UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒  QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020

OR

☐  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from           to

Commission File Number 000-50972

Texas Roadhouse, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant specified in its charter)

Delaware	20-1083890
(State or other jurisdiction of	(IRS Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification Number)

6040 Dutchmans Lane, Suite 200

Louisville, Kentucky 40205

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(502) 426-9984

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	TXRH	NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes   ☒  No  ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulations S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes   ☒  No  ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer  ☒	Accelerated Filer  ☐	Non-accelerated Filer  ☐	Smaller Reporting Company  ☐
			Emerging Growth Company  ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes  ☐  No  ☒.

The number of shares of common stock outstanding were 69,310,804 on April 29, 2020.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1 — Financial Statements (Unaudited) — Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and Subsidiaries	3
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets — March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019	3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income — For the 13 Weeks Ended March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019	4
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity — For the 13 Weeks Ended March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019	5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — For the 13 Weeks Ended March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019	6
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	15
Item 3 — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	29
Item 4 — Controls and Procedures	30
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1 — Legal Proceedings	31
Item 1A — Risk Factors	31
Item 2 — Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	32
Item 3 — Defaults Upon Senior Securities	32
Item 4 — Mine Safety Disclosures	33
Item 5 — Other Information	33
Item 6 — Exhibits	33
Signatures	34

2

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1 — FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	230,606	$	107,879
Receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $72 at March 31, 2020 and $12 at December 31, 2019		25,441		99,305
Inventories, net		20,321		20,267
Prepaid income taxes		6,524		2,015
Prepaid expenses		19,682		18,433
Total current assets		302,574		247,899
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $698,841 at March 31, 2020 and $678,988 at December 31, 2019		1,068,701		1,056,563
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net		512,574		499,801
Goodwill		124,748		124,748
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $13,911 at March 31, 2020 and $14,141 at December 31, 2019		1,101		1,234
Other assets		45,006		53,320
Total assets	$	2,054,704	$	1,983,565
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	17,925	$	17,263
Accounts payable		42,984		61,653
Deferred revenue-gift cards		152,261		209,258
Accrued wages		25,612		39,699
Income taxes payable		2,095		—
Accrued taxes and licenses		19,438		30,433
Other accrued liabilities		50,546		58,914
Total current liabilities		310,861		417,220
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		553,181		538,710
Long-term debt		190,000		—
Restricted stock and other deposits		8,683		8,249
Deferred tax liabilities, net		23,115		22,695
Other liabilities		58,121		65,522
Total liabilities		1,143,961		1,052,396
Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and subsidiaries stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock ($0.001 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding)		—		—
Common stock ($0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 69,310,804 and 69,400,252 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively)		69		69
Additional paid-in-capital		129,796		140,501
Retained earnings		766,689		775,649
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(262)		(225)
Total Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and subsidiaries stockholders’ equity		896,292		915,994
Noncontrolling interests		14,451		15,175
Total equity		910,743		931,169
Total liabilities and equity	$	2,054,704	$	1,983,565

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income

(in thousands, except per share data)

(unaudited)

	13 Weeks Ended
	March 31, 2020		March 26, 2019
Revenue:
Restaurant and other sales	$	647,626	$	685,117
Franchise royalties and fees		4,898		5,491
Total revenue		652,524		690,608
Costs and expenses:
Restaurant operating costs (excluding depreciation and amortization shown separately below):
Cost of sales		210,180		223,712
Labor		241,079		223,880
Rent		13,471		13,128
Other operating		104,289		101,802
Pre-opening		5,112		3,868
Depreciation and amortization		29,054		27,773
Impairment and closure, net		595		17
General and administrative		32,954		35,983
Total costs and expenses		636,734		630,163
Income from operations		15,790		60,445
Interest expense (income), net		69		(754)
Equity (loss) income from investments in unconsolidated affiliates		(508)		113
Income before taxes	$	15,213	$	61,312
Income tax (benefit) expense		(1,939)		9,119
Net income including noncontrolling interests	$	17,152	$	52,193
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		1,123		1,803
Net income attributable to Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and subsidiaries	$	16,029	$	50,390
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax of $13 and ($33), respectively		(37)		97
Total comprehensive income	$	15,992	$	50,487
Net income per common share attributable to Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and subsidiaries:
Basic	$	0.23	$	0.70
Diluted	$	0.23	$	0.70
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		69,422		71,753
Diluted		69,852		72,187
Cash dividends declared per share	$	0.36	$	0.30

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	For the 13 Weeks Ended March 31, 2020
								Accumulated		Total Texas
				Additional				Other		Roadhouse, Inc.
		Par		Paid-in-		Retained		Comprehensive		and		Noncontrolling
	Shares	Value		Capital		Earnings		Loss		Subsidiaries		Interests		Total
Balance, December 31, 2019	69,400,252	$	69	$	140,501	$	775,649	$	(225)	$	915,994	$	15,175	$	931,169
Net income	—		—		—		16,029		—		16,029		1,123		17,152
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		—		(37)		(37)		—		(37)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders	—		—		—		—		—		—		(1,847)		(1,847)
Dividends declared ($0.36 per share)	—		—		—		(24,989)		—		(24,989)		—		(24,989)
Shares issued under share-based compensation plans including tax effects	251,792		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Indirect repurchase of shares for minimum tax withholdings	(88,831)		—		(5,331)		—		—		(5,331)		—		(5,331)
Repurchase of shares of common stock	(252,409)		—		(12,621)		—		—		(12,621)		—		(12,621)
Share-based compensation	—		—		7,247		—		—		7,247		—		7,247
Balance, March 31, 2020	69,310,804	$	69	$	129,796	$	766,689	$	(262)	$	896,292	$	14,451	$	910,743
	For the 13 Weeks Ended March 26, 2019
								Accumulated		Total Texas
				Additional				Other		Roadhouse, Inc.
		Par		Paid-in-		Retained		Comprehensive		and		Noncontrolling
	Shares	Value		Capital		Earnings		Loss		Subsidiaries		Interests		Total
Balance, December 25, 2018	71,617,510	$	72	$	257,388	$	688,337	$	(228)	$	945,569	$	15,139	$	960,708
Net income	—		—		—		50,390		—		50,390		1,803		52,193
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—		—		97		97		—		97
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders	—		—		—		—		—		—		(1,615)		(1,615)
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest and other	—		—		(70)		—		—		(70)		(673)		(743)
Dividends declared ($0.30 per share)	—		—		—		(21,547)		—		(21,547)		—		(21,547)
Shares issued under share-based compensation plans including tax effects	330,628		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Indirect repurchase of shares for minimum tax withholdings	(120,302)		—		(7,400)		—		—		(7,400)		—		(7,400)
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASC 842, Leases, net of tax	—		—		—		(2,678)		—		(2,678)		—		(2,678)
Share-based compensation	—		—		9,132		—		—		9,132		—		9,132
Balance, March 26, 2019	71,827,836	$	72	$	259,050	$	714,502	$	(131)	$	973,493	$	14,654	$	988,147

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	13 Weeks Ended
	March 31, 2020		March 26, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income including noncontrolling interests	$	17,152	$	52,193
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		29,054		27,773
Deferred income taxes		433		(1,094)
Loss on disposition of assets		1,446		1,383
Impairment and closure costs		624		17
Equity loss (income) from investments in unconsolidated affiliates		508		(113)
Distributions of income received from investments in unconsolidated affiliates		184		171
Provision for doubtful accounts		60		(4)
Share-based compensation expense		7,247		9,132
Changes in operating working capital:
Receivables		74,504		57,433
Inventories		(54)		1,306
Prepaid expenses		(1,249)		(2,301)
Other assets		7,573		(4,739)
Accounts payable		(22,214)		2,830
Deferred revenue—gift cards		(56,997)		(63,629)
Accrued wages		(14,087)		3,131
Prepaid income taxes and income taxes payable		(2,414)		16,200
Accrued taxes and licenses		(10,995)		228
Other accrued liabilities		(3,023)		3,819
Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities		1,365		1,479
Other liabilities		(7,401)		6,200
Net cash provided by operating activities		21,716		111,415
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures—property and equipment		(46,672)		(42,044)
Proceeds from sale leaseback transaction		2,167		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(44,505)		(42,044)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from revolving credit facility		190,000		—
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders		(1,847)		(1,615)
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest		—		(743)
Proceeds from restricted stock and other deposits, net		304		273
Indirect repurchase of shares for minimum tax withholdings		(5,331)		(7,400)
Repurchase of shares of common stock		(12,621)		—
Dividends paid to shareholders		(24,989)		(17,904)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		145,516		(27,389)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		122,727		41,982
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period		107,879		210,125
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period	$	230,606	$	252,107
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized	$	186	$	164
Income taxes paid (refunded)	$	51	$	(5,987)
Capital expenditures included in current liabilities	$	13,545	$	10,489

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

(1)  Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Texas Roadhouse, Inc. ("TRI"), our wholly-owned subsidiaries and subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest (collectively the "Company," "we," "our" and/or "us") as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and for the 13 weeks ended March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019.

As of March 31, 2020, we owned and operated 519 restaurants and franchised an additional 98 restaurants in 49 states and ten foreign countries. Of the 519 company restaurants that were operating at March 31, 2020, 499 were wholly-owned and 20 were majority-owned. Of the 98 franchise restaurants, 70 were domestic restaurants and 28 were international restaurants. Included within these restaurant totals are one company restaurant and 22 international franchise restaurants that have been temporarily closed due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. These stores continue to be included in the owned and operated totals as we believe they will re-open once it is considered safe to do so.

As of March 26, 2019, we owned and operated 495 restaurants and franchised an additional 93 restaurants in 49 states and ten foreign countries. Of the 495 company restaurants that were operating at March 26, 2019, 475 were wholly-owned and 20 were majority-owned. Of the 93 franchise restaurants, 69 were domestic restaurants and 24 were international restaurants.

As of March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019, we owned a 5.0% to 10.0% equity interest in 24 domestic franchise restaurants. Additionally, as of March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019, we owned a 40% equity interest in four non-Texas Roadhouse restaurants as part of a joint venture agreement with a casual dining restaurant operator in China. The unconsolidated restaurants are accounted for using the equity method. Our investments in these unconsolidated affiliates are included in other assets in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, and we record our percentage share of net income earned by these unconsolidated affiliates in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income under equity income from investments in unconsolidated affiliates. All significant intercompany balances and transactions for these unconsolidated restaurants as well as the entities whose accounts have been consolidated have been eliminated.

We have made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reporting of revenue and expenses during the periods to prepare these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the carrying amount of property and equipment, goodwill, obligations related to insurance reserves, leases and leasehold improvements, legal reserves, gift card breakage and third-party fees and income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, except that certain information and footnotes have been condensed or omitted pursuant to rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Operating results for the 13 weeks ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 29, 2020. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

7

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic. On March 13, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic (the "pandemic") was declared a National Public Health Emergency. As a result, several state and local mandates were implemented that encouraged the practice of social distancing, placed restrictions from individuals gathering in groups and, in many areas, placed complete restrictions on non-essential movement outside of the home. Shortly after the national emergency declaration, state and local officials began placing restrictions on restaurants, some of which allowed To-Go or curbside service only while others limited capacity in the dining room. By March 31, 2020, the last day of our Q1 2020 fiscal quarter, all of our domestic company and franchise restaurants were under state or local order which only allowed for To-Go or curbside service.

As a result of the temporary dining room closures, we have experienced a significant decrease in traffic which has impacted our operating results. While we have seen significant sales growth in our To-Go program, we currently do not expect these sales will generate a similar profit margin to our normal operating model. We expect our operating results to continue to be severely impacted until such time that state and local restrictions are lifted, and our dining rooms can re-open at full capacity. We cannot predict how long the pandemic will last or when the state and local restrictions will be lifted. In addition, we cannot predict how quickly our guests will return to our restaurants once such restrictions have been lifted or the impact this will have on consumer spending habits.

In addition, we continue to monitor federal and state plans to re-open the economy and have developed a framework that would allow us to implement a hybrid business model with limited capacity dining rooms together with enhanced To-Go through curbside service as permitted by local guidelines. We expect the re-opening process to be a gradual one with the safety of our employees and guests as our top priority. The extent of this re-opening process will determine the significance of the impact to our financial condition, financial results, and liquidity in future periods. In addition, significant items subject to estimates and assumptions including the carrying amount of property and equipment, goodwill, and lease related assets could be impacted.

(2) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Financial Instruments

(Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, "ASU 2016-13")

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires measurement and recognition of expected versus incurred losses for financial assets held.  We adopted ASU 2016-13 as of the beginning of our 2020 fiscal year.  The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Goodwill

(Accounting Standards Update 2017-04, "ASU 2017-04")

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment and is expected to reduce the cost and complexity of accounting for goodwill.  ASU 2017-04 removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation.  Instead, goodwill impairment will be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of the goodwill.  We adopted ASU 2017-04 as of the beginning of our 2020 fiscal year. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Fair Value Measurement

(Accounting Standards Update 2018-13, "ASU 2018-13")

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which changes disclosure requirements for fair

8

value measurements. We adopted ASU 2018-13 as of the beginning of our 2020 fiscal year. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

(Accounting Standards Update 2019-12, "ASU 2019-12")

In December 2019. the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which removes certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocations, the calculation of income taxes in interim periods, and the recognition of deferred taxes for investments. This guidance also simplifies aspects of accounting for recognizing deferred taxes for taxable goodwill. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 (our 2021 fiscal year) and for interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of this new standard on our consolidated financial statements.

Reference Rate Reform

(Accounting Standards Update 2020-04, "ASU 2020-04")

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the current guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting. These changes are intended to simplify the market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This guidance is effective upon issuance to modifications made as early as the beginning of the interim period through December 31, 2022. We are currently assessing the impact of this new standard on our consolidated financial statements.

(3)   Long-term Debt

On August 7, 2017, we entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Amended Credit Agreement") with respect to our revolving credit facility with a syndicate of commercial lenders led by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., PNC Bank, N.A., and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. The revolving credit facility remains an unsecured, revolving credit agreement under which we may borrow up to $200.0 million with the option to increase the revolving credit facility by an additional $200.0 million subject to certain limitations. The Amended Credit Agreement extends the maturity date of our revolving credit facility until August 5, 2022.

The terms of the Amended Credit Agreement require us to pay interest on outstanding borrowings at LIBOR plus a margin of 0.875% to 1.875% and to pay a commitment fee of 0.125% to 0.30% per year on any unused portion of the revolving credit facility, in each case depending on our leverage ratio, or the Alternate Base Rate, which is the highest of the issuing banks’ prime lending rate, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York rate plus 0.50% or the Adjusted Eurodollar Rate for a one month interest period on such day plus 1.0%. In March 2020, we borrowed $190.0 million under our revolving credit facility. The weighted-average interest rate for the revolving credit facility as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was 1.64% and 2.64%, respectively. As of March 31, 2020, we had $190.0 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility and $1.8 million of availability, net of $8.2 million of outstanding letters of credit.

The lenders’ obligation to extend credit pursuant to the Amended Credit Agreement depends on us maintaining certain financial covenants. We were in compliance with all financial covenants as of March 31, 2020.

As further discussed in note 12, subsequent to the end of the quarter, we amended the revolving credit facility. The amendment increased the amount available under the revolving credit facility by $82.5 million and modified the financial covenants through the end of our Q1 2021 fiscal quarter.

9

(4) Revenue

The following table disaggregates our revenue by major source (in thousands):

	13 weeks ended
	March 31, 2020		March 26, 2019
Restaurant and other sales	$	647,626	$	685,117
Franchise royalties		4,287		4,856
Franchise fees		611		635
Total revenue	$	652,524	$	690,608

We record deferred revenue for gift cards which includes cards that have been sold but not yet redeemed, a breakage adjustment for a percentage of gift cards that are not expected to be redeemed, and fees paid on gift cards sold through third-party retailers. When the gift cards are redeemed, we recognize restaurant sales and reduce deferred revenue. We amortize breakage and third-party fees consistent with the historic redemption pattern of the associated gift card and recognize as a component of other sales. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our deferred revenue balance related to gift cards was $152.3 million and $209.3 million, respectively. We recognized sales of $73.5 million for the 13 weeks ended March 31, 2020 related to the amount in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2019. We recognized sales of $78.3 million for the 13 weeks ended March 26, 2019 related to the amount in deferred revenue as of December 25, 2018.

(5) Income Taxes

A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective tax rate for the 13 weeks ended March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019 is as follows:

	13 Weeks Ended
	March 31, 2020		March 26, 2019
Tax at statutory federal rate	21.0	%	21.0	%
State and local tax, net of federal benefit	3.8		3.6
FICA tip tax credit	(33.1)		(9.4)
Work opportunity tax credit	(4.4)		(1.4)
Stock compensation	(0.8)		(0.5)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1.2)		(0.5)
Officers compensation	0.3		1.4
Other	1.7		0.7
Total	(12.7)	%	14.9	%

For the 13 week period ended March 31, 2020, we recognized income tax expense using a discrete tax calculation as we were unable to reliably estimate our full year effective income tax rate. This was primarily due to the inability to estimate the increased impact of the FICA tip and Work opportunity tax credits on our effective tax rate as result of the significant decrease in pre-tax income. This resulted in an effective tax rate of (12.7%). For the 13 week period ended March 26, 2019, we recognized income tax expense using an estimated annual effective tax rate. This resulted in an effective tax rate of 14.9%.

The effective rate decreased to (12.7%) in Q1 2020 primarily due to the significant decrease in pre-tax income. As a result, the impact of our FICA tip and Work opportunity tax credits had a more significant impact to our effective tax rate. Additionally, these credits exceeded our federal tax liability in Q1 2020 but we expect to utilize these credits in the current year or by carrying back to our 2019 tax year.

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(6) Commitments and Contingencies

The estimated cost of completing capital project commitments at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was $141.1 million and $119.0 million, respectively. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are only continuing construction on nine restaurants, including one relocation site, that are substantially complete and have delayed construction on the remaining locations in our pipeline. The estimated cost of completing these nine restaurants at March 31, 2020 was $11.7 million.

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we were contingently liable for $13.7 million and $13.9 million, respectively, for seven lease guarantees, listed in the table below. These amounts represent the maximum potential liability of future payments under the guarantees. In the event of default, the indemnity and default clauses in our assignment agreements govern our ability to pursue and recover damages incurred. No material liabilities have been recorded as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 as the likelihood of default was deemed to be less than probable and the fair value of the guarantees is not considered significant.

	Lease Assignment Date	Current Lease Term Expiration
Everett, Massachusetts (1)(2)	September 2002	February 2023
Longmont, Colorado (1)	October 2003	May 2029
Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania (1)	October 2004	March 2021
Fargo, North Dakota (1)	February 2006	July 2021
Logan, Utah (1)	January 2009	August 2024
Irving, Texas (3)	December 2013	December 2024
Louisville, Kentucky (3)(4)	December 2013	November 2023

(1) Real estate lease agreements for restaurant locations which we entered into before granting franchise rights to those restaurants.  We have subsequently assigned the leases to the franchisees, but remain contingently liable under the terms of the lease if the franchisee defaults.

(2) As discussed in note 7, this restaurant is owned, in part, by our founder.

(3) Leases associated with non-Texas Roadhouse restaurants which were sold.  The leases were assigned to the acquirer, but we remain contingently liable under the terms of the lease if the acquirer defaults.

(4) We may be released from liability after the initial contractual lease term expiration contingent upon certain conditions being met by the acquirer.

During the 13 weeks ended March 31, 2020, we bought most of our beef from three suppliers. We have no material minimum purchase commitments with our vendors that extend beyond a year.

Occasionally, we are a defendant in litigation arising in the ordinary course of our business, including "slip and fall" accidents, employment related claims, claims related to our service of alcohol, and claims from guests or employees alleging illness, injury or food quality, health or operational concerns.  None of these types of litigation, most of which are covered by insurance, has had a material adverse effect on us during the periods covered by this report and, as of the date of this report, we are not party to any litigation that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business.

(7)   Related Party Transactions

As of March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019, we had six franchise restaurants and one majority-owned company restaurant owned in part by certain officers of the Company. For both of the 13 week periods ended March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019, these franchise entities paid us fees of $0.3 million. As disclosed in note 6, we are contingently liable on a lease related to one of these franchise restaurants.

(8)   Earnings Per Share

The share and net income per share data for all periods presented are based on the historical weighted-average shares outstanding.  The diluted earnings per share calculations show the effect of the weighted-average restricted stock

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units from our equity incentive plans. Performance stock units are not included in the diluted earnings per share calculation until the performance-based criteria have been met.

For the 13 week period ended March 31, 2020, there were 41,581 shares of nonvested stock, that were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because they would have had an anti-dilutive effect. For the 13 week period ended March 26, 2019, there were no shares of nonvested stock, that were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because they would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

The following table sets forth the calculation of earnings per share and weighted-average shares outstanding (in thousands) as presented in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income:

	13 Weeks Ended
	March 31, 2020		March 26, 2019
Net income attributable to Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and subsidiaries	$	16,029	$	50,390
Basic EPS:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding		69,422		71,753
Basic EPS	$	0.23	$	0.70
Diluted EPS:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding		69,422		71,753
Dilutive effect of nonvested stock		430		434
Shares-diluted		69,852		72,187
Diluted EPS	$	0.23	$	0.70

(9) Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures ("ASC 820"), establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 establishes a three-level hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs in measuring fair value. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability on the measurement date.

Level 1 Inputs based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Level 2 Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the assets, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 Inputs that are unobservable for the asset.

There were no transfers among levels within the fair value hierarchy during the 13 weeks ended March 31, 2020.

The following table presents the fair values for our financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis:

	Fair Value Measurements
	Level	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Deferred compensation plan—assets	1	$	35,929	$	44,623
Deferred compensation plan—liabilities	1		(35,836)		(44,679)

The Second Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan of Texas Roadhouse Management Corp., as amended, (the "Deferred Compensation Plan") is a nonqualified deferred compensation plan which allows highly compensated employees to defer receipt of a portion of their compensation and contribute such amounts to one or more investment funds held in a rabbi trust. We report the amounts of the rabbi trust in other assets and the corresponding liability in other liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. These investments are considered trading securities and are reported at fair value based on quoted market prices. The realized and unrealized

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holding gains and losses related to these investments, as well as the offsetting compensation expense, are recorded in general and administrative expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

The following table presents the fair value of our assets measured on a nonrecurring basis:

	Fair Value Measurements					Total gain (loss)
		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,
	Level	2020		2019		2020
Long-lived assets held for use	1	$	—	$	1,684	$	—
Operating lease right-of-use assets	3	$	—	$	611	$	(501)
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates	3	$	2,000	$	—	$	(528)

At March 31, 2020, operating lease right-of-use assets include the lease related assets for one underperforming store that was permanently closed in April 2020 and one store that was relocated during the period. Both of these assets were reduced to a fair value of zero. These assets are valued using a Level 3 input, or the discounted cashflows we expect to receive based on the future operations of this location. This resulted in a loss of $0.5 million which is included in impairment and closure, net in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. At December 31, 2019, operating lease right-of-use assets include the lease related assets for the underperforming store noted above.

At December 31, 2019, long-lived assets held for use include leasehold improvements for one restaurant that was subject to a forced relocation. This restaurant was relocated in February 2020 at which time the contractually negotiated amount for these assets was received.

Investments in unconsolidated affiliates include a 40% equity interest in a China joint venture that was reduced to fair value. This asset is valued using a Level 3 input, or the amount we expect to receive upon the sale of this investment. This resulted in a loss of $0.5 million which is included in equity income from investments in unconsolidated affiliates in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximated their carrying values based on the short-term nature of these instruments. At March 31, 2020, the fair value of our revolving credit facility approximated its carrying value since it is a variable rate credit facility (Level 2).

(10) Share Based Compensation

On May 16, 2013, our stockholders approved the Texas Roadhouse, Inc. 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "Plan"). The Plan provides for the granting of various forms of equity awards including options, stock appreciation rights, full value awards, and performance based awards. The plan replaced the Texas Roadhouse, Inc. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan. The Company provides restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees as a form of share-based compensation. An RSU is the conditional right to receive one share of common stock upon satisfaction of the vesting requirement. In addition to RSUs, the Company provides performance stock units ("PSUs") to executives as a form of share-based compensation. A PSU is the conditional right to receive one share of common stock upon meeting a performance obligation along with the satisfaction of the vesting requirement. The following table summarizes the share-based compensation recorded in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income:

	13 Weeks Ended
	March 31, 2020		March 26, 2019
Labor expense	$	2,388	$	2,135
General and administrative expense		4,859		6,997
Total share-based compensation expense	$	7,247	$	9,132

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We grant PSUs to certain of our executives subject to a one-year vesting and the achievement of certain earnings targets, which determine the number of units to vest at the end of the vesting period.  Share-based compensation expense is recognized for the number of units expected to vest at the end of the period and is expensed beginning on the grant date and through the performance period.  For each grant, PSUs vest after meeting the performance and service conditions.  The total intrinsic value of PSUs vested during the 13 week periods ended March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019 was $3.3 million and $7.2 million, respectively.

On January 8, 2020, 95,946 shares vested related to the January 2019 PSU grant and were distributed during the 13 weeks ending March 31, 2020. This included 77,000 granted shares and 18,946 incremental shares due to the grant exceeding the initial 100% target. With respect to unvested PSUs at March 31, 2020, no expense was recognized as we estimate the payout ratio will be zero. As a result, there is no unrecognized compensation cost that is expected to be recognized for the remainder of the year.

(11) Stock Repurchase Program

On May 31, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $250.0 million of our common stock. This stock repurchase program has no expiration date and replaced a previous stock repurchase program which was approved on May 22, 2014. All repurchases to date under our stock repurchase programs have been made through open market transactions. The timing and the amount of any repurchases are determined by management under parameters established by our Board of Directors, based on an evaluation of our stock price, market conditions and other corporate considerations.

For the 13 week period ended March 31, 2020, we paid $12.6 million to repurchase 252,409 shares of our common stock. We did not repurchase any shares of common stock during the 13 week period ended March 26, 2019. On March 17, 2020, we suspended all share repurchase activity. As of March 31, 2020, we had $147.8 million remaining under our authorized stock repurchase program.

(12) Subsequent Event

As discussed in note 3, we are a party to a revolving credit facility under which we may borrow up to $200.0 million with the option to increase by an additional $200.0 million. The revolving credit facility requires us to maintain certain financial covenants. On May 11, 2020, as a precautionary measure and to further enhance our financial flexibility, we amended the revolving credit facility to provide for an incremental revolving credit facility of up to $82.5 million. This amount would be applied against the additional $200.0 million that was available under the revolving credit facility. The maturity date for the incremental revolving credit facility is May 10, 2021; however, the maturity date for the original revolving credit facility remains August 5, 2022. The amendment also modifies the financial covenants contained in the revolving credit facility through the end of our Q1 2021 fiscal quarter. We expect that we will be in compliance with the financial covenants, as amended, over the next 12 months.

The terms of the amendment require us to pay interest on outstanding borrowings of the original revolving credit facility at LIBOR plus a margin of 1.50% and to pay a commitment fee of 0.25% per year on any unused portion of the revolving credit facility through the end of our Q1 2021 fiscal quarter. The amendment also provides an Alternate Base Rate that may be substituted for LIBOR. As of May 11, 2020, we had $190.0 million outstanding under the original revolving credit facility at an interest rate of 2.27% based on the pricing per the amendment.

The terms of the amendment also require us to pay interest on outstanding borrowings of the incremental revolving credit facility at LIBOR plus a margin of 2.25% and to pay a commitment fee of 0.50% per year on any unused portion of the incremental revolving credit facility through the maturity date. The amendment also provides an Alternate Base Rate that may be substituted for LIBOR.

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ITEM 2.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT

This report contains forward-looking statements based on our current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry and certain assumptions made by us. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to the potential impact of the COVID-19/Coronavirus outbreak and other non-historical statements. Words such as "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates," "may," "will" and variations of these words or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements that refer to expectations, projections or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. Such statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Therefore, our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. The section entitled "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, and in Part II, Item 1A in this Form 10-Q, along with disclosures in our other Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") filings discuss some of the important risk factors that may affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. You should carefully consider those risks, in addition to the other information in this report, and in our other filings with the SEC, before deciding to invest in our Company or to maintain or increase your investment. We undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements, except as may be required by applicable law. The information contained in this Form 10-Q is not a complete description of our business or the risks associated with an investment in our common stock. We urge you to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and in our other reports filed with the SEC that discuss our business in greater detail and advise interested parties of certain risks, uncertainties and other factors that may affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

On March 13, 2020, the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") outbreak was declared a National Public Health Emergency. As a result, several state and local mandates were implemented that encouraged the practice of social distancing, placed restrictions from individuals gathering in groups and, in many areas, placed complete restrictions on non-essential movement outside of the home. Shortly after the national emergency declaration, state and local officials began placing restrictions on restaurants, some of which allowed To-Go or curbside service only while others limited capacity in the dining room. By March 31, 2020, the last day of our Q1 2020 fiscal quarter, all of our domestic company and franchise restaurants were under state or local order which only allowed for To-Go or curbside service.

As a result of the temporary dining room closures, we have experienced a significant decrease in traffic which has impacted our operating results. While we have seen significant sales growth in our To-Go program, we currently do not expect these sales will generate a similar profit margin to our normal operating model. We expect our operating results to continue to be severely impacted until such time that state and local restrictions are lifted, and our dining rooms can re-open at full capacity. We cannot predict how long the pandemic will last or when the state and local restrictions will be lifted. In addition, we cannot predict how quickly our guests will return to our restaurants once such restrictions have been lifted or the impact this will have on consumer spending habits. The impact on our operating results as well as the operational and financial measures we have implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (the "pandemic") have been included throughout this document.

In response to the pandemic, the Company and its Board of Directors implemented the following measures during the quarter to enhance financial flexibility:

o Decreased capital expenditures by only continuing construction on nine restaurants, including one relocation site, that were substantially complete;

o Suspended all quarterly cash dividends occurring after March 27, 2020;

o Suspended all share repurchase activity;

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o Increased the borrowings under the revolving credit facility by $190 million; and,

o Decreased salaries including voluntary reductions of salary and bonus for the executive and leadership teams to make relief grants available for restaurant employees. Each non-employee member of the Board of Directors has also volunteered to forgo their director and committee fees along with any cash retainers effective immediately and continuing throughout fiscal 2020.

In addition, we continue to monitor federal and state plans to re-open the economy and have developed a framework that would allow us to implement a hybrid business model with limited capacity dining rooms together with enhanced To-Go through curbside service as permitted by local guidelines. We expect the re-opening process to be a gradual one with the safety of our employees and guests as our top priority. As of May 11, 2020, the Company had re-opened the dining rooms in approximately 160 of our company-owned restaurants under various limited capacity restrictions.

Effective March 27, 2020, legislation was passed to benefit companies that were significantly impacted by the pandemic. This legislation, referred to as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") includes potential payroll tax credits and the deferral of certain payroll taxes. This legislation did not impact the results of our Q1 2020 fiscal quarter but we expect it will have potential payroll tax and cashflow benefits for the remainder of the year. We are currently evaluating the impact of these items. In addition, the CARES Act provided for small business loans that were forgivable if certain criteria were met. The Company did not pursue any of these loans on behalf of company restaurants as we believe we have sufficient alternatives for raising capital if needed.

Given the level of volatility and uncertainty surrounding the future impact of the pandemic, we have withdrawn our full year financial outlook for fiscal 2020 as described in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 19, 2020.

OVERVIEW

Texas Roadhouse, Inc. is a growing restaurant company operating predominately in the casual dining segment. Our founder, chairman, chief executive officer and president, W. Kent Taylor, started the business in 1993 with the opening of the first Texas Roadhouse restaurant in Clarksville, Indiana. Since then, we have grown to 617 restaurants in 49 states and ten foreign countries. As of March 31, 2020, our 617 restaurants included:

● 519 "company restaurants," of which 499 were wholly-owned and 20 were majority-owned.  The results of operations of company restaurants are included in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. The portion of income attributable to noncontrolling interests in company restaurants that are not wholly-owned is reflected in the line item entitled "Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests" in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Of the 519 restaurants we owned as of March 31, 2020, we operated 488 as Texas Roadhouse restaurants and operated 29 as Bubba’s 33 restaurants. In addition, we operated two restaurants outside of the casual dining segment. As of March 31, 2020, one company restaurant has been temporarily closed due to the pandemic but continues to be included in the above total.

● 98 "franchise restaurants," 24 of which we have a 5.0% to 10.0% ownership interest. The income derived from our minority interests in these franchise restaurants is reported in the line item entitled "Equity (loss) income from investments in unconsolidated affiliates" in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Additionally, we provided various management services to these 24 franchise restaurants, as well as six additional franchise restaurants in which we have no ownership interest. All of the franchise restaurants are operated as Texas Roadhouse restaurants. Of the 98 franchise restaurants, 70 were domestic restaurants and 28 were international restaurants. As of March 31, 2020, 22 international restaurants have been temporarily closed due to the pandemic but continue to be included in the above total.

We have contractual arrangements that grant us the right to acquire at pre-determined formulas the remaining equity interests in 18 of the 20 majority-owned company restaurants and 67 of the 70 domestic franchise restaurants.

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Throughout this report, we use the term "restaurants" to include Texas Roadhouse and Bubba’s 33, unless otherwise noted.

Presentation of Financial and Operating Data

Throughout this report, the 13 weeks ended March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019 are referred to as Q1 2020 and Q1 2019, respectively. Fiscal year 2020 will be 52 weeks in length, while the quarters for the year will be 13 weeks in length. Fiscal year 2019 was 53 weeks in length and, as such, the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019 was 14 weeks in length.

Long-Term Strategies to Grow Earnings Per Share and Create Shareholder Value

While our short-term strategies have changed due to the temporary change in our business model from the pandemic, our long-term strategies remain unchanged. Our long-term strategies with respect to increasing net income and earnings per share, along with creating shareholder value, include the following:

Expanding Our Restaurant Base.   We will continue to evaluate opportunities to develop restaurants in existing markets and in new domestic and international markets. Domestically, we will remain focused primarily on markets where we believe a significant demand for our restaurants exists because of population size, income levels, and the presence of shopping and entertainment centers and a significant employment base. In recent years, we have relocated several existing Texas Roadhouse locations once the associated lease expired or as a result of eminent domain which allows us to update them to a current prototypical design and/or obtain more favorable lease terms. We continue to evaluate these opportunities particularly as it relates to older locations with strong sales. Our ability to expand our restaurant base is influenced by many factors beyond our control and, therefore, we may not be able to achieve our anticipated growth.

In Q1 2020, five company restaurants, including one Bubba’s 33, and one domestic franchise restaurant were opened. As a result of the pandemic, we are only continuing construction on nine restaurants, including one relocation site, that are substantially complete and have delayed construction on the remaining locations in our pipeline. This was done to preserve cashflow and to avoid expected construction delays from the pandemic. We expect that several of these restaurants will not open until the dining rooms in their area are allowed to re-open. The remaining stores in our pipeline remain under evaluation as to when we will resume or start construction.

We remain focused on driving sales and managing restaurant investment costs to maintain our restaurant development in the future. Our capital investment (including cash and non-cash costs) for new restaurants varies significantly depending on a number of factors including, but not limited to: the square footage, layout, scope of required site work, type of construction labor, local permitting requirements, our ability to negotiate with landlords, cost of liquor and other licenses and hook-up fees and geographical location.

We have entered into area development and franchise agreements for the development and operation of Texas Roadhouse restaurants in several foreign countries. We currently have signed franchise and/or development agreements in nine countries in the Middle East as well as Taiwan, the Philippines, Mexico, China and South Korea. As of March 31, 2020, we had 17 restaurants in five countries in the Middle East, three restaurants open in Taiwan, five in the Philippines and one each in Mexico, China and South Korea for a total of 28 restaurants in ten foreign countries. Due to the pandemic, 22 of our international locations were temporarily closed as of March 31, 2020. As of May 11, 2020, 17 of these locations remain closed. For the existing international agreements, the franchisee is required to pay us a franchise fee for each restaurant to be opened, royalties on the gross sales of each restaurant and a development fee for our grant of development rights in the named countries. We anticipate that the specific business terms of any future franchise agreement for international restaurants might vary significantly from the standard terms of our domestic agreements and from the terms of existing international agreements, depending on the territory to be franchised and the extent of franchisor-provided services to each franchisee.

Maintaining and/or Improving Restaurant Level Profitability. We continue to balance the impacts of inflationary pressures with our value positioning as we remain focused on our long-term success. This may create a challenge in terms of maintaining and/or increasing restaurant-level profitability (restaurant margin), in any given year, depending on

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the level of inflation we experience. Restaurant margin is not a U.S. generally accepted accounting principle ("GAAP") measure and should not be considered in isolation, or as an alternative to income from operations. See further discussion of restaurant margin below. In addition to restaurant margin, as a percentage of restaurant and other sales, we also focus on the growth of restaurant margin dollars per store week as a measure of restaurant-level profitability. In terms of driving comparable restaurant sales, we remain focused on encouraging repeat visits by our guests and attracting new guests through our continued commitment to operational standards relating to food and service quality. To attract new guests and increase the frequency of visits of our existing guests, we also continue to drive various localized marketing programs, focus on speed of service and increase throughput by adding seats and parking at certain restaurants. In addition, we continue to focus on driving To-Go sales which has significantly contributed to our sales growth in prior years.

Leveraging Our Scalable Infrastructure.   To support our growth, we have made investments in our infrastructure over the past several years, including information and accounting systems, real estate, human resources, legal, marketing, international and restaurant operations, including the development of new concepts. Whether we are able to leverage our infrastructure in future years by growing our general and administrative costs at a slower rate than our revenue will depend, in part, on our new restaurant openings, our comparable restaurant sales growth rate going forward and the level of investment we continue to make in our infrastructure.

Returning Capital to Shareholders. We continue to evaluate opportunities to return capital to our shareholders including the payment of dividends and repurchases of common stock. In 2011, our Board of Directors declared our first quarterly dividend of $0.08 per share of common stock. We have consistently grown our per share dividend each year since that time and our long-term strategy includes increasing our regular quarterly dividend amount over time. On February 20, 2020, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.36 per share of common stock which was paid on March 27, 2020. The declaration and payment of cash dividends on our common stock is at the discretion of our Board of Directors, and any decision to declare a dividend will be based on many factors, including, but not limited to, earnings, financial condition, applicable covenants under our revolving credit facility, other contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant. On March 24, 2020, the Board of Directors voted to suspend the payment of quarterly cash dividends of the Company’s common stock, effective with respect to dividends occurring after March 27, 2020. This was done to preserve cashflow due to the pandemic.

In 2008, our Board of Directors approved our first stock repurchase program. From inception through March 31, 2020, we have paid $369.0 million through our authorized stock repurchase programs to repurchase 17,722,505 shares of our common stock at an average price per share of $20.82. On May 31, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $250.0 million of our common stock. This stock repurchase program has no expiration date and replaced a previous stock repurchase program which was approved on May 22, 2014. All repurchases to date have been made through open market transactions. In Q1 2020, we paid $12.6 million to repurchase 252,409 shares of our common stock. The company suspended all share repurchase activity on March 17, 2020, in order to preserve cashflow due to the pandemic. As of March 31, 2020, $147.8 million remains authorized for stock repurchases.

Key Measures We Use to Evaluate Our Company

Key measures we use to evaluate and assess our business include the following:

Number of Restaurant Openings.  Number of restaurant openings reflects the number of restaurants opened during a particular fiscal period. For company restaurant openings, we incur pre-opening costs, which are defined below, before the restaurant opens. Typically, new Texas Roadhouse restaurants open with an initial start-up period of higher than normalized sales volumes, which decrease to a steady level approximately three to six months after opening. However, although sales volumes are generally higher, so are initial costs, resulting in restaurant margins that are generally lower during the start-up period of operation and increase to a steady level approximately three to six months after opening.

Comparable Restaurant Sales Growth.   Comparable restaurant sales growth reflects the change in restaurant sales for company restaurants over the same period in prior years for the comparable restaurant base. We define the comparable restaurant base to include those restaurants open for a full 18 months before the beginning of the period

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measured excluding restaurants permanently closed during the period. Comparable restaurant sales growth can be impacted by changes in guest traffic counts or by changes in the per person average check amount. Menu price changes and the mix of menu items sold can affect the per person average check amount.

Average Unit Volume.   Average unit volume represents the average quarterly or annual restaurant sales for Texas Roadhouse restaurants open for a full six months before the beginning of the period measured excluding restaurants permanently closed during the period. Historically, average unit volume growth is less than comparable restaurant sales growth which indicates that newer restaurants are operating with sales levels lower than the company average. At times, average unit volume growth may be more than comparable restaurant sales growth which indicates that newer restaurants are operating with sales levels higher than the company average.

Store Weeks.   Store weeks represent the number of weeks that our company restaurants were open during the reporting period. Store weeks include weeks in which a restaurant is temporarily closed.

Restaurant Margin. Restaurant margin (in dollars and as a percentage of restaurant and other sales) represents restaurant and other sales less restaurant-level operating costs, including cost of sales, labor, rent and other operating costs. Restaurant margin is not a measurement determined in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation, or as an alternative, to income from operations. This non-GAAP measure is not indicative of overall company performance and profitability in that this measure does not accrue directly to the benefit of shareholders due to the nature of the costs excluded. Restaurant margin is widely regarded as a useful metric by which to evaluate restaurant-level operating efficiency and performance. In calculating restaurant margin, we exclude certain non-restaurant-level costs that support operations, including pre-opening and general and administrative expenses, but do not have a direct impact on restaurant-level operational efficiency and performance. We also exclude depreciation and amortization expense, substantially all of which relates to restaurant-level assets, as it represents a non-cash charge for the investment in our restaurants. We also exclude impairment and closure expense as we believe this provides a clearer perspective of the Company’s ongoing operating performance and a more useful comparison to prior period results. Restaurant margin as presented may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies in our industry. A reconciliation of income from operations to restaurant margin is included in the Results of Operations section below.

Other Key Definitions

Restaurant and Other Sales.   Restaurant sales include gross food and beverage sales, net of promotions and discounts, for all company restaurants. Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and therefore are excluded from restaurant sales in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Other sales include the amortization of fees associated with our third-party gift card sales net of the amortization of gift card breakage income. These amounts are amortized over a period consistent with the historic redemption pattern of the associated gift cards.

Franchise Royalties and Fees.   Franchise royalties consist of royalties, as defined in our franchise agreements, paid to us by domestic and international franchisees. Domestic and international franchisees also typically pay an initial franchise fee and/or development fee for each new restaurant or territory. The terms of the international agreements may vary significantly from our domestic agreements. Franchise royalties and fees also include advertising fees paid by domestic franchisees to our system-wide marketing and advertising fund and management fees paid by certain domestic franchisees for supervisory and administrative services that we perform.

Restaurant Cost of Sales.   Restaurant cost of sales consists of food and beverage costs of which approximately half relates to beef costs.

Restaurant Labor Expenses.   Restaurant labor expenses include all direct and indirect labor costs incurred in operations except for profit-sharing incentive compensation expenses earned by our restaurant managing partners and market partners. These profit-sharing expenses are reflected in restaurant other operating expenses. Restaurant labor expenses also include share-based compensation expense related to restaurant-level employees.

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Restaurant Rent Expense.   Restaurant rent expense includes all rent, except pre-opening rent, associated with the leasing of real estate and includes base, percentage and straight-line rent expense.

Restaurant Other Operating Expenses.   Restaurant other operating expenses consist of all other restaurant-level operating costs, the major components of which are utilities, dining room and To-Go supplies, local store advertising, repairs and maintenance, equipment rent, property taxes, credit card fees and general liability insurance. Profit-sharing incentive compensation expenses earned by our restaurant managing partners and market partners are also included in restaurant other operating expenses.

Pre-opening Expenses.   Pre-opening expenses, which are charged to operations as incurred, consist of expenses incurred before the opening of a new or relocated restaurant and are comprised principally of opening team and training team compensation and benefits, travel expenses, rent, food, beverage and other initial supplies and expenses. On average, over 70% of total pre-opening costs incurred per restaurant opening relate to the hiring and training of employees. Pre-opening costs vary by location depending on many factors, including the size and physical layout of each location; the number of management and hourly employees required to operate each restaurant; the availability of qualified restaurant staff members; the cost of travel and lodging for different geographic areas; the timing of the restaurant opening; and the extent of unexpected delays, if any, in obtaining final licenses and permits to open the restaurants.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses.   Depreciation and amortization expenses ("D&A") include the depreciation of fixed assets and amortization of intangibles with definite lives, substantially all of which relates to restaurant-level assets.

Impairment and Closure Costs, Net. Impairment and closure costs, net include any impairment of long-lived assets, including property and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets and goodwill, and expenses associated with the closure of a restaurant. Closure costs also include any gains or losses associated with a relocated restaurant or the sale of a closed restaurant and/or assets held for sale as well as lease costs associated with closed or relocated restaurants.

General and Administrative Expenses.   General and administrative expenses ("G&A") are comprised of expenses associated with corporate and administrative functions that support development and restaurant operations and provide an infrastructure to support future growth including certain advertising costs incurred. G&A also includes legal fees, settlement charges and share-based compensation expense related to executive officers, support center employees, and market partners, and the realized and unrealized holding gains and losses related to the investments in our deferred compensation plan.

Interest Expense (Income), Net.   Interest expense (income), net includes interest expense on our debt or financing obligations including the amortization of loan fees reduced by earnings on cash and cash equivalents.

Equity (Loss) Income from Unconsolidated Affiliates.   As of March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019, we owned a 5.0% to 10.0% equity interest in 24 domestic franchise restaurants. Additionally, as of March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019, we owned a 40% equity interest in four non-Texas Roadhouse restaurants as part of a joint venture agreement with a casual dining restaurant operator in China. Equity (loss) income from unconsolidated affiliates represents our percentage share of net income earned by these unconsolidated affiliates.

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests.   Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the portion of income attributable to the other owners of the majority-owned restaurants. Our consolidated subsidiaries at March 31, 2020 and March 26, 2019 included 20 majority-owned restaurants, all of which were open.

Q1 2020 Financial Highlights

Total revenue decreased $38.1 million, or 5.5%, to $652.5 million in Q1 2020 compared to $690.6 million in Q1 2019 primarily due to a decrease in average unit volumes driven by a decrease in comparable restaurant sales. While store weeks increased 5.3%, comparable restaurant sales decreased 8.4%. The decrease in average unit volumes is primarily due to the temporary closure of our dining rooms in mid-March related to the pandemic.

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Restaurant margin dollars decreased $44.0 million, or 35.9%, to $78.6 million in Q1 2020 compared to $122.6 million in Q1 2019 and restaurant margin, as a percentage of restaurant and other sales, decreased to 12.1% in Q1 2020 compared to 17.9% in Q1 2019. The decrease in restaurant margin, as a percentage of restaurant and other sales, was due to lower sales along with higher labor and other operating costs partially offset by lower cost of sales. See further discussion of the specific drivers included below.

Net income decreased $34.4 million, or 68.2%, to $16.0 million in Q1 2020 compared to $50.4 million in Q1 2019 primarily due to lower restaurant margin dollars partially offset by lower income taxes. Diluted earnings per share decreased 67.1% to $0.23 in Q1 2020 from $0.70 in Q1 2019.

Results of Operations

	13 Weeks Ended
	March 31, 2020		March 26, 2019
	$	%	$	%
	(In thousands)
Consolidated Statements of Income:
Revenue:
Restaurant and other sales	647,626	99.2	685,117	99.2
Franchise royalties and fees	4,898	0.8	5,491	0.8
Total revenue	652,524	100.0	690,608	100.0
Costs and expenses:
(As a percentage of restaurant and other sales)
Restaurant operating costs (excluding depreciation and amortization shown separately below):
Cost of sales	210,180	32.5	223,712	32.7
Labor	241,079	37.2	223,880	32.7
Rent	13,471	2.1	13,128	1.9
Other operating	104,289	16.1	101,802	14.9
(As a percentage of total revenue)
Pre-opening	5,112	0.8	3,868	0.6
Depreciation and amortization	29,054	4.5	27,773	4.0
Impairment and closure, net	595	NM	17	NM
General and administrative	32,954	5.1	35,983	5.2
Total costs and expenses	636,734	97.6	630,163	91.2
Income from operations	15,790	2.4	60,445	8.8
Interest expense (income), net	69	0.0	(754)	(0.1)
Equity (loss) income from investments in unconsolidated affiliates	(508)	(0.1)	113	0.0
Income before taxes	15,213	2.3	61,312	8.9
Income tax (benefit) expense	(1,939)	(0.3)	9,119	1.3
Net income including noncontrolling interests	17,152	2.6	52,193	7.6
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	1,123	0.2	1,803	0.3
Net income attributable to Texas Roadhouse, Inc. and subsidiaries	16,029	2.5	50,390	7.3

NM — Not meaningful

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Reconciliation of Income from Operations to Restaurant Margin
(in thousands)
13 Weeks Ended
March 31, 2020	March 26, 2019