the Company, the extent of which cannot be reasonably predicted. Violations may require compensation of those suffering loss or damage by reason of the Company’s mining activities and the Company may be fined if convicted of an offence under such legislation.
Mining and exploration activities in Mexico and/or Peru may be affected in varying degrees by political instabilities and government regulations relating to the mining industry. Any changes in regulations or shifts in political conditions are beyond the Company’s control and may adversely affect the business. Operations may also be affected to varying degrees by government regulations with respect to restrictions on production, price controls, export controls, income taxes, expropriation of property, environmental legislation and mine safety. The status of Mexico and Peru as developing countries may make it more difficult for the Company to obtain any required financing for projects. The effect of all these factors cannot be accurately predicted. Notwithstanding the progress achieved in improving Mexican and Peruvian political institutions and revitalizing its economy, the present administration, or any successor government, may not be able to sustain the progress achieved. The Company does not carry political risk insurance.
Mexican Foreign Investment and Income Tax Laws
Under the Foreign Investment Law of Mexico, there is no limitation on foreign capital participation in mining operations; however, the applicable laws may change in a way which may adversely impact the Company and its ability to repatriate profits. Under Mexican Income Tax Law, dividends are subject to a withholding tax. Corporations with their tax residence in Mexico are taxed on their worldwide income. Mexico levies a value added tax, known as the IVA, which is an indirect tax levied on the value added to goods and services, and it is imposed on corporations that carry out activities within Mexican territory.
During 2013, the Mexico Senate passed tax reform legislation, which took effect on January 1, 2014. The tax reform includes an increase in the corporate tax rate from 28% to 30%, the introduction of a special mining royalty of 7.5% on the profits derived from the sale of minerals, and, the introduction of an extraordinary mining royalty of 0.5% on the gross income derived from the sale of gold, silver and platinum. These changes may have a material impact on the Company’s future earnings and cash flows, and possibly on future capital investment decisions.
Risks associated with Obtaining and Complying with the Tailings Permits
In February 2016, the Company was advised by CONAGUA, the Mexican federal agency responsible for water administration, that the Company is required to make applications for permits associated with the occupation and construction of the tailings facility at the GMC.
Although CONAGUA officials identified no issues arising from the outstanding Tailings Permits and requested that the Company complete its applications, the duration and success of efforts to obtain the Tailings Permits are contingent upon many variables not within the Company’s control.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 17 |
The Company cannot assure that the Tailings Permits will be obtained or renewable on reasonable terms, or at all. Delays or a failure to obtain such required permits, or the expiry, revocation or failure by the Company to comply with the terms of any such permits, if obtained, would adversely affect the Company’s ability to continue operating the tailings facility at the GMC, could result in a halt of mining operations at the GMC, which could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations.
Risks associated with Topia Tailings Facility Expansion
Late in 2016, the Topia tailing capacity will require an expansion beyond the present Phase I facility. Work is underway to evaluate the technical options, provide the engineering design, and procure the required permitting for the Phase II expansion. This work is on a tight timetable and, although expected for timely completion, presents a risk in continuing normal operations at Topia.
Factors beyond the Company’s Control
There are a number of factors beyond the Company’s control. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes in government regulation, political changes, high levels of volatility in metal prices, availability of markets, availability of adequate transportation and smelting facilities, availability of capital, environmental factors and catastrophic risks, and amendments to existing taxes and royalties. These factors and their effects cannot be accurately predicted.
Environmental and Health and Safety Risks
The Company’s operations are subject to environmental regulations promulgated by government agencies from time to time. There is no assurance that environmental regulations will not change in a manner that could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, liquidity or results of operations, and a breach of any such regulation may result in the imposition of fines and penalties.
Environmental legislation is constantly expanding and evolving in ways that impose stricter standards and more rigorous enforcement, with higher fines and more severe penalties for non-compliance, and increased scrutiny of proposed projects. There is an increased level of responsibility for companies, and trends towards criminal liability for officers and directors for violations of environmental laws, whether inadvertent or not. The cost of compliance with changes in governmental regulations has the potential to reduce the profitability of the Company’s operations.
Exploration activities and/or the pursuit of commercial production of the Company’s mineral claims may be subject to an environmental review process under environmental assessment legislation. Compliance with an environmental review process may be costly and may delay commercial production. Furthermore, there is the possibility that the Company would not be able to proceed with commercial production upon completion of the environmental review process if government authorities do not approve the proposed mine, or if the costs of compliance with government regulation adversely affect the commercial viability of the proposed mine.
The development and operation of a mine involves significant risks to personnel from accidents or catastrophes such as rock-falls, fires, explosions or collapses. These risks could result in damage or destruction of mineral properties, production facilities, casualties, personal injury, environmental damage, mining delays, increased production costs, monetary losses and legal liability. The Company may not be able to obtain insurance to cover these risks at economically feasible premiums. Insurance against certain environmental risks, including potential liability for pollution and other hazards as a result of the disposal of waste products occurring from production, is not generally available to companies within the mining industry. The Company may be materially adversely affected if it incurs losses related to any significant events that are not covered by its insurance policies.
The Company has safety programs in place and continues to make further improvements. Safety meetings with employees and contractors are held on a regular basis to reinforce standards and practices. Despite these programs, the Company experienced two fatalities at its Topia Mine in 2014, and a fatality at the GMC in February 2016. While these fatalities did not materially affect operations, the Company considers health and safety of its workers, and others in the communities in which it operates, to be a top priority. In this regard, the Company is continually seeking to minimize the risk of safety incidents. The Company also reviews its insurance coverage on an annual basis to maintain its adequacy and relevancy.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 18 |
Risks Which Cannot Be Insured
The Company maintains appropriate insurance for liability and property damage; however, the Company may be subject to liability for hazards that cannot be insured against, which if such liabilities arise, could impact profitability and result in a decline in the value of the Company’s securities. The Company’s operations may involve the use of dangerous and hazardous substances; however, extensive measures are taken to prevent discharges of pollutants in the ground water and the environment. Although the Company will maintain appropriate insurance for liability and property damage in connection with its business, the Company may become subject to liability for hazards that cannot be insured against or which the Company may elect not to insure itself against due to high premium costs or other reasons. In the course of mining and exploration of mineral properties, certain risks and, in particular, unexpected or unusual geological operating conditions including rock bursts, cave-ins, fires, flooding and earthquakes, may occur. It is not always possible to fully insure against such risks and the Company may decide not to take out insurance against such risks as a result of high premiums or other reasons.
Risk of Secure Title or Property Interest
There can be no assurance that title to any property interest acquired by the Company or any of its subsidiaries is secured. Although the Company has taken reasonable precautions to ensure that legal title to its properties is properly documented, there can be no assurance that its property interests may not be challenged or impugned. Such property interests may be subject to prior unregistered agreements or transfers or other land claims, and title may be affected by undetected defects and adverse laws and regulations.
In the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, legal rights applicable to mining concessions are different and separate from legal rights applicable to surface lands; accordingly, title holders of mining concessions in such jurisdictions must agree with surface land owners on compensation in respect of mining activities conducted on such land.
Unauthorized Mining
The mining industry in Mexico is subject to incursions by illegal miners or “lupios” who gain unauthorized access to mines to steal ore mainly by manual mining methods. The Company has experienced such incursions including an incident in the first quarter of 2014 which resulted in both a significant financial loss to the Company and a material impact to the Company’s operations. In addition to the risk of losses and disruptions, these illegal miners pose a safety and security risk. The Company has taken security measures at its sites to address this issue and ensure the safety and security of its employees and contractors. These incursions and illegal mining activities can potentially compromise underground structures, equipment and operations, which may lead to production stoppages and impact the Company’s ability to meet production goals.
Commercialization Risk of Development and Exploration Stage Properties and Ability to Acquire Additional Commercially Mineable Mineral Rights
The Company’s primary mineral properties, the Topia Mine and Guanajuato Mine, have been in the production stage for more than nine years, under the ownership of the Company, and have generated positive cash flow from operations. The San Ignacio Mine commenced production in 2014 and has generated positive cash flow from operations; however, the commercial viability of this mine was not established by a feasibility study or preliminary economic assessment.
Mineral exploration involves a high degree of risk. There is no assurance that commercially viable quantities of ore will be discovered at Coricancha, or the Company’s other exploration projects, or that its exploration or development projects will be brought into commercial production.
Most exploration projects do not result in the discovery of commercially mineable ore deposits and no assurance can be given that any anticipated level of recovery of ore reserves will be realized or that any identified mineral deposit will ever qualify as a commercially mineable (or viable) ore body which can be legally and economically exploited. Estimates of reserves, resources, mineral deposits and production costs can also be affected by such factors as environmental permitting regulations and requirements, weather, environmental factors, social dynamics in local communities, unforeseen technical difficulties, unusual or unexpected geological formations and work interruptions.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 19 |
Material changes in commodity prices, Mineral Resources, grades, dilution or recovery rates, or other project parameters may affect the economic viability of any project. The Company’s future growth and productivity will depend, in part, on the ability to identify and acquire additional commercially mineable mineral rights, and on the costs and results of continued exploration and potential development programs. Mineral exploration and development is highly speculative in nature and is frequently non-productive. Substantial expenditures are required to:
| · | Establish Mineral Resources through drilling and metallurgical and other testing techniques; |
| · | Determine metal content and metallurgical recovery processes to extract metal from the ore; |
| · | Evaluate the economic viability or feasibility; and, |
| · | Construct, renovate, expand or modify mining and processing facilities. |
In addition, if potentially economic mineralization is discovered, it could take several years from the initial phases of exploration until production is possible. During this time, the economic feasibility of production may change. As a result of these uncertainties, there can be no assurance that the Company will successfully acquire additional commercially mineable (or viable) mineral rights.
Development projects usually have no operating history upon which to base estimates of future cash flow. Estimates of Proven and Probable Reserves, Measured and Indicated Resources, and Inferred Resources are, to a large extent, based upon detailed geological and engineering analysis. Further, Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves have not demonstrated economic viability. At this time, none of the Company’s properties have defined ore-bodies with Mineral Reserves. Due to the uncertainty of Inferred Mineral Resources, there is no assurance that Inferred Mineral Resources will be upgraded to either Measured or Indicated Resources or to Proven or Probable Mineral Reserves as a result of continued definition.
Because mines have limited lives, the Company must continually replace and expand its Mineral Resources as the Company’s mines produce metals. The life-of-mine estimates for the Company’s mines are estimates which may vary based on underlying assumptions and parameters. The ability of the Company to maintain or increase its annual production of metals and the Company’s future growth and productivity will be dependent in significant part on its ability to identify and acquire additional commercially mineable mineral rights, to bring new mines into production, to expand Mineral Resources at existing mines. It is further impacted by the costs and results of continued exploration and potential development programs.
Fluctuations in the Price of Consumed Commodities
Prices and availability of commodities or inputs consumed or used in connection with exploration, development and mining, such as diesel, oil, electricity, chemicals and reagents fluctuate and affect the costs of production at the Company’s operations. These fluctuations can be unpredictable, can occur over short periods of time and may have a materially adverse impact on operating costs or the timing and costs of various projects.
Fluctuation in Foreign Currency Exchange Rates
The Company maintains bank accounts in Canadian dollars, U.S. dollars and Mexican pesos. The Company earns revenue in U.S. dollars while its costs are incurred in Canadian dollars, U.S. dollars and Mexican pesos. An appreciation in the Mexican peso and/or U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar will increase operating and capital expenditures as reported in Canadian dollars. A decrease in the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar will reduce the Company’s revenues as reported in Canadian dollars and will also result in a loss to the Company to the extent that the Company holds funds in U.S. dollars. Similarly, a decrease in the Mexican peso against the Canadian dollar will result in a loss to the Company to the extent that the Company holds funds in Mexican pesos. The Company has used hedging instruments in managing its foreign exchange risk. Such instruments can be subject to material gains and losses.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 20 |
Dependency on Key Personnel
The Company’s success and viability depends, in large part, on its ability to attract and maintain qualified key management personnel. Competition for such personnel is intense, and may impact the ability to attract and retain such personnel in Canada and Mexico. The Company’s growth and viability has depended, and will continue to depend, on the efforts of key management personnel including, but not limited to, Robert A. Archer, President, Chief Executive Officer and director; Ali Soltani, Chief Operating Officer; Jim Zadra, Chief Financial Officer; and Robert F. Brown, Vice President, Exploration. The loss of any key management personnel may have a material adverse effect on the Company, its business and its financial position. The Company has employment contracts with these employees but does not have key-man life insurance. The Company provides these employees with long-term incentive compensation which generally vest over a minimum of three years and is designed to retain these employees and align their interests with those of the Company’s shareholders.
Conflicts of Interest of Directors and Officers
Certain of the Company’s directors and officers may continue to be involved in a wide range of business activities through their direct and indirect participation in corporations, partnerships or joint ventures, some of which are in the same business as the Company. Situations may arise in connection with potential acquisitions and investments where the other interests of these directors and officers may conflict with the interests of the Company. The directors and officers of the Company are required by law and the Company’s Code of Business Conduct & Ethics to act in the best interests of the Company. They may have the same obligations to the other companies and entities for which they act as directors or officers. The discharge by the directors and officers of their obligations to the Company may result in a breach of their obligations to these other companies and entities and, in certain circumstances, this could expose the Company to liability to those companies and entities. Similarly, the discharge by the directors and officers of their obligations to these other companies and entities could result in a breach of their obligation to act in the best interests of the Company. Such conflicting legal obligations may expose the Company to liability to others and impair its ability to achieve its business objectives.
Concentration of Customers
The Company produces concentrates containing silver, gold, lead and zinc. Concentrates are the product of the processing of ore mined by the Company at its processing plants. The Company sells its concentrates to metals traders and smelters. During the year ended December 31, 2015, three customers accounted for 99.2% of the Company’s revenues. The Company believes that a small number of customers will continue to represent a significant portion of its total revenue. The Company does not consider itself economically dependent upon any single customer or combination of customers due to the existence of other potential metals traders or smelters capable of purchasing the Company’s production. However, the Company could be subject to limited smelter availability and capacity, or it may not be able to maintain its current significant customers or secure significant new customers on similar terms, any of which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
Risks associated with Transportation of Concentrate
The concentrates produced by the Company have significant value and are loaded onto road vehicles for transport to smelters in Mexico or to sea ports for export to smelters in foreign markets, such as Europe and Asia, where the metals are extracted. The geographic location of the Company’s operating mines in Mexico and trucking routes taken through the country to the smelters and ports for delivery, give rise to risks including concentrate theft, road blocks and terrorist attacks, losses caused by adverse weather conditions, delays in delivery of shipments, and environmental liabilities in the event of an accident or spill.
Theft of Concentrate
In addition, the Company may have significant concentrate inventories at its facilities or on consignment at other warehouses awaiting shipment. The Company has experienced theft of concentrates in the past and has taken additional steps to secure its concentrate, whether in storage or in transit. The Company has insurance coverage; however, recovery of the full market value may not always be possible. Despite these risk mitigation measures, there remains a continued risk that theft of concentrate may have a material impact on the Company’s financial results.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 21 |
Acquisition Strategy
As part of Great Panther’s business strategy, the Company has made acquisitions in the past and continues to seek new acquisition opportunities in the Americas. The opportunities sought by the Company include operating mines, and exploration and development opportunities, with a primary focus on silver and/or gold. As a result, the Company may from time to time acquire additional mineral properties or securities of issuers which hold mineral properties. In pursuit of such opportunities, the Company may fail to select appropriate acquisition candidates or negotiate acceptable arrangements, including arrangements to finance acquisitions or integrate the acquired businesses and their personnel into the Company, and may fail to assess the value, strengths, weaknesses, contingent and other liabilities and potential profitability of acquisition candidates, or to achieve identified and anticipated operating and financial results. Acquisitions may result in unanticipated costs, diversion of management attention from existing businesses, and the potential loss of the Company’s key employees or of those of the acquired business. The Company cannot assure that it can complete any acquisition or business arrangement that it pursues, or is pursuing, on favourable terms, or that any acquisitions or business arrangements completed will ultimately benefit the Company. Acquisitions may involve a number of special risks, circumstances or legal liabilities. These and other risks related to acquiring and operating acquired properties and companies could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. Further, to acquire properties and companies, the Company may be required to use available cash, incur debt, issue additional securities or a combination of any of these. This could affect the Company’s future flexibility and ability to raise capital, to operate, explore and develop its properties and could dilute existing shareholders and decrease the price of the common shares of the Company. There may be no right or ability for the Company’s shareholders to evaluate the merits or risks of any future acquisition undertaken by the Company, except as required by applicable laws and regulations.
Community Relations and Social License to Operate
The Company’s relationship with the communities in which it operates is critical to ensure the future success of its existing operations and the construction and development of its projects. While the Company’s relationships with the communities in which it operates are believed to be strong, there is an increasing level of public concern relating to the perceived effect of mining activities on the environment and on communities impacted by such activities. Certain non-governmental organizations (“NGOs”), some of which oppose globalization and resource development, are often vocal critics of the mining industry and its practices. Publicity generated by such NGOs or others related to extractive industries generally, or its operations specifically, could have an adverse effect on the Company’s reputation or financial condition and may impact its relationship with the communities in which it operates. While the Company believes that it operates in a socially responsible manner, there is no guarantee that the Company’s efforts in this respect will mitigate this potential risk.
Volatility of Share Price
Trading prices of Great Panther’s shares may fluctuate in response to a number of factors, many of which are beyond the control of the Company. In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for gold and silver mining companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of such companies. These broad market and industry factors may adversely affect the market price of the Company’s shares, regardless of operating performance.
In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted following periods of volatility in the market price of securities. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.
Shareholder Activism
Shareholder activism is on the rise in North America. Shareholder activism could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources. Shareholder activism can also taint a company’s reputation, which may have negative effects on the Company and all of its stakeholders. There is no guarantee that the Company will not be the subject of shareholder activism in future, nor that the Company would be successful in defending itself and shareholder interests against shareholder activists.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 22 |
Substantial Decommissioning and Reclamation Costs
The Company reviews and reassesses its reclamation obligations at each of its mines based on updated mine life estimates, rehabilitation and closure plans. As at December 31, 2015, the Company had a provision for $4.8 million on its Statement of Financial Position for the estimated present value of future reclamation and remediation associated with the expected retirement of its mineral properties, plant, and equipment. The present value of these reclamation provisions may be subject to change as a result of management’s estimates of ultimate decommissioning and reclamation costs, changes in the remediation technology or changes to applicable laws, regulations and interest rates. Such changes will be recorded in the accounts of the Company as they occur.
The costs of performing the decommissioning and reclamation must be funded by the Company’s operations. These costs can be significant and are subject to change. The Company cannot predict what level of decommissioning and reclamation may be required in the future by regulators. If the Company is required to comply with significant additional regulations or if the actual cost of future decommissioning and reclamation is significantly higher than current estimates, this could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition.
Officers and Directors Are Indemnified Against All Costs, Charges and Expenses Incurred by Them
The Company’s articles contain provisions limiting the liability of its officers and directors for all acts, receipts, neglects or defaults of themselves and all of the other officers or directors for any other loss, damage or expense incurred by the Company which happen in the execution of the duties of such officers or directors, as do indemnification agreements between the directors and officers and the Company. Such limitations on liability may reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against the Company’s officers and directors and may discourage or deter shareholders from suing the officers and directors based upon breaches of their duties to the Company, though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit the Company and its shareholders.
Enforcement of Legal Actions or Suits
It may be difficult to enforce suits against the Company or its directors and officers. The Company is organized and governed under the laws of under the Business Corporations Act of British Columbia, Canada and is headquartered in this jurisdiction. All of the Company’s directors and most officers are residents of Canada, and all of the Company’s assets are located outside of the United States. Consequently, it may be difficult for United States investors to realize in the United States upon judgments of United States courts predicated upon civil liabilities under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. There is substantial doubt whether an original action could be brought successfully in Canada against any of such persons predicated solely upon such civil liabilities.
Dilution of Shareholders’ Interests as a Result of Issuance of Incentive Stock Options to Employees, Directors, Officers and Consultants
The Company has granted, and in the future may grant, to directors, officers, insiders, employees, and consultants, options to purchase common shares as non-cash incentives to those persons. Such options have been, and may in future be, granted at exercise prices equal to market prices, or at prices as allowable under the policies of the TSX. The issuance of additional shares will cause existing shareholders to experience dilution of their ownership interests. As at December 31, 2015, there are outstanding share options exercisable into 12,976,052 common shares which, if exercised, would represent approximately 8% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares. If all of these share options are exercised and issued, such issuance will also cause a reduction in the proportionate ownership and voting power of all other shareholders. The dilution may result in a decline in the market price of the Company’s shares.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 23 |
Dilution of Shareholders’ Interests as a Result of Issuances of Additional Shares
Depending on the outcome of the Company’s exploration programs and mining operations, the Company may issue additional shares to finance additional programs and mining operations or to acquire additional properties. In the event that the Company is required to issue additional shares or decides to enter into joint arrangements with other parties in order to raise capital through the sale of equity securities, investors’ interests in the Company will be diluted and investors may suffer dilution in their net book value per share depending on the price at which such securities are sold.
Trading of the Company’s Shares May Be Restricted by the SEC's “Penny Stock” Regulations Which May Limit a Stockholder’s Ability to Buy and Sell the Shares
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has adopted regulations which generally define “Penny Stock” to be any equity security that has a market price (as defined) less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. The Company’s securities are covered by the Penny Stock rules, which impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell to persons other than established customers and “accredited investors” (as defined). The Penny Stock rules require a broker-dealer to provide very specific disclosure to a customer who wishes to purchase a Penny Stock, prior to the purchase. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the level of trading activity in the secondary market for the stock that is subject to these Penny Stock rules. Consequently, these Penny Stock rules may affect the ability of broker-dealers to trade the Company’s securities.
The Company Does Not Expect to Declare or Pay Any Dividends
The Company has not declared or paid any dividends on its common stock since inception, and does not anticipate paying any such dividends for the foreseeable future.
Credit and Counterparty Risk
Credit risk is the risk of financial loss if a customer or counterparty fails to meet its contractual obligations. The Company’s credit risk relates primarily to cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables in the ordinary course of business, and value added tax refunds primarily due from the Mexican taxation authorities, and other receivables. The Company sells and receives payment upon delivery of its concentrates primarily through international organizations. These are generally large and established organizations with good credit ratings. Payments of receivables are scheduled, routine and received within the specific terms of the contract. If a customer or counterparty does not meet its contractual obligations, or if they become insolvent, the Company may incur losses for products already shipped and be forced to sell greater volumes of concentrate than intended in the spot market, or there may be no market for the concentrates, and the Company’s future operating results may be materially adversely impacted as a result.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they arise. The Company has a planning and budgeting process in place to help determine the funds required to support the Company’s normal operating requirements on an ongoing basis and its expansion plans. As at December 31, 2015, the Company had net working capital (current assets in excess of current liabilities) of approximately $33.3 million, including approximately $17.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, and no long-term debt. The Company believes it has sufficient net working capital to meet operating requirements as they arise for at least the next twelve months, but there can be no assurance that a sudden significant decrease in silver prices, or unforeseen liability, or other matter affecting the operations of the business might arise which will have a material impact on the Company’s sufficiency of cash reserves to meet operating requirements. In addition, a large acquisition or significant change in capital plans could significantly change the cash and working capital required by the Company.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Company documented and tested its internal control procedures during its most recent fiscal year in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“SOX”). Section 404 of SOX requires an annual assessment by management and an independent assessment by the Company’s independent auditors of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company qualified as an “emerging growth company” under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and therefore is eligible to forego the requirements for independent assessment of its internal control procedures under Section 404 of SOX. Notwithstanding, the Company has undergone an independent assessment of its internal control procedures under Section 404 of SOX for the year ended December 31, 2015 by its independent auditors, but to the extent it retains its “emerging growth company” status, may not do so in future periods.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 24 |
The Company may fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting as such standards are modified, supplemented, or amended from time to time, and the Company may not be able to ensure that it can conclude on an ongoing basis that it has effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of SOX. The Company’s failure to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of SOX on an ongoing, timely basis could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of its financial statements, which in turn could harm the Company’s business and negatively impact the trading price of its common shares. In addition, any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm the Company’s operating results or cause it to fail to meet its reporting obligations. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to remediate material weaknesses, if any, identified in future periods, or maintain all of the controls necessary for continued compliance, and there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to retain sufficient skilled finance and accounting personnel, especially in light of the increased demand for such personnel among publicly traded companies. Future acquisitions of companies may present the Company with challenges in implementing the required processes, procedures and controls in its acquired operations. Acquired companies may not have disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting that are as thorough or effective as those required by the securities laws currently applicable to the Company.
No evaluation can provide complete assurance that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting will detect or uncover all failures of persons within the Company to disclose material information otherwise required to be reported. The effectiveness of the Company’s controls and procedures could also be limited by simple errors or faulty judgment. The challenges involved in implementing appropriate internal controls over financial reporting will likely increase with the Company’s plans for ongoing development of its business and this will require that the Company continues to improve its internal controls over financial reporting. Although the Company intends to devote substantial time and incur costs, as necessary, to ensure ongoing compliance, the Company cannot be certain that it will be successful in complying with Section 404 of SOX.
PRINCIPAL MARKETS
While Great Panther is primarily a silver producer, it mines ore which it processes in its plants to produce concentrates which contain silver, gold, lead and zinc. These concentrates are then sold to metal traders or directly to smelters and refiners which extract the metals from the concentrates (see “Product Marketing, Sales and Distribution”). In 2015, silver accounted for 56% of the Company’s revenues and gold accounted for 37% (in each case the percentages are cited before deducting smelting and refining charges). The remaining 7% of the Company’s revenues are from the production of lead and zinc at the Topia Mine.
Silver and gold are precious metals traded as commodities primarily on the London Bullion Market Association (the “LBMA” or the “Association”) and Comex in New York (the “CME”). The LBMA is an international trade association, representing the London market for gold and silver bullion which has a global client base. This includes the majority of the gold-holding central banks, private sector investors, mining companies, producers, refiners and fabricators. The on-going work of the Association covers a number of areas, among them refining standards, trading documentation and the development of good trading practices. The maintenance of the “Good Delivery List”, including the accreditation of new refiners and the regular retesting of listed refiners, is the most important core activity of the LBMA.
The LBMA silver price auction is operated by CME and administered by Thomson Reuters. The price is set daily in U.S. dollars per ounce at 12:00 noon London time and is displayed on the LBMA's website with a 15-minute delay. The LBMA gold price auction takes place twice daily by ICE Benchmark Administration at 10:30 and 15:00 London time with the price set in U.S. dollars per ounce. The price is displayed on the LBMA'S website with a 30-minute delay. Reference prices for both silver and gold are also available in British Pounds and in Euros.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 25 |
The silver and gold business is cyclical as smelting and refining charges rise and fall depending upon the demand for, and supply of, silver-gold concentrates in the market. In addition, the market prices of silver and gold have historically fluctuated widely, and are affected by numerous global forces beyond the Company’s control. A decline in such market prices may have an adverse effect on revenues from the sale of silver and gold.
The end markets for silver comprise three primary categories: industrial use, investment, and silver jewelry and silverware. Together, these three categories represent more than 95% of annual silver demand. Silver has a number of key, and in some cases unique, properties such as durability, malleability, ductility, reflectivity, electrical conductivity, and antibacterial properties, which makes it valuable in numerous industrial applications. The applications include: circuit boards, electrical wiring, superconductors, brazing and soldering, mirror and window coatings, electroplating, chemical catalysts, pharmaceuticals, filtration systems, solar panels, batteries, televisions, household appliances and automobiles. The unique properties of silver also make it difficult to substitute the element in its industrial applications.
Gold demand comprises four primary categories: jewelry, investment, central banks and other institutions; and technology. Jewelry has always been a dominant area of demand for gold and accounts for approximately half of world gold demand. Investment in gold by institutional and private investors accounts for around one third of global demand and is made up of direct ownership of bars and coins, or indirect ownership via Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) and similar products. Gold is also one of the few assets that is universally permitted by the investment guidelines of the world’s central banks due, in part, to the gold market being deep and liquid. Around nine per cent of the world demand for gold is for technical applications. The electronics industry accounts for the majority of this, where gold’s conductivity and resistance to corrosion make it the material of choice for manufacturers of high-specification components. In addition, the metal’s excellent biocompatibility means that it continues to be used in dentistry. Beyond electronics and dentistry, gold is used across a variety of high-technology industries, in complex and difficult environments, including the space industry and in fuel cells. Gold’s catalytic properties are also beginning to create demand both within the automotive sector, as the metal has now been proven to be a commercially viable alternative to other materials in catalytic converters, and within the chemical industry.
Even though revenue will vary based on the quantity of metal production, metal prices and terms of sales agreements, the Company’s business is not considered to be seasonal. The climate in Mexico also allows exploration, mining and milling operations to be carried out year round. Therefore, revenue and cost of sales generally do not exhibit variations due to seasonality. The exceptions are periods of excessive drought which may limit or defer processing of ore and/or concentrate. The dry season in Mexico generally extends from October through April.
PRODUCT MARKETING, SALES AND DISTRIBUTION
The Company produces metallic concentrates which contain silver, gold, lead and zinc. The principal customers for the concentrates are smelters in Mexico, Asia and Europe, and international traders. For the year ended December 31, 2015, three customers accounted for 99.2% of the Company’s revenues.
There is a global market for metallic concentrates and the Company continues to identify and evaluate new buyers for its products. Great Panther’s senior management in Vancouver negotiates sales contracts for concentrate produced by the Company’s Mexican operations. Contracts with smelting and refining companies as well as metals brokers and traders are entered into and re-negotiated as required. Contracts are typically for a one-year term with provisions for renewal. The Company reviews and seeks to renegotiate the terms of its contracts each year so as to ensure that it receives the most competitive pricing and terms possible, while not remaining completely dependent on any single smelter, refiner or trader.
The smelters and international traders pay the Company for metal contained in the Company’s concentrate, less charges associated with refining and smelting. Revenues reported by the Company are net of these charges. The pricing for the contained metals in the concentrate is typically the average of all the daily quoted market prices within a specific month or other agreed period of time.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 26 |
The Company delivers its concentrates by truck and by ship. As concentrates can vary in terms of grade and quality from shipment to shipment, the sales are subject to a final settlement process to adjust for any variances. The Company has the right to request up to a 90% advance on payment of the provisional value of shipments based on current spot prices for the contained metals, payable up to 75 days subsequent to sale. The Company collects approximately 65% of advance payments within 20 days of the date of sale, with the balance of the advance payments received within 75 days. After the physical transfer of the metal concentrate, a final payment or adjustment is made on the date of final settlement. The average credit period of sales is four months. The Company also obtained a US$10.0 million credit facility from Auramet International LLC which allows the Company to receive advance payments on its production intended to be sold to one of its customers. The facility has a term of one year and bears interest at LIBOR plus 5%. The Company has not drawn down any amounts on this facility as at the date of this AIF.
Revenue Figures – Great Panther Silver Limited
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Year ended December 31, 2015 | Year ended December 31, 2014 | ||||
| (in thousands) | GMC | Topia | Total | GMC | Topia | Total |
| Silver revenue | $ 32,836 | $ 12,244 | $ 45,080 | $ 22,327 | $ 12,534 | $ 34,861 |
| Gold revenue | 29,112 | 560 | 29,672 | 19,058 | 493 | 19,551 |
| Lead revenue | - | 2,531 | 2,531 | - | 2,383 | 2,383 |
| Zinc revenue | - | 3,173 | 3,173 | - | 2,954 | 2,954 |
| Ore processing revenue and other | - | 579 | 579 | - | 645 | 645 |
| Smelting and refining charges | (4,226) | (3,435) | (7,661) | (2,941) | (3,063) | (6,004) |
| Total revenue | $ 57,722 | $ 15,652 | $ 73,374 | $ 38,444 | $ 15,946 | $ 54,390 |
SPECIALIZED SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE
The Company’s business requires specialized skills and knowledge in the areas of geology, mining, metallurgy, social and environmental studies, permitting, claim management and finance. The Company has a number of employees with extensive experience in mining, engineering, finance, geology, exploration and development, including, but not limited to, Robert A. Archer, President, Chief Executive Officer and director; Ali Soltani, Chief Operating Officer; Jim Zadra, Chief Financial Officer; and Robert F. Brown, Vice President, Exploration.
EMPLOYEES
The following table sets out the Company’s employees at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, by legal entity.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 27 |
|
Company |
2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| Great Panther Silver Limited | 22 | 21 | 21 |
| Metálicos de Durango, S.A. de C.V. | 147 | 162 | 152 |
| Minera de Villa Seca, S.A. de C.V. | 161 | 156 | 177 |
| GP Finance International S.a.r.l. | 1 | 1 | N/A |
| TOTAL | 331 | 340 | 350 |
Minera Mexicana el Rosario, S.A. de C.V., Coboro Minerales de Mexico, S.A. de C.V., Great Panther Silver Peru S.A.C., Cangold Limited and Great Panther Finance Canada Limited do not have any employees.
The Company does not currently have a collective bargaining arrangement with any labour union or association.
COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS
The Company’s business is to mine and process ore and sell precious metal and by-product concentrates. Prices for its products are determined by world markets over which it has no influence or control. The Company also competes with other mining companies, some of which have greater financial resources and technical facilities, for the acquisition of mineral interests, as well as for the recruitment and retention of qualified employees.
DOING BUSINESS IN MEXICO AND PERU
Mining in Mexico
The mining industry in Mexico is controlled by the Secretaría de Economía – Dirección General de Minas which is located and administered from Mexico City. Mining concessions in Mexico may only be obtained by Mexican nationals or Mexican companies incorporated under Mexican laws. The construction of processing plants requires further governmental approval.
In Mexico, surface land rights are distinct from the mining concessions.
The holder of a mining concession is granted the exclusive right to explore and develop a designated area. Mining concessions are granted for 50 years from the date of their registration with the Public Registry of Mining to the concession holder as a matter of law, if all regulations have been complied with. During the final five years of this period, the concession holder may apply for one additional 50-year period, which is automatically granted provided all other concession terms have been complied with. Mining rights in Mexico can be transferred by their private holders with no restrictions or requirements other than to register the transaction with the Public Registry of Mining.
In accordance with the Federal Duties Law (“LFD”) the holder of a mining concession is obligated to pay biannual duties in January and July of each year based upon the number of hectares covered by the concession area.
Concessionaires must perform work each year that must begin within ninety days of the concession being granted. Concessionaires must file proof of the work performed each May. Non-compliance with these requirements is cause for cancellation only after the Ministry of Mines communicates in writing to the concessionaire of any such default, granting the concessionaire a specified time frame in which to remedy the default.
The Mexican government reformed the surface tax for mining concessions in 2013, effective January 1, 2014. Under the new rules, if a concession holder does not carry out exploration and exploitation activities for two continuous years within the first 11 years of its concession title, it will be required to pay an additional charge equal to 50% of the two-year concession duty. The concession duty will be increased to 100% for continued inactivity after the 12th year. Payment of the additional concession duty is due 30 days after the end of the two-year period.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 28 |
In Mexico, there are no limitations on the total amount of mining concessions or on the amount of land that may be held by an individual or a company. Excessive accumulation of concessions is regulated indirectly through the duties levied on the property and the production and exploration requirements as outlined above.
Mexican mining law does not require the payment of royalties to the Government in respect of the production of minerals. There is, however, a discovery premium related to National Mineral Reserves, Concessions in Marine Zones and Allotments to the Council of Mineral Resources.
During 2013, the Mexico Senate passed tax reform legislation, effective January 1, 2014. The tax reform included an increase in the corporate tax rate from 28% to 30%, the introduction of a special mining royalty of 7.5% on the profits derived from the sale of minerals, and, the introduction of an extraordinary mining royalty of 0.5% on the gross income derived from the sale of gold, silver and platinum. These changes are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s future earnings and cash flows, and future capital investment decisions.
Mining in Peru
In Peru, the General Mining Law allows mining companies to obtain clear and secure title to mining concessions. The surface land rights are distinct from the mining concessions. The government retains ownership of all subsurface land and mineral resources, but the titleholder of the concessions retains ownership of extracted mineral resources. Peruvian law requires that all operators of mines in Peru are required to have an agreement with the owners of the land surface above the mining rights or to establish an easement upon such surface for mining purposes. Mining concessions allow for both exploration and for exploitation.
Mining rights in Peru can be transferred by their private holders with no restrictions or requirements other than to register the transaction with the Public Mining Register. The sale of mineral products is also unrestricted, so there is no obligation to satisfy the internal market before exporting products.
Recently, Peru enacted a new regime of environmental laws whereby the Ministry of Energy and Mines and the Environmental Ministry have issued regulations mandating environmental standards for the mining industry. Under these standards, new mining development and production requires mining companies to file and obtain approval for an Environmental Impact Assessment, which incorporates technical, environmental and social matters, before being authorized to commence operations.
The Environmental Evaluation and Oversight Agency (“OEFA”) monitors environmental compliance. OEFA has the authority to carry out audits and levy fines on companies if they fail to comply with prescribed environmental standards. The following permits are generally needed for a project: Certificate for the Inexistence of Archaeological Remains (CIRA); Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); Mine Closure Plan; Establishment of a Financial Guarantee for Closure; Beneficiation Concession; Mining Transportation Concession; Permanent Power Concession; Water Usage Permits; Easements and Rights-of-way; District and Provincial Municipality Licenses and Construction and Operation Permits.
Companies incorporated in Peru are subject to income tax on their worldwide taxable income, while foreign companies that are located in Peru and non-resident entities are taxed on income from Peruvian sources only. The corporate income tax was reduced from 30% in 2014 to 28% in 2015 and 2016. The rate will progressively reduce to 27% for years 2017 and 2018 and then to 26% in 2019 and thereafter, as part of a broader initiative to reinvigorate Peru’s economy. In general terms, mining companies in Peru are subject to the general corporate income tax regime. If the taxpayer has elected to sign a Stability Agreement, an additional 2% premium is applied on the regular corporate income tax rate. The Company has not signed a Stability Agreement. Also, 50% of income tax paid by a mine to the Central Government is remitted as “Canon” by the Central Government back to the regional and local authorities of the area where the mine is located.
In Peru, the dividend tax rate of 6.8% is imposed on distributions of profits to non-residents and domiciled individuals by resident companies and by branches, permanent establishments and agencies of foreign companies. The rate will increase to 8.0% in 2017 and reach 9.3% by 2019.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 29 |
The Special Mining Tax (“SMT”) is a tax imposed in parallel with the Modified Mining Royalty described below. The SMT is applied on operating mining income based on a sliding scale, with progressive marginal rates ranging from 2.0% to 8.4%. The tax liability arises and becomes payable on a quarterly basis. The SMT applies on the operating profit derived from sales of metallic mineral resources, regardless of whether the mineral producer owns or leases the mining concession.
In 2004, Peru implemented a mining royalty that required holders of mining concessions to pay between 1% and 3% of the commercial value of sales, based on a three step sliding scale, to the Peruvian government, for the exploitation of metallic and non-metallic mineral resources. This regime was replaced by the Modified Mining Royalty (“Peruvian Royalty”). The Peruvian Royalty applies on all companies’ operating income. The Peruvian Royalty is payable on a quarterly basis with marginal rates ranging from 1% to 12%. An “operating income” to “mining operating revenue” measure is calculated each quarter and, depending on operating margin, the royalty rate increases as the operating margin increases. The new system is designed to provide both a minimum royalty and an additional amount based on the profitability of each project. A company must always pay at least the minimum royalty rate of 1% of sales, regardless of its profitability.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
The Company has taken a proactive approach to managing environmental risk. It participated in a voluntary audit of its Guanajuato operations and conducted a multi-year environmental program completed in 2011, working in cooperation with SEMARNAT to ensure compliance with regulations governing the protection of the environment in Mexico. As at December 31, 2015, the Company has a provision of $4.8 million on its Statement of Financial Position for the estimated present value of future reclamation and remediation expenditures associated with the anticipated retirement of its mineral properties, and plant and equipment, at the GMC and Topia Mine. The estimated expenditures are to commence at the end of each mine’s useful life.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Operating in a sustainable manner is an integral part of Great Panther’s business strategy. The Company is committed to creating value for its shareholders by operating in a safe, socially and environmentally responsible manner while contributing to the prosperity of its employees and the sustainable development of its host communities.
The Company’s approach to sustainable development is planned to ensure that programs are designed as catalysts for positive and lasting contributions; that they are viable for the long term, and are based on mutual benefit and active participation with host communities to contribute to healthy and sustainable societies. Great Panther believes that a two-way engagement and dialogue will build trust and foster genuine collaboration with local stakeholder, and therefore relies on respectful, open, trustful and frequent communication with the members of our hosting communities and a partnership approach to ensure mutually beneficial and long-term socio- economic benefits.
Community relations programs implemented by the Company are focused on local development, education, quality of life, and culture. These initiatives range from partnerships with local governments in education programs, job skills training programs; sponsoring community cultural events, infrastructure improvement amongst others.
PRIMARY MINING PROPERTIES
Great Panther has two material mining properties: the GMC and the Topia Mine. The Company holds a 100% interest in the properties through its wholly-owned Mexican subsidiary, MMR.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 30 |
A. GMC
The information on the GMC in this section of the AIF is based on the technical report entitled “NI43-101 Technical Report on the Guanajuato Mine Complex Claims and Mineral Resource Estimations for the Guanajuato Mine, San Ignacio Mine, and El Horcón Project”, dated February 25, 2016, (the “GMC Technical Report”), prepared by Robert F. Brown, P. Eng., a “Qualified Person” under NI 43-101, and the Vice President, Exploration of the Company. The effective dates of the GMC Technical Report are July 31, 2015 for the Guanajuato Mine, El Horcón Project and Santa Rosa Project, and December 31, 2015 for the San Ignacio Mine. Portions of the following information are based on assumptions, qualifications and procedures which are not fully described herein. The information below is presented in summarized form and reference should be made to the full text of the GMC Technical Report which is available for review under the Company’s profile on SEDAR located at www.sedar.com.
Additional information since the date of the GMC Technical Report has been prepared by Great Panther under the supervision of Robert F. Brown, Vice President, Exploration.
The GMC includes both the Guanajuato Mine and the San Ignacio Mine. Where applicable, discrete information for each of the properties has been disclosed below:
Property Description and Location
| i) | Guanajuato Mine |
The Guanajuato Mine is an underground silver-gold mine situated along the north eastern side of the city of Guanajuato, in Guanajuato State, Mexico. The mine consists of a number of deposits along an approximately 4.2 kilometre strike length, which is being mined from two operating shafts and three ramps. The location of the Guanajuato Mine falls within the second largest (historically) producing silver district in Mexico and the deposits on the Veta Madre trend, the principal host structure, have been mined since the 16th century.
Claim boundaries have been legally surveyed. The 19 mineral claims comprise 680 hectares in a contiguous claim block, and expire between 2024 and 2057. The tailings disposal area and the waste rock dump are contained within the property boundaries in areas where the Company holds surface rights at Guanajuato Mine. There are no known environmental liabilities associated with the mineral claims, other than the previously mentioned provision recognized on the Company’s Statement of Financial Position for the estimated present value of future reclamation and remediation. This value comprises the provision associated with the Cata plant, tailings disposal area and related infrastructure of the GMC ($2.1 million), as well as the provision for the Guanajuato Mine ($0.1 million).
| ii) | San Ignacio Mine |
The San Ignacio Mine lies within La Luz mining camp of the Guanajuato Mining District, which is located in the southern part of the Mesa Central physiographic province. The Mesa Central is an elevated plateau located in central Mexico. The mineralization on the property consists of epithermal silver-gold veins.
Surface rights owned by the Company are limited to blocks of ground around the old San Ignacio shaft and a newly acquired block over the present underground development (new roads, mine rock dumps, and surface infrastructure). The nine (9) mineral claims comprise 398 hectares and expire between 2031 and 2041. The Company has negotiated surface rights sufficient for mining operations and is in the process of negotiating further surface rights with various property owners as mine development expands in the area. There are no known environmental liabilities associated with the mineral claims, other than the previously referenced provision recognized on the Company’s Statement of Financial Position for the estimated present value of future reclamation and remediation associated with the future retirement of the San Ignacio Mine ($0.9 million).
Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure, and Physiography
Central Mexico has a dry climate with an annual precipitation of about 600 millimetres per year generally falling between June and October. The annual mean temperature is 25°C, but winters can be cool with lows approaching 0°C. Exploration and mining work can be conducted year round, uninterrupted by weather.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 31 |
The GMC is located on the Central Plateau of Mexico in the Sierra Guanajuato. The terrain is moderately rugged, with elevations on the property ranging from 1,600MASL to 2,200MASL. Hillsides are deeply incised by drainage and slopes are moderately to extremely steep. Vegetation consists of grasses, small trees, shrubs, and cacti. Larger trees grow in the valley bottoms where there is more water.
| i) | Guanajuato Mine |
The property is accessible via city streets. Guanajuato has a population of approximately 153,400 and is located within 50 kilometres, by road, of an international airport at León, Mexico. The project is easily accessible from major population centres in central Mexico via a system of modern roads.
Guanajuato has a long history of mining so labour and supplies are readily available. Storage, waste disposal, and plant sites are well established.
| ii) | San Ignacio Mine |
The property is located approximately 8 km northwest of the city of Guanajuato, in Guanajuato State, Mexico, and approximately 380km by road northwest of Mexico City. Access to the property is provided via a 35-minute drive from the outskirts of the city of Guanajuato (approximately 28km), mostly by paved road through the towns of Santa Ana and Cristo del Rey.
The Company has negotiated surface rights sufficient for mining operations and is in the process of negotiating further surface rights with various property owners as mine development expands in the area. Grid power is available to the property. Additional storage and equipment maintenance facilities, and a power substation, were constructed to support the new mining operations.
Most of the supplies and labour required for the exploration programs were sourced from the cities of Guanajuato or Leon. The area has a long history of mining, and there is an ample supply of skilled personnel and the surface facilities sufficient for a mining operation.
The property area is characterized by rolling hills with small-incised drainages, which generally provide windows through thin soil cover to good bedrock exposures.
History
Exploration in the Guanajuato area dates back to 1548 when silver mineralization was first discovered in the La Luz area by Spanish colonists. Two years later an outcrop of the Veta Madre was found near the current site of the Rayas Mine. Mining took place on a relatively small scale until the early 1700s when the application of explosives for tunneling resulted in a significant increase in productive capacity. In the latter portion of the 18th century, Antonio Obregón y Alcocer financed the discovery and development of the Valenciana Mine. This mine became one of the premier silver mines in the world, at the time accounting for a third of global annual silver production. The Spanish controlled mining in the district until 1816 when mining ceased and all production facilities were destroyed during the Mexican War of Independence. The Valenciana Mine was reopened in 1868 with British capital. The British interests ran the mines for ten years but did not enjoy much success, losing a considerable amount of money. Operations at that time were hampered by a lack of rail facilities and the necessity of hauling heavy equipment from the coast by mule. Mining production declined during the early 1900s due to low prices. At that time, American interests acquired and reopened many of the mines. Old ore dumps and tailings were reprocessed to extract gold and silver using the newly discovered cyanide process; however, the onset of the Civil War in 1910 severely curtailed mining activity in the country, resulting in a decades-long slump in production.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 32 |
By the mid-1930s, demands for higher pay and better working conditions resulted in the mines being turned over to the newly-formed Cooperative in 1939. The Cooperative operated several mines in the district throughout the latter half of the 20th century and into the early 2000s.
The Company acquired the GMC from the Cooperative in 2005. At the time of the purchase, the operation suffered from lack of investment and working capital, and had not run at full capacity since 1991. The Company resumed production in 2006 and production has run continuously since that time.
Production Figures – GMC
|
Year |
Tonnes Milled | Oz Silver | Oz Gold |
| 2006 | 86,111 | 105,480 | 988 |
| 2007 | 203,968 | 521,225 | 3,794 |
| 2008 | 155,079 | 848,083 | 5,488 |
| 2009 | 138,517 | 1,019,751 | 6,748 |
| 2010 | 144,112 | 1,019,856 | 6,619 |
| 2011 | 169,213 | 959,490 | 7,515 |
| 2012 | 174,022 | 1,004,331 | 10,350 |
| 2013 | 221,545 | 1,079,980 | 15,064 |
| 2014 | 267,812 | 1,239,009 | 15,906 |
| 2015 | 309,944 | 1,708,061 | 21,126 |
| Total | 1,870,323 | 9,505,266 | 93,598 |
On the San Ignacio property there are twelve known historical workings including major shafts at San Ignacio, Purísima, Pili, and San Jose de Gracia. No production figures for these workings are available except for those relating to the mining by the Cooperative from the San Ignacio shaft. Cooperative records from 1977 to 2001 indicate that 617,455 tonnes at a grade of 113g/t Ag and 1.01g/t Au were extracted via the San Ignacio shaft from a parallel structure to those being mined today, at an average rate of 85t/d. Ore from the San Ignacio Mine was trucked back to the Cata processing plant, approximately 22 kilometres by road.
The Cooperative initiated diamond drilling on San Ignacio in 1979 with drilling from underground workings at the San Ignacio shaft. Holes from surface were drilled sporadically during the period from 1982 until 1990 and focused on a vein system parallel to those being mined by Great Panther. The drill core from these holes no longer exists, although the logs and assays from these holes are available in the Mine Geology Department at the Cata mine site in Guanajuato and in electronic format. This data was not included in the resource estimate.
Great Panther previously recovered material from low-grade surface stockpiles on San Ignacio and processed it in the Cata processing plant.
Geological Setting and Mineralization
The GMC is in the Guanajuato Mining District, which is located in the southern part of the Mesa Central physiographic province. The Mesa Central is an elevated plateau of Cenozoic volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks located in central Mexico. It is bounded to the north and east by the Sierra Madre Oriental, to the west by the Sierra Madre Occidental, and to the south by the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 33 |
Rocks within the Mesa Central consist of a Paleocene to Pliocene sequence of dacite-rhyolite, andesite, and basalt, with related intrusive bodies and intercalated local basin fill deposits of coarse sandstones and conglomerates. This Cenozoic volcanic-sedimentary sequence overlies a package of deformed and weakly metamorphosed Mesozoic submarine mafic volcanic and turbidite rocks.
Within the Mesa Central, the GMC is located in the Sierra de Guanajuato, a northwest-trending anticlinal structure approximately 100km long and 20km wide. The strata within the belt are transected by northwest, north, east-to-west, and northeast-trending regional scale faults. It is predominantly the northwest-trending structures, however, which control the position of mineralization. Normal fault movement along northeast-trending faults resulted in the downward displacement of certain blocks and the preservation of strata that was eroded in other areas. The northeast faults are therefore important locators of mineral camps within the belt.
Cretaceous volcanic rocks of La Luz Basalt underlie San Ignacio. These rocks are part of a volcanic-sedimentary complex that has various tectonic interpretations, but in general preserves a tectonic history probably related to northeastward tectonic thrust emplacement. By contrast, much of the area to the south-east (e.g., in and around Guanajuato Mine) is underlain by a series of Tertiary volcanic rocks that lie unconformably on La Luz Basalt. The lower Guanajuato conglomerate is widespread and is of mid-Eocene to early Oligocene. Later, volcanic rocks were deposited unconformably on the Guanajuato conglomerate in a caldera setting at the intersection of regional northeast and northwest trending mid-Oligocene extensional fracture systems.
Three main northwest-trending precious metal-bearing vein systems occur in the district: the Sierra, Veta Madre, and La Luz systems.
| i) | Guanajuato Mine |
At the Guanajuato Mine, mineralization occurs within fault zones along the Veta Madre vein system as discontinuous shoots and tabular bodies. It is apparent from mine plans that stopes can be in the order of 700m long and extend for 400m vertically. Zone thickness ranges from centimetre-scale to tens of metres. A series of mineralizing events is thought to have taken place during the Oligocene, a period of intense felsic volcanic activity in the area, and comprised three stages termed pre-ore, ore, and post-ore. Pre-ore mineralization consists of trace silver and gold with accessory quartz and adularia. Ore mineralization comprises an early silver-rich phase associated with adularia, as well as a later low-silver variant, which is typified by calcite and quartz. The post-ore mineralization is also precious metal-poor, with accessory calcite, dolomite, and fluorite.
The primary economic components are silver and gold, with silver the more important of the two. Base metals do not normally occur in economic concentrations. Average silver grades of the ore are typically in the 100g/t Ag to 500g/t Ag range but locally can be over 1,000g/t Ag. Gold grades are generally in the 0.5g/t Au to 2g/t Au range, with the exception of the Santa Margarita vein where average grades are in the range of 5g/t Au to 7g/t Au. Relative gold and silver contents at Santa Margarita are quite different from Cata, Pozos and Guanajuatito. The average silver to gold ratio in Cata is roughly 225:1, at Pozos 250:1, at Guanajuatito 275:1 while at Santa Margarita, it is 3.5:1. Within the mine, drill core and channel samples are not normally analysed for base metals so average grades for Cu, Pb or Zn have not been obtained.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 34 |
Mineralization at Guanajuato is closely associated with the structural history. The “Veta Madre” quartz-adularia vein / breccia system is closely associated with the Madre fault and an associated diorite dyke (thickness varying from discontinuous lenses at Guanajuatito to a 50-100m thick body in the Cata, Los Pozos, and Santa Margarita areas), oriented 325 degree azimuth with a 45 degree southwest dip. The Veta Madre forms along the dyke contacts, and in the Esperanza Formation, the footwall rocks to the Madre fault. At the Guanajuatito zone the main mineralization occurs just into the deformed siltstone and shale of the Esperanza Formation. Four zones were modeled at Guanajuatito, with the Veta Madre and the closely associated footwall (FW) zone being dominant below the 80 level. At the Cata zone, Veta Madre mineralization occurs along the base of the diorite dyke with the Esperanza Formation, and as seven separately modelled zones within the diorite. A number of these zones are shallow dipping structural splays. The Los Pozos and Los Pozos SE zones are vein stockwork to breccia systems (Veta Madre) at the base of the diorite dyke and into the Esperanza Formation. The Santa Margarita zones form a complex structural set of four bodies within the diorite dyke and at its upper contact with the Guanajuato Formation conglomerates or basal andesite. These are above the Veta Madre breccia which is at the diorite contact with the footwall Esperanza Formation, but in this area is barren. The San Cayetano zone occurs deep in the Veta Madre south of the Rayas shaft, and tends to be narrow and often in the upper portion of the Veta Madre. The Promontorio zone occurs in the hanging-wall Guanajuato Formation conglomerates immediately above the Veta Madre structure at the contact of the Guanajuato Formation and the diorite dyke. At Valenciana there are parallel mineralized structures (Veta Madre) at the Esperanza Formation – diorite contact and into the Esperanza Formation.
The best mineralization is often found related to bends in the Veta Madre orientation such as at San Vicente in the Rayas area, and at Cata and Santa Margarita. These structural bends may be due to changes in rock type competencies, and varying thickness of the diorite dyke.
The vertical extent of the deposits at Guanajuato spans over 700m (2,200m to 1,500m elevations and open to depth). Mineralization occurring above 2,100m elevation was termed “upper ore”, between 2,100m and 1,700m “lower ore”, and below the 1,700m elevation “deep ore”. Fluid inclusion microscope work from over 850 samples gather through the mine and in deep drilling from the Santa Margarita area, indicated boiling zones from the 2,100m to 1500m (deepest drilling at the GMC) elevations. Structural observations of up to eight stages of crosscutting brecciation, and the variable range of Ag:Au ratios indicate that the mineralization along the Veta Madre is associated with multi-phase structural activity and fluid flow.
| ii) | San Ignacio Mine |
San Ignacio is underlain by a monotonous package of basalt and andesite volcanic rocks belonging to the lower Cretaceous La Luz andesite. The basalt generally has subtle to well-developed pillow structures that are locally flattened. In a few localities, inter-pillow hyaloclastite is present and is characterized by a fine breccia composed of devitrified glass shards in a fine groundmass. Primary layering and tops-up indicators are generally difficult to determine from the small outcrops typical of the property, but the San Ignacio stratigraphy is not overturned.
The San Ignacio Mine contains structures of the La Luz vein system consisting of numerous mineralized fractures in a northwesterly-trending orientation, and extending for a known strike length of approximately eight kilometres. Historically productive veins on the property include the Veta Nombre de Dios, Veta Melladito, and Veta Plateros. Other veins identified in the recent Great Panther drilling are the Melladito 2, Melladito 3, Intermediate, and Nombre de Dios II. Mineralization is contained within tabular veins, vein stockworks, and breccias. The six veins with structural continuity inferred from surface mapping and diamond drilling from surface have been defined for up to 950m along strike and 350m down dip. Four of the veins are very steeply dipping, while two are shallowly dipping and are likely off-shoots of the others. The veins are accompanied by hydrothermal alteration, consisting of argillic, phyllic, silicic, and propylitic facies.
The primary economic components are silver and gold with approximately equal contributions of each (based upon value). Base metals do not occur in significant concentrations, and the mineralized material is lead-poor. Economic mineralization consists of fine-grained disseminations of acanthite and pyrargyrite, with accessory pyrite, and relatively minor sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Mineral textures in this zone are typically fracture filling, drusy, and colloform masses.
Average silver grades of the six veins range from 84g/t Ag to 250g/t, while average gold grades range from 2.71g/t Au to 3.98g/t.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 35 |
Exploration
| i) | Guanajuato Mine |
Exploration work conducted by the Company has consisted almost exclusively of diamond drilling, primarily from underground.
Exploration drilling is being carried out with the use of five underground drills, three on contract and two in-house rigs. The drilling with the two in-house rigs is focused on immediate development and mining areas, specifically at Cata Clavo, and to a lesser degree at Los Pozos. The larger contract drills are focused on upgrading Mineral Resource definition, and, in new areas of the mine, targets generated from historical data compilation.
| ii) | San Ignacio Mine |
Great Panther has conducted geological and structural mapping, including sampling of outcrops, 4,333 metres of underground development, as well as from exposures of historical underground workings.
Great Panther completed detailed surface mapping and outcrop rock chip sampling, including mapping and sampling all accessible underground workings pre-2014. Further detailed geological and structural mapping was completed in 2015 and is ongoing into 2016.
Drilling
| i) | Guanajuato Mine |
Diamond drilling at Guanajuato is conducted under two general modes of operation: one by the exploration staff (exploration drilling) and the other by the mine staff (production and exploration drilling). Production drilling is predominantly concerned with definition and extension of the known zones, to guide development and mining and is generally done to provide localised knowledge of the vein position which regularly pinches and swells.
Exploration drilling is conducted further from the active mining areas with the goal of expanding the Mineral Resource base. Drilling results from both programs are used in the estimation of Mineral Resources.
Exploration drilling, under the control of the mine and exploration staff, is continuing at Cata Clavo, Santa Margarita, Rayas Deep, and Guanajuatito. The programs are configured to explore down-dip extensions of the mineralized zones at 25 to 50-metre spacing.
The management, monitoring, surveying, and logging of the current 2010 to 2015 series of UGG prefix exploration holes and production holes is carried out under the supervision of the Company’s mine geological staff.
All sample and geological data is entered into the DataShed™ database via the LogChief™ software. The contents of the DataShed™ databases are copied daily to a master DataShed™ database in the Company’s head office in Vancouver with a backup made every day.
Assay data files are sent directly from the SGS Group laboratory located at the Cata processing plant (the “SGS-GTO laboratory”) into a specific site on the Cata server. Database management personnel take the assays from this site and merge them with sampling information in the DataShed™ database.
| ii) | San Ignacio Mine |
Great Panther has completed 176 diamond drill holes at the San Ignacio Mine. Drilling commenced in October 2010 and the most recent hole was completed in December 2015. All holes were drilled from surface, except 20 from underground. Drill holes were usually oriented to intersect the veins at a high angle.
The drilling program successfully delineated eight veins in the northern portion of the property between grid line 100N and 1100N where 156 of the 176 holes were completed. The eight veins with structural continuity interpreted from diamond drill hole intersections, underground mapping and sampling, and to some extent surface mapping, have been delineated up to 950m along strike and 350m down dip. Six of the veins are very steeply dipping and two are shallowly dipping and are likely off-shoots of the other veins. Infill drilling of 15 surface holes completed since the previous estimate targeted the near surface mineralization in the Melladito, Melladito 2, Melladito 3, Melladito Splay and Intermediate 2 veins. Between 100N and 1100N, five drill holes intersected voids which were interpreted to represent historical workings limited in extent. Holes ES11-039 (450N), ES13-105 (475N), ES13-112 (625N), ES13-116 (725N), and ESI14-121 (300N) intersected broken core or voids ranging from 1 to 3m in core length.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 36 |
To the south of line 100N there are historical workings, and 20 drill holes have been completed in this area, but are not the subject of the GMC Technical Report.
Overall, the core recovery was excellent with 96% of all samples having recoveries greater than 85%. There are no other drilling or sampling factors that could materially influence the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Procedures related to sample and geological data integrity are consistent with those described for the Guanajuato Mine.
Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security
| i) | Guanajuato Mine |
The drill core samples were prepared by technicians working under the direction of the mine and exploration geologists. The exploration diamond drill core is of HQ and NQ diameter while the production holes drilled prior to July 2011 generally have an AQ diameter. During July 2011 a BQ diameter rig (Diamec) was added to the production drilling capacity.
Internal QAQC is conducted at the SGS-GTO laboratory and analytical methods used are industry standard. The laboratory is equipped to perform Aqua Regia digestion, fire assay, gravimetry, and AAS. The laboratory is ISO/IEC 17025 certified.
Both the Geology Department core shed and the SGS-GTO laboratory are located within the Cata Facility which is fenced and guarded around the clock. The site security is of a reasonable standard, consistent with common practical industry standards.
| ii) | San Ignacio Mine |
All sampling and analytical work was conducted by employees, contractors, or designates of Great Panther.
Sample preparation prior to dispatch to the analytical laboratories consisted of splitting the sample in half by cutting the core using a rock saw. Quality control measures included the insertion of quarter-core duplicates, standard reference materials, and blanks into the sample stream.
Chain of custody was established upon sample collection with the use of unique sample ID, documentation of samples per shipment to the lab, and sign-off forms for receipt of samples by the laboratory.
Prior to dispatch, the samples were stored within the core storage and logging facility located at the Company’s Cata processing plant site.
Most of the analytical work was completed by the SGS-GTO laboratory and the quality control measures and data verification procedures are consistent with those described for the Guanajuato Mine.
Mineral Resource Estimates
| i) | Guanajuato Mine |
The Guanajuato Mine Mineral Resource Estimate has an effective date of July 31, 2015, and updates the previous resource estimate for reasons of depletion as a result of mining and resource definition resulting from successful exploration activities.
There are no known environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political or other factors that could materially affect these Mineral Resource estimates.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 37 |
| MEASURED JULY 31, 2015 | ||||||||
| Vein | Tonnes | Ag (g/t) | Ag (oz) | Au (g/t) | Au (oz) | Ag eq (g/t) | Ag eq (oz) | |
| Totals Cata | 31,832 | 386 | 395,364 | 1.86 | 1,905 | 518 | 529,835 | |
| Totals Pozos | 12,672 | 298 | 121,396 | 1.36 | 553 | 394 | 160,466 | |
| Totals Guanajuatito | 31,922 | 257 | 263,410 | 1.22 | 1,248 | 342 | 351,493 | |
| Totals Santa Margarita | 5,528 | 169 | 29,988 | 3.66 | 651 | 427 | 75,941 | |
| Totals San Cayetano | 8,410 | 70 | 18,814 | 3.35 | 907 | 306 | 82,842 | |
| Totals Measured | 90,365 | 285 | 828,971 | 1.81 | 5,264 | 413 | 1,200,576 | |
| INDICATED JULY 31, 2015 | ||||||||
| Vein | Tonnes | Ag (g/t) | Ag (oz) | Au (g/t) | Au (oz) | Ag eq (g/t) | Ag eq (oz) | |
| Totals Cata | 5,715 | 393 | 72,223 | 1.58 | 291 | 505 | 92,732 | |
| Totals Pozos | 8,699 | 339 | 94,933 | 1.31 | 366 | 432 | 120,776 | |
| Totals Guanajuatito | 40,873 | 212 | 278,513 | 0.80 | 1,046 | 268 | 352,373 | |
| Totals Santa Margarita | 1,797 | 282 | 16,284 | 1.76 | 102 | 406 | 23,479 | |
| Totals San Cayetano | 2,268 | 79 | 5,786 | 2.39 | 174 | 248 | 18,066 | |
| Totals Indicated | 59,352 | 245 | 467,740 | 1.04 | 1,979 | 318 | 607,427 | |
| INFERRED JULY 31, 2015 | |||||||
| Vein | Tonnes | Ag (g/t) | Ag (oz) | Au (g/t) | Au (oz) | Ag eq (g/t) | Ag eq (oz) |
| Totals Cata | 1,665 | 243 | 12,996 | 0.92 | 49 | 308 | 16,481 |
| Totals Pozos | 11,668 | 293 | 109,768 | 1.02 | 382 | 365 | 136,749 |
| Totals Guanajuatito | 6,978 | 186 | 41,689 | 0.99 | 223 | 256 | 57,419 |
| Totals Santa Margarita | 14,458 | 371 | 172,252 | 2.12 | 984 | 520 | 241,694 |
| Totals Valenciana | 88,802 | 103 | 294,430 | 2.52 | 7,193 | 281 | 802,283 |
| Totals San Cayetano | 12,001 | 66 | 25,295 | 3.06 | 1,181 | 282 | 108,703 |
| Totals Inferred | 135,571 | 151 | 656,429 | 2.30 | 10,013 | 313 | 1,363,328 |
Notes:
| 1. | Cut-off of US$74 NSR for all zones. |
| 2. | Silver equivalent was calculated using a 70.6 to 1 ratio of silver to gold value. |
| 3. | Rock Density for all veins is 2.68t/m3. |
| 4. | Totals may not agree due to rounding. |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 38 |
| 5. | Grades in metric units |
| 6. | Contained silver and gold in troy ounces. |
| 7. | Minimum true width 1.5m. |
| 8. | Metal Prices: US$15.00/oz silver and US$1,100/oz gold. |
| ii) | San Ignacio Mine |
The Mineral Resource Estimation at San Ignacio Mine has an effective date of December 31, 2015.
There are no known environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political or other factors that could materially affect these Mineral Resource estimates.
| MEASURED DECEMBER 31, 2015 | ||||||||
| Vein | Tonnes | Ag (g/t) | Ag (oz) | Au (g/t) | Au (oz) | Ag eq (g/t) | Ag eq (oz) | |
| Intermediate | 42,912 | 154 | 212,600 | 2.89 | 3,989 | 358 | 494,221 | |
| Melladito | 152,343 | 142 | 694,751 | 3.25 | 15,909 | 371 | 1,817,921 | |
| Melladito 2 | 15,858 | 158 | 80,598 | 3.98 | 2,031 | 439 | 224,018 | |
| Melladito Splay | 38,698 | 179 | 222,195 | 4.24 | 5,269 | 478 | 594,205 | |
| Totals Measured | 249,810 | 151 | 1,210,144 | 3.39 | 27,199 | 390 | 3,130,365 | |
| INDICATED DECEMBER 31, 2015 | ||||||||
| Vein | Tonnes | Ag (g/t) | Ag (oz) | Au (g/t) | Au (oz) | Ag eq (g/t) | Ag eq (oz) | |
| Intermediate | 22,007 | 156 | 110,289 | 2.61 | 1,843 | 340 | 240,409 | |
| Melladito | 78,980 | 125 | 316,408 | 2.75 | 6,980 | 319 | 809,186 | |
| Melladito 2 | 6,197 | 136 | 27,140 | 3.55 | 706 | 387 | 77,002 | |
| Melladito Splay | 3,358 | 167 | 18,025 | 3.44 | 371 | 410 | 44,252 | |
| Totals Indicated | 110,542 | 133 | 471,862 | 2.79 | 9,901 | 329 | 1,170,848 | |
| INFERRED DECEMBER 31, 2015 | |||||||
| Vein | Tonnes | Ag (g/t) | Ag (oz) | Au (g/t) | Au (oz) | Ag eq (g/t) | Ag eq (oz) |
| Intermediate | 52,259 | 219 | 367,082 | 2.75 | 4,624 | 413 | 693,508 |
| Intermediate 2 | 54,765 | 192 | 337,870 | 3.72 | 6,555 | 455 | 800,680 |
| Melladito | 132,837 | 98 | 417,197 | 2.60 | 11,104 | 281 | 1,201,161 |
| Melladito 2 | 68,470 | 100 | 219,678 | 3.26 | 7,165 | 330 | 725,531 |
| Melladito 3 | 74,578 | 78 | 187,142 | 2.95 | 7,085 | 287 | 687,327 |
| Melladito Splay | 35,532 | 80 | 91,516 | 2.94 | 3,360 | 288 | 328,701 |
| Nombre de Dios | 254,838 | 152 | 1,243,028 | 2.28 | 18,717 | 313 | 2,564,439 |
| Nombre de Dios 2 | 97,670 | 180 | 565,019 | 3.16 | 9,913 | 403 | 1,264,882 |
| Total Inferred | 770,950 | 138 | 3,428,532 | 2.76 | 68,523 | 333 | 8,266,229 |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 39 |
Notes:
| 1. | Cut-off of US$74 NSR. |
| 2. | Silver equivalent was calculated using a 70.6 to 1 ratio of silver to gold value. |
| 3. | Rock Density for Intermediate 2, Melladito, Melladito 2, and Melladito 3 is 2.62t/m³; for Nombre de Dios is 2.63t/m³; for Intermediate and Melladito Splay is 2.64t/m³; and for Nombre de Dios 2 is 2.65t/m³. |
| 4. | Totals may not agree due to rounding. |
| 5. | Grades in metric units. |
| 6. | Contained silver and gold in troy ounces. |
| 7. | Minimum true width 1.5m. |
| 8. | Metal Prices: US$15.00/oz silver and US$1,100/oz gold. |
Mineral Reserve Estimates
There are no Mineral Reserve estimates for the GMC. Mineral Resources are not Mineral Reserves, and do not have demonstrated economic viability.
Mining Operations
| i) | Guanajuato |
The mining method used in each zone is as follows:
| a) | Cata Clavo Zones |
Mining of Cata Clavo has reached the 540 level where development and stoping are being carried out on the Veta Madre vein. Cata Clavo is a relatively steeply dipping structure that has been identified for mining from the 1560 elevation (540 level) to the 1665 elevation (435 level). The mining area is up to 100 metres long and up to 10 metres wide. The Veta Madre FW, Contact, Veta Madre HW, Alto 1 to Alto 4 zones are located on the hanging wall side of the Veta Madre and the multiple zones are close to one another. In some areas, the combined Veta Madre to Alto 4 generates an overall width exceeding 30 metres.
The Cata ore zones are being mined by a mechanized cut and fill method. An access ramp is located in the hanging-wall from which cross-cuts are driven to access the ore at the various lift elevations.
The ramp is approximately 3.5 metres by 3.5 metres and is supported by a combination of grouted rebar, wire mesh and straps as required. There are as many as six separate ore zones varying in widths from two to eight metres with strike lengths of 20 to 80 metres.
The sequence of mining commences with the lateral development of the ore zones on sub- levels which are spaced 20 to 30 metres apart. Mining then progresses upwards from one sub-level to the next in four metre lifts using breasting to mine the ore. As broken ore is removed, waste-rock fill is placed in the void. Currently, lateral development has been completed on the 545 metre level and mining of the first lift has commenced.
There are 1-boom, electric hydraulic jumbos for drilling, 3.5 and 4.0-yard LHDs for mucking, and 10 and 18-tonne trucks for ore haulage. Ground support in the stopes is installed using scissor lift trucks.
For up to five-metre roof spans, grouted rebar, rock bolt support is required. For spans over five metres but less than nine metres, cable bolts are installed for additional support. Four-metre-long cable bolts are installed in holes drilled with the jumbo. For zones requiring spans of greater than nine metres, permanent rock or concrete pillars are left.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 40 |
| b) | Los Pozos Zone |
At the Los Pozos SE zone, mining is underway above the 275 level, both on remnant mineralization as well as recovery of old pillars. Below the 275 level, the zone is in-situ.
The Los Pozos deposits are relatively steeply dipping structures that have been identified for mining from the 1825MASL elevation (275 level for Pozos NW & 250 level for Pozos SE) to the 1690MASL elevation (410 level).
Los Pozos ore zones are being mined by a mechanized cut and fill method. There is a ramp in the footwall which provides access to sublevels that are spaced approximately 35 metres apart.
The ramp is approximately 3.5 metres by 3.5 metres and is supported by grouted rebar and mesh as required. At each sublevel, a crosscut is driven across the zone followed by development along strike to the extents of the vein. The vein is then opened to its full width or, if the zone is too wide, to a maximum of 12 metres wide. In wider zones, it is necessary to either install cable bolts and/or to leave pillars.
Mining then progresses upwards in three metre lifts using breasting to mine the ore. As ore is removed, waste fill is placed in the void. There are electric hydraulic jumbos for drilling, 3.5 and 4.0-yard LHDs for mucking, and 10t trucks for ore haulage. Ground support in the stopes is installed using scissor lift trucks.
For five metre widths at Los Pozos, only rock bolt support is required. For widths over five metres but less than 12 metres, cable bolts are required for support. Four-metre-long cable bolts are installed in holes drilled with the jumbo. For zones over 12 metres wide, it is necessary to leave a permanent pillar or to provide support which is longer than the four-metre cable bolts.
| c) | Santa Margarita Zones |
The Santa Margarita gold-rich vein has been explored by ramp development from the 390 level to the 500 level. The ramp has been driven from the 1710MASL elevation (390 level) and extended down to the 1600MASL elevation (500 level). Extractions are completed by cut and fill mining methods. In 2014, there was re-habilitation and development on the 345 and 360 levels.
Santa Margarita is a gold rich deposit that is moderately dipping and narrow. Development of Santa Margarita has consisted of an exploration development driven on the zone, with ramp access driven in the footwall rocks.
The Santa Margarita ore zones are being mined by a mechanized cut and fill method. An access ramp is located in the hanging-wall from which cross-cuts are driven to access the ore at the various lift elevations.
The ramp is approximately 3.5 metres by 3.5 metres and is supported by grouted rebar, as required. There is one main breccia ore zone plus vein stockwork ore zones located in the footwall. Typical ore widths are 2.0 to 5.0 metres. The main zone is over 150 metres long while the footwall stockwork zones are 20 to 50 metres long.
The sequence of mining commences with the lateral development of the ore zones on sub-levels which are spaced 20 or 40 metres apart. Depending on the ore widths, mining then progresses upwards from one sub-level to the next in 1.5 metre (narrow ore) or 3.0 metre lifts (wider ore) using uppers or breasting respectively, to mine the ore. As broken ore is removed, waste-rock fill is placed in the void. Currently, lateral development is being conducted on the 455 and 475 metre levels while stoping is well established between the 435 and 390 metre levels.
Drilling is carried out with hand-held jack-leg drills in the narrow sections and with 1-boom, electric hydraulic jumbos in the wider zones. Mucking is by 2.0, 3.5 and 4.0-yard LHDs and broken ore is trucked to the Cata shaft by 10 and 18-tonne trucks. Ground support in the stopes is installed using stoppers or jack-legs and / or scissor lift trucks.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 41 |
| d) | Guanajuatito Zones |
Production comes predominantly from the 1980MASL elevation (120 level) with hanging-wall ramp completed to the 1780MASL elevation (288 level) in 2015, and plans to continue the ramp to depth.
The Guanajuatito ore zones are being mined by a mechanized cut and fill method. An access ramp is located in the hanging-wall from which cross-cuts are driven to access the ore at the various lift elevations.
The ramp is approximately 3.5 metres by 3.5 metres and is supported by grouted rebar, as required. There is one main ore zone which is typically 1.5 to 4.0 metres wide and up to 100 metres long on strike.
The sequence of mining commences with the lateral development of the ore zones on sub-levels which are spaced 40 metres apart. Mining then progresses upwards from one sub-level to the next in 1.5 metre lifts using uppers, to mine the ore. As broken ore is removed, waste-rock fill is placed in the void. Currently, ramp access is being established to the 320-metre level while stoping is well established above.
Drilling is carried out with hand-held jack-leg drills in the narrow sections. Mucking is carried out by 2.0, 3.5 and 4.0-yard LHDs and broken ore is hauled from the mine by 10-tonne highway trucks to the processing plant. Ground support in the stopes, grouted rebar, is installed using stopers or jack-legs.
| e) | San Cayetano Zone |
Development has commenced on the San Cayetano zone, consisting of drifting along the mineralization on the 475 level, minor raising to ascertain grade continuity, and cross cutting in the hanging-wall to build out several drill stations. Mining from the 520 and 475 levels has been conducted by cut and fill.
| f) | Valenciana Zone |
No development has commenced on the Valenciana zones although a minor amount of development was completed re-habilitating a footwall zone.
| g) | Promontorio Zone |
No development has commenced on the Promontorio zone.
| ii) | San Ignacio Mine |
Mining at San Ignacio started in the third quarter of 2013. A total of 184,489 tonnes of ore grading 126g/t Ag and 2.71g/t gold was processed from 4,333 metres of ramp and level advance up to the end of the December 2015.
The main ramp (4.5 by 4.5 metres) has a 12% decline. It was developed using a 6-cubic-yard scoop, a single-boom electric jumbo, and a combination of conventional 20-tonne trucks and an underground truck.
The mining method is standard cut and fill with waste provided by the development. Jacklegs are used in stopes for vertical to 70 degree production holes, and if necessary the hanging wall can be blasted for at least a 2.0 metre wide stope. Forced air ventilation uses electric fans, and sump pumps operate at 50–60gpm removing mine water. The two air compressors are electrical with 1,000cfm and 100psi. The mine’s electric power is supplied by the Mexican national grid.
Mineralized rock is trucked to the GMC processing plant using conventional 20-tonne trucks.
Recovery Methods
Mineral feed from both the Guanajuato Mine and San Ignacio Mine are processed at the GMC processing plant at the Guanajuato Mine. The mineral feed from the two mines is batched separately due to slightly differing metallurgical characteristics, but the silver-gold concentrates are blended on site. Regarding potential El Horcón mineral feed, it would also be separately batched and a lead-gold-silver concentrate would be produced and sold separately. No consideration has been given for mineralization in the Santa Rosa project area as it is a relatively early stage exploration project.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 42 |
The three-stage crushing plant is designed to produce ball mill feed that is less than 3/8 inch in size. Run-of-mine ore is passed through a grizzly, into the 1,000-tonne coarse ore bin. Oversize is broken manually or with a backhoe-mounted rock-hammer. The coarse ore is minus 18 inch material. From the bin the ore is taken by an apron feeder and over vibrating grizzly to the Pettibone (24 inches by 36 inches) primary jaw crusher. The jaw crusher is set to four inches. There is also a second 500-tonne capacity coarse ore bin that feeds a separate, smaller crusher so that materials can be kept separate if desired.
The flotation section has been greatly improved with the installation of five fully automated Outotec cells in 2012 which replaced the old sections of rougher cells. Now the flotation products of these cells are sent according to their quality to cleaning cells or recirculated with scavenger products and cleaner tails for regrinding, after the step of cleaning the concentrate is sent to the concentrate thickener section and filtered to remove excess water, leaving finally an average humidity of 11% and so is sent to the point of sale according to existing contracts. These modifications have been key to improvements in metallurgical recoveries.
In addition, a small mill for regrinding was installed in April, 2012. The middling products (i.e. cleaning cell tails together with the scavenger products) are reground to liberate the valuable sulfides before being recirculated to the head of the flotation circuit.
Several improvements were made to the plant seeking a better working environment, safer conditions, and more efficient and environmentally responsible operation. These include i) installation of a new electrical substation, ii) total change of electrical cables that were in poor condition, and iii) new tailings pumping system to the tailings dam (fully instrumented), using a single pump station and replacing the old system with five pumping stations. This helps prevent potential damage to the environment, and has led to significant savings of electric energy.
Given the significant increase in production in 2015 and the continued low metal price environment, the Company will primarily focus on operational efficiencies and strong grade control in 2016 and build on the successful achievements in these areas in 2015. In addition, the significant growth in 2015 has brought production levels to plant capacity at the GMC. Overall production at the GMC is planned to remain at similar levels to 2015, although San Ignacio is expected to account for a larger proportion of the throughput.
The Company has established a LOM estimate for the GMC assets of two years in connection with the GMC Technical Report, dated February 25, 2016. This LOM estimate does not take into account any Inferred Mineral Resources of the GMC, or any additional resources which may be discovered through ongoing exploration drilling. The Company re-evaluates its LOM estimate on an annual basis. If no further resources were found and delineated for mining, reclamation and remediation of (i) the Guanajuato mineral property would be expected to occur in 2017, and (ii) the San Ignacio Mine would be expected to commence in 2019 and continue through to 2028. Reclamation and remediation of the GMC assets (i.e. Cata plant, tailings storage facility, and associated infrastructure) would be expected to commence in 2019 and will continue through to 2034. However, the timing and amount of reclamation and remediation is subject to future changes in the LOM estimate. For example, the addition of resources through ongoing exploration drilling could extend the LOM estimate.
Exploration and Development
Drilling in 2016 will focus on increasing the resource base at the GMC with 5,749 metres of underground drilling planned at the Guanajuato Mine, and 2,545 metres of underground drilling and 2,500 metres of surface drilling planned at San Ignacio.
The 2,545 metres of underground drilling at San Ignacio will be focused on improving the mineral resource classification below present development on the Melladito and Intermediate veins. The 2,500 metres of surface drilling is to better define the Melladito zone south of section 100N, and south below the historical mining on the San Pedro and Mexiamora Mines. Continued detailed surface geological mapping is planned which will improve detail (1:500 scale) on the northern half of the San Ignacio Mine property before surface drilling commences, and on the southern half of the claims to better evaluate the various structures.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 43 |
B. Topia Mine
The information on the Topia Mine in this section of the AIF is based on the technical report entitled “NI43-101 Report on the Topia Mine Mineral Resource Estimates Topia Mine Mineral Resource Estimation, As of November 30th, 2014” prepared by Robert F. Brown, P. Eng., a “Qualified Person” under NI 43-101, and the Vice President, Exploration, of the Company, dated July 6, 2015 (in this section, the “Topia Technical Report”). Portions of the following information are based on assumptions, qualifications and procedures which are not fully described herein. The information below is presented in summarized form and reference should be made to the full text of the Topia Technical Report which is available for review on SEDAR located at www.sedar.com.
Additional information since the date of the Topia Technical Report has been prepared by Great Panther under the supervision of Robert F. Brown, Vice President, Exploration.
Property Description and Location
The Topia Mine is situated around the town of Topia, Durango State, Mexico, approximately 235 kilometres northwest of the city of Durango and 100 kilometres northeast of Culiacán, Sinaloa. The property encompasses 53 contiguous concessions that total approximately 6,686 hectares. The Topia mill and office complex is located at approximately 25° 12' 54" N latitude and 106° 34' 20" W longitude.
Great Panther holds a 100% interest in the Topia Mine through its wholly owned Mexican subsidiary, MMR.
Environmental protection regulations in Mexico are described as similar to those in Canada and the USA. Permits are required for new mine operations, for operating a concentration plant, for the hydraulic discharge of tailings and for changes to grandfathered projects. There are four government departments that deal with and regulate such affairs. There are no known environmental liabilities associated with the mineral claims, other than the previously referenced provision recognized on the Company’s Statement of Financial Position for the estimated present value of future reclamation and remediation associated with the future retirement of the Topia Mine ($1.6 million).
All permits are in place for the Topia Mine operation.
Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure, and Physiography
Topia is situated in the Sierra Madre in the state of Durango, Mexico. Ground access is provided via 350 kilometres of paved and gravel road, travelling north from the city of Durango, via Highway 23 to Santiago Papasquiaro, and then west to Topia. Total travel time by road is approximately eight hours. Small aircraft flights from Culiacán and Durango service the town of Topia on a daily basis.
The climate is generally dry for most of the year, with a wet season from June to September, during which time 200 millimetres to 500 millimetres of rain may fall. The annual mean temperature is 16.8°C, but winters can be cool with frosts and light snow, particularly at higher elevations. Exploration and mining work can be conducted year-round.
Topia is a relatively small town of approximately 3,500 people. However, much of the population has worked in the mines and there is a good local source of labour. The town is serviced by road, air service, power grid and telephone. There are restaurants, hotels, and medical services but no bank or ATMs. Great Panther maintains a satellite telecommunication system for telephone and internet. Water is available from numerous springs, streams and adits.
The surface and underground infrastructure at the Topia Mine includes the following:
| · | Extensive underground workings; |
| · | Multiple adits from surface as well as raises, drifts, cross-cuts, sub-levels and ramps; |
| · | Mine ventilation, dewatering and compressed air facilities; |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 44 |
| · | Conventional and mechanized underground mining equipment; |
| · | Mine, geology, processing and administrative offices; |
| · | A nominal 275tpd flotation concentrator with surface bins, crushing facilities, grinding mills, flotation cells and concentrate dewatering circuit; |
| · | A tailings storage facility; and |
| · | Connection to the national grid for the supply of electric power. |
The Topia area lies within the Sierra Madre Occidental, in a remote region of rugged terrain. Hillsides are quite steep with elevations ranging from 600MASL up to over 2,000MASL.
Vegetation consists of thickly inter-grown bush, comprising mesquite, prickly pear, napal and agave, giving way to pine and oak forest at higher elevations.
Land use in the area is predominantly mining, forestry and agriculture.
History
Mining in the region predates European colonization, and was first reported in the Topia area in 1538. The first mineral concessions were granted at Topia in the early 1600s.
Production from Topia during the period spanning the latter portion of the 19th century until the Mexican Revolution in 1910 was reportedly between $10 million and $20 million. This is estimated to have been the equivalent of between 15 million and 30 million ounces of silver.
Compañía Minera Peñoles, S.A. (“Peñoles”) acquired the mines in the district in 1944 and completed the construction of a flotation plant in 1951. Peñoles operated at Topia from 1951 to 1990 when the operations were sold to Compañía Minera de Canelas y Topia which carried on operations privately until 1999 when the mine was shut down due to low metal prices. Production for the period 1952 to 1999 totalled 17.6 million ounces of silver and 18,500 ounces of gold.
Following the Company’s acquisition of the Topia Mine in 2004, the mine was put back into production after a six-year hiatus. During the second half of 2005, Great Panther refurbished and recommissioned the mill and gradually increased the throughput at the plant. Since 2005, the Company has undertaken the rehabilitation of many of the mines in order to re-access the Argentina, La Dura, Don Benito, El Rosario, San Gregorio, San Miguel, San Jorge, La Prieta, Cantarranas, Animas, Oliva, Las Higueras, San Pablo, Oxi, Oxidada and Recompensa veins and resample parts of the veins as part of a due diligence on sampling carried out by Peñoles. This resampling, combined with the sampling carried out by Peñoles, forms a partial basis for the current Mineral Resource estimate.
Since 2006, underground exploration and production channel samples have been collected by Great Panther from all stopes and development drifts. This work included much new development along the San Gregorio, El Rosario, Cantarranas, Don Benito, Las Higueras, San Pablo, Oxi, Oxidada, La Prieta and Recompensa veins. Exploration diamond drilling programs have targeted the various vein structures.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 45 |
Production figures – Topia Mine
| Year | Tonnes1 | Silver Oz | Gold Oz | Lead Tonnes | Zinc Tonnes |
| 2006 | 22,445 | 208,004 | 406 | 627 | 742 |
| 2007 | 33,605 | 279,441 | 643 | 735 | 847 |
| 2008 | 35,318 | 366,199 | 812 | 876 | 1,074 |
| 2009 | 30,045 | 437,079 | 403 | 871 | 1,057 |
| 2010 | 38,281 | 515,101 | 597 | 1,092 | 1,358 |
| 2011 | 46,968 | 535,881 | 500 | 941 | 1,315 |
| 2012 | 56,098 | 555,710 | 573 | 962 | 1,477 |
| 2013 | 62,063 | 631,235 | 651 | 1,116 | 1,673 |
| 2014 | 67,387 | 667,636 | 555 | 1,154 | 1,675 |
| 2015 | 65,387 | 677,967 | 614 | 1,198 | 1,850 |
| Total | 457,597 | 4,874,253 | 5,754 | 9,572 | 13,068 |
Geological Setting and Mineralization
The Topia district lies within the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO), a north-northwest-trending belt of Cenozoic-age rocks extending from the US border southwards to approximately 21°N latitude. The belt measures roughly 1,200km long by 200km to 300km wide. Rocks within the SMO comprise Eocene to Miocene age flows and tuffs of basaltic to rhyolitic composition with related intrusive bodies. The property is underlain by a kilometre-thick package of Cretaceous and Tertiary andesite lavas and pyroclastic rocks which are, in turn, overlain by younger rhyolitic flows and pyroclastics. The volcanic sequence is transected by numerous faults, some of which host the mineralized veins in the district. There are two sets of faults: one striking 320° to 340° and dipping northeast and the other striking 50° to 70° and dipping steeply southeast to vertically. The northeast-trending faults are the principal host structures for precious and base metal mineralization.
The mineral deposits at Topia are adularia-sericite-type, silver-rich, polymetallic epithermal veins. Silver-gold-lead-zinc mineralization is found in fissure-filling veins along sub-parallel faults. Mineralization within the veins consists mainly of massive galena, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite in a gangue of quartz, barite, and calcite. The vein constituents often include adularia and sericite, and the wider fault zones contain significant proportions of clay as both gouge and alteration products.
Ore minerals occur as cavity-filling masses, comprising millimetre-scaled crystals of galena and sphalerite. No definitive metal zoning has been discerned, but the lower parts of the mines are reported to contain higher gold content than at higher elevations.
The veins range in thickness from a few centimetres to three metres. They are very continuous along strike, with the main veins extending more than four kilometres. The Madre vein has been mined for 3.5 kilometres and the Cantarranas vein for 2.4 kilometres. Many of the other veins have been mined intermittently over similar strike lengths. Vertically, the veins grade downward to barren coarse-grained quartz-rich filling and upwards to barren cherty quartz-calcite-barite vein filling. The main host rock is andesite of the Lower Volcanic Series, which is usually competent, making for generally good ground conditions within the mine. In wider sections, with greater clay content and/or zones of structural complexity, ground conditions are less favourable.
Exploration
Exploration work carried out at the Topia Mine by Great Panther has comprised diamond drilling, chip sampling, mapping, and underground development. The underground drilling from 2006 to 2014 has always focused on short term production-oriented issues in all of the mining areas at Topia. Typically, these include interpretation of fault offsets, gaining a better understanding of multiple splays from the primary veins, and a better understanding of grade / width of veins before exploitation.
1 Includes purchased ore tonnes milled. Excludes custom milled tonnes.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 46 |
Drilling
Great Panther has been diamond drilling at the Topia Mine since 2004. Drill programs were planned and supervised by personnel employed by the Company, its subsidiaries, and/or contractors. The surface drilling programs conducted from 2004 to 2012 were carried out under contract. No surface drilling has been completed at Topia Mine since 2013. Underground drill programs were carried out by Topia Mine drillers. Core logging and collar surveys were carried out by Great Panther personnel. All surface holes are NQ-size, although some surface holes were collared as HQ (6.35cm diameter) and reduced to NQ. Underground drill holes are A core size.
Logs, sample intervals, and surveys were entered into a Microsoft SQL database using a proprietary logger. The database is managed and validated by Great Panther mine staff, with the assistance of exploration personnel based in Vancouver.
The core logging and sampling is carried out within a fenced compound at the mill site. Access to the core is restricted to Great Panther employees or contractors. The core shack and sampling facility are considered to be adequately equipped and reasonably secure. Core recovery in those sections reviewed by the Qualified Person appeared to be good, and the sampling looked to have been done correctly.
Sampling and Analysis and Security of Samples
Sampling comprises both diamond drill and channel samples. Drill holes provide a reliable indication of the vein locations, but drifting and raising on vein was required to fully evaluate the quantity and grade of the Mineral Resources.
The channel sampling was conducted either across the back or at waist height across the drift face using a hammer and moil. The protocol for sample lengths was that they were to be no longer than two metres. Sample spacing was in the order of 1.5 metres to 2.5 metres in the more densely sampled areas. The veins tend to be very steeply dipping to vertical, and so these samples are reasonably close to representing the true width of the structure.
The channel samples were processed and assayed at the Topia Mine laboratory. Samples were dried, crushed in two stages, riffle split and pulverized. A sample was taken from the pulp and weighed, while the rest was kept in storage. Samples were analyzed for gold and silver by fire assay and gravimetric finish, or for base metals by atomic absorption.
Diamond drill core samples were marked on the core by geologists. Samples did not cross lithological limits and their lengths were constrained to within a minimum of 10cm and a maximum of two metres. Mineralized structures and the material adjacent to them were always sampled. For sets of veins with less than five metres separation, the material between veins was sampled entirely. Samples were taken using a diamond saw to split the core. The samples were prepared at the Topia Mine laboratory.
The total database encompasses three components: diamond drilling, production channel sampling, and the historical development channel sampling completed by the former owner, Peñoles. All three datasets were variably used in the modeling of the various veins and vein splays. Peñoles data in certain mines were minimal.
In the opinion of the Qualified Person, the sampling at Topia was conducted in an appropriate fashion using techniques that are commonly used in the industry. The samples were properly located and oriented and were representative of the mineralization. Assaying is being conducted using conventional methods, in facilities that are properly configured and managed. Performance of the laboratory is being monitored by both internal QA/QC protocols and comparison with an external laboratory.
All phases of the sampling, transport and assaying were carried out by authorized Great Panther personnel or contractors. The Topia Mine lab and core handling facility are enclosed within the mill compound, which was constantly supervised and reasonably secure. The sample preparation, analysis, and security procedures at Topia were adequate and consistent with common industry standards.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 47 |
Mineral Resource Estimates
An updated estimate of Mineral Resources has been completed for the Topia Mine with an effective date of November 30, 2014 (refer to the corresponding Topia Technical Report dated July 6, 2015 filed on SEDAR on August 18, 2015).
| Classification | Tonnes | Grade | |||
| Ag g/t | Au g/t | Pb % | Zn % | ||
| Measured | 180,400 | 606 | 1.44 | 4.26 | 4.52 |
| Indicated | 166,000 | 644 | 1.17 | 4.75 | 3.82 |
| Total Measured and Indicated and Average Grades | 346,200 | 624 | 1.31 | 4.50 | 4.19 |
| Inferred | 357,400 | 592 | 1.31 | 3.44 | 3.96 |
Notes:
| 1. | CIM Definitions were followed for Mineral Resources. |
| 2. | Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources are reported at a cut-off Net Smelter Return (NSR) of US$180/t |
| 3. | Area-Specific Bulk Densities as follows: Argentina - 3.06t/m3; Don Benito - 3.26t/m3; Durangueno - 3.12t/m3; El Rosario - 3.00t/m3; Hormiguera - 2.56t/m3; La Prieta - 2.85t/m3; Recompensa - 3.30t/m3. |
| 4. | NSR cut-offs include 1522 Mine US$167/t; Argentina Mine US$197/t; Durangueno Mine US$153/t; Recompensa Mine US$196/t; Hormiguera Mine US$189/t; El Rosario Mine US$173/t; and La Preita US$153/t. |
| 5. | Totals may not agree due to rounding. |
| 6. | A minimum mining width of 0.30 metres was used. |
| 7. | Mineral Resources are estimated using metal prices of: US$1,200/oz Au, US$17.00/oz Ag, US$0.90/lb Pb, and US$0.95/lb Zn. |
| 8. | Mineral Resources are not Mineral Reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. |
The resources were estimated from seven (7) area-specific block models. A set of 40 wireframes representing the mineralized zones (veins) served to constrain both the block models and data subsequently used in Inverse Distance Cubed (ID3) gold, silver, lead and zinc grade interpolations. Each block residing at least partly within one of the 40 wireframes received a grade estimate.
Mining Operations
For the narrower veins at Topia, mining is conducted by conventional cut and fill stoping with resuing to selectively mine the ore and leave the waste for backfill. Drilling is performed with jackleg drills and ore is hand mucked in the stope and dropped down timber crib muck passes which are carried upwards as the stoping advances. Ore is hand sorted at the face so that only the higher grade ore is removed from the stope. Man access and ventilation is provided in timber crib man-ways adjacent to the muck passes. The level interval for the stopes is typically 40m.
The use of ground support in the small tunnels and narrow stopes is infrequent as the small headings require little support.
From the muck passes the ore is pulled via manual chutes, loaded into small rail cars and hand trammed to a dump at the portal. At the surface ore dump, the ore may again be hand sorted to remove waste material. Waste from the hand sorting or from excess development is generally dumped over the bank of the hillside at these smaller mines. Ore is then picked up by front end loader and loaded into highway-style 10t- to 20t-capacity dump trucks to be hauled to the mill.
Along the Argentina and Don Benito veins, in the Argentina and 1522 Mines respectively, there are significant areas with vein widths of 0.5 to one metre. In these wider areas, mining is planned on the basis of mechanized cut and fill with resuing to selectively mine the ore and leave the waste for backfill. Equipment used includes small 2-yd3 LHD’s for development and 1-yd3 and 0.5-yd3 LHD’s for mucking in the stopes. Development access is provided via decline. Ground support consists of rock bolts and mesh as required. Rock bolts include a combination of cement-grouted rebar and split set which gives initial support from the split set bolt and then longer term support from the cement grouted portion of the bolt.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 48 |
Sublevels are 40 metres apart in the mechanized cut and fill areas. Waste is generated from material beside the vein which is blasted separately from the ore and then left as fill, or from the waste development in the mine.
Lifts in the cut and fill stope are taken with horizontal holes (breasting) as the use of uppers drilling (to increase productivity and production) generated a ragged back in the stope and led to problems with ground support.
Ore is hauled from the stopes by LHD and then loaded into a truck for haulage to the mill.
Recovery Methods
The mill employs conventional crushing, grinding, and flotation to produce lead and zinc sulfide concentrates. The operation runs seven days a week, 24 hours per day, with Sunday day-shift reserved for maintenance.
The Company has established a LOM estimate for the Topia Mine of 10.5 years as at December 31, 2015 for the purposes of depleting the mineral property. This LOM estimate does not take into account any additional resources which may be discovered through recent and future exploration drilling. The Company re-evaluates its LOM estimate on an annual basis. The Company will commence reclamation and remediation at Topia shortly before the end of its mine life, and carries a provision of $1.6 million to cover these costs. The provision is based on a closure cost estimate discounted to present value. If no further resources are defined, reclamation and remediation at Topia is anticipated to commence in 2024 and continue through to 2047. However, the timing and amount of reclamation and remediation is subject to future changes in the LOM estimate. For example, the addition of resources through recent and future exploration drilling could extend the LOM estimate.
During 2015, 1.1 million Ag eq oz were produced at Topia. During 2016, the Company plans to keep production at Topia at approximately the same level as in 2015.
Exploration and Development
No exploration drilling is currently planned at Topia in 2016. Development plans for the Topia Mine during 2016 are limited to ongoing underground mine development in the normal course of operations.
PRIMARY ADVANCED-STAGE PROJECT
In May 2015, the Company entered into a two-year option agreement with two wholly-owned subsidiaries of Nyrstar whereby the Company can acquire 100% of the shares of Nyrstar Coricancha S.A. which holds a 100% interest in the Coricancha Mine Complex.
Under the terms of the Coricancha option agreement:
| · | The Company made an initial option payment of US$1.5 million on signing and, should the Company choose to extend the option for a second year, a second option payment of US$1.5 million will be due on May 18, 2016. |
| · | In the event that the Company exercises its option within two years, the Company will be required to make a cash payment of US$5.0 million for 100% of the shares of Nyrstar Coricancha S.A. plus the second option payment if it has not been paid. |
| · | A further contingent payment of US$4.0 million may become payable to Nyrstar if certain conditions are met within three years following execution of the Coricancha option agreement. Alternatively (not in addition to the contingent payment), the Company may be obligated to reimburse Nyrstar for certain costs, to a maximum amount of US$6.6 million, in certain circumstances. The contingent payment or the reimbursement will only be made on or after the closing of the acquisition of the Nyrstar Coricancha S.A. shares. The contingent payment will not be payable if the conditions are not met within three years following closing, and no reimbursement will be made unless the costs are incurred by Nyrstar prior to closing. |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 49 |
| · | In addition, the Company is required to incur exploration expenditures of US$2.0 million in the first year of the option agreement and US$3.0 million in the second year. |
Coricancha
The information on Coricancha in this section of the AIF has been prepared for Great Panther by Robert F. Brown, Vice President, Exploration of the Company, and is in part based on a technical report entitled “Technical Report on Re-Start of the Coricancha Mine, Peru”, dated March 30, 2009. The 2012 historical mineral resource and ore reserve statement for Coricancha, with a December 31, 2012 cut-off date, was based on an internal technical report completed for Nyrstar in accordance with the JORC Code (Joint Ore Reserves Committee of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Minerals Council of Australia).
Property Description and Location
Coricancha is a gold-silver-copper-lead-zinc underground mine on care and maintenance since August 2013. It has a 600tpd concentrator and BIOX® facility, capable of producing gold-silver doré and zinc, lead and copper concentrates. Coricancha is located approximately 90km east of Lima in the central Andes of Peru, in the District of San Mateo, Province of Huarochirí, Lima region. Coricancha is approximately 5km south of the town of San Mateo.
The processing plant and main offices are located adjacent to the Central Highway, at the confluence of the Rímac River and its tributary, the Aruri River, in an area known as Tamboraque. The mine area is located in the mountain flanking the south side of the Aruri River.
The property includes 126 mining licences, a 600tpd processing permit and a transportation permit, all valid and in good standing in favour of Nyrstar and covering in excess of 3,700ha in aggregate.
Nyrstar owns the surface rights for its processing activities and main offices. Land use agreements have been entered into with local communities owning the surface rights for the mine itself, the land connecting the crushing and grinding plant to the main processing plant, and the Chinchán tailings storage facility. All are in good standing.
Coricancha is fully permitted from an environmental perspective, under its 1996 EIA, as modified in 2008 and 2012 to incorporate the new tailings facility at Chinchán. The Chinchán tailings storage facility is a dry-stack facility located approximately 40 km north of Coricancha by road. The current closure plan was approved in 2012 and included the relocation of legacy tailings from the Coricancha site to Chinchán. Nyrstar has already transported over 50% of the legacy tailings to Chinchán, but does not expect to be required to relocate any more tailings, as a 2014 study concluded that further removal of the tailings was not necessary. This conclusion was supported by the technical branch of the Ministry of Energy and Mines, and as a result the 2012 closure plan is currently being modified to reflect this change. However, a final determination has not been reached by the Ministry and it is still possible that the tailings may have to be moved.
A 1% NSR royalty is payable on production from most of the mining licences, and a royalty of US$1/ounce exists for gold processed using BIOX® technology.
Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure, and Physiography
The processing plant and main offices are located immediately off the Central Highway, 90 km east of the city of Lima. The Central Highway is the main highway from Lima, passing east over the Andes Mountains, down to the town and smelter of La Oroya, and on to the eastern part of the country. It is a principal transportation route for food, fuel, mining products and heavy materials. Access to the mine is provided via a narrow, 25km long, gravel road starting at the town of San Mateo, a small town located 5km east of the concentrator. Travel time from Lima is two-three hours to the processing plant and another hour to the mine. Public buses provide daily public transport from San Mateo to Lima. The national Central Railway passes through the property with loading facilities at the crushing plant. The railway also connects Coricancha with the Chinchán tailings storage facility.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 50 |
Annual temperatures in this area range from 0°C to 25°C with periods of heavy precipitation from December to April. Dense fog is common during the rainy season. The dry season occurs from May through November and is characterized by no rainfall.
The town of San Mateo, with approximately 5,000 inhabitants, is the main population center in the immediate vicinity of the project and is located 5km east of the mine along the Central Highway. The town of Matucana is located about 17km from the mine and is the capital of the Province of Huarochiri. The majority of employees will come from the town of San Mateo with a minor quantity from Matucana.
The supporting infrastructure for the Coricancha Mine Complex is largely intact.
The project is located in an area of significant relief ranging from 2,990 to 4,500 metres in elevation above sea level. Ground cover consists of various types of short grasses and small brush near drainages in the low terrain to barren rock in the upper levels. The Rímac River parallels the Central Highway and passes along side of the concentrator, but it is not navigable. The Aruri River, a tributary of the Rímac River, joins the Rímac River immediately below the end of the concentrator area.
History
The Coricancha mining operation is part of the Viso-Aruri mining district located in the San Mateo District, Department of Lima, Province of Huarochiri, in the central Andes of Peru. The mine has been exploited almost continuously since the colonial times. The historic Coricancha mine production for the 60 years prior to 1996 is reported to have ranged from 2,600 to 5,000 tonnes per month.
In late 1995, Coricancha underwent a considerable expansion of operations from 200tpd to 600tpd and the installation of a modern BIOX® plant. After completion of the expansion in 1997, the reported monthly production increased slightly over historic levels, but was not sustainable. The mine was shut down in September 2000 as the owner of Coricancha for the past 45 years, Minera Lizandro Proaño, was forced into bankruptcy due to low metal prices, labour shortages, and operational difficulties in the mine and concentrator.
At the beginning of 2001, Wiese Sudameris Leasing S.A., a Peruvian bank which was the major secured creditor, took control of the assets and properties from the bankrupt Minera Lizandro Proaño. Later in 2001, it entered into an agreement with Peruvian contractor Larizbeascoa & Zapata S.A.C., to redesign the Coricancha operation.
After the mine reopened in 2002, the monthly production tonnage increased dramatically to 12,500 tonnes per month. The monthly production then decreased to just over 8,000 tonnes per month during the seven months of operation before being shut down in October 2002 by the government due to environmental problems related to the tailings storage facility. In November 2002, the Coricancha mine and mill were shut down and put on care and maintenance. A water treatment plant to neutralize the mine water has been in continuous operation.
The exploration by the previous owners was very limited and focused on underground drifting and raising on vein structures. A limited, short-hole diamond drilling program was conducted in 2002.
Between 1995 and 2003, mineral resource estimates for the Coricancha property have been calculated by three independent engineering consulting firms.
Gold Hawk Resources Inc. (“Gold Hawk”) acquired Coricancha in early 2007 and commenced development work, recommenced operations in June of 2007 at a production rate of 600tpd until suspending operations in May of 2008 because of ground movement under the nearby tailings storage facility. Tetra Tech, Inc. prepared a Technical Report for Gold Hawk dated March 30, 2009 regarding the re-start of the Coricancha Mine in Peru that met the requirements of Canadian National Instrument 43-101.
Nyrstar acquired the Coricancha Mine in November 2009, recommenced operations in late 2010 following construction of a new tailings storage facility at the Chinchán location and the addition of a copper circuit. Operations at the mill were temporarily reduced to 30% of capacity in the first half of 2011, due to an increased moisture compaction level at the newly commissioned Chinchán tailings facility resulting from heavy rainfall. During 2012, milling operations temporarily ceased due to concerns about the storage and planned movement of legacy tailings to the new Chinchán facility. At the end of 2012, as part of cost cutting measures, Nyrstar ceased mining ore from Coricancha’s underground deposits and focused on treating historic tailings before moving the waste material to the tailings pond. In August 2013, operations were halted due to the sustained lower precious metal prices and Coricancha was placed on care and maintenance.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 51 |
A mineral resource and ore reserve statement for Coricancha, with a December 31, 2012 cut-off date, was completed for Nyrstar in accordance with the JORC Code. See “Historical Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource Estimates” below.
Geological Setting and Mineralization
The Coricancha property is occupied by a sequence of andesitic volcanic rocks of the Rímac Formation consisting of brecciated volcanics topped by andesitic flows, agglomerate and tuff. The mineralized veins comprise a steeply dipping, anastomosed system with secondary and tertiary tensional fracture veins branching off the main veins.
The veins are extensive and are known to extend over 3,800m along strike and more than 1,500m down dip. They show pinch-and-swell type behaviour with a thickness of up to 2m and an average thickness of 60-70cm.
The mineralized system at Coricancha is a hydrothermal, low-sulphidation deposit, containing pyrite, sphalerite, silver-rich galena, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, tennantite, tetrahedrite, native gold, native silver and quartz. The gold is refractory, as it is closely associated with and largely encapsulated within the crystal structure of the arsenopyrite.
Exploration
Until a few years ago, no modern exploration program had been conducted on the Coricancha property. The only form of exploration in the past was drifting and raising on veins together with some short-length diamond drill holes.
Under Nyrstar’s ownership, exploration activities have included geological mapping, geophysics and drilling, as well as underground development. Focus has been on better understanding the extent of the known veins, as well as identifying skarn targets on the Coricancha property with the potential for bulk mining.
Drilling
Prior to 2010, some short-length diamond drilling was carried out by previous owners of Coricancha, but the logs for these holes have not been located. Nyrstar has carried out 50 diamond drill holes totalling over 22,000 metres.
In 2010, a total of 16 diamond drill holes (11,111 metres) were drilled: 13 (9,059 metres) to test continuity of the Constancia vein to the north and south; two (1,348 metres) to test continuity of the Wellington vein to the north; and one (704 metres) testing the limestones below the 3140 level.
In 2011, a total of 12 diamond drill holes (6,187 metres) were drilled: five (2,392 metres) testing geophysical anomalies identified from the 2010 surveys; three (1,097 metres) drilled from surface to test the upper level at Constancia; two additional holes (1,266 metres) testing continuity of Wellington to the north; and two (1,431 metres) to test several of the tensional veins (San José, Trinidad and Patricia).
In 2013, 22 holes were drilled (4,944 metres) to test continuity of Constancia at depth.
Under Great Panther’s direction, underground drilling started in mid-October of 2015 from a formerly established drill station near the Wellington vein. By adding a second underground drill, the Company was also able to test the Colquipallana and Constancia veins. In total, 13 holes and 2,324 metres were completed by December 31, 2015. No surface drilling was conducted in 2015. Underground drilling continued in early 2016 and a total of 3,162 metres were completed. In addition, surface drilling totalled 390m in 2016 (2 holes at Animas). Great Panther’s total drill program was 5,875m and the results are being used to update the mineral resource estimate for the property.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 52 |
Historical Mineral Reserve and Resource Estimates
The most recently published Nyrstar Mineral Reserve and Resource Estimate for the Coricancha Mine Complex has an effective date of December 31, 2012. Great Panther considers this estimate as historical in nature and the reader is cautioned regarding the relevance and reliability of the estimate due to the facts that 1) mining continued for six (6) months after the effective date of the estimate, and 2) precious metal price assumptions used in the Nyrstar estimate were higher than current prices. The historical resource estimate has not been verified by Great Panther. Work planned by Great Panther to verify the historical estimate will include surface and underground drilling and sampling. The QP for Great Panther has not done sufficient work to classify the historical estimate as current mineral resources or mineral reserves, and Great Panther is not treating the historical estimate as current mineral resources or mineral reserves. Although the historical reserves and resources are categorized with the same nomenclature as to the CIM classification, the QP withholds opinion on whether they are in definition to CIM classification. Nyrstar, who commissioned the reserve / resource estimate, purportedly classified the material to JORC Code (Joint Ore Reserves Committee of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Minerals Council of Australia). No more recent data is available.
| HISTORICAL MINERAL RESERVES DECEMBER 31, 2012* | |||||||
| Category | Tonnes (M) | Au (g/t) | Ag (g/t) | Cu % | Pb % | Zn % | Ag eq oz (M) |
| Proven | 0.48 | 4.28 | 142.66 | 0.29 | 1.83 | 2.43 | 9.83 |
| Probable | 0.16 | 4.55 | 167.84 | 0.42 | 1.58 | 3.12 | 3.66 |
| Total P&P | 0.64 | 4.35 | 149.12 | 0.32 | 1.77 | 2.60 | 13.50 |
| HISTORICAL MINERAL RESOURCES DECEMBER 31, 2012* | |||||||
| Category | Tonnes (M) | Au (g/t) | Ag (g/t) | Cu % | Pb % | Zn % | Ag eq oz (M) |
| Measured | 0.63 | 5.18 | 169.85 | 0.38 | 2.10 | 2.97 | 15.56 |
| Indicated | 0.26 | 4.72 | 186.07 | 0.54 | 1.66 | 3.45 | 6.43 |
| Total M&I | 0.89 | 5.04 | 174.62 | 0.42 | 1.97 | 3.11 | 21.96 |
| Inferred | 4.88 | 4.91 | 224.54 | 0.48 | 1.57 | 2.98 | 124.60 |
*See Nyrstar news release February 7, 2013.
Notes:
| 1. | Historical mineral resources are reported inclusive of historical mineral reserves. |
| 2. | Historical estimates prepared for Nyrstar without technical report. |
| 3. | Metal Price assumptions (all in USD): $1,300/oz gold, $22/oz silver, $6,300/tonne copper, $2,250/tonne lead and zinc. |
| 4. | Values are rounded and may not add up exactly. ‘M’ indicates ‘millions’. |
| 5. | The Coricancha mineral resources were estimated utilising software that incorporates vein width, length and height to estimate tonnes and assay data to estimate grade. The ore reserves were determined by the amount of directly measured information available within a block and economic viability according to metal prices and operating parameters valid at the time of the estimate. Dilution was applied to a mineral resource when the vein width was less than the projected minimum mining width, with over-dilution applied to an ore reserve according to estimated overbreak during extraction. It is not known to Great Panther what cut-off grades were used in this estimation. The 2012 mineral resource and ore reserve statement for Coricancha, with a December 31, 2012 cut-off date, was completed by TetraTech in accordance with the JORC Code.). |
| 6. | Silver equivalent ounces were estimated by Great Panther using the historical Mineral Reserve and Resource Estimates. They are a guide to metal content only. |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 53 |
Mining Operations
In the recent past, mining at Coricancha has principally been undertaken using the overhand cut and fill mining method, which results in relatively low dilution. Under this method, stopes are mined upward from below in horizontal slices. Stopes are drilled by jack leg drills and blasted on to the floor of the stope, after which the ore is removed. The stope is then filled with development waste, leaving enough work space above for the miners to continue the processing of drilling and blasting working upwards. To allow sufficient space for access and drilling, stopes have a minimum width of 90cm.
Recovery Methods
The Coricancha processing plant has a permitted capacity of 600tpd of ore throughput. It comprises conventional crushing and grinding, followed by flotation of zinc concentrate and silver-rich lead and copper concentrates.
In addition, a gold-rich arsenopyrite concentrate is produced via flotation and hot separation of a bulk pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrate. This is treated through the BIOX® circuit, a 60tpd biological oxidation reactor which oxidises sulphide minerals and thereby permits recovery of the refractory gold through conventional leaching.
The final step in the process on site is CIL cyanide leaching, in which gold is adsorbed on to activated carbon. This is refined into a gold-silver doré at a third party refinery in Lima.
Tailings from the processing plant are hauled by rail and / or trucks to the Chinchán dry stack tailings storage facility.
PRIMARY EXPLORATION PROPERTIES
In May 2015, the Company acquired an option to purchase up to a 100% interest in the GDLR Project. On February 24, 2016, the Company terminated the option agreement for the GDLR Project after conducting an evaluation of the project, including an initial drill program, as the results of the evaluation did not warrant continued exploration work.
The Company has two exploration projects in Mexico, El Horcón and Santa Rosa, the information for which (as disclosed in this section of the AIF) is also contained in the GMC Technical Report. The effective date of the information in the GMC Technical Report is July 31, 2015 for the El Horcón and Santa Rosa Projects.
The GMC Technical Report introduces the concept that mineralization from both the El Horcón and Santa Rosa Projects could be trucked to and processed at the Cata processing plant, in light of the projects’ proximity to the GMC. Considering that El Horcón and Santa Rosa could in future form part of the GMC operations, these properties were included in the GMC Technical Report.
Portions of the following information are based on assumptions, qualifications and procedures which are not fully described herein. The information below is presented in summarized form and reference should be made to the full text of the GMC Technical Report which is available for review under the Company’s profile on SEDAR located at www.sedar.com.
Additional information since the date of the GMC Technical Report has been prepared by Great Panther under the supervision of Robert F. Brown, Vice President, Exploration.
Where applicable, discrete information for each of the properties has been disclosed below:
Property Description and Location
| i) | El Horcón Project |
The El Horcón Project is situated north of the city of Leon (Guanajuato State), in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, approximately 470 km northwest of Mexico City. The claim group is located at approximately 21° 22' N latitude and 101° 45' W longitude (NAD 27 UTM 220,000mE & 2,365,000mN). The 17 claims expire between 2052 and 2056. There are no known environmental liabilities associated with the mineral claims.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 54 |
The principal metals of interest are gold, silver, lead, and zinc. Mineralization occurs along structures, the largest of which is the Veta Madre with a strike length of 5km.
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
The Santa Rosa Project includes a cluster of non-contiguous mineral claims to the northeast of Guanajuato. Most cover segments of historically known veins within the Sierra vein system, as well as two claims located further north staked more from a regional conceptual nature.
The seven mineral claims comprise an area of 13,800 hectares and expire between 2015 and 2064. With regards to the single claim expiring in 2015, the Company has submitted the requisite applications in order to roll over the claim for another 50 years. There are no known environmental liabilities associated with the mineral claims.
The southern claims of the Santa Rosa Project are situated along the eastern side of the Sierra Guanajuato mountain range, northeast of Guanajuato, Guanajuato. The more northerly claims in the Santa Rosa Project are located nearer the town of San Felipe, an 80km drive north of Guanajuato.
Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure, and Physiography
Central Mexico has a dry climate with an annual precipitation of about 600 millimetres per year generally falling between June and October. The annual mean temperature is 25°C, but winters can be cool with lows approaching 0°C. Exploration and mining work can be conducted year-round, uninterrupted by weather.
The terrain on which the Company’s exploration properties are located is moderately rugged, with elevations on the mineral claims ranging from 1,600MASL to 2,400MASL. Hillsides are deeply incised by drainage and slopes are moderately to extremely steep. Vegetation consists of grasses, small trees, shrubs, and cacti. Larger trees grow in the valley bottoms where there is more water.
| i) | El Horcón Project |
The El Horcón Project is situated along the eastern side of the Sierra Guanajuato mountain range and is accessible via a rough access road 10km north of Comanja, Jalisco. Comanja is a small village and has a population of approximately 500 people and is located within 40km, by road, of an international airport at León, Mexico.
Access to local resources is provided within the city of Leon (approximately 1 million inhabitants), 50km south of the El Horcón Project.
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
The southern claims of the Santa Rosa Project are accessible via road access 20 km northeast of Guanajuato, Guanajuato. The city of Guanajuato is serviced by an international airport located on the outskirts of Silao, a 30-minute drive on a toll road from Guanajuato. The more northerly claims in the Santa Rosa Project are located nearer the town of San Felipe, an 80km drive north of Guanajuato by paved road.
Access to local resources is provided within the city of Guanajuato and the town of San Felipe.
History
| i) | El Horcón Project |
The earliest known exploitation of veins on the El Horcón Project area was conducted by the Jesuits, during the Spanish reign, from the late 1500’s to their expulsion from Mexico in 1767. No production records are available, and various shallow southwest dipping veins were mined all to the immediate northeast of Great Panther’s drilling. Minor amounts of exploitation have been conducted, both by drifting along the veins and by stoping, on the Diamantillo and San Guillermo veins (including but not limited to the El Horcón, La Luz and Diamantillo underground access tunnels).
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 55 |
In 1932 a mining engineer Charles E. Pouliot completed a mining study and evaluation of pillars, fill and remaining portions of the Diamantillo, San Guillermo and veins exploited by the Jesuits. It is not known if exploitation ensued. During the latter part of the 20th century several bulk samples were shipped to various mills for metallurgical evaluation of these sulfide rich veins.
A number of academic geological studies were completed in the late 20th century by the Mexican Geological Survey. In 2004 and 2005, Mauricio Hochschild Mexico (MHM) conducted significant geological, structural, and geochemical studies on the veins of the Comanja area, followed by drilling of 12 core holes totalling 3,570.3m. In 2008 and 2009 EXMIN conducted further geological and geochemical studies, including underground mapping and sampling, and core drilling (5 holes totaling 1,052m) in an effort to move the project to exploitation, without success.
The Company purchased 100% of the El Horcón Project in 2012, which included most of the exploited veins mentioned above, with the exception of certain internal claims covering portions of the veins.
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
The core of the Santa Rosa Project claims (other than Prometida and Romeo y Julieta claims) covers vein exposures along the Sierra vein system, along the eastern flank of the central Veta Madre. Minor amounts of pitting, short adits, and shallow vertical shafts have been completed with minor amount of vein exploitation. No records are available as to these activities, which could have occurred from the late 1500’s to relatively recently. The Company completed due diligence sampling during 2011 and purchased the Santa Rosa claims during the same year. The Cañada de la Virgen claim was part of the Cooperative claim block (Guanajuato Mine) purchased by the Company in 2005. The Prometida and Romeo y Julieta mineral claims were staked by the Company in 2012 as part of a regional geological evaluation.
Geological Setting and Mineralization
| i) | El Horcón Project |
The El Horcón Project area is underlain by Mesozoic marine sediments and predominantly mafic submarine lava flows, of the La Luz and Esperanza Formations; these are weakly metamorphosed and intensely deformed. This basal sequence is cut by a variety of intrusive bodies ranging in composition from pyroxenite to granite with tonalitic and dioritic intrusive being the most volumetrically significant.
Cenozoic volcanic and volcanogenic sediments unconformably overlie the Mesozoic basement rocks. In the area the oldest Cenozoic unit is the Paleocene Comanja granite. This was followed by the Eocene extrusion of andesite which was sporadically deposited and contemporaneous with the deposition of the Guanajuato conglomerate in localized grabens. The Guanajuato conglomerate underlies an unconformity beneath a sequence of felsic to mafic volcanic rocks that consists of Oligocene ignimbrites, lava flows and domes.
Within the El Horcón Project area quartz-dominated veins follow fractures and faults and are hosted within the Comanja granite, as well the surrounding Mesozoic meta-volcanic and meta-sedimentary rocks.
The vein system at El Horcón is a quartz-chalcedony-dominated, structurally-controlled, epithermal system hosted by Paleocene Comanja granitic rocks and Mesozoic low-grade metamorphic metasedimentary / metavolcanic basement, and consists of three principal vein sets that formed in faults and extension fractures.
| 1. | NW-striking, SW-dipping veins with dips generally ranging from 45°-70°+, |
| 2. | NW-striking, SW-dipping low-dip veins (20°-30°), and |
| 3. | NE-striking generally steep transverse veins. |
Gangue minerals associated with the quartz veining include minor fluorite, hematite, chlorite, calcite, and pyrite, while minerals of economic interest include galena (lead), sphalerite (zinc), and minor chalcopyrite (copper). Petrographic work by MHM indicates that silver is present as acanthite. This undated (likely 2005) MHM report (un-acknowledged author) also indicated four stages of Phase 1, and three stages of Phase 2 vein mineralization. Phase 1 includes base metal and precious metal introduction into the vein structures (gold minerals unknown), while Phase 2 stages include calcite and further barren quartz. Beside silicified cataclastic quartz breccia (sealed fault structures), the quartz-chalcedony shows typical epithermal coliform textures.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 56 |
The primary vein structures on the El Horcón Project include the Diamantillo, San Guillermo, El Ratones, Madre, Crucero, Del Alto, and Alaska veins. Based upon assay results from the channel samples across the surface expressions of these veins, vein widths, and underground exposures by EXMIN, MHM, and the Company, it was decided to focus the initial core drill-hole program on the Diamantillo and San Guillermo veins. The narrow Natividad and Diamantillo HW veins were found both from drill site preparation and core drilling. The veins extend in a NW-SE orientation for ~7km in strike and across ~2.5km in width.
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
The stratigraphy of the area presents to the Company basement rocks of the older units including Mesozoic age La Luz and La Esperanza Formations. These formations consist of meta-sedimentary sequences, including shale, andesite and felsic dykes deformed and folded by regional metamorphism. Upper volcanic package rocks in concordant contact include a sequence of the lithic tuff, ignimbrites, and also in some places rhyolite dykes and jasperoids. The area generally presents a strong NW structural orientation, with normal faults and a dextral component.
In the second phase of exploration (July 2014), detailed mapping was completed in the Cañada de la Virgen claim and in the Virgin vein development tunnel. The Virgin vein structure with minor quartz is oriented around 320-330° with a dip of 35-45°NE, and an average width of 0.50m. The vein, inside the tunnel, occurs at the contact of a diorite dike. On surface there are two separate structures enveloping a quartz stockwork hosted in the meta-sedimentary rocks. The tunnel is 60m long and there are several inclined shafts where mineralization has been extracted. The average grade of samples is 457g/t Ag eq. The wall-rock of the Virgin vein, which outcrops for 400m, shows propylitic alteration along its length. Host rocks include lithic tuffs, ignimbrites, and associated dykes.
Another structure identified during the mapping extends for more than 600m and is exposed in the Salaverna North tunnel. It is a structure of 0.40m width, with strong silicification and hosted in the meta-sedimentary package. The structure, when it reaches the upper rhyolite volcanic rocks becomes a stockwork with hematite, limonite, clays, and fine disseminated pyrite.
Exploration
| i) | El Horcón Project |
Exploration work conducted by the Company has consisted of an initial thorough re-evaluation of the project by geological mapping, vein re-sampling both on surface and of all accessible underground openings (1,623 samples), followed by a surface core diamond drilling program of 24 drill holes totalling 2,160 metres (1,177 samples).
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
In the first stage of the Company’s exploration (2012) on the Cañada de la Virgen claim a total of 168 rock samples from surface, and 537 core samples from the five diamond drill holes were collected.
During the second stage of the Company’s exploration (2014) a total of 140 samples were taken from surface and underground.
Drilling
| i) | El Horcón Project |
Diamond drilling at El Horcón was conducted by the Company’s exploration staff. The exploration drilling was conducted on 50-100m spaced sections, with one to three holes drilled per section, as well as at ~50m spacing vertically between holes. The Company’s 2013 drilling was focused from surface to ~100m below surface along a strike length of 650 metres.
The Company’s Phase 1 drill-holes completed from mid-April to mid-June 2013 are prefixed by EH13 and include holes 1-24. Only the relevant MHM drilling was used in the Mineral Resource estimation (no records for the EXMIN drilling). The drill contractor for the Company was G4 Drilling based in Hermosillo, Sonora.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 57 |
The management, monitoring, surveying, and logging of the current 2013 series of EH13- prefix exploration holes was carried out under the supervision of the Company’s exploration geological staff.
Procedures related to sample and geological data integrity are consistent with those described for the Guanajuato Mine.
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
During 2012, five core holes (NQ) were completed on the Santa Rosa Project, specifically on the Cañada de la Virgen claim. No results of economic significance were encountered.
Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security
| i) | El Horcón Project |
The drill core samples were prepared by technicians working under the direction of the Exploration Department geologists. The exploration diamond drill core is of HQ diameter.
All of the analytical work was completed by the SGS GTO laboratory and the quality control measures and data verification procedures are consistent with those described for the Guanajuato Mine.
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
The drill core samples were prepared by technicians working under the direction of the Exploration Department geologists. The exploration diamond drill core from Santa Rosa was of NQ diameter.
All of the analytical work was completed by the SGS GTO laboratory and the quality control measures and data verification procedures are consistent with those described for the Guanajuato Mine.
Mineral Resource Estimates
| i) | El Horcón Project |
Mineral Resources were estimated from four area-specific block models. A set of wireframes representing the mineralized zones served to constrain both the block models and data subsequently used in Inverse Distance Cubed (ID3) Au, Ag, Pb, and Zn grade interpolation. The effective date of the estimate is July 31, 2015.
There are no known environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political or other factors that could materially affect the Mineral Resource estimates detailed in this report.
| Vein | Tonnes | Ag (g/t) | Ag (oz) | Au (g/t) | Au (oz) | Pb (%) | Zn (%) | Ag eq (g/t) | Ag eq (oz) |
| Diamantillo | 88,929 | 96 | 273,632 | 3.14 | 8,990 | 3.42 | 5.02 | 458 | 1,310,295 |
| Diamantillo HW | 4,580 | 55 | 7,878 | 4.73 | 675 | 2.72 | 0.48 | 486 | 71,525 |
| Natividad | 4,272 | 151 | 20,726 | 3.30 | 454 | 2.10 | 0.12 | 471 | 64,644 |
| San Guillermo | 30,951 | 37 | 37,137 | 4.94 | 4,915 | 1.85 | 2.60 | 462 | 459,659 |
| Total Inferred | 128,732 | 82 | 339,373 | 3.64 | 15,034 | 2.97 | 4.11 | 461 | 1,906,123 |
Notes:
| 1. | US$110 NSR Cut-off. |
| 2. | Silver equivalent was calculated using a 70.6 to 1 ratio of silver to gold value. |
| 3. | Rock Density for all veins for Diamantillo is 2.77t/m³, San Guillermo 2.78t/m³, Diamantillo HW is 2.62t/m³, Natividad 2.57t/m³. |
| 4. | Totals may not agree due to rounding. |
| 5. | Grades in metric units. |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 58 |
| 6. | Contained silver and gold in troy ounces. |
| 7. | Minimum true width 1.5m. |
| 8. | Metal Prices: US$15.00/oz silver and US$1,100/oz gold. |
| 9. | Ag eq (g/t) and Ag eq (oz) use only Au, Ag and Pb values. |
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
There is no Mineral Resource estimate for the Santa Rosa Project.
Mineral Reserve Estimates
| i) | El Horcón Project |
There is no Mineral Reserve estimate for the El Horcón Project.
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
There is no Mineral Reserve estimate for the Santa Rosa Project.
Mining Operations
| i) | El Horcón Project |
The mining method considered when estimating the Mineral Resource is standard cut and fill with waste provided by the development.
| ii) | Santa Rosa Project |
The Santa Rosa Project is exploration in nature and no mining methods are considered.
Exploration and Development
No exploration drilling is currently planned at either the El Horcón Project or the Santa Rosa Project for 2016.
DIVIDENDS
Holders of the Company’s common shares are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors, in its discretion, out of funds legally available for that purpose. The Company intends to retain future earnings, if any, for use in the operation and expansion of its business and does not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE
The Company’s authorized share capital consists of an unlimited number of common shares without par value, an unlimited number of Class A preferred shares without par value issuable in series, and an unlimited number of Class B preferred shares without par value issuable in series. As at December 31, 2015, the issued share capital consisted of 141,712,605 common shares (December 31, 2014 – 139,562,040 common shares). No Class A preferred shares or Class B preferred shares are issued or outstanding.
Common Shares
Subject to the rights of the holders of the Class A preferred shares and the Class B preferred shares of the Company, holders of common shares of the Company are entitled to dividends if, as and when declared by the directors. Holders of common shares of the Company are entitled to one vote per common share at meetings of shareholders except at meetings at which only holders of a specified class of shares are entitled to vote. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, subject to the rights of holders of the Class A preferred shares and the Class B preferred shares, holders of common shares of the Company are to share ratably in the remaining assets of the Company as are distributable to holders of common shares. The common shares are not subject to redemption or retraction rights, rights regarding purchase for cancellation or surrender, or any exchange or conversion rights.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 59 |
Class A Preferred Shares
Class A preferred shares may be issued from time to time in one or more series, and the directors may fix from time to time before such issue the number of Class A preferred shares of each series and the designation, rights and privileges attached thereto including any voting rights, dividend rights, redemption, purchase or conversion rights, sinking fund or other provisions. The Class A preferred shares rank in priority over common shares and any other shares ranking by their terms junior to the Class A preferred shares as to dividends and return of capital upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or any other return of capital or distribution of the assets of the Company.
Class B Preferred Shares
Class B preferred shares may be issued from time to time in one or more series, and the directors may fix from time to time before such issue the number of Class B preferred shares of each series and the designation, rights and privileges attached thereto including any voting rights, dividend rights, redemption, purchase or conversion rights, sinking fund or other provisions. The Class B preferred shares rank in priority over common shares and any other shares ranking by their terms junior to the Class B preferred shares as to dividends and return of capital upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or any other return of capital or distribution of the assets of the Company.
MARKET FOR SECURITIES
The Company’s common shares trade on the TSX and the NYSE MKT, trading under the symbols “GPR” and “GPL”, respectively.
TRADING PRICE AND VOLUME
The following table sets forth the price ranges in Canadian dollars and trading volume of the common shares of the Company as reported by the TSX for the periods indicated:
| Period | High | Low | Volume |
| $ | $ | ||
| January 2015 | 0.95 | 0.68 | 2,992,605 |
| February 2015 | 0.88 | 0.75 | 1,161,325 |
| March 2015 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 1,614,704 |
| April 2015 | 0.78 | 0.63 | 993,473 |
| May 2015 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 1,372,404 |
| June 2015 | 0.70 | 0.51 | 3,067,033 |
| July 2015 | 0.57 | 0.40 | 2,101,857 |
| August 2015 | 0.65 | 0.435 | 2,508,799 |
| September 2015 | 0.58 | 0.485 | 1,113,339 |
| October 2015 | 0.80 | 0.52 | 3,040,755 |
| November 2015 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 1,460,697 |
| December 2015 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 1,244,163 |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 60 |
The following table sets forth the price ranges in U.S. dollars and trading volume of the common shares of the Company as reported by the NYSE MKT for the periods indicated:
| Period | High | Low | Volume |
| US$ | US$ | ||
| January 2015 | 0.78 | 0.59 | 14,208,018 |
| February 2015 | 0.71 | 0.60 | 6,150,259 |
| March 2015 | 0.62 | 0.52 | 9,390,983 |
| April 2015 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 5,482,360 |
| May 2015 | 0.62 | 0.53 | 6,515,837 |
| June 2015 | 0.56 | 0.32 | 41,931,458 |
| July 2015 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 7,896,386 |
| August 2015 | 0.49 | 0.33 | 9,165,424 |
| September 2015 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 4,991,518 |
| October 2015 | 0.63 | 0.39 | 13,682,096 |
| November 2015 | 0.60 | 0.43 | 6,830,040 |
| December 2015 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 6,530,731 |
As at December 31, 2015, there was no other class of securities of the Company outstanding.
ESCROWED SECURITIES
As at December 31, 2015, there were no escrowed securities or securities subject to contractual restriction on transfer.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 61 |
DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
At the date of this AIF, the directors and executive officers of the Company are as follows:
| Name,
City, Province and Country of Residence |
Office Held with the Company and Principal Occupation or Employment for the Past Five Years2 |
Director Since |
|
ROBERT A. ARCHER, P. Geo. Okanagan Falls, BC, Canada |
Chief Executive Officer of the Company since 2004; President of the Company from 2004 to 2012, and from May 30, 2013 to present; Non-Executive Director of Altair Ventures Incorporated from 2006 to 2014; President & Chief Executive Officer of Cangold Limited from 2003 to 2015. | April 27, 2004 |
|
R.W. (BOB) GARNETT, CPA, CA, ICD.D 3 4 Richmond, BC, Canada |
Chair and Director of the Company. Commissioner, Financial Institutions Commission May 2012 to present; Director of Media Valet Inc. (formerly VRX Worldwide Inc.) since 2009; President of Sagebrush Golf and Sporting Club September 2012 to 2015 and CFO 2006 to 2012. | May 3, 2011 |
|
KENNETH W. MAJOR, P. Eng. 5 6 Maple Ridge, BC, Canada |
Director of the Company. Director of Cangold Limited from December 2011 to May 2015; Independent mineral processing consultant for precious and base metals mining, KWM Consulting Inc. from 2006 to present. | March 17, 2011 |
|
JOHN JENNINGS, CFA 3 4 North Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Director of the Company. Senior Client Partner, Korn/Ferry International since 2012; Chief Operating Officer of Anthem Properties Group from 2010 to 2012; Senior Director and Head of Mid-Market Investment Banking, Western Canada for CIBC from 2003 to 2010. | June 28, 2012 |
|
JEFFREY R. MASON, CPA, CA, ICD.D 3 5 6 Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Director and Audit Committee chair of the Company. Chief Financial Officer of Wellgreen Platinum Ltd. (TSX) since 2012 (Director from November 2013 to September 2015); Director of Amarc Resources Ltd. (TSX Venture Exchange) since 1995; Director and Audit Committee chair of Red Eagle Mining Corporation (TSX Venture Exchange) since 2011; Director of Libero Mining Corporation (TSX Venture Exchange) (formerly Slater Mining Corporation) since 2008; Director and Audit Committee chair of Coastal Contacts Inc. from 2006 to April 2014. | May 6, 2014 |
|
W.J. (JAMES) MULLIN 4 5 6 Tulameen, BC, Canada |
Director of the Company. Retired Professional Engineer in the province of British Columbia. Served as Senior Vice President of North American Operations for Newmont Mining Corporation until his retirement in 2001. During five years prior to the date of this AIF he has acted as an independent consultant in the mining industry and owned and operated a mid-sized cattle ranch. | August 6, 2013 |
|
JIM A. ZADRA, CPA, CA Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary of the Company since July 2012; Vice President, Finance of the Company from September 2011 to July 2012; Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary of DDS Wireless International Inc. from 2008 to 2011. Vice-President of Finance, Sophos Inc. from 2003 to 2008. Director and Chair of Audit Committee for Solegear Bioplastic Technologies Inc. (TSX Venture Exchange: SGB) since March 2015. | N/A |
|
ALI SOLTANI Austin, Texas, USA |
Chief Operating Officer of the Company since September 2014; Served as Vice President Technical Services and other senior roles for Newmont Mining from January 1989 to December 2010; Retired from January 2011 to September 2014. | N/A |
|
ROBERT F. BROWN, P. Eng. West Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Vice President, Exploration of the Company since 2004; Director of Cangold Limited from 2007 to May 2015, President and Director of Finlay Minerals Limited from 1999 to present. | N/A |
2 The information as to principal occupation has been furnished by the respective individuals.
3 Member of the Audit Committee
4 Member of Human Resource & Compensation Committee
5 Member of Safety, Health & Environment Committee
6 Member of Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 62 |
Each of the directors is elected to hold office until the next annual meeting of the Company or until a successor is duly elected or appointed. The next annual meeting of the Company is scheduled to be held on June 9, 2016.
As of March 24, 2016, the directors and executive officers as a group beneficially own, directly or indirectly, or exercise control or direction over 2,725,387 common shares representing 1.9% of the common shares outstanding before giving effect to the exercise of options to purchase common shares held by such directors and executive officers. The statement as to the number of common shares beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, or over which control or direction is exercised by the directors and executive officers of the Company as a group is based upon information furnished by the directors and executive officers.
CEASE TRADE ORDERS, BANKRUPTCIES, PENALTIES OR SANCTIONS
No director or executive officer of the Company is, or within the ten years prior to the date of the AIF has been, a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of any company (including the Company), that, (i) was subject to a cease trade order or similar order or an order that denied the relevant company access to any exemption under securities legislation, that was in effect for a period of more than 30 consecutive days that was issued while the director or executive officer was acting in the capacity as director, chief executive officer of chief financial officer; or (ii) was subject to a cease trade order or similar order or an order that denied the relevant company access to any exemption under securities legislation, that was in effect for a period of more than 30 consecutive days, that was issued after the director or executive officer ceased to be a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer and which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in the capacity as director, chief executive officer of chief financial officer.
No director or executive officer of the Company, nor a shareholder holding a sufficient number of common shares of the Company to materially affect the control of the Company (i) is, at the date of this AIF or has been within the ten years before the date of the AIF, a director, or executive officer of any company (including the Company), that while that person was acting in that capacity, or within a year of that person ceasing to act in that capacity, became bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement, or compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager, or trustee appointed to hold its assets; or (ii) has, within the ten years before the date of this AIF, become bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, or become subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or comprise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold the assets of the director, officer or shareholder.
No director or executive officer of the Company, nor a shareholder holding a sufficient number of common shares of the Company to affect materially the control of the Company, has been subject to (i) any penalties or sanctions imposed by the court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority or has entered into a settlement agreement with a securities regulatory authority; or (ii) any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor in making an investment decision.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
To the best of the Company’s knowledge, and other than as disclosed herein, there are no known existing or potential material conflicts of interest between the Company (or a subsidiary of the Company) and any director or officer of the Company (or a subsidiary of the Company), except that certain of the directors and officers serve as directors, officers or members of management of other public companies and therefore it is possible that a conflict may arise between their duties as a director or officer of the Company and their duties as a director, officer, promoter or member of management of such other companies.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 63 |
The directors and officers of the Company are aware of the existence of laws governing accountability of directors and officers for corporate opportunity and requiring disclosure by directors of conflicts of interest and the Company relies upon such laws in respect of any directors’ and officers’ conflicts of interest or in respect of any breaches of duty by any of its directors and officers. All such conflicts have been disclosed by such directors and officers in accordance with the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) and they have governed themselves in respect thereof to the best of their ability in accordance with the obligations imposed upon them by law.
AUDIT COMMITTEE INFORMATION
AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER
The Audit Committee is ultimately responsible for the policies and practices relating to integrity of financial and regulatory reporting, as well as internal controls to achieve the objectives of safeguarding of corporate assets, reliability of information, and compliance with policies and laws.
The Audit Committee’s charter sets out its mandate and responsibilities, and is attached as Schedule A to this AIF.
COMPOSITION OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE
The members of the Company’s audit committee are Jeffrey Mason, R.W. (Bob) Garnett and John Jennings. Each of Messrs. Mason, Garnett and Jennings are independent and financially literate within the meaning of National Instrument 52-110 Audit Committees. The relevant education and experience of each Audit Committee member are outlined below:
Jeffrey R. Mason, CPA, CA, ICD.D (Audit Committee Chair)
Mr. Mason is a Chartered Professional Accountant and has his Institute of Corporate Directors designation with over 25 years of public mineral company experience in exploration, development, construction and operation for silver, gold, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, platinum group metals and diamond projects in the Americas, Asia and Africa. In 2004 he was awarded the BC Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award (Natural Resources Category). He has expertise in operations and construction reporting, mergers and acquisitions, exploration, corporate finance, exploration regulatory reporting, and corporate governance including 15 years (1994-2008) as a Principal with, and Chief Financial Officer of, Hunter Dickinson Inc., which included experience as Chief Financial Officer, Corporate Secretary and director for 15 public companies listed on the TSX, TSX Venture Exchange, NYSE MKT and NASDAQ. Mr. Mason served as director and audit chair for eight years of TSX/NASDAQ-listed, Coastal Contacts Inc., an online e-retailer with annual sales of over $220 million and 650 employees, which was sold for $430 million to Essilor International in 2014. He began his career with Deloitte LLP as a Chartered Accountant, followed by six years at Homestake Mining Company (merged with Barrick Gold Corporation) in mineral exploration, construction and operations reporting. Mr. Mason's current principal activity is as Chief Financial Officer of Wellgreen Platinum Ltd and independent board member for publicly listed companies.
R.W. (Bob) Garnett, CPA, CA, ICD.D
Mr. Garnett is a Chartered Professional Accountant in the Province of British Columbia (1973) and obtained a Bachelor of Arts (Commerce) from Simon Fraser University in 1972. In 2007, he completed the Certified Directors Program with the Institute of Corporate Directors. In 2012, he was appointed a Commissioner of the Financial Institutions Commission by the Lieutenant Governor in Council on the recommendation of the Minister of Finance of the Province of British Columbia which appointment has been extended to 2018. The Financial Institutions Commission is an agency of the provincial government, which administers nine statutes providing regulatory rules for the protection of the public in the province of British Columbia. Mr. Garnett also currently serves on the board of Media Valet Inc., a Vancouver based company that provides cloud based digital asset management software to many of the world’s leading brands. Mr. Garnett is also chair of the Audit Committee of Media Valet Inc. Mr. Garnett served as President of a world ranked golf facility located near Merritt, British Columbia from 2012 to 2015. From 2008 to 2011 he was a director and chair of the Audit Committee of the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority (Translink) and during 2011 he was the Vice-Chair. From 1996 to 2010, Mr. Garnett was President of PDG Management Partners, Inc. which most recently owned US and Canadian based companies in the same day courier industry. From 2009 to 2010 he was a director and member of the Audit Committee of Central 1 Credit Union which is the liquidity provider to credit unions in Ontario and British Columbia.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 64 |
John Jennings, CFA
Mr. Jennings is a Chartered Financial Analyst who has almost three decades of experience in the Canadian and international financial services sectors, as Chief Executive Officer of a Canadian investment dealer and, thereafter, a senior investment banker providing strategic advice, raising capital and executing mergers and acquisitions, primarily for middle-market companies. He is currently a Senior Client Partner at Korn/Ferry since 2012, the world’s largest talent management organization, and prior to that, he was the Chief Operating Officer of Anthem Properties Group, a privately held real estate development, management and investment firm. Mr. Jennings also served as Senior Director and Head of Mid-Market Investment Banking, Western Canada for CIBC from 2003 to 2010. He earned a Masters in Business Administration degree from London Business School in London, England and a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario.
PRE-APPROVAL POLICY
The Audit Committee has adopted specific policies for the engagement of non-audit services to be provided to the Company by the external auditor. On an annual basis, the Audit Committee may pre-approve a budget for specified non-audit services within which limits the CFO may contract the services of the Company’s external auditor.
EXTERNAL AUDITOR SERVICE FEES
The following table sets out the aggregate fees billed to the Company by its external auditor, KPMG LLP, in each of the last two fiscal years:
| Category | Year ended December 31, 20157 | Year ended December 31, 201410 |
| Audit Fees | $359,403 | $443,428 |
| Audit-Related Fees | Nil | Nil |
| Tax Fees | $12,500 | $10,000 |
| All Other Fees | Nil | Nil |
“Audit Fees” include fees billed by the Company’s auditor related to the audits of the Company’s consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting, and the reviews of the Company’s condensed interim consolidated financial statements. “Tax Fees” include fees for the preparation of the Company’s corporation income tax return and related tax filings.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS
During the financial year ended December 31, 2015, the Company was not and is not currently a party to, nor is any of its property the subject of, any legal proceedings for which the outcome is expected by management to have a material adverse effect on the Company, nor, to the Company’s knowledge, is the Company to be a party to any contemplated legal proceedings, the outcome of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company.
There have been no penalties or sanctions imposed against the Company by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority during the financial year ended December 31, 2015, or any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body against the Company that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor making an investment decision in the Company, and the Company has not entered into any settlement agreements before a court relating to securities legislation or with a securities regulatory authority during the financial year ended December 31, 2015.
7 Fees billed for audit services are presented based on the fiscal period to which the audit services relate. Audit-related, Tax and Other fees are presented based on the period during which the services were rendered.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 65 |
INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS
Other than as stated elsewhere in this AIF and in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, none of the Company’s directors, executive officers or any shareholder who beneficially owns or controls or directs, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of any class or series of voting securities of the Company, or any of their respective associates or affiliates, had any material interest, directly or indirectly, in any transaction within the three most recently completed financial years or during the current financial year that has materially affected or is reasonably expected to affect the Company.
Cangold Acquisition
The Cangold acquisition completed in May 2015 was a ‘related party transaction’ for Great Panther under Multilateral Instrument 61-101 – Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions (“MI 61-101”) by virtue of the fact that each of Messrs. Robert A. Archer (President and Chief Executive Officer and a director of Great Panther), Kenneth Major (a director of Great Panther) and Robert F. Brown (Vice President, Exploration of Great Panther) was also a director (and in the case of Messrs. Archer and Brown, also an officer) of Cangold and agreed to participate in the statutory plan of arrangement (the “Cangold Arrangement”) pursuant to which the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Cangold.
Messrs. Archer, Major and Brown held an aggregate of 3,315,100 Cangold shares, 400,000 options to acquire Cangold shares and 493,000 warrants to acquire Cangold shares, for a total of 201,405 Great Panther shares issuable under the Cangold Arrangement. Messrs. Archer and Major declared an interest in, and abstained from voting on, the resolutions respecting the letter agreement and subsequent definitive agreement (collectively, the “Cangold Agreements”) governing the Cangold Arrangement and certain related loan documents (the “Loan Documents”). The Cangold acquisition, Cangold Agreements and the Loan Documents were reviewed and approved by special committees consisting of independent directors of both Great Panther and Cangold.
TRANSFER AGENTS AND REGISTRARS
The transfer of the Company’s common shares is managed by Computershare Investor Services. The register of transfers for the common shares of the Company is located at 510 Burrard Street, 3rd Floor, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6C 3B9.
MATERIAL CONTRACTS
The Company is not at present party to any material contracts, other than material contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business and upon which the Company’s business is not substantially dependent.
INTERESTS OF EXPERTS
The following is a list of the persons or companies named as having prepared or certified a report, valuation, statement or opinion described or included in a filing, or referred to in a filing, made under National Instrument 51-102 -Continuous Disclosure Obligations by the Company during, or relating to, Company’s most recently completed financial year, and whose profession or business gives authority to the report, valuation, statement or opinion made by the person or company:
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 66 |
| 1. | KPMG LLP |
KPMG LLP is the external auditor of the Company and reported on the Company’s audited financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 filed on SEDAR.
| 2. | Robert F. Brown, P. Eng. |
Robert F. Brown authored the February 25, 2016 technical report under NI 43-101 on the Guanajuato Mine Complex Claims and Mineral Resource Estimations for the Guanajuato Mine, San Ignacio Mine, and El Horcón Project and the July 6, 2015 technical report under NI 43-101 on the Topia Mine Mineral Resource Estimates, and supervised the preparation of certain technical information set forth herein relating to the Company’s mineral properties. Mr. Brown is Vice President, Exploration of the Company and holds securities of the Company as set forth under the heading “Directors and Officers” above.
To the Company’s knowledge, each of the aforementioned firms or persons did not hold more than 1% of the outstanding securities of the Company or of any associate or affiliate of the Company when they prepared the reports referred to above or following the preparation of such reports. None of the aforementioned firms or persons received any direct or indirect interest in any securities of the Company or of any associate or affiliate of the Company in connection with the preparation of such reports.
Based on information provided by the relevant persons, none of the aforementioned firms or persons, nor any directors, officers or employees of such firms, other than Robert F. Brown, are currently expected to be elected, appointed or employed as a director, officer or employee of the Company or of any associate or affiliate of the Company.
The Company’s auditors, KPMG LLP, are independent within the meaning of the Rules of Professional Conduct of the Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants of British Columbia and within the meaning of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the applicable rules and regulations thereunder adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Additional information relating to the Company may be found on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.
Additional information including directors’ and officers’ remuneration and indebtedness, principal holders of the Company’s securities, and securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, as applicable, is contained in the Company’s information circular for its most recent annual general meeting.
Additional financial information is provided in the Company’s audited financial statements and MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2015 which may be obtained upon request from Great Panther’s head office, or may be viewed on the Company’s website (www.greatpanther.com) or on the SEDAR website (www.sedar.com).
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 67 |
SCHEDULE “A”
CHARTER OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE
| Article 1. | Mandate |
The mandate of the Audit Committee (the "Committee") of the board of directors (the "Board") of the Company is to:
| (a) | assist the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities in respect of: |
| (i) | the quality and integrity of the Company's financial statements, financial reporting processes and systems of internal controls and disclosure controls regarding risk management, finance, accounting, and legal and regulatory compliance; |
| (ii) | the independence and qualifications of the Company's external auditors; |
| (iii) | the Audit Committee shall require the rotation of the audit partner every five years as required under Section 203 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and require that the External Auditor provide a plan for the orderly transition of audit engagement team members; |
| (iv) | the review of the periodic audits performed by the Company's external auditors and the Company's internal accounting department; and |
| (v) | the development and implementation of policies and processes in respect of corporate governance matters; |
| (b) | provide and establish open channels of communication between the Company's management, internal accounting department, external auditor and directors; |
| (c) | prepare all filings and disclosure documents required to be prepared by the Committee and/or the Board pursuant to all applicable federal, provincial and state securities legislation and the rules and regulations of all securities commissions having jurisdiction over the Company; |
| (d) | review and confirm the adequacy of procedures for the review of all public disclosure of financial information extracted or derived from the Company's financial statements, and to periodically assess the adequacy of those procedures; and |
| (e) | establish procedures for: |
| (i) | the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints or concerns received by the Company regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters, including, but not limited to, concerns about questionable accounting or auditing practices; and |
| (ii) | the confidential, anonymous submission by employees of the Company of such complaints or concerns. |
The Committee will primarily fulfil its mandate by performing the duties set out in Article 7 hereof.
The Board and management of the Company will ensure that the Committee has adequate funding to fulfil its mandate.
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 68 |
While the Committee has the responsibilities and powers set forth in this Charter, it is not the duty of the Committee to plan or conduct audits, or to determine that the Company's financial statements are complete and accurate or are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, accounting standards or applicable laws and regulations. This is the responsibility of Company's management, internal accounting department and external auditors. Because the primary function of the Committee is oversight, the Committee will be entitled to rely on the expertise, skills and knowledge of the Company's management, internal accounting department, external auditors and other external advisors and the integrity and accuracy of information provided to the Committee by such persons in carrying out its oversight responsibilities. Nothing in this Charter is intended to change or in any way limit the responsibilities and duties of Company's management, internal accounting department or external auditors.
| Article 2. | Composition |
The Committee will be comprised of members of the Board, the number of which will be determined from time to time by resolution of the Board. The composition of the Committee will be determined by the Board such that the membership and independence requirements set out in the rules and regulations, in effect from time to time, of any securities commissions (including, but not limited to, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the British Columbia Securities Commission) and any exchanges upon which the Company's securities are listed (including, but not limited to, the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange MKT) are satisfied (the said securities commissions and exchanges are hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Regulators").
| Article 3. | Term of Office |
The members of the Committee will be appointed or re-appointed by the Board on an annual basis. Each member of the Committee will continue to be a member thereof until such member's successor is appointed, or until such member resigns or is removed by the Board. The Board may remove or replace any member of the Committee at any time. However, a member of the Committee will automatically cease to be a member of the Committee upon either ceasing to be a director of the Board or ceasing to meet the requirements established, from time to time, by any Regulators. Vacancies on the Committee will be filled by the Board.
| Article 4. | Chair |
The Board, or if it fails to do so, the members of the Committee, will appoint a chair from the members of the Committee. If the chair of the Committee is not present at any meeting of the Committee, an acting chair for the meeting will be chosen by majority vote of the Committee from among the members present. In the case of a deadlock in respect of any matter or vote, the chair will refer the matter to the Board for resolution. The Committee may appoint a secretary who need not be a member of the Board or Committee.
| Article 5. | Meetings |
The time and place of meetings of the Committee and the procedures at such meetings will be determined, from time to time, by the members thereof, provided that:
| (a) | a quorum for meetings will be two members, present in person or by telephone or other telecommunication device that permits all persons participating in the meeting to speak to and hear each other. The Committee will act on the affirmative vote of a majority of members present at a meeting at which a quorum is present. The Committee may also act by unanimous written consent in lieu of meeting; |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 69 |
| (b) | the Committee may meet as often as it deems necessary, but will not meet less than once annually; |
| (c) | notice of the time and place of every meeting will be given in writing and delivered in pursuing or by facsimile or other means of electronic transmission to each member of the Committee at least 72 hours prior to the time of such meeting; and |
| (d) | the Committee will maintain written minutes of its meetings, which minutes will be filed with the minutes of the meetings of the Board. The Committee will make regular reports of its meetings to the Board, directly or through its chair, accompanied by any recommendations to the Board approved by the Committee. |
| Article 6. | Authority |
The Committee will have the authority to:
| (a) | retain (at the Company’s expense) its own legal counsel, accountants and other consultants that the Committee believes, in its sole discretion, are needed to carry out its duties and responsibilities; |
| (b) | conduct investigations that it believes, in its sole discretion, are necessary to carry out its responsibilities; |
| (c) | take whatever actions it deems appropriate, in its sole discretion, to foster an internal culture within the Company that results in the development and maintenance of a superior level of financial reporting standards, sound business risk practices and ethical behaviour; and |
| (d) | request that any director, officer or employee of the Company, or other persons whose advice and counsel are sought by the Committee (including, but not limited to, the Company’s legal counsel and the external auditors) meet with the Committee and any of its advisors and respond to their inquiries. |
| Article 7. | Specific Duties |
In fulfilling its mandate, the Committee will, among other things:
| (a) | (i) select the external auditors, based upon criteria developed by the Committee; (ii) approve all audit and non-audit services in advance of the provision of such services and the fees and other compensation to be paid to the external auditors; (iii) oversee the services provided by the external auditors for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or related work; and (iv) review the performance of the external auditors, including, but not limited to, the partner of the external auditors in charge of the audit, and, in its discretion, approve any proposed discharge of the external auditors when circumstances warrant, and appoint any new external auditors. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Charter, the external auditor will be ultimately accountable to the Board and the Committee, as representatives of the shareholders of the Company, and those representatives will have the ultimate authority and responsibility to select, evaluate and, where appropriate, replace the external auditor (or to nominate the external auditor to be proposed for shareholder approval); |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 70 |
| (b) | periodically review and discuss with the external auditors all significant relationships that the external auditors have with the Company to determine the independence of the external auditors. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Committee will ensure that it receives, on an annual basis, a formal written statement from the external auditors that sets out all relationships between the external auditor and the Company, and receives an opinion on the financial statements consistent with all professional standards that are applicable to the external auditors (including, but not limited to, those established by any securities legislation and regulations, the Canadian Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants-Chartered Accountants, Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting oversight Board (United States) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and those set out in the International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board); |
| (c) | evaluate, in consultation with the Company's management, internal accounting department and external auditors, the effectiveness of the Company’s processes for assessing significant risks or exposures and the steps taken by management to monitor, control and minimize such risks; and obtain, annually, a letter from the external auditors as to the adequacy of such controls; |
| (d) | consider, in consultation with the Company's external auditors and internal accounting department, the audit scope and plan of the external auditors and the internal accounting department; |
| (e) | coordinate with the Company's external auditors the conduct of any audits to ensure completeness of coverage and the effective use of audit resources; |
| (f) | assist in the resolution of disagreements between the Company's management and the external auditors regarding the preparation of financial statements; and in consultation with the external auditors, review any significant disagreement between management and the external auditors in connection with the preparation of the financial statements, including management’s responses thereto; |
| (g) | after the completion of the annual audit, review separately with each of the Company's management, external auditors and internal accounting department the following: |
| (i) | the Company’s annual financial statements and related footnotes; |
| (ii) | the external auditors’ audit of the financial statements and their report thereon; |
| (iii) | any significant changes required in the external auditors’ audit plan; |
| (iv) | any significant difficulties encountered during the course of the audit, including, but not limited to, any restrictions on the scope of work or access to required information; |
| (v) | the Company’s guidelines and policies governing the process of risk assessment and risk management; and |
| (h) | other matters related to the conduct of the audit that must be communicated to the Committee in accordance with the standards of any regulatory body (including, but not limited to, securities legislation and regulations, the Canadian Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants-Chartered Accountants, International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, Canadian generally accepted auditing standards, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants);; |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 71 |
| (i) | consider and review with the Company's external auditors (without the involvement of the Company's management and internal accounting department): |
| (i) | the adequacy of the Company’s internal controls and disclosure controls, including, but not limited to, the adequacy of computerized information systems and security; |
| (ii) | the truthfulness and accuracy of the Company’s financial statements; and |
| (iii) | any related significant findings and recommendations of the external auditors and internal accounting department, together with management’s responses thereto; |
| (j) | consider and review with the Company's management and internal accounting department: |
| (i) | significant findings during the year and management’s responses thereto; |
| (ii) | any changes required in the planned scope of their audit plan; |
| (iii) | the internal accounting department's budget and staffing; and |
| (iv) | the internal auditor department’s compliance with the appropriate internal auditing standards; |
| (k) | establish systems for the regular reporting to the Committee by each of the Company's management, external auditors and internal accounting department of any significant judgments made by management in the preparation of the financial statements and the opinions of each as to appropriateness of such judgments; |
| (l) | review (for compliance with the information set out in the Company's financial statements and in consultation with the Company's management, external auditors and internal accounting department, as applicable) all filings made with Regulators and government agencies, and other published documents that contain the Company’s financial statements before such filings are made or documents published (including, but not limited to: (i) any certification, report, opinion or review rendered by the external auditors; (ii) any press release announcing earnings (especially those that use the terms "pro forma", "adjusted information" and "not prepared in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles"); and (iii) all financial information and earnings guidance intended to be provided to analysts, the public or to rating agencies); |
| (m) | prepare and include in the Company’s annual proxy statement or other filings made with Regulators any report from the Committee or other disclosures required by all applicable federal, provincial and state securities legislation and the rules and regulations of Regulators having jurisdiction over the Company; |
| (n) | review with the Company's management: (i) the adequacy of the Company's insurance and fidelity bond coverage, reported contingent liabilities and management’s assessment of contingency planning; (ii) management’s plans in respect of any changes in accounting practices or policies and the financial impact of such changes; (iii) any major areas in that, in management’s opinion, have or may have a significant effect upon the financial statements of the Company; and (iv) any litigation or claim (including, but not limited to, tax assessments) that could have a material effect upon the financial position or operating results of the Company; |
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 72 |
| (o) | at least annually, review with the Company’s legal counsel and accountants all legal, tax or regulatory matters that may have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements, operations and compliance with applicable laws and regulations; |
| (p) | review and update periodically a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct for the directors, officers and employees of the Company; and review management’s monitoring of compliance with the Code of Ethics and the Business Conduct; |
| (q) | review and update periodically the procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints and concerns by employees received by the Company regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters, including, but not limited to, concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing practices; |
| (r) | consider possible conflicts of interest between the Company's directors and officers and the Company; and approve for such parties, in advance, all related party transactions; |
| (s) | review policies and procedures in respect of the expense accounts of the Company's directors and officers, including, but not limited to, the use of corporate assets; |
| (t) | review annually and update this Charter and recommend any proposed changes to the Board for approval, in accordance with the requirements of all applicable federal, provincial and state securities legislation and the rules and regulations of Regulators having jurisdiction over the Company; and |
| (u) | perform such other functions, consistent with this Charter, the Company’s constating documents and governing laws, as the Committee deems necessary or appropriate. |
(Approved by the Board on November 3, 2015)
Great Panther Silver Limited Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 | 73 |
