Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was (0.4)% and primarily reflects the 21% federal tax rate and research and development tax credits which are more than offset by an increase to the valuation allowance and other permanent items. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2022 reflects additional tax expense to adjust prior quarters' results to the annual effective tax rate.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had recorded valuation allowances of $3,569 and $2,423 primarily for certain federal deferred tax assets, as well as for certain federal and state net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The increase in the valuation allowance during 2022 is primarily due to tax credits and other carryforwards generated in 2022 that cannot be realized in 2022. To measure the valuation allowance, the Company estimated in what year each of its deferred tax assets and liabilities would reverse using systematic and logical methods to estimate the reversal patterns. Based on these methods, deferred tax liabilities are assumed to reverse and generate taxable income over the next 5 to 10 years while deferred tax assets related to pension and other postretirement benefit obligations are assumed to reverse and generate tax deductions over the next 15 to 20 years. The valuation allowance primarily results from not having sufficient income from deferred tax liability reversals in the appropriate future periods to support the realization of deferred tax assets.

Federal income tax audits have been settled for all years prior to 2018. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) began the 2018-2019 federal tax audit in the first quarter of 2021 and added tax year 2020 to the audit in the fourth quarter of 2021. We are also subject to examination in major state and international jurisdictions for the 2008-2020 tax years. We believe appropriate provisions for all outstanding tax issues have been made for all jurisdictions and all open years.