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Income taxes (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule Components of Loss Before Income Taxes The components of loss before income taxes were as follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31,
202120202019
U.S.$(487,404)$(431,452)$(414,586)
Foreign(74,976)(128,918)(140,981)
Total$(562,380)$(560,370)$(555,567)
Summary of Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes The provision for (benefit from) income taxes were as follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31,
202120202019
Current:
Federal$— $— $— 
State— 2 7 
Foreign258 684 612 
Deferred:
Federal— — (966)
State— — (198)
Foreign— — — 
Total income tax expense (benefit)$258 $686 $(545)
Reconciliation of Income Tax Provision (Benefit) Computed at the Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate to Effective Income Tax Rate (Provision) Benefit as Reflected in the Financial Statements A reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) computed at the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate as reflected in the financial statements is as follows:
Year ended December 31,
202120202019
Federal income tax expense at statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State income tax, net of federal benefit3.9 %3.1 %3.7 %
Permanent differences(0.6)%(0.6)%(0.8)%
Stock-based compensation(3.1)%(2.4)%(0.7)%
Research and development credit4.3 %6.0 %5.4 %
Foreign differential(1.9)%(4.6)%(3.7)%
Other— %(0.3)%0.8 %
Change in valuation allowance(23.6)%(22.3)%(25.6)%
Effective income tax rate (expense) benefit— %(0.1)%0.1 %
Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities The significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are composed of the following (in thousands):
Year ended December 31,
2021
2020 (1)
Deferred tax assets:
U.S. net operating loss carryforwards (federal and state)$703,125 $546,098 
Tax credit carryforwards (federal and state)281,687 246,742 
Capitalized license fees and research and development expenses2,237 1,558 
Deferred revenue604 398 
Stock-based compensation25,181 37,164 
Lease liabilities22,916 14,787 
Accruals and other15,598 12,894 
Total deferred tax assets1,051,348 859,641 
Right-of-use assets(23,053)(15,044)
Fixed assets(1,546)(1,212)
Less valuation allowance(1,026,749)(843,385)
Net deferred taxes$— $— 
(1) Prior period amounts have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the effects of the Separation.
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
Unrecognized tax benefits
Balance as of December 31, 2019$15,945 
Increases (decreases) for tax positions related to current period3,149 
Increases (decreases) for tax positions related to prior periods(100)
Balance as of December 31, 202018,994 
Increases (decreases) for tax positions related to current period2,949 
Increases (decreases) for tax positions related to prior periods17 
Balance as of December 31, 202121,960