Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates: The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We believe the estimates and assumptions underlying our consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2022 are reasonable and supportable based on the information available (particularly as it relates to our assessments of the recoverability of our real estate and the adequacy of our credit loss reserves on loans and financing receivables). Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Principles of Consolidation: Property holding entities and other subsidiaries of which we own 100% of the equity or have a controlling financial interest evidenced by ownership of a majority voting interest are consolidated. All inter-company balances and transactions are eliminated. For entities in which we own less than 100% of the equity interest, we consolidate the property if we have the direct or indirect ability to control the entities’ activities based upon the terms of the respective entities’ ownership agreements. For these entities, we record a non-controlling interest representing equity held by non-controlling interests.

We continually evaluate all of our transactions and investments to determine if they represent variable interests in a variable interest entity. If we determine that we have a variable interest in a variable interest entity, we then evaluate if we are the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entity. The evaluation is a qualitative assessment as to whether we have the ability to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. We consolidate each variable interest entity in which we, by virtue of or transactions with our investments in the entity, are considered to be the primary beneficiary.

At December 31, 2022, we had loans and/or equity investments in certain variable interest entities approximating $633 million, which represents our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement in such entities. We have determined that we were not the primary beneficiary of any variable interest entity in which we hold a variable interest because we do not control the activities (such as the day-to-day operations) that most significantly impact the economic performance of these entities.

Investments in Unconsolidated Entities: Investments in entities in which we have the ability to significantly influence (but not control) are accounted for by the equity method. This includes the five investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures at December 31, 2022. Under the equity method of accounting, our share of the investee’s earnings or losses are included in the “Earnings from equity interests” line of our consolidated statements of net income. Except for our joint ventures with Primotop Holdings S.à.r.l. ("Primotop") and Macquarie Asset Management ("MAM") (for which we handle the accounting of), we have elected to record our share of such investee’s earnings or losses on a lag basis (not to exceed three months). The initial carrying value of investments in unconsolidated entities is based on the amount paid to purchase the interest in the investee entity. Subsequently, our investments are increased/decreased by our share in the investees’ earnings/losses and decreased by cash distributions from our investees. To the extent that our cost basis is different from the basis reflected at the investee entity level, the basis difference is generally amortized over the lives of the related assets and liabilities, and such amortization is included in our share of equity in earnings of the investee.

We evaluate our equity method investments for impairment based upon a comparison of the fair value of the equity method investment to its carrying value, when impairment indicators exist. If we determine a decline in the fair value of an investment in an unconsolidated investee entity below its carrying value is other-than-temporary, an impairment is recorded.

Investments in entities in which we do not control nor do we have the ability to significantly influence and for which there is no readily determinable fair value (such as our investment in Steward Health Care System LLC (“Steward”)) are accounted for at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions involving the investee. Cash distributions on these types of investments are recorded to either income upon receipt (if a return on investment) or as a reduction of our investment (if the distributions received are in excess of our share of the investee’s earnings). For similar investments but for which there are readily determinable fair values, such investments are measured at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recorded in income.

Cash and Cash Equivalents: Certificates of deposit, short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less, and money-market mutual funds are considered cash equivalents. The majority of our cash and cash equivalents are held at major commercial banks, which at times may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation limit. We have not experienced any losses to-date on our invested cash. Cash and cash equivalents which have been restricted as to its use are recorded in other assets.

Revenue Recognition: Our revenues are primarily from leases and loans. For leases, we follow Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, “Leases”, (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessees and lessors). For lessors, we apply this standard as follows:

Operating Lease Revenue

We receive income from operating leases based on the fixed required rents (base rents) per the lease agreements. Rent revenue from base rents is recorded on the straight-line method, when collectability of the lease payments is deemed probable, over the terms of the related lease agreements for new leases and the remaining terms of existing leases for those acquired as part of a property acquisition. The straight-line method records the periodic average amount of base rents earned over the term of a lease, taking into account contractual rent increases over the lease term. The straight-line method typically has the effect of recording more rent revenue from a lease than a tenant is required to pay early in the term of the lease. During the later parts of a lease term, this effect reverses with less rent revenue recorded than a tenant is required to pay. Rent revenue, as recorded on the straight-line method, in our consolidated statements of net income is presented as two amounts: rent billed and straight-line rent. Rent billed revenue is the amount of base rent actually billed to our tenants each period as required by the lease. Straight-line rent revenue is the difference between rent revenue earned based on the straight-line method and the amount recorded as rent billed revenue. We record the difference between rent revenues earned and amounts due per the respective lease agreements, as applicable, as an increase or decrease to straight-line rent receivables.

Rental payments received prior to their recognition as income are classified as deferred revenue.

Financing Lease Revenue

Under ASU 2016-02, if an acquisition and subsequent lease of a property back to the seller does not meet the definition of a sale, we must account for the transaction as a financing lease with income recognized using the imputed interest method.

Another type of financing lease is a direct financing lease (“DFL”). For leases accounted for as DFLs, the future minimum lease payments are recorded as a receivable at lease inception, while, the difference between the future minimum lease payments and the estimated residual values less the cost of the properties is recorded as unearned income. Unearned income is deferred and amortized to income over the lease term to provide a constant yield when collectability of the lease payments is reasonably assured. Investments in DFLs are presented net of unearned income.

Other Leasing Revenue

We begin recording base rent income from our development projects when the lessee takes physical possession of the facility, which may be different from the stated start date of the lease. Also, during construction of our development projects, we may be entitled to accrue rent based on the cost paid during the construction period (construction period rent). We accrue construction period rent as a receivable with a corresponding offset to deferred revenue during the construction period. When the lessee takes physical possession of the facility, we begin recognizing the deferred construction period revenue on the straight-line method over the term of the lease.

We also receive additional rent (contingent rent) under some leases based on increases in the consumer price index (“CPI”) (or similar index outside the U.S.) or when CPI exceeds the annual minimum percentage increase as stipulated in the lease. Contingent rents are recorded as rent billed revenue in the period earned.

Tenant payments for ground leases along with other operating expenses, such as property taxes and insurance, that are paid directly by us and reimbursed by our tenants are presented on a gross basis with the related revenues recorded in “Interest and other income” and the related expenses in “Property-related” in our consolidated statements of net income. All payments of other operating expenses made directly by the tenant to the applicable government or appropriate third-party vendor are recorded on a net basis.

Interest Revenue

We receive interest income from our tenants/borrowers on mortgage loans, working capital loans, and other long-term loans. Interest income from these loans is recognized as earned based upon the principal outstanding and terms of the loans.

Other Revenue

Commitment fees received from lessees for development and leasing services are initially recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as income over the initial term of a lease to produce a constant effective yield on the lease (interest method). Commitment and origination fees from lending services are also recorded as deferred revenue initially and recognized as income over the life of the loan using the interest method.

Acquired Real Estate Purchase Price Allocation: We account for acquisitions of real estate under asset acquisition accounting rules. Under this accounting standard, we allocate the purchase price (including any third-party transaction costs directly related to the acquisition) of acquired properties to tangible and identified intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed (if any) based on their relative fair values. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase prices of acquired real estate, we may utilize a number of sources, from time-to-time, including available real estate broker data, independent appraisals that may be obtained in connection with the acquisition, internal data from previous acquisitions or developments, and other market data, including market comparables for significant assumptions such as market rental, capitalization, and discount rates. We also consider information obtained about each property as a result of our pre-acquisition due diligence, marketing, and leasing activities in estimating the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired.

We measure the aggregate value of lease intangible assets acquired based on the difference between (i) the property valued with new or in-place leases adjusted to market rental rates and (ii) the property valued as if vacant. Management’s estimates of value are made using methods similar to those used by independent appraisers (e.g., discounted cash flow analysis). Factors considered by management in our analysis include an estimate of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, considering current market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases. We also consider information obtained about each targeted facility as a result of our pre-acquisition due diligence, marketing, and leasing activities in estimating the fair value of the intangible assets acquired. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods, which we expect to be about six months, but can be longer depending on specific local market conditions. Management also estimates costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions, legal costs, and other related expenses to the extent that such costs are not already incurred in connection with a new lease origination as part of the transaction.

Other intangible assets acquired may include customer relationship intangible values which are based on management’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each prospective tenant’s lease and our overall relationship with that tenant. Characteristics to be considered by management in allocating these values include the nature and extent of our existing business relationships with the tenant, growth prospects for developing new business with the tenant, the tenant’s credit quality, and expectations of lease renewals, including those existing under the terms of the lease agreement, among other factors.

We amortize the value of our lease intangible assets to expense over the term of the respective leases. If a lease is terminated early, the unamortized portion of the lease intangibles are charged to expense.

We record above-market and below-market in-place lease values, if any, for our facilities, which are based on the present value of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of the lease. We amortize any resulting capitalized above-market lease values as a reduction of rental income over the lease term. We amortize any resulting capitalized below-market lease values as an increase to rental income over the lease term. If a lease is terminated early, the unamortized portion of the capitalized above/below market lease value is recognized in rental income at that time.

Real Estate and Depreciation: Real estate, consisting of land, buildings and improvements, is maintained at cost. Although typically paid by our tenants, any expenditure for ordinary maintenance and repairs that we pay are expensed to operations as incurred. Significant renovations and improvements, which improve and/or extend the useful life of the asset, are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. We record impairment losses on long-lived assets used in operations when events and circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets, including an estimated liquidation amount, during the expected holding periods are less than the carrying amounts of those assets. Impairment losses are measured as the difference between carrying value and fair value of the assets. For assets held for sale, we cease recording depreciation expense and adjust the assets’ value to the lower of its carrying value or fair value, less cost of disposal. Fair value is based on estimated cash flows discounted at a risk-adjusted rate of interest. We classify real estate assets as held for sale when we have commenced an active program to sell the assets, and in the opinion of management, it is probable the asset will be sold within the next 12 months.

Construction in progress includes the cost of land, the cost of construction of buildings, improvements, and fixed equipment, and costs for design and engineering. Other costs, such as interest, legal, property taxes, and corporate project supervision, which can be directly associated with the project during construction, are also included in construction in progress. We commence capitalization of costs associated with a development project when the development of the future asset is probable and activities necessary to get the underlying property ready for its intended use have been initiated. We stop the capitalization of costs when the property is substantially complete and ready for its intended use.

Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related real estate and other assets. Our weighted-average useful lives at December 31, 2022 are as follows:


Buildings and improvements		39.0 years
Lease intangibles		26.8 years
Leasehold improvements		14.4 years
Furniture, equipment, and other		9.8 years

Credit Losses:

Losses from Rent Receivables: For all leases, we continuously monitor the performance of our existing tenants including, but not limited to: admission levels and surgery/procedure volumes by type; current operating margins; ratio of our tenant's operating margins both to facility rent and to facility rent plus other fixed costs; trends in revenue, cash collections, patient mix; and the effect of evolving healthcare regulations, adverse economic and political conditions, such as rising inflation and interest rates, and other events ongoing on a tenant's profitability and liquidity.

Losses from Operating Lease Receivables: We utilize the information above along with the tenant’s payment and default history in evaluating (on a property-by-property basis) whether or not a provision for losses on outstanding billed rent and/or straight-line rent receivables is needed. A provision for losses on rent receivables (including straight-line rent receivables) is ultimately recorded when it becomes probable that the receivable will not be collected in full. The provision is an amount which reduces the receivable to its estimated net realizable value based on a determination of the eventual amounts to be collected either from the debtor or from existing collateral, if any.

Losses on Financing Lease Receivables: We apply a forward-looking “expected credit loss” model to all of our financing receivables, including financing leases and loans. To do this, we have grouped our financial instruments into two primary pools of similar credit risk: secured and unsecured. The secured instruments include our investments in financing receivables as all are secured by the underlying real estate, among other collateral. Within the two primary pools, we further grouped our instruments into sub-pools based on several tenant/borrower characteristics, including years of experience in the healthcare industry and in a particular market or region and overall capitalization. We then determined a credit loss percentage per pool based on our history over a period of time that closely matches the remaining terms of the financial instruments being analyzed and adjusted as needed for current trends or unusual circumstances. We have applied these credit loss percentages to the book value of the related instruments to establish a credit loss reserve on our financing lease receivables and such credit loss

reserve (including the underlying assumptions) is reviewed and adjusted quarterly. If a financing receivable is under performing and is deemed uncollectible based on the lessee’s overall financial condition, we will adjust the credit loss reserve based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.

We made the accounting policy election to exclude interest receivables from the credit loss reserve model. Instead, such receivables are impaired and an allowance recorded when it is deemed probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due. Like operating lease receivables, the need for an allowance is based upon our assessment of the lessee’s overall financial condition, economic resources and payment record, the prospects for support from any financially responsible guarantors, and, if appropriate, the realizable value of any collateral. Financing leases are placed on non-accrual status when we determine that the collectability of contractual amounts is not reasonably assured. If on non-accrual status, we generally account for the financing lease on a cash basis, in which income is recognized only upon receipt of cash.

Loans: Loans consist of mortgage loans, working capital loans, and other loans. Mortgage loans are collateralized by interests in real property. Working capital and other loans are typically collateralized by interests in receivables and corporate and individual guarantees. We record loans at cost. Like our financing lease receivables, we establish credit loss reserves on all outstanding loans based on historical credit losses of similar instruments. Such credit loss reserves, including the underlying assumptions, are reviewed and adjusted quarterly. If a loan’s performance worsens and foreclosure is deemed probable for our collateral-based loans (after considering the borrower’s overall financial condition as described above for leases), we will adjust the allowance for expected credit losses based on the current fair value of such collateral at the time the loan is deemed uncollectible. If the loan is not collateralized, the loan will be reserved for/written-off once it is determined that such loan is no longer collectible. Interest receivables on loans are excluded from the forward looking credit loss reserve model; however, we assess their collectability similar to how we assess collectability for interest receivables on financing leases described above.

The following table summarizes our credit loss reserves (in thousands):


	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Balance at beginning of the year	$	48,527		$	8,726
Provision (recovery) for credit loss, net		99,009			41,710
Expected credit loss reserve related to financial instruments sold, repaid, or satisfied		(26,390	)		(1,909	)
Balance at end of year	$	121,146		$	48,527

Earnings Per Share/Units: Basic earnings per common share/unit is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares/units outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share/unit is calculated by including the effect of dilutive securities.

Our unvested restricted stock awards contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and accordingly, these awards are deemed to be participating securities. These participating securities are included in the earnings allocation in computing both basic and diluted earnings per common share/unit.

Income Taxes: We conduct our business as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“the Code”). To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute to stockholders at least 90% of our REIT’s ordinary taxable income. As a REIT, we generally pay little U.S. federal and state income tax because of the dividends paid deduction that we are allowed to take. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will then be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year during which qualification is lost, unless the Internal Revenue Service grants us relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. However, we intend to operate in such a manner so that we will remain qualified as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Our financial statements include the operations of TRS entities. None of our TRS entities are entitled to a dividends paid deduction and are subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes. Our TRS entities are authorized to provide property development, leasing, and management services for third-party owned properties, and we will make non-mortgage loans to and/or investments in our lessees through these entities.

With the property acquisitions and investments in Europe, Australia, and South America, we are subject to income taxes internationally. However, we do not expect to incur any additional income taxes, of a significant nature, in the U.S. as the majority such income from our international properties flows through our REIT income tax returns. For our TRS entities and international subsidiaries, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Any increase or decrease in our deferred tax assets/liabilities that results from a change in circumstances and that causes us to change our judgment about expected future tax consequences of events, is reflected in our tax provision when such changes occur. Deferred income taxes also reflect the impact of operating loss carryforwards. A valuation allowance is provided if we believe it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. Any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance that results from a change in circumstances, and that causes us to change our judgment about our ability to realize the related deferred tax asset, is reflected in our tax provision when such changes occur.

The calculation of our income taxes involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. An income tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of technical merits. However, if a more likely than not position cannot be reached, we record a liability as an offset to the tax benefit and adjust the liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the uncertain tax position liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available.

Stock-Based Compensation: We adopted the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”) during the second quarter of 2019, which was amended during the second quarter of 2022. Awards of restricted stock and other equity-based awards with service conditions are valued at the average stock price per share on the date of grant and are amortized to compensation expense over the service periods (typically three years), using the straight-line method. Awards that contain market conditions are valued on the grant date using a Monte Carlo valuation model and are amortized to compensation expense over the derived service periods, which correspond to the periods over which we estimate the awards will be earned, which generally range from three to five years, using the straight-line method. Awards with performance conditions are valued at the average stock price per share on the date of grant and are amortized using the straight-line method over the service period, adjusted for the probability of achieving the performance conditions. Forfeitures of stock-based awards are recognized as they occur.

Deferred Costs: Costs incurred that directly relate to the offerings of stock are deferred and netted against proceeds received from the offering. Leasing commissions and other third-party leasing costs that would not have been incurred if the lease was not obtained are capitalized as deferred leasing costs and amortized on the straight-line method over the terms of the related lease agreements. Costs identifiable with loans made to borrowers are capitalized and recognized as a reduction in interest income over the life of the loan.

Deferred Financing Costs: We generally capitalize financing costs incurred in connection with new financings and refinancings of debt. These costs are amortized over the lives of the related debt as an addition to interest expense. For debt with defined principal re-payment terms, the deferred costs are amortized to produce a constant effective yield on the debt (interest method) and are included within “Debt, net” on our consolidated balance sheets. For debt without defined principal repayment terms, such as our revolving credit facility, the deferred costs are amortized on the straight-line method over the term of the debt and are included as a component of “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions: Certain of our international subsidiaries’ functional currencies are the local currencies of their respective countries. We translate the results of operations of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars using average rates of exchange in effect during the period, and we translate balance sheet accounts using exchange rates in effect at the end of the period. We record resulting currency translation adjustments in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders’ equity/partnership capital on our consolidated balance sheets.

Certain of our U.S. subsidiaries will enter into short-term and long-term transactions denominated in a foreign currency from time-to-time. Gains or losses resulting from these foreign currency transactions are revalued into U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. The effects of revaluation gains or losses on our short-term transactions are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of income, while the revaluation effects on our long-term investments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on our consolidated balance sheets.

Derivative Financial Investments and Hedging Activities: During our normal course of business, we may use certain types of derivative instruments for the purpose of managing interest rate and/or foreign currency risk. We record our derivative and hedging instruments at fair value on the balance sheet. Changes in the estimated fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges or that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting are recognized in earnings. For derivatives designated as cash flow

hedges, the change in the estimated fair value of the effective portion of the derivative is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on our consolidated balance sheets, whereas the change in the estimated fair value of the ineffective portion is recognized in earnings. For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, the change in the estimated fair value of the effective portion of the derivatives offsets the change in the estimated fair value of the hedged item, whereas the change in the estimated fair value of the ineffective portion is recognized in earnings.

To qualify for hedge accounting, we formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge prior to entering into a derivative transaction. This process includes specific identification of the hedging instrument and the hedge transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the hedging instrument’s effectiveness in hedging the exposure to the hedged transaction’s variability in cash flows attributable to the hedged risk will be assessed. Both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, we assess whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows or fair values of hedged items. In addition, for cash flow hedges, we assess whether the underlying forecasted transaction will occur. We discontinue hedge accounting if a derivative is not determined to be highly effective as a hedge or that it is probable that the underlying forecasted transaction will not occur.

Fair Value Measurement: We measure and disclose the estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities utilizing a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to a fair value measurement are considered to be observable or unobservable in a marketplace. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our market assumptions. This hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. These inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

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Level 1 — quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;

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Level 2 — quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

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Level 3 — fair value measurements derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

We measure fair value using a set of standardized procedures that are outlined herein for all assets and liabilities which are required to be measured at their estimated fair value on either a recurring or non-recurring basis. When available, we utilize quoted market prices from an independent third party source to determine fair value and classify such items in Level 1. In some instances where a market price is available, but the instrument is in an inactive or over-the-counter market, we apply the dealer (market maker) pricing estimate and classify the asset or liability in Level 2.

If quoted market prices or inputs are not available, fair value measurements are based upon valuation models that utilize current market or independently sourced market inputs, such as interest rates, option volatilities, credit spreads, market capitalization rates, etc. Items valued using such internally-generated valuation techniques are classified according to the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. As a result, the asset or liability could be classified in either Level 2 or 3 even though there may be some significant inputs that are readily observable. Internal fair value models and techniques that have been used by us include discounted cash flow and Monte Carlo valuation models. We also consider counterparty’s and our own credit risk on derivatives and other liabilities measured at their estimated fair value.

Fair Value Option Election: For our equity investment in the international joint venture and equity interest in Springstone Health Opco, LLC (“Springstone”), along with any related investments such as loans (see Note 3 for more details), we have elected to account for these investments at fair value due to the size of the investments and because we believe this method is more reflective of current values. We have not made a similar election for other investments that exist at December 31, 2022.

Leases (Lessee)

Pursuant to ASU 2016-02, we are required to apply a dual approach, classifying leases (in which we are the lessee) as either financing or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase. This classification determines whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method (for finance leases) or on a straight-line basis (for operating leases) over the term of the lease. We record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all material leases with a term greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are off balance sheet with lease expense recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Reclassifications: Certain amounts in the consolidated financial statements for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. For the year ended December 31, 2021, $39.4 million has been reclassified from "Other (including fair

value adjustments on securities)" to "Real estate and other impairment charges, net" in our consolidated statements of Net Income. There is no impact to net income.