Consolidation. We consolidate all entities that are wholly owned as well as all partially-owned entities that we control. In addition, we consolidate any variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which we are the primary beneficiary. We evaluate whether or not an entity is a VIE (and we are the primary beneficiary) through consideration of substantive terms in the arrangement to identify which enterprise has the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses/receive benefits from the entity.

For entities that do not meet the definition of VIEs, we first consider if we are the general partner or a limited partner (or the equivalent in investments not structured as partnerships). We consolidate entities in which we are the general partner and the limited partners do not have rights that would preclude control. For entities in which we are the general partner, but the limited partners hold substantive participating or kick-out rights that prohibit our ability to control the entity, we apply the equity method of accounting since, as the general partner, we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the entities. For entities in which we are a limited partner, or that are not structured similar to a partnership, we consider factors such as ownership interest, voting control, authority to make decisions and contractual and substantive participating rights of the partners. When factors indicate we have a controlling financial interest in an entity, we consolidate the entity.

Foreign Operations and Foreign Currencies. The functional currency of each of our consolidated subsidiaries and unconsolidated entities operating in other countries is the principal currency in which each entity’s assets, liabilities, income and expenses are denominated, which may be different from the local currency of incorporation or the currency with which the entities conduct their operations. The primary functional currencies impacting our business include the Euro, Japanese yen, British pound sterling, Singapore dollar, South African rand and Brazilian real.

For our consolidated subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, we translate financial statements into U.S. dollars at the time we consolidate these subsidiaries’ financial statements. Generally, assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. Certain balance sheet items, such as equity and capital-related accounts are reflected at historical exchange rates. Income statement accounts are generally translated at the average exchange rates for the reporting periods.

We and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries have intercompany and third-party debt that is not denominated in the functional currency of the entities. When debt is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of an entity, a gain or loss can result. The associated adjustment is reflected in other (expenses) income, net, in the consolidated income statements, unless it is intercompany debt that is deemed to be long-term in nature or third-party debt that has been designated as a nonderivative net investment hedge – in which case the associated adjustments are reflected as a cumulative translation adjustments as a component of other comprehensive income. In the statement of cash flows, cash flows denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rates in effect at the time of the respective cash flows or at average exchange rates for the period, depending on the nature of the cash flow items.

Acquisition Accounting. We evaluate whether or not substantially all of the value of acquired assets is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of identifiable assets to determine whether a transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition or a business combination. For asset acquisitions: (1) transaction costs are included in the total costs of the acquisition and are allocated on a pro-rata basis to the carrying value of the assets and liabilities acquired, (2) real estate assets acquired are measured based on their cost or total consideration exchanged with any excess consideration or bargain purchase amount allocated to real estate properties and their associated intangibles such as above and below-market leases, in-place leases, acquired ground leases, and customer relationship value and (3) all other assets and liabilities assumed, including any debt, are recorded at fair value. For business combinations: (1) transaction costs are expensed as incurred, (2) all acquired tangible and identifiable intangible assets are recognized at fair value, (3) the amount of any purchase consideration that exceeds the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired is recognized as goodwill, and (4) to the extent the purchase consideration is less than the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired, a gain on bargain purchase is recognized.

When we obtain control of an unconsolidated entity that we previously held as an equity method investment and the acquisition qualifies as a business combination, we remeasure our previously held interest in the unconsolidated entity at its acquisition-date fair value, derecognize the book value associated with that interest, and recognize any resulting gain or loss in earnings.

We allocate purchase price primarily using Level 2 and Level 3 inputs (further defined in Fair Value Measurements) as follows:

Real Estate. The fair value of acquired land is determined based on relevant market data, such as comparable land sales. The fair value of acquired improvements is determined based on replacement cost as adjusted for any physical and/or market obsolescence. Operating properties are valued as if they are vacant (“as-if-vacant”) by applying an income approach methodology using either a discounted cash flow analysis or by applying a capitalization rate to the estimated Net Operating Income (“NOI”) of a property. As-if-vacant values consider estimated carrying costs during expected lease-up periods and costs to execute similar leases (based on current market conditions). Carrying costs during expected lease up periods include real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses as well as estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods. Costs to execute similar leases include lease commissions, tenant improvements, legal and other related costs.

Lease Intangibles. The portion of the purchase price related to acquired in-place leases is recorded as intangible assets and liabilities as follows:

Debt. We recognize the fair value of any acquired debt based on contractual future cash flows discounted using borrowing spreads and market interest rates that would be available to us for issuance of debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. If acquired debt is publicly-traded, we utilize available market data to determine fair value of the debt. Any discount or premium on the principal is included in the carrying value of the debt and amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the debt using the effective interest method.

Noncontrolling interests. The fair value of the ownership percentage of acquired entities held by third parties is determined based on the fair value of the consolidated net assets acquired – adjusted for any put or call options or other such features associated of the noncontrolling interests.

Other acquired assets and liabilities. The fair value of other acquired assets and liabilities is determined using the best information available. For working capital items that are short-term in nature, fair value is generally presumed to equal the seller’s carrying value, unless facts and circumstances suggest otherwise.

Fair Value Measurements. Fair value is intended to reflect the price that would be received for the sale of an asset or paid for the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (the exit price). We estimate fair value using available market information and valuation methods we believe to be appropriate for these purposes. Given the significant amount of judgement and subjectivity involved in the determination of fair value, estimated fair value is not necessarily indicative of amounts that would be realized on disposition. There are three levels in the fair value hierarchy under US GAAP, which are:

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Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that an entity can access at the measurement date.

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Level 2 – Inputs that are directly or indirectly observable for the associated asset or liability, but which do not qualify as Level 1 inputs.

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Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

In instances where inputs from multiple different levels of the fair value hierarchy are used to determine fair value, the lowest level input that is significant is used to determine the fair-value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to a fair-value measurement requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. We utilize fair value measurements on a recurring basis to determine the fair value of: marketable equity securities, share-based compensation awards, derivative instruments, and outstanding debt. Such measurements are also regularly utilized in assessing whether or not impairments may exist on intangible assets (including goodwill). In addition, we utilize fair value measurements on a non-recurring basis to determine the fair value associated with assets held for sale, acquisitions of assets, and acquisitions of businesses.

Investments in Unconsolidated Entities. Investments in unconsolidated entities as reflected on the consolidated balance sheets includes all investments accounted for using the equity method. We use the equity method to account for these investments, because we have the ability to exercise significant influence over their operating and financial policies, but do not control them. Equity method investments are initially recognized at our cost. Transaction costs related to the formation of equity method investments are also capitalized. We subsequently adjust these balances to reflect: (1) our proportionate share of net earnings/losses of the entities and accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, (2) distributions received, (3) contributions made, (4) sales and redemptions of our investments, and (5) certain other adjustments, as appropriate. When circumstances indicate there may have been a reduction in the value of an equity method investment, we evaluate whether or not the loss in value is other than temporary. If we determine that a loss in value is other than temporary, we recognize an impairment charge to reflect the equity investment at fair value.

With regard to the cash flow classifications of distributions from unconsolidated entities, we have elected the nature of the distribution approach as the information is available to us to determine the nature of the underlying activity that generated the distributions. In accordance with this approach, cash flows generated from the operations of an unconsolidated entity are classified as a return on investment (cash inflow from operating activities) and cash flows that are generated from property sales, debt refinancing or sales and redemptions of our investments are classified as a return of investment (cash inflow from investing activities).

The Company has a negligible value of investments accounted for under the cost-method. These investments are included in Other Assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash. We consider all cash on hand, demand deposits with financial institutions, and short-term highly-liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less to be cash and cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents are financial instruments exposed to concentrations of credit risk. We invest our cash with high-credit quality institutions. We may invest our cash balances in money market accounts that are not insured. We do not believe we are exposed to any significant credit risk associated with our cash and cash equivalents, and have not realized any losses associated with cash investments or accounts.

Restricted Cash. Cash that is held for a specific purpose and thus not available to us for immediate or general business use is categorized separately from cash and cash equivalents and is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Restricted cash primarily consists of contractual capital expenditures and other deposits.

Assets Held for Sale. We classify an asset as held for sale when the following criteria are met: 1). management that has the proper authority has approved and committed to a plan to sell, 2). the asset is available for immediate sale, 3). an active program to locate a buyer has commenced, 4). the sale of the asset is probable, and 5). transfer of the asset is expected to occur within one year. Assets classified as held for sale are recorded at the lower of carrying value or fair value less costs to sell and are no longer depreciated.

Investments in Real Estate. Investments in real estate are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Land is not depreciated. Depreciation and amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assts. Depreciable lives of assets are stated below.

Investments in Real Estate. Investments in real estate are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Land is not depreciated. Depreciation and amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assts. Depreciable lives of assets are stated below.vestments in Real Estate. Investments in real estate are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Land is not depreciated. Depreciation and amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Depreciable lives of assets are stated below.
Acquired ground leases		Terms of the related lease
Buildings and improvements		5-39 years
Machinery and equipment		7-15 years
Furniture and fixtures		3-5 years
Leasehold improvements		Shorter of the estimated useful lives or the terms of the related leases
Tenant improvements		Shorter of the estimated useful lives or the terms of the related leases

Improvements and replacements are capitalized when they extend the useful life, increase capacity, or improve the efficiency of the asset. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred.

Capitalization of Costs.

Development costs – During the land development and construction periods of qualifying projects, we capitalize direct and indirect project costs that are clearly associated with the development of properties. Capitalized project costs include all costs associated with the development of a property. Such costs include the cost of: land and buildings, improvements and fixed equipment, design and engineering, other construction costs, interest, property taxes, insurance, legal fees, personnel working on the project, and corporate supervision. Capitalization of costs ceases when development projects are substantially complete and ready for their intended use. We generally consider development projects to be substantially complete and ready for intended use upon receipt of a certificate of occupancy.

Leasing commissions – Leasing commissions and other direct costs associated with the acquisition of tenants are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we capitalized deferred leasing costs of approximately $51.8 million, $42.8 million and $40.8 million, respectively. Deferred leasing costs are included in customer relationship value, deferred leasing costs and intangibles on the consolidated balance sheet and amounted to approximately $257.0 million and $249.3 million, net of accumulated amortization of $514.3 million and $453.0 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense on leasing costs was approximately $79.2 million, $83.4 million, and $76.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Recoverability of Real Estate Assets. We assess the carrying value of our properties whenever events or circumstances indicate carrying amounts of these assets may not be fully recoverable (“triggering events"). Triggering events typically relate to a change in the expected holding period of a property, an adverse change in expected future cash flows of the property, or a trend of past cash flow losses that is expected to continue in the future. If our assessment of triggering events indicates the carrying value of a property or asset group might not be recoverable, we estimate the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets and compare that amount to the book value of the assets. If our future undiscounted net cash flow evaluation indicates we are unable to recover the carrying value of a property or asset group, we record an impairment loss to the extent the carrying value of the property or asset group exceeds fair value.

We generally estimate fair value of rental properties using a discounted cash flow analysis that includes projections of future revenues, expenses, and capital improvements that a market participant would use. In certain cases, we may supplement this analysis by obtaining outside broker opinions of value. When determining undiscounted future cash flows, we consider factors such as future operating income trends and prospects as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors.

Goodwill and Other Acquired Intangible Assets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company has one reportable segment and one reporting unit. We evaluate goodwill for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. In addition to monitoring for impactful events and circumstances, we perform an annual one-step quantitative test in which we compare the reporting unit’s carrying value to its fair value. We determine the fair value of the reporting unit based on quoted market prices of the Company’s publicly-traded shares. To the extent the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we would record an impairment charge equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. We have not recognized any goodwill impairments since our inception. Since a significant aspect of our goodwill is denominated in foreign currencies, changes to our goodwill balance can occur over time due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Other acquired intangible assets consist primarily of customer relationship value and in-place lease value. All of our other acquired intangible assets have finite useful lives. If impairment indicators arise with respect to these finite-lived intangible assets, we evaluate for impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If estimated future undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying value of the assets, we record an impairment charge equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. We have no indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill.

Share-Based Compensation. The Company provides a variety of share-based compensation awards to employees and directors, including awards that contain: time-based vesting criteria and a combination of time-based and performance based criteria. The Company measures all share-based compensation awards at grant date fair value. The fair value of awards that include only a time-based service condition (“time-based awards”) is the closing price of the Company’s publicly-traded shares at the grant date – and is expensed over the requisite service period. The fair value of awards that include a combination of market performance based criteria and time-based vesting is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation method. The fair value of these awards is expensed over the requisite service period – and is not adjusted based on actual achievement of the market performance condition.

Derivative Instruments. As part of the Company’s risk management program, a variety of financial instruments, such as interest rate swaps and foreign exchange contracts, may be used to mitigate interest rate and foreign currency exposures. The Company utilizes derivative instruments to manage risks, and not for trading or speculative purposes. All derivatives are recorded at fair value. The majority of inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. However, credit valuation adjustments utilize Level 3 inputs (such as estimates of current credit spreads). Based on the insignificance of credit valuation adjustments to the overall valuation of our derivatives, we have determined that valuation of our outstanding derivatives is properly categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognized periodically either in earnings or in other comprehensive income (loss), depending on whether the derivative financial instrument is undesignated or qualifies for hedge accounting, and if so, whether it represents a fair value, cash flow, or net investment hedge. Gains and losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, to the extent they are included in the assessment of effectiveness, are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified to earnings to offset the impact of the hedged items when they occur. In the event it becomes probable the forecasted transaction to which a cash flow hedge relates will not occur, the derivative would be terminated and the amount in other comprehensive income (loss) would be recognized in earnings.

Gains and losses representing components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness for cash flow and fair value hedges are recognized in earnings on a straight-line basis in the same caption as the hedged item over the term of the hedge. Gains and losses representing components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness for net investment hedges are recognized in earnings on a straight-line basis over the term of the hedge.

Interest Rate Swaps – The Company uses interest rate swaps to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements related to certain floating rate debt obligations. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. We record all interest rate swaps on the balance sheet at fair value. The fair value of interest rate swaps is determined using the market standard methodology of netting discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). Variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on expected future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves. We incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk for the Company and for the respective counterparties. The counterparties of interest rate swaps are generally larger financial institutions engaged in providing a variety of financial services.

Interest rate derivatives are presented on a gross basis on the consolidated balance sheets – with interest rate swap assets presented in other assets, and interest rate swap liabilities presented in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities. As of December 31, 2022, there was no impact from netting arrangements, because the Company had no derivatives in liability positions. Net interest paid or received on interest rate swaps is recognized as interest expense. Gains and losses resulting from the early termination of interest rate swap agreements are deferred and amortized as adjustments to interest expense over the remaining period of the debt originally covered by the terminated swap.

Foreign Currency Contracts – The Company may, from time to time, enter into forward contracts pursuant to which we agree to sell an amount of one currency in exchange for an agreed-upon amount of another currency. These agreements are typically entered into to manage exposures related to transactions that are settled in currencies other than the functional currency of the legal entity that is party to the transactions. To the extent the Company does not designate such instruments as hedges, changes in the fair value of these instruments are reflected in earnings. The Company had no outstanding derivative foreign currency contracts as of December 31, 2022.

Hedge of Net Investment in Foreign Operations – The Company has no outstanding derivatives that function as hedges of net investments in foreign operations. However, notes denominated in the Swiss franc with a total outstanding principle balance of 545 million Swiss francs (“CHF”) issued by Digital Intrepid Holding B.V. (“DIH”, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the OP with Euro functional currency) are designated as non-derivative hedges of DIH’s net investment in certain of its subsidiaries that have CHF as the functional currency. Changes in the fair value of these hedges, to the extent they are included in the assessment of effectiveness, are reported in other comprehensive income (loss) and will be deferred until disposal of the underlying assets (which is currently not expected to occur). Any amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are reflected as foreign-currency transaction gains/losses which are included as Other (expense) income, net in the consolidated income statements.

Cross-Currency Interest Rate Swaps – The Company's cross-currency interest rate swap agreements synthetically swap U.S. dollar-denominated fixed rate debt for foreign currency-denominated fixed rate debt and are designated as net investment hedges for accounting purposes. The gain or loss on the net investment hedge derivative instruments is included in the foreign currency translation component of other comprehensive income until the net investment is sold, diluted, or liquidated. Interest payments received from the cross-currency swaps are excluded from the net investment hedge effectiveness assessment and are recorded in interest expense on the consolidated income statements.

See Note 17. “Derivative Instruments” for further discussion on the Company’s outstanding derivative instruments.

Income Taxes. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (a “REIT”) for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. generally is not required to pay U.S. federal corporate income tax to the extent taxable income is currently distributed to its stockholders. If Digital Realty Trust, Inc. were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it would be subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) on its taxable income.

The Company is subject to foreign, state and local income taxes in the jurisdictions in which it conducts business. The Company’s taxable REIT subsidiaries are subject to federal, state, local and foreign income taxes to the extent there is taxable income. Accordingly, the Company recognizes current and deferred income taxes for the Company and its taxable REIT subsidiaries, including for U.S. federal, state, local and foreign jurisdictions, as applicable.

We assess our significant tax positions in accordance with U.S. GAAP for all open tax years and determine whether we have any material unrecognized liabilities from uncertain tax benefits. If a tax position is not considered “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained solely on its technical merits, no benefits of the tax position are to be recognized (for financial statement purposes). As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we have no assets or liabilities for uncertain tax positions. We classify interest and penalties from significant uncertain tax positions as interest expense and operating expense, respectively, in our consolidated income statements. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we had no such interest or penalties. We are open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions for the tax years that are within the statute of limitations for those jurisdictions.

See Note 13. “Income Taxes” for further discussion on income taxes.

Transactional-based Taxes. We account for transactional-based taxes, such as value added tax, or VAT, for our international properties on a net basis.

Noncontrolling Interests and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests. Noncontrolling interests represent the share of consolidated entities owned by third parties. We recognize each noncontrolling holder’s share of the fair value of the respective entity’s net assets as noncontrolling interest on our consolidated balance sheets at the date of formation or acquisition. Noncontrolling interest balances are adjusted for the noncontrolling holder’s share of additional contributions, distributions, and net earnings or losses.

Partnership units which are contingently redeemable for cash are classified as redeemable noncontrolling interests and presented in the mezzanine section of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets between total liabilities and stockholder’s equity. Redeemable noncontrolling interests include amounts related to partnership units issued by consolidated subsidiaries of the Company in which redemption for equity is outside the control of the Company.

The amounts of consolidated net income attributable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests are presented on the Company’s consolidated income statements as income (or loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests.

Revenue Recognition.

Rental And Other Services Revenue – We generate the majority of our revenue by leasing our properties to customers under operating lease agreements, which are accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). We recognize the total minimum lease payments provided for under the leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term if we determine it is probable that substantially all of the lease payments will be collected over the lease term. We commence recognition of revenue from rentals at the date the property is ready for its intended use by the tenant and the tenant takes possession, or controls the physical use of the leased asset. The excess of rents recognized as revenue over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases is included in deferred rent. Rental payments received in excess of revenue recognized are classified as accounts payable and other accrued liabilities. Unpaid rents that are contractually due are included in accounts and other receivables.

We estimate the probability of collection of lease payments based on customer creditworthiness, outstanding accounts receivable balances, and historical bad debts – as well as current economic trends. If collection of substantially all lease payments over the lease term is not probable, rental revenue is recognized when payment is received, and we record a full valuation allowance on the balance of any rent receivable, less the balance of any security deposits or letters of credit. If collection is subsequently determined to be probable, we: 1). resume recognizing rental revenue on a straight-line basis, 2). record incremental revenue such that the cumulative amount recognized is equal to the amount that would have been recorded on a straight-line basis since inception of the lease, and 3). reverse the allowance for bad debt recorded on outstanding receivables.

Generally, under the terms of our leases, the majority of our rental expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes and insurance, are recovered from our customers. We record amounts reimbursable by customers (“tenant recoveries”) as revenue in the period the applicable expenses are incurred – which is generally on a ratable basis through the term of the lease.

We account for and present rental revenue and tenant recoveries as a single component under rental and other services as the timing of recognition is the same, the pattern with which we transfer the right of use of the property and related services to the lessee are both on a straight-line basis and our leases qualify as operating leases.

Interconnection services include port and cross-connect services generally provided on a month-to-month, one-year or multi-year term. We bill for these services on a monthly basis and recognizes the revenue over the period the service is provided. Revenue for cross-connect installations is generally recognized in the period the cross-connect is installed. Interconnection services that are not specific to a particular leased space are accounted for under Topic 606 and have terms that are generally one year or less.

Fee Income And Other – Fee income arises primarily from contractual management agreements with entities in which we have a noncontrolling interest. Management fees are recognized as earned under the respective agreements. The Company also provides property and construction management services. Depending on the nature of the agreements, revenue for these services is recognized either on a ratable monthly basis as the service is provided, or when certain performance milestones are met. Service revenues are typically recognized on an equal monthly basis based on the minimum fee to be earned. The monthly amounts could be adjusted depending on whether certain performance milestones are met.

We utilize the practical expedient in ASC 842 that allows us to account for lease and non-lease components associated with each lease as a single lease component recorded within rental and other services, instead of accounting for such items separately under Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue (“ASC 606”). We recognize revenue for items

that do not qualify for revenue recognition under ASC 842 under ASC 606. Revenue recognized as a result of applying ASC 606 was less than 8% of total rental and other services revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Transaction and Integration Expense. Transaction expenses include closing costs, broker commissions and other

professional fees, including legal and accounting fees related to business combinations or acquisitions that were not consummated. Integration costs include transition costs associated with organizational restructuring (such as severance and retention payments and recruiting expenses), third-party consulting expenses directly related to the integration of acquired companies (in areas such as cost savings and synergy realization, technology and systems work), and internal costs such as training, travel and labor, reflecting time spent by Company personnel on integration activities and projects. Recurring costs are recorded in general and administrative expense.

Gains on Disposition of Properties. We recognize gains on the disposition of real estate when the recognition criteria have been met, generally at the time the risks and rewards and title have transferred, and we no longer have substantial continuing involvement with the real estate sold. We recognize losses from the disposition of real estate when known.

New Accounting Pronouncements.

Reference Rate Reform. The Financial Conduct Authority and other independent groups announced in July 2017, that beginning in 2021, they would stop requiring banks to submit rates for the calculation of the London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). As a result, in the U.S. the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its preferred alternative rate for USD LIBOR in debt and derivative financial instruments. Other global regulators have also undertaken reference rate reform initiatives to identify a preferred alternative rate for other interbank offered rates (“IBORs”). Both LIBOR and IBOR are herein referred to as “IBOR-indexed rate”. In November 2020, the Federal Reserve Board along with various independent groups announced the potential for certain USD LIBOR tenors to continue to be published until June 2023. This change would allow most legacy USD LIBOR contracts to mature before disruptions occur in the USD LIBOR market, without the need to transition these contracts to SOFR.

In March 2020, the FASB issued an Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, that provided practical expedients to address existing guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting due to the expected market transition from an IBOR-indexed rate to alternative reference rates, such as SOFR for LIBOR (“reference rate reform”).

The first practical expedient within the ASU allows companies to elect to not apply certain modification accounting requirements to debt, derivative, and lease contracts affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The second practical expedient allows companies to change the reference rate and other critical terms related to the reference rate reform in derivative hedge documentation without having to designate the hedging relationship – allowing companies to continue applying hedge accounting to existing cash flow and net investment hedges.

The ASU was effective on a prospective basis beginning January 1, 2020 and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. We will continue to evaluate debt, derivative, and lease contracts that are modified in the future to ensure they are eligible for modification relief and apply the available practical expedients as needed. Also, in December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 (“ASU 2022-06”), which was issued to defer the sunset date of Topic 848 to December 31, 2024. ASU 2022-06 is effective immediately for all companies. ASU 2022-06 had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Business Combinations. In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, "Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers," which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on the acquisition date in accordance with ASC 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers," as if the acquirer had originated the contracts. ASU 2021-08 is applicable on a prospective basis and is effective for fiscal years and interim reporting periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2022 (or in January 1, 2023 for the Company). Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect, if any, the adoption of this guidance will have on the Company’s results of operations, financial position and liquidity.

We determined that all other recently issued accounting pronouncements that have yet to be adopted by the Company will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or do not apply to our operations.