10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission file number: 001-34728

DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	13-4275891
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

7777 North 73rd Street

Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(414) 354-2310

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share	PLOW	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer ⌧	Accelerated filer ◻
Non-accelerated filer ◻	Smaller reporting company ☐
	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ⌧

Number of shares of registrant’s common shares outstanding as of May 5, 2020 was 22,857,457.

DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, INC.

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1. Financial Statements	3
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019	3
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	4
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	5
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	6
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	38
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	39
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION	39
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	39
Item 1A. Risk Factors	40
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	41
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	41
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	41
Item 5. Other Information	41
Item 6. Exhibits	42
Signatures	43

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands except share data)

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
	(unaudited)		(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	27,141	$	35,665
Accounts receivable, net		48,096		87,871
Inventories		112,370		77,942
Inventories - truck chassis floor plan		8,774		6,539
Refundable income taxes paid		974		-
Prepaid and other current assets		5,168		3,511
Total current assets		202,523		211,528
Property, plant, and equipment, net		58,542		58,444
Goodwill		241,006		241,006
Other intangible assets, net		160,984		163,722
Operating lease - right of use asset		21,555		22,557
Other long-term assets		7,926		8,438
Total assets	$	692,536	$	705,695
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	17,224	$	16,113
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		22,135		26,496
Floor plan obligations		8,774		6,539
Operating lease liability - current		3,770		3,822
Income taxes payable		-		2,990
Short term borrowings		30,000		-
Current portion of long-term debt		1,938		22,143
Total current liabilities		83,841		78,103
Retiree health benefit obligation		6,451		6,338
Deferred income taxes		45,961		47,211
Long-term debt, less current portion		222,008		222,081
Operating lease liability - noncurrent		18,010		18,981
Other long-term liabilities		23,230		19,818
Stockholders’ equity:
Common Stock, par value $0.01, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 22,857,457 and 22,795,412 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		229		228
Additional paid-in capital		156,296		155,001
Retained earnings		143,618		160,748
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax		(7,108)		(2,814)
Total stockholders’ equity		293,035		313,163
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	692,536	$	705,695

See the accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
	(unaudited)
Net sales	$	68,190	$	93,187
Cost of sales		56,500		70,241
Gross profit		11,690		22,946
Selling, general, and administrative expense		17,149		16,644
Intangibles amortization		2,738		2,741
Income (loss) from operations		(8,197)		3,561
Interest expense, net		(5,040)		(4,150)
Other expense, net		(111)		(171)
Loss before taxes		(13,348)		(760)
Income tax benefit		(3,262)		(463)
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic		22,813,256		22,729,084
Diluted		22,813,256		22,729,084
Loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.44)	$	(0.01)
Diluted	$	(0.44)	$	(0.01)
Cash dividends declared and paid per share	$	0.28	$	0.27
Comprehensive loss	$	(14,380)	$	(1,319)

See the accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
	(unaudited)
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		4,894		4,808
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount		303		303
Stock-based compensation		1,368		1,054
Mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives not classified as hedges		1,413		-
Provision for losses on accounts receivable		204		107
Deferred income taxes		(1,250)		1,010
Earnout liability		(17)		(217)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		39,014		26,096
Inventories		(34,428)		(29,229)
Prepaid assets, refundable income taxes and other assets		(2,119)		(3,676)
Accounts payable		1,161		(2,179)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		(7,334)		(1,451)
Benefit obligations and other long-term liabilities		(2,203)		(1,906)
Net cash used in operating activities		(9,080)		(5,577)
Investing activities
Capital expenditures		(2,304)		(769)
Net cash used in investing activities		(2,304)		(769)
Financing activities
Shares withheld on restricted stock vesting paid for employees’ taxes		(72)		(50)
Dividends paid		(6,487)		(6,292)
Net revolver borrowings		30,000		16,000
Repayment of long-term debt		(20,581)		(30,784)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		2,860		(21,126)
Change in cash and cash equivalents		(8,524)		(27,472)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		35,665		27,820
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	27,141	$	348
Non-cash operating and financing activities
Truck chassis inventory acquired through floorplan obligations	$	6,215	$	10,299

See the accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(In thousands)

									Accumulated
					Additional				Other
		Common Stock			Paid-in		Retained		Comprehensive
		Shares	Dollars		Capital		Earnings		Loss		Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Balance at December 31, 2019		22,795,412	$	228	$	155,001	$	160,748	$	(2,814)	$	313,163
	Net loss	—		—		—		(10,086)		—		(10,086)
	Dividends paid	—		—		—		(6,487)		—		(6,487)
	Impact due to adoption of ASC 2016-13 (credit losses), net of tax of $193	—		—		—		(557)		—		(557)
	Adjustment for postretirement benefit liability, net of tax of $20	—		—		—		—		(57)		(57)
	Adjustment for interest rate swap, net of tax of $1,489	—		—		—		—		(4,237)		(4,237)
	Shares withheld on restricted stock vesting	—		—		(72)		—		—		(72)
	Stock based compensation	62,045		1		1,367		—		—		1,368
Balance at March 31, 2020		22,857,457	$	229	$	156,296	$	143,618	$	(7,108)	$	293,035
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Balance at December 31, 2018		22,700,991	$	227	$	151,813	$	136,765	$	(6,049)	$	282,756
	Net loss	—		—		—		(297)		—		(297)
	Dividends paid	—		—		—		(6,292)		—		(6,292)
	Adjustment for pension and postretirement benefit liability, net of tax of ($18)	—		—		—		—		53		53
	Adjustment for interest rate swap, net of tax of $378	—		—		—		—		(1,075)		(1,075)
	Shares withheld on restricted stock vesting	—		—		(50)		—		—		(50)
	Stock based compensation	94,421		1		1,053		—		—		1,054
Balance at March 31, 2019		22,795,412	$	228	$	152,816	$	130,176	$	(7,071)	$	276,149

See the accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(In thousands except share and per share data)

1.Basis of presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for fiscal year-end financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. For further information, refer to the financial statements and related footnotes included in our 2019 Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-34728) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2020.

The Company conducts business in two segments: Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions. Under this reporting structure, the Company’s two reportable business segments are as follows: 

Work Truck Attachments.  The Work Truck Attachments segment includes commercial snow and ice management attachments sold under the FISHER®, WESTERN® and SNOWEX® brands.  This segment consists of our operations that manufacture and sell snow and ice control products.

Work Truck Solutions.  The Work Truck Solutions segment includes manufactured municipal snow and ice control products under the HENDERSON® brand and the up-fit of market leading attachments and storage solutions under the HENDERSON® brand, and the DEJANA® brand and its related sub-brands.

See Note 16 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for financial information regarding these segments.

Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Information

The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2020, the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and the condensed consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, and the condensed cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 have been prepared by the Company and have not been audited.

The Company’s Work Truck Attachments segment is seasonal and, consequently its results of operations and financial condition vary from quarter-to-quarter.  Because of this seasonality, the results of operations of the Work Truck Attachments segment for any quarter may not be indicative of results of operations that may be achieved for a subsequent quarter or the full year, and may not be similar to results of operations experienced in prior years. The Company attempts to manage the seasonal impact of snowfall on its revenues in part through its pre-season sales program. This pre-season sales program encourages the Company’s distributors to re-stock their inventory of Work Truck Attachments products during the second and third quarters in anticipation of the peak fourth quarter retail sales period by offering favorable pre-season pricing and payment deferral until the fourth quarter. Thus, the Company’s Work Truck Attachments segment tends to generate its greatest volume of sales during the second and third quarters. By contrast, its revenue and operating results tend to be lowest during the first quarter, as management believes the end-users of Work Truck Attachments products prefer to wait until the beginning of a snow season to purchase new equipment and as the Company’s distributors sell off Work Truck Attachments inventory and wait for the pre-season sales incentive period to re-stock inventory. Fourth quarter sales vary from year-to-year as they are primarily driven by the level, timing and location of snowfall during the quarter. This is because most of the Company’s Work Truck Attachments fourth quarter sales and shipments consist of re-orders by distributors seeking to restock inventory to meet immediate customer needs caused by snowfall during the winter months. In addition, due to the factors noted above, Work Truck Attachments working capital needs are highest in the second and third quarters as its accounts receivable rise from pre-season sales. These working capital needs decline in the fourth quarter as the Company receives payments for its pre-season shipments.  

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As a result of the COVID-19 crisis, including the market volatility and other economic implications associated with the crisis and the economic and regulatory measures enacted to contain its spread, the Company’s results of operations have been impacted in the three months ended March 31, 2020, and may be significantly impacted in future quarters. In addition, the Company’s working capital and liquidity needs may become more unpredictable as a result of changes in order patterns among customers due to the crisis.  Based on the COVID-19 crisis, the results of operations of the Company for any quarter during the crisis may not be indicative of results of operations that may be achieved for a subsequent quarter or the full year, and may not be similar to results of operations experienced in prior years.

The Company preventatively and voluntarily closed its facilities on March 18, 2020.  Since that time, the Company has started to slowly ramp up production at various facilities as appropriate. The Company has taken all of the necessary safety steps and precautions for employees who have returned to work. As of the date of this filing, the Company is not yet up to full production levels. The Company will continue to monitor the situation and provide updates as appropriate.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company benefited from credits related to the passage of the CARES Act on March 27, 2020 in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Under the CARES Act, the Company qualified for an Employee Retention Credit for wages paid to employees who were not working due to a plant shutdown related to the COVID-19 crisis. As a result of the CARES Act, the Company recorded a total benefit of $1,152 to Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses,” which modifies the measurement of expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. Upon adoption, the Company recognized the cumulative effect of adopting this guidance as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of $557, net of tax. The Company has identified and implemented changes to processes and controls to meet the standard’s updated reporting and disclosure requirements. See Note 3 for additional information.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform,” which provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 specifically related to its interest rate swap, where the Company asserts the forecasted transaction using the existing reference rate associated with the swap remains probable.

2.Revenue Recognition

Revenue Streams

The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates revenue. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company generates all of its revenue from contracts with customers. Additionally, contract amounts represent the full amount of the transaction price as agreed upon with the customer at the time of order, resulting in a single performance obligation in all cases. In regards to the COVID-19 crisis, the Company believes most customers within all revenue streams identified below provide essential services.

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Work Truck Attachments

The Company recognizes revenue upon shipment of equipment to the customer. Within the Work Truck Attachments segment, the Company offers a variety of discounts and sales incentives to its distributors. The estimated liability for sales discounts and allowances is calculated using the expected value method and recorded at the time of sale as a reduction of net sales. The liability is estimated based on the costs of the program, the planned duration of the program and historical experience.

The Work Truck Attachments segment has two revenue streams, as identified below.

Independent Dealer Sales – Revenues from sales to independent dealers are recognized when the customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at a point in time, typically upon shipment. In these instances, each product is considered a separate performance obligation, and revenue is recognized upon shipment of the goods. Any shipping and handling activities performed by the Company after the transfer of control to the customer (e.g., when control transfers upon shipment) are considered fulfillment activities, and accordingly, the costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized.

Parts & Accessory Sales – The Company’s equipment is used in harsh conditions and parts frequently wear out. These parts drive recurring revenues through parts and accessory sales. The process for recording parts and accessory sales is consistent with the independent dealer sales noted above.

Work Truck Solutions

The Work Truck Solutions segment primarily participates in the truck and vehicle upfitting industry in the United States. Customers are billed separately for the truck chassis by the chassis manufacturer.  The Company only records sales for the amount of the upfit, excluding the truck chassis.   Generally, the Company obtains the truck chassis from the truck chassis manufacturer through either its floor plan agreement with a financial institution or bailment pool agreement with the truck chassis manufacturer. Additionally, in some instances the Company upfits chassis which are owned by the end customer.  For truck chassis acquired through the floor plan agreement, the Company holds title to the vehicle from the time the chassis is received by the Company until the completion of the up-fit.  Under the bailment pool agreement, the Company does not take title to the truck chassis, but rather only holds the truck chassis on consignment.   The Company pays interest on both of these arrangements.  The Company records revenue in the same manner net of the value of the truck chassis in both the Company’s floor plan and bailment pool agreements. The Company does not set the price for the truck chassis, is not responsible for the billing of the chassis and does not have inventory risk in either the bailment pool or floor plan agreements. The Work Truck Solutions segment also has manufacturing operations of municipal snow and ice control equipment, where revenue is recognized upon shipment of equipment to the customer.

Revenues from the sales of the Work Truck Solutions products are recognized net of the truck chassis with the selling price to the customer recorded as sales and the manufacturing and up-fit cost of the product recorded as cost of sales. In these cases, the Company acts as an agent as it does not have inventory or pricing control over the truck chassis.  Within the Work Truck Solutions segment, the Company also sells certain third-party products for which it acts as an agent.  These sales do not meet the criteria for gross sales recognition, and thus are recognized on a net basis at the time of sale. Under net sales recognition, the cost paid to the third-party service provider is recorded as a reduction to sales, resulting in net sales being equal to the gross profit on the transaction.

The Work Truck Solutions segment has four revenue streams, as identified below.

State and Local Bids – The Company records revenue of separately sold snow and ice equipment upon shipment and fully upfit vehicles upon delivery.  The state and local bid process does not obligate the entity to buy any products from the Company, but merely allows the entity to purchase products in the future typically for a fixed period of time. The entity commits to actually purchasing products from the Company when it issues purchase orders off of a previously awarded bid, which lists out actual quantities of equipment being ordered and the delivery terms. On upfit transactions, the Company is providing a significant service by assembling and integrating the individual products onto the customer’s truck. Each individual product and installation activity is highly interdependent and highly interrelated, and therefore the Company considers the manufacture and upfit of a truck a

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single performance obligation. Any shipping and handling activities performed by the Company after the transfer of control to the Customer (e.g., when control transfers upon shipment) are considered fulfillment activities, and accordingly, the costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized.

Fleet Upfit Sales – The Company enters into contracts with certain fleet customers. Fleet agreements create enforceable rights without the issuance of a purchase order. Typically, these agreements outline the terms of sale, payment terms, standard pricing, and the rights of the customer and seller. Fleet sales are performed on both customer owned vehicles as well as non-customer owned vehicles.  For non-customer owned vehicles, revenue is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the truck to the customer. For customer-owned vehicles, per Topic 606, revenue is recognized over time based on a cost input method. The Company accumulates costs incurred on partially completed customer-owned upfits based on estimated margin and completion. The Company books an adjustment to account for revenue over time related to customer owned vehicles, which decreased revenue by $106 and increased revenue by $145 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Dealer Upfit Sales – The Company upfits work trucks for independent dealer customers. Dealer upfit revenue is recorded upon delivery. The customer does not own the vehicles during the upfit process, and as such revenue is recorded at a point in time upon delivery to the customer.

Over the Counter / Parts & Accessory Sales – Work Truck Solutions part and accessory sales are recorded as revenue upon shipment. Additionally, customers can purchase parts at any of the Company’s showrooms.  In these instances, each product is considered a separate performance obligation, and revenue is recognized upon shipment of the goods or customer pick up.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by customer type and timing of revenue recognition, and includes a reconciliation of the disaggregated revenue with reportable segments.

Revenue by customer type was as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Independent dealer	$ 19,120	$ 28,052	$ 47,172
Government	-	10,490	10,490
Fleet	-	9,229	9,229
Other	-	1,299	1,299
Total revenue	$ 19,120	$ 49,070	$ 68,190
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Independent dealer	$ 25,817	$ 33,043	$ 58,860
Government	-	15,529	15,529
Fleet	-	14,952	14,952
Other	-	3,846	3,846
Total revenue	$ 25,817	$ 67,370	$ 93,187

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Revenue by timing of revenue recognition was as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Point in time	$ 19,120	$ 29,714	$ 48,834
Over time	-	19,356	19,356
Total revenue	$ 19,120	$ 49,070	$ 68,190
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Point in time	$ 25,817	$ 42,023	$ 67,840
Over time	-	25,347	25,347
Total revenue	$ 25,817	$ 67,370	$ 93,187

Contract Balances

The following table shows the changes in the Company’s contract liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020		Balance at Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance at End of Period
Contract liabilities	$	2,187	$	1,637	$	(1,789)	$	2,035
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019		Balance at Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance at End of Period
Contract liabilities	$	2,006	$	2,335	$	(2,041)	$	2,300

The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules. Contract assets include amounts related to our contractual right to consideration for completed performance objectives not yet invoiced. There were no contract assets as of March 31, 2020 or 2019. Contract liabilities include payments received in advance of performance under the contract, variable freight allowances which are refunded to the customer, and rebates paid to distributors under our municipal rebate program, and are realized with the associated revenue recognized under the contract.

The Company recognized revenue of $467 and $372 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which was included in contract liabilities at the beginning of each period.

3.         Credit Losses

Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted new accounting guidance that significantly changes the impairment model for estimating credit losses on financial assets to a current expected credit losses (“CECL”) model that requires entities to estimate the lifetime expected credit losses on such assets, leading to earlier recognition of such losses. Under the new guidance, the Company is required to measure expected credit losses using forward-looking information to assess its allowance for credit losses. The guidance also requires the Company to consider of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information in estimating credit losses. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. Effective January 1, 2020, the adoption of CECL accounting, through a modified-retrospective approach,

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caused an increase to the allowance for credit losses of approximately $400 and $350 for the Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions segments, respectively.

The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable are due from distributors of truck equipment and dealers of completed upfit trucks. Credit is extended based on an evaluation of a customer’s financial condition. A receivable is considered past due if payments have not been received within agreed upon invoice terms. Accounts receivable are written off after all collection efforts have been exhausted. The Company takes a security interest in the inventory as collateral for the receivable but often does not have a priority security interest. The Company has short-term accounts receivable at its Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions segments subject to evaluation for expected credit losses. Expected credit losses are estimated based on the loss-rate and probability of default methods. On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its accounts receivable and establishes the allowance for credit losses based on specific customer circumstances, past events including collections and write-off history, current conditions, and reasonable forecasts about the future. Management evaluated the need for an additional allowance for credit losses related to economic conditions arising from the COVID-19 crisis. Management has not seen indications of customers going out of business and not being able to pay their bills (although the receivables may become more aged). Management believes customers of the Work Truck Attachments segment have long-standing relationships with the Company, and are mature dealers that are likely able to weather the crisis. Many Work Truck Solutions customers are governments and municipal entities who management believes are highly unlikely to default. In addition management believes Work Truck Solutions has long-standing relationships with its customers, and the customers are in general mature dealers that are unlikely to default as a result of the crisis. Therefore, as of March 31, 2020, no additional reserve related to the COVID-19 crisis was deemed necessary. As of March 31, 2020 the Company had an allowance for credit losses on its trade accounts receivable of $1,151 and $1,284 at its Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions segments, respectively.

The following table rolls forward the activity related to credit losses for trade accounts receivable at each segment, and on a consolidated basis for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

	Balance at		Adoption of		Additions				Changes to		Balance at
	December 31,		ASU 2016-13		charged to		Writeoffs		reserve, net		March 31,
	2019				earnings						2020
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Work Truck Attachments	$	600	$	400	$	100	$	-	$	51	$	1,151
Work Truck Solutions		887		350		104		-		(57)		1,284
Total	$	1,487	$	750	$	204	$	-	$	(6)	$	2,435

4.Fair Value

Fair value is the price at which an asset could be exchanged in a current transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties. A liability’s fair value is defined as the amount that would be paid to transfer the liability to a new obligor, not the amount that would be paid to settle the liability with the creditor.  Fair value measurements are categorized into one of three levels based on the lowest level of significant input used: Level 1 (unadjusted quoted prices in active markets); Level 2 (observable market inputs available at the measurement date, other than quoted prices included in Level 1); and Level 3 (unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data).

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The following table presents financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and discloses the fair value of long-term debt:

	Fair Value at		Fair Value at
	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Assets:
Other long-term assets (a)	$	6,767	$	7,270
Total Assets	$	6,767	$	7,270
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps (b)	$	13,876	$	6,736
Long-term debt (c)		218,543		247,630
Earnout - Dejana (d)		2,000		2,000
Total Liabilities	$	234,419	$	256,383

(a)  Included in other assets is the cash surrender value of insurance policies on various individuals that are associated with the Company. The carrying amount of these insurance policies approximates their fair value and is considered Level 2 inputs.

(b) Valuation models are calibrated to initial trade price. Subsequent valuations are based on observable inputs to the valuation model (e.g. interest rates and credit spreads). Model inputs are changed only when corroborated by market data. A credit risk adjustment is made on each swap using observable market credit spreads. Thus, inputs used to determine fair value of the interest rate swap are Level 2 inputs.  Interest rate swaps of $3,570 and $10,306 at March 31, 2020 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities, respectively.  Interest rate swaps of $1,522 and $5,214 at December 31, 2019 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities, respectively.

(c)  The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, including current maturities, is estimated using discounted cash flows based on the Company’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements, which is a Level 2 input for all periods presented. Meanwhile, long-term debt is recorded at carrying amount, net of discount and deferred debt issuance costs, as disclosed on the face of the balance sheet.

(d) Included in Other long-term liabilities in the amount of $2,000 at March 31, 2020 is the fair value of an obligation for a portion of the potential earnout incurred in conjunction with the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Dejana Truck & Utility Equipment Company, Inc. and certain entities directly or indirectly owned by the Peter Paul Dejana Family Trust dated 12/31/98 (“Dejana”). Included in Other long-term liabilities in the amount of $2,200 at March 31, 2019 is the fair value of an obligation for a portion of the potential earnout incurred in conjunction with the acquisition of Dejana. Fair value is based upon Level 3 inputs of a real options approach where gross sales were simulated in a risk-neutral framework using Geometric Brownian Motion, a well-accepted model of stock price behavior that is used in option pricing models such as the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using key inputs of forecasted future sales and financial performance as well as a risk adjusted expected growth rate adjusted appropriately based on its correlation with the market.  There were no adjustments to fair value or payments to former owners in either the three months ended March 31, 2020 or March 31, 2019.

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5.Inventories

Inventories consist of the following:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Finished goods	$	65,530	$	42,125
Work-in-process		11,187		6,906
Raw material and supplies		35,653		28,911
	$	112,370	$	77,942

The inventories in the table above do not include truck chassis inventory financed through a floor plan financing agreement, which are recorded separately on the balance sheet. The Company takes title to truck chassis upon receipt of the inventory through its floor plan agreement and performs up-fitting service installations to the truck chassis inventory during the installation period.  The floor plan obligation is then assumed by the dealer customer upon delivery.  At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had $8,774 and $6,539 of chassis inventory and related floor plan financing obligation, respectively.  The Company recognizes revenue associated with up-fitting and service installations net of the truck chassis.

6. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are summarized as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Land	$	2,378	$	2,378
Land improvements		4,541		4,541
Leasehold improvements		4,087		4,087
Buildings		28,938		28,715
Machinery and equipment		55,743		55,238
Furniture and fixtures		18,193		17,918
Mobile equipment and other		5,323		5,285
Construction-in-process		7,706		6,555
Total property, plant and equipment		126,909		124,717
Less accumulated depreciation		(68,367)		(66,273)
Net property, plant and equipment	$	58,542	$	58,444

7. Leases

The Company has operating leases for manufacturing and upfit facilities, land and parking lots, warehousing space and certain equipment. The leases have remaining lease terms of less than one year to 16 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 10 years. Such renewal options were not included in the determination of the lease term unless deemed reasonably certain of exercise. The discount rate used in measuring the lease liabilities is based on the Company’s interest rate on its secured Term Loan Credit Agreement. Certain of the Company’s leases contain escalating rental payments based on an index. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

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Lease Expense

The components of lease expense, which are included in Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2020	March 31, 2019
Operating lease expense	$ 1,311	$ 1,132
Short term lease cost	$ 39	$ 100
Total lease cost	$ 1,350	$ 1,232

Cash Flow

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2020	March 31, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$ 1,303	$ 765
Non-cash lease expense - right-of-use assets	$ 1,015	$ 785
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$ 321	$ 56

Balance Sheet

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:  

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 21,555		$ 22,557
Other current liabilities	3,770		3,822
Operating lease liabilities	18,010		18,981
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 21,780		$ 22,803
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Operating leases	75	months	78	months
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases	5.31%		5.32%

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Lease Maturities

Maturities of leases were as follows:

Year ending December 31,	Operating Leases
2020 (excluding the three months ended March 31, 2020)	$ 3,704
2021	4,716
2022	4,307
2023	3,824
2024	3,194
Thereafter	6,146
Total Lease Payments	25,891
Less: imputed interest	(4,111)
Total	$ 21,780

l

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8. Other Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of the Company’s other intangible assets:

		Gross	Less		Net
		Carrying	Accumulated		Carrying
		Amount	Amortization		Amount
March 31, 2020
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trademark and tradenames	$	77,600	$	-	$	77,600
Amortizable intangibles:
Dealer network		80,000		64,000		16,000
Customer relationships		80,920		23,239		57,681
Patents		21,136		13,543		7,593
Noncompete agreements		8,640		8,252		388
Trademarks		5,459		3,737		1,722
Backlog		1,900		1,900		-
License		20		20		-
Amortizable intangibles, net		198,075		114,691		83,384
Total	$	275,675	$	114,691	$	160,984
		Gross	Less		Net
		Carrying	Accumulated		Carrying
		Amount	Amortization		Amount
December 31, 2019
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trademark and tradenames	$	77,600	$	-	$	77,600
Amortizable intangibles:
Dealer network		80,000		63,000		17,000
Customer relationships		80,920		21,914		59,006
Patents		21,136		13,229		7,907
Noncompete agreements		8,640		8,177		463
Trademarks		5,459		3,713		1,746
Backlog		1,900		1,900		-
License		20		20		-
Amortizable intangibles, net		198,075		111,953		86,122
Total	$	275,675	$	111,953	$	163,722

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $2,738 and $2,741 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for the remainder of 2020 and each of the succeeding five years is as follows:

2020	$	8,199
2021		10,670
2022		10,520
2023		10,520
2024		7,520
2025		6,075

6.

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9.Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt is summarized below:

l
	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Term Loan, net of debt discount of $683 and $781 at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	$	225,302	$	245,787
Less current maturities		1,938		22,143
Long-term debt before deferred financing costs		223,364		223,644
Deferred financing costs, net		1,356		1,563
Long-term debt, net	$	222,008	$	222,081

At March 31, 2020, the Company had outstanding borrowings under its term loan credit agreement of $225,302, outstanding borrowings on its revolving credit facility of $30,000, and remaining borrowing availability of $59,160.  At December 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding borrowings under its term loan credit agreement of $245,787, no outstanding borrowings on its revolving credit facility and remaining borrowing availability of $99,352.  

In accordance with the senior credit facilities, the Company is required to make additional principal prepayments over the above scheduled payments under certain conditions. This includes, in the case of the term loan facility, 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales, certain insurance or condemnation events, certain debt issuances, and, within 150 days of the end of each fiscal year, 50% of consolidated excess cash flow including a deduction for certain distributions (which percentage is reduced to 0% upon the achievement of certain leverage ratio thresholds), for such fiscal year. Consolidated excess cash flow is defined in the senior credit facilities as consolidated adjusted EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) plus a consolidated working capital adjustment, less the sum of repayments of debt and capital expenditures (subject to certain adjustments), interest and taxes paid in cash, management fees and certain restricted payments (including certain dividends or distributions). Consolidated working capital adjustment is defined in the senior credit facilities as the change in working capital, defined as current assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents, less current liabilities, excluding the current portion of long-term debt.  As of March 31, 2020, the Company was not required to make additional excess cash flow payments during fiscal 2020. The Company made a voluntary payment of $20,000 on its debt on January 31, 2020.

On June 13, 2019 the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement to reduce its exposure to interest rate volatility. The interest rate swap has a notional amount of $175,000 effective for the period May 31, 2019 through May 31, 2024. The Company may have counterparty credit risk resulting from the interest rate swap, which it monitors on an on-going basis. The risk lies with one global financial institution. Under the interest rate swap agreement, the Company will either receive or make payments on a monthly basis based on the differential between 2.495% and LIBOR (with a LIBOR floor of 1.0%). The interest rate swap was previously accounted for as a cash flow hedge. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the swap was determined to be ineffective. As a result, the swap was dedesignated on March 19, 2020, and the remaining losses currently included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets will be amortized into interest expense on a straight line basis through the life of the swap. The amount expected to be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings in the next twelve months is $2,991. A mark-to-market adjustment of $1,413 was recorded in earnings on March 31, 2020 related to the swap.

The interest rate swap’s negative fair value at March 31, 2020 was $13,876, of which $3,570 and $10,306 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, respectively.  The interest rate swap’s negative fair value at December 31, 2019 was $6,736, of which $1,522 and $5,214 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, respectively. 

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10.Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities are summarized as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Payroll and related costs	$	5,633	$	10,382
Employee benefits		6,154		6,097
Accrued warranty		3,202		3,941
Interest rate swaps		3,570		1,522
Other		3,576		4,554
	$	22,135	$	26,496

11.Warranty Liability

The Company accrues for estimated warranty costs as sales are recognized and periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amount as necessary. The Company’s warranties generally provide, with respect to its snow and ice control equipment, that all material and workmanship will be free from defect for a period of two years after the date of purchase by the end-user, and with respect to its parts and accessories purchased separately, that such parts and accessories will be free from defect for a period of one year after the date of purchase by the end-user.  All of the Company’s warranties are assurance-type warranties. Certain snowplows only provide for a one year warranty.  The Company determines the amount of the estimated warranty costs (and its corresponding warranty reserve) based on the Company’s prior five years of warranty history utilizing a formula driven by historical warranty expense and applying management’s judgment.  The Company adjusts its historical warranty costs to take into account unique factors such as the introduction of new products into the marketplace that do not provide a historical warranty record to assess. The warranty reserve was $5,202 at March 31, 2020, of which $2,000 is included in Other long-term liabilities and $3,202 is included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The warranty reserve was $6,541 at December 31, 2019, of which $2,600 is included in Other long-term liabilities and $3,941 is included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. 

The following is a rollforward of the Company’s warranty liability:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	6,541	$	6,174
Warranty provision		549		561
Claims paid/settlements		(1,888)		(1,644)
Balance at the end of the period	$	5,202	$	5,091

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12. Employee Retirement Plans

The Company sponsored qualified defined-benefit plans, including the Douglas Dynamics, L.L.C Pension Plan for Hourly Employees (“hourly plan”) and the Douglas Dynamics, L.L.C Salaried Pension Plan (“salaried plan”). The salaried plan generally provided pension benefits that were based on the employee’s average earnings and credited service. Such plan was partially frozen as of December 31, 2011 and subsequently was completely frozen as of December 31, 2018. The hourly plan generally provided benefits of stated amounts for each year of service. Such plan was frozen as of December 31, 2011. Consistent with its long term plans, the Company terminated its hourly plan and salaried plan during the fourth quarter of 2019. In October of 2019, lump-sum settlement payments of $3,245 and $12,476 were made from the hourly plan and salaried plan, respectively, in conjunction with the termination of these plans. In satisfaction of its obligations, in November of 2019 the Company purchased annuities of $4,767 and $20,044 for hourly plan and salaried plan participants, respectively. The Company recognized a non-cash charge within the Consolidated Statements of Income related to unrecognized actuarial losses in AOCL of $6,380 in the year ended December 31, 2019.  

The components of net periodic pension cost consist of the following:

	March 31,
	2019
Component of net periodic pension cost:
Service cost	$	-
Interest cost		410
Expected return on plan assets		(294)
Amortization of net loss		149
Net periodic pension cost	$	265

In conjunction with the termination of the plans, the Company made payments of $464 in the fourth quarter of 2019.  The Company made required minimum pension funding contributions of $0 to the pension plans in 2019 as a result of a $7,000 in voluntary contributions in 2018.

Components of net periodic other postretirement benefit cost consist of the following:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Component of periodic other postretirement benefit cost:
Service cost	$	37	$	37
Interest cost		47		63
Amortization of net gain		(77)		(78)
Net periodic other postretirement benefit cost	$	7	$	22

Service cost is included in Income from operations on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost are included in Other expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

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13.Loss per Share

Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares, using the two-class method. As the Company has granted RSUs that both participate in dividend equivalents and do not participate in dividend equivalents, the Company has calculated loss per share pursuant to the two-class method, which is a loss allocation formula that determines loss per share for common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed losses. Under this method, all losses (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common stock and dilutive common stock outstanding during the period.  Potential common shares in the diluted net loss per share computation are excluded to the extent that they would be anti-dilutive. Weighted average of potentially dilutive non-participating RSU’s were 32,732 and 31,389 in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Basic loss per common share
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Less loss allocated to participating securities		-		-
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Weighted average common shares outstanding		22,813,256		22,729,084
	$	(0.44)	$	(0.01)
Loss per common share assuming dilution
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Less loss allocated to participating securities		-		-
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Weighted average common shares outstanding		22,813,256		22,729,084
Incremental shares applicable to non-participating RSUs		-		-
Weighted average common shares assuming dilution		22,813,256		22,729,084
	$	(0.44)	$	(0.01)

14.Employee Stock Plans

2010 Stock Incentive Plan

In May 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders adopted the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”).  The Company’s Board of Directors approved an amendment and restatement of the 2010 Plan on March 5, 2014, contingent on stockholder approval of the performance goals under the 2010 Plan, and the amendment and restatement became effective upon stockholder approval of the performance goals at the 2014 annual meeting of stockholders held on April 30, 2014.  The 2010 Plan provides for the issuance of nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), any of which may be performance-based, and for incentive bonuses, which may be paid in cash or stock or a combination of both, to eligible employees, officers, non-employee directors and other service providers to the Company and its subsidiaries.  A maximum of 2,130,000 shares of common stock may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2010 Plan.

Equity awards issued to management include a retirement provision under which members of management who either (1) are age 65 or older or (2) have at least ten years of service and are at least age 55 will continue to vest in unvested equity awards upon retirement. The retirement provision also stipulates that the employee remain employed by the Company for six months after the first day of the fiscal year of the grant.  As the retirement provision does not qualify as a substantive service condition, the Company incurred $303 and $343 in the three

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months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, in additional expense for employees who meet the thresholds of the retirement provision. In 2013, the Company’s nominating and governance committee approved a retirement provision for the RSUs issued to non-employee directors that accelerates the vesting of such awards upon retirement.  Such awards are fully expensed immediately upon grant in accordance with ASC 718, as the retirement provision eliminates substantive service conditions associated with the awards.

Performance Share Unit Awards

The Company granted performance share units as performance-based awards under the 2010 Plan in the first quarters of 2020 and 2019 that are subject to performance conditions over a three year performance period beginning in the year of the grant. Upon meeting the prescribed performance conditions, employees will be issued shares which vest immediately at the end of the measurement period. For performance share grants in years prior to 2018, upon meeting the prescribed performance conditions, in the first quarter of the year subsequent to grant, employees were issued RSUs, a portion of which is subject to vesting over the two years following the end of the performance period.  In accordance with ASC 718, such awards are being expensed over the vesting period from the date of grant through the requisite service period, based upon the most probable outcome.  The fair value per share of the awards is the closing stock price on the date of grant, which was $53.50. The Company recognized $484 and $294 of compensation expense related to the awards in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The unrecognized compensation expense calculated under the fair value method for shares that were, as of March 31, 20120 expected to be earned through the requisite service period was approximately $2,813 and is expected to be recognized through 2023.

Restricted Stock Unit Awards

RSUs are granted to both non-employee directors and management.  RSUs do not carry voting rights.  While all non-employee director RSUs participate in dividend equivalents, there are two classes of management RSUs, one that participates in dividend equivalents, and a second that does not participate in dividend equivalents.  Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock and is subject to time-based vesting restrictions. Participants are not required to pay any consideration to the Company at either the time of grant of a RSU or upon vesting.

A summary of RSU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 is as follows:

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
		Grant Date		Contractual
	Shares	Fair value		Term
Unvested at December 31, 2019	35,676	$	36.49	1.40	years
Granted	40,941	$	53.50	1.11	years
Vested	(27,158)	$	42.00
Cancelled and forfeited	-	$	53.50
Unvested at March 31, 2020	49,459	$	47.55	1.47	years
Expected to vest in the future at March 31, 2020	49,459	$	47.55	1.47	years

The Company recognized $884 and $760 of compensation expense related to the RSU awards in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The unrecognized compensation expense, calculated under the fair value method for shares that were, as of March 31, 2020, expected to be earned through the requisite service period was approximately $2,039 and is expected to be recognized through 2023.

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For 2020 and 2019 grants to non-employee directors, vesting occurs as of the grant date. Vested director RSUs are ‘‘settled’’ by the delivery to the participant or a designated brokerage firm of one share of common stock per vested RSU as soon as reasonably practicable following a termination of service of the participant that constitutes a separation from service, and in all events no later than the end of the calendar year in which such termination of service occurs or, if later, two and one-half months after such termination of service.  Vested management RSUs are “settled” by the delivery to the participant or a designated brokerage firm of one share of common stock per vested RSU as soon as reasonably practicable following vesting.

15. Commitments and Contingencies

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is engaged in various litigation including product liability and intellectual property disputes.  However, the Company does not believe that any pending litigation will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position.  In addition, the Company is not currently a party to any environmental-related claims or legal matters.

16. Segments

The Company’s two reportable business segments are as follows: 

Work Truck Attachments.  The Work Truck Attachments segment includes commercial snow and ice management attachments sold under the FISHER®, WESTERN® and SNOWEX® brands.  This segment consists of our operations that manufacture and sell snow and ice control products.

Work Truck Solutions.  The Work Truck Solutions segment includes manufactured municipal snow and ice control products under the HENDERSON® brand and the up-fit of market leading attachments and storage solutions under the HENDERSON® brand, and the DEJANA® brand and its related sub-brands.

Separate financial information is available for the two operating segments. In addition, segment results include an allocation of all corporate costs to Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions.

Segment performance is evaluated based on segment net sales and Adjusted EBITDA. Segment results include an allocation of all corporate costs. No single customer’s revenues amounted to 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue. Sales are primarily within the United States and substantially all assets are located within the United States.

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All intersegment sales are eliminated in consolidation. Sales between Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions reflect the Company’s intercompany pricing policy. The following table shows summarized financial information concerning the Company’s reportable segments:

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
		2020		2019
Net sales
Work Truck Attachments	$	19,120	$	25,817
Work Truck Solutions		49,070		67,370
	$	68,190	$	93,187
Adjusted EBITDA
Work Truck Attachments	$	(2,076)	$	2,284
Work Truck Solutions		361		6,735
	$	(1,715)	$	9,019
Depreciation and amortization expense
Work Truck Attachments	$	2,659	$	2,538
Work Truck Solutions		2,235		2,270
	$	4,894	$	4,808
Assets
Work Truck Attachments	$	349,671	$	330,731
Work Truck Solutions		342,865		345,288
	$	692,536	$	676,019
Capital Expenditures
Work Truck Attachments	$	1,858	$	611
Work Truck Solutions		396		77
	$	2,254	$	688

Adjusted EBITDA
Work Truck Attachments	$	(2,076)	$	2,284
Work Truck Solutions		361		6,735
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	(1,715)	$	9,019
Less items to reconcile Adjusted EBITDA to Loss before taxes:
Interest expense - net		5,040		4,150
Depreciation expense		2,156		2,067
Amortization		2,738		2,741
Purchase accounting		(17)		(217)
Stock based compensation		1,368		1,054
COVID-19 (1)		317		-
Other charges		31		(16)
Loss before taxes	$	(13,348)	$	(760)
(1) - Reflects incremental costs incurred related to the COVID-19 crisis for the periods presented.

17. Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax benefit was (24.4%) and (60.9%) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The effective tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was lower when compared to the same periods in the prior year due to a discrete tax benefit related to excess tax benefits from stock compensation of $93 and $312 in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.  The largest item affecting deferred taxes is the difference between book and tax amortization of goodwill and other intangibles amortization.

18. Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component

Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are as follows:

	Unrealized
	Net Loss			Retiree
	on Interest			Health
	Rate			Benefit
	Swap			Obligation	Total
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	(5,023)	$	2,209	$	(2,814)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		(4,503)		—		(4,503)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss: (1)		266		(57)		209
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	(9,260)	$	2,152	$	(7,108)
(1) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Amortization of Other Postretirement Benefit items:
Actuarial gains (a)	$	(77)
Tax expense		20
Reclassification net of tax	$	(57)
Realized losses on interest rate swaps reclassified to interest expense	$	359
Tax benefit		(93)
Reclassification net of tax	$	266
(a)     These components are included in the computation of benefit plan costs in Note 12.

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Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are as follows:

	Unrealized
	Net Loss			Retiree
	on Interest			Health
	Rate			Benefit	Pension
	Swap			Obligation	Obligation		Total
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	(1,530)	$	2,118	$	(6,637)	$	(6,049)
Other comprehensive gain before reclassifications		(1,111)		-		-		(1,111)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss: (1)		36		(58)		110		89
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	(2,605)	$	2,060	$	(6,527)	$	(7,071)
(1) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Amortization of Other Postretirement Benefit items:
Actuarial gains (a)	$	(78)
Tax expense		20
Reclassification net of tax	$	(58)
Amortization of pension items:
Actuarial losses (a)	$	149
Tax benefit		(39)
Reclassification net of tax	$	110
Realized losses on interest rate swaps reclassified to interest expense	$	49
Tax benefit		(13)
Reclassification net of tax	$	36

(a) These components are included in the computation of benefit plan costs in Note 12.

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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes which are included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as the information contained in our Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-34728) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unless the context indicates otherwise: “Douglas Dynamics,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us” refer to Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).  These statements include information relating to future events, product demand, the payment of dividends, future financial performance, strategies, expectations, competitive environment, regulation and availability of financial resources.  These statements are often identified by use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “continue,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “predict,” “will” and similar expressions and include references to assumptions and relate to our future prospects, developments and business strategies.  Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.  Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to: (i) weather conditions, particularly lack of or reduced levels of snowfall and the timing of such snowfall, including as a result of global climate change; (ii) our ability to manage general economic, business and geopolitical conditions, including the impacts of natural disasters, pandemics and outbreaks of contagious diseases and other adverse public health developments, such as the COVID-19 pandemic (iii) our inability to maintain good relationships with the original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) with whom we currently do significant business; (iv) the inability of our suppliers and OEM partners to meet our volume or quality requirements ; (v) increases in the price of steel or other materials, including as a result of tariffs, necessary for the production of our products that cannot be passed on to our distributors; (vi) increases in the price of fuel or freight,  (vii) the effects of laws and regulations (including those enacted in response to the COVID-19 crisis) and their interpretations on our business and financial condition; (viii) the potential that we may be required to recognize goodwill impairment attributable to our Work Truck Solutions segment; (ix) a significant decline in economic conditions, including as a result of global health epidemics such as COVID-19; (x) our inability to maintain good relationships with our distributors; (xi) lack of available or favorable financing options for our end-users, distributors or customers; (xii) inaccuracies in our estimates of future demand for our products; (xiii) our inability to protect or continue to build our intellectual property portfolio; (xiv) the effects of laws and regulations and their interpretations on our business and financial condition; (xv) our inability to develop new products or improve upon existing products in response to end-user needs; (xvi) losses due to lawsuits arising out of personal injuries associated with our products; (xvii) factors that could impact the future declaration and payment of dividends; (xviii) our inability to compete effectively against competition; and (xix) our inability to achieve the projected financial performance with the business of Henderson Enterprises Group, Inc. (“Henderson”) which we acquired in 2014 or the assets of Dejana, which we acquired in 2016 and unexpected costs or liabilities related to such acquisitions, as well as those discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, if any, or in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.  Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.  In addition, the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speak only as of the date hereof and we undertake no obligation, except as required by law, to update or release any revisions to any forward-looking statement, even if new information becomes available in the future.

Results of Operations

The Company’s two reportable business segments are as follows: 

Work Truck Attachments.  The Work Truck Attachments segment includes commercial snow and ice management attachments sold under the FISHER®, WESTERN® and SNOWEX® brands.  This segment

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consists of our operations that manufacture and sell snow and ice control products. As described under “Seasonality and Year-To Year Variability,” the Work Truck Attachments Segment is seasonal and, as a result, its results of operations can vary from quarter-to-quarter and from year-to-year.

Work Truck Solutions.  The Work Truck Solutions segment includes manufactured municipal snow and ice control products under the HENDERSON® brand and the up-fit of market leading attachments and storage solutions under the HENDERSON® brand, and the DEJANA® brand and its related sub-brands.

In addition, segment results include an allocation of all corporate costs to Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions.

COVID-19

As a result of the COVID-19 crisis, including the market volatility and other economic implications associated with the crisis and the economic and regulatory measures enacted to contain its spread, our results of operations have been impacted in the three months ended March 31, 2020, and may be significantly impacted in future quarters. See below for further discussion of the impact to our financial statements. We are not able to predict the full impact of the crisis on our future financial results as the situation remains unpredictable, but the crisis has had and is likely to continue to have a material impact on our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. We may have challenges in short-term liquidity which could impact our ability to fund working capital needs. We have taken various steps to preserve liquidity, including reducing discretionary spending and deferring payments where appropriate within existing contractual terms, while remaining committed to long term growth projects.  In consideration of the COVID-19 crisis, we expect that cash on hand and cash we generate from operations, as well as available credit under our senior credit facilities will provide adequate funds throughout 2020. We are taking appropriate steps to mitigate the effects of the crisis where possible. We preventatively and voluntarily closed our facilities on March 18, 2020, suspending production and shipments at all of our locations, which negatively impacted sales volumes and profitability for the quarter.  Since that time, we have started to slowly ramp up production at various facilities as appropriate. We believe that we have taken all of the necessary safety steps and precautions for employees who have returned to work. As of the date of this filing, we are not yet up to full production levels; however, we have initiated a return to work and are ramping up production. We will continue to monitor the situation and may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by federal, state or local authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, suppliers and shareholders.

Overview

The following table sets forth, for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the consolidated statements of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries.  All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.  In the table below and throughout this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” consolidated statements of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 have been derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements.  The information contained in the table below should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
	(unaudited)
	(in thousands)
Net sales	$	68,190	$	93,187
Cost of sales		56,500		70,241
Gross profit		11,690		22,946
Selling, general, and administrative expense		17,149		16,644
Intangibles amortization		2,738		2,741
Income (loss) from operations		(8,197)		3,561
Interest expense, net		(5,040)		(4,150)
Other expense, net		(111)		(171)
Loss before taxes		(13,348)		(760)
Income tax benefit		(3,262)		(463)
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)

The following table sets forth for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the percentage of certain items in our condensed consolidated statement of operations, relative to net sales:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
	(unaudited)
Net sales	100.0	%	100.0	%
Cost of sales	82.9	%	75.4	%
Gross profit	17.1	%	24.6	%
Selling, general, and administrative expense	25.1	%	17.9	%
Intangibles amortization	4.0	%	2.9	%
Income (loss) from operations	(12.0)	%	3.8	%
Interest expense, net	(7.4)	%	(4.5)	%
Other expense, net	-	%	-	%
Loss before taxes	(19.4)	%	(0.7)	%
Income tax benefit	(4.8)	%	(0.6)	%
Net loss	(14.6)	%	(0.1)	%

Net Sales

Net sales were $68.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $93.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019, a decrease of $25.0 million, or 26.8%. Sales decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year due to lower volumes driven by the effect of reduced shipments from our facilities being shut down as a result of the COVID-19 crisis for the last two weeks of the quarter, chassis availability constraints and below average snowfall. See below for a discussion of net sales for each of our segments.

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	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
		2020		2019
Net sales
Work Truck Attachments	$	19,120	$	25,817
Work Truck Solutions		49,070		67,370
	$	68,190	$	93,187

Net sales at our Work Truck Attachments segment were $19.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $25.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019, a decrease of $6.7 million primarily due to lower volumes resulting from well below average snowfall for the snow season ended March 31, 2020. Snowfall in this most recent snow season was approximately 25% below the ten year average, and was the second below average snowfall season in a row.

Net sales at our Work Truck Solutions segment were $49.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $67.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019, a decrease of $18.3 million due to lower volumes as a result of chassis supply constraints.  Sales were also impacted for the three months ended March 31, 2020 when compared to the same period in the prior year as a result of the facilities shutdown associated with the COVID-19 crisis leading to significantly reduced shipments during the last two weeks of the quarter.  

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $56.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $70.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, a decrease of $13.7 million, or 19.5%. The decrease in cost of sales was driven by decreased sales as discussed above under “—Net Sales”. Cost of sales as a percentage of sales were 82.9% for the three month period ended March 31, 2020 compared to 75.4% for the three month period ended March 31, 2019. The increase in cost of sales as a percentage of sales for the three month period is due to lower sales volumes due to below average snowfall and reduced shipments related to facility shutdowns, as well as shutdown expenses related to the COVID-19 crisis. Such shutdown expenses include the continuation of wages for employees who were not working during the shutdown, as well as an increase in fixed expenses and overhead, as these costs were not capitalized into inventory for the shutdown period.    

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $11.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $22.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, a decrease of $11.2 million, or 48.9%. The change in gross profit is attributable to the changes in sales as discussed above under “—Net Sales.”  As a percentage of net sales, gross profit decreased from 24.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 to 17.1% for the corresponding period in 2020.  The reasons for the change in gross profit as a percentage of net sales are the same as those relating to the changes in cost of sales as a percentage of sales discussed above under “—Cost of Sales.”

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

Selling, general and administrative expenses, including intangibles amortization, were $19.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $19.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, an increase of $0.5 million, or 2.6%. The increase was due to an increase in legal fees associated with managing the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $5.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, which was higher than the $4.2 million incurred in the same period in the prior year. The increase in interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was due to a $1.4 million mark-to-market adjustment on an interest rate swap not accounted

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for as a hedge. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, our interest rate swap was determined to be ineffective. As a result, the swap was dedesignated on March 19, 2020, and a mark-to-market adjustment was made through interest expense as of March 31, 2020. This increase in interest expense was somewhat offset by the reduction to the principal balance of the Term Loan Credit Agreement due to a $20.0 million voluntary prepayment made in January 2020.

Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax benefit was (24.4%) and (60.9%) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The effective tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was lower when compared to the same period in the prior year due to a discrete tax benefit related to excess tax benefits from stock compensation of $0.1 million and $0.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. 

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.  The largest item affecting deferred taxes is the difference between book and tax amortization of goodwill and other intangibles amortization.

Net Loss

Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was ($10.1) million, compared to net loss of ($0.3) million for the corresponding period in 2019, an increase in net loss of $9.8 million. The increase in net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was driven by the factors described above under “— Net Sales,” “—Cost of Sales,” “— Selling, General and Administrative Expense,” and “— Income Taxes.”  As a percentage of net sales, net loss was (14.6%) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to (0.1%) for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Discussion of Critical Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes, other than those described below,  to our critical accounting policies previously disclosed in our Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-34728) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation — Critical Accounting Policies.”

We assessed our reporting units for impariment as of March 31, 2020 as a result of the market volatility around the COVID-19 crisis.  Based on current facts and circumstances, we do not believe there to be a  triggering event for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.  If unfavorable economic conditions extend for a prolonged period of time, the Work Truck Solutions segment goodwill may become impaired.  

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of cash have been, and we expect will continue to be, cash from operations and borrowings under our senior credit facilities.

Our primary uses of cash are to provide working capital, meet debt service requirements, finance capital expenditures, pay dividends under our dividend policy and support our growth, including through potential acquisitions, and for other general corporate purposes. For a description of the seasonality of our working capital rates see “—Seasonality and Year-To-Year Variability.” Additionally, as a result of the COVID-19 crisis, we may have challenges in short-term liquidity which could impact our ability to fund working capital and liquidity needs.  

Our Board of Directors has adopted a dividend policy that reflects an intention to distribute to our stockholders a regular quarterly cash dividend. The declaration and payment of these dividends to holders of our common stock is at the discretion of our Board of Directors and depends upon many factors, including our financial condition and earnings, legal requirements, taxes and other factors our Board of Directors may deem to be relevant. The terms of our indebtedness may also restrict us from paying cash dividends on our common stock under certain circumstances. As a result of this dividend policy, we may not have significant cash available to meet any large

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unanticipated liquidity requirements. As a result, we may not retain a sufficient amount of cash to fund our operations or to finance unanticipated capital expenditures or growth opportunities, including acquisitions. Our Board of Directors may, however, amend, revoke or suspend our dividend policy at any time and for any reason.

As of March 31, 2020, we had $86.3 million of total liquidity, comprised of $27.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and borrowing availability of $59.2 million under our revolving credit facility, compared with total liquidity as of December 31, 2019 of approximately $135.1 million, comprised of approximately $35.7 million in cash and cash equivalents and borrowing availability of approximately $99.4 million under our revolving credit facility. The decrease in our total liquidity from December 31, 2019 is primarily due to the seasonality of our business. Borrowing availability under our revolving credit facility is governed by a borrowing base, the calculation of which includes cash on hand. Accordingly, use of cash on hand may also result in a reduction in the amount available for borrowing under our revolving credit facility.  Furthermore, our revolving credit facility requires us to maintain at least $10.5 million of borrowing availability and 15% of the aggregate revolving commitments at the time of determination. We have taken various steps to preserve liquidity, including reducing discretionary spending and deferring payments where appropriate within existing contractual terms, while remaining committed to long term growth projects.   In consideration of the COVID-19 crisis, we expect that cash on hand and cash we generate from operations, as well as available credit under our senior credit facilities, will provide adequate funds for the purposes described above throughout 2020.  

The following table shows our cash and cash equivalents and inventories in thousands at March 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2019.

	As of
	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	27,141	$	35,665	$	348
Inventories		112,370		77,942		111,225

We had cash and cash equivalents of $27.1 million at March 31, 2020 compared to cash and cash equivalents of $35.7 million and $0.3 million at December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2019, respectively.  The table below sets forth a summary of the significant sources and uses of cash for the periods presented in thousands.

	Three Months Ended
		March 31,		March 31,			%
Cash Flows (in thousands)		2020		2019		Change	Change
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(9,080)	$	(5,577)	$	(3,503)	62.8	%
Net cash used in investing activities		(2,304)		(769)		(1,535)	199.6	%
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		2,860		(21,126)		23,986	(113.5)	%
Change in cash	$	(8,524)	$	(27,472)	$	18,948	69.0	%

Net cash used in operating activities increased $3.5 million from the three months ended March 31, 2019 to the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase in cash used in operating activities was due to a $9.9 million increase in net loss adjusted for reconciling items as a result of the higher net loss in the three months ended March 31, 2020, partially offset by favorable changes in working capital of $6.4 million. The largest favorable change in working capital was a decrease in accounts receivable due to entering 2020 with a higher accounts receivable balance when compared to the prior year, as well as lower sales in the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Net cash used in investing activities increased $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the corresponding period in 2019 due to an increase in capital expenditures.

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Net cash provided by financing activities increased $24.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the corresponding period in 2019. The increase was primarily a result of there being $30.0 million in outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility at March 31, 2020 compared to $16.0 million in short term borrowings at March 31, 2019. Additionally, we there was a voluntary debt prepayment of $30.0 million during the first quarter of 2019, compared to $20.0 million in the first quarter of 2020.

Free Cash Flow

Free cash flow for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was ($11.4) million compared to ($6.3) million in the corresponding period in 2019, a decrease of $5.1 million. The decrease in free cash flow is primarily a result of higher cash used in operating activities of $3.5 million and an increase in capital expenditures of $1.5 million, as discussed above under “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”     

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains financial information calculated other than in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

These non-GAAP measures include:

● Free cash flow; and

● Adjusted EBITDA; and

● Adjusted net income (loss) and earnings (loss) per share.

These non-GAAP disclosures should not be construed as an alternative to the reported results determined in accordance with GAAP.

Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure which we define as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less capital expenditures.  Free cash flow should be evaluated in addition to, and not considered a substitute for, other financial measures such as net income and cash flow provided by (used in) operations.  We believe that free cash flow represents our ability to generate additional cash flow from our business operations.

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The following table reconciles net cash used in operating activities, a GAAP measure, to free cash flow, a non-GAAP measure.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
	(In Thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(9,080)	$	(5,577)
Acquisition of property and equipment		(2,304)		(769)
Free cash flow	$	(11,384)	$	(6,346)

Adjusted EBITDA represents net loss before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as further adjusted for certain charges consisting of unrelated legal and consulting fees, pension termination costs, stock-based compensation, certain purchase accounting expenses, and incremental costs incurred related to the COVID-19 crisis. Such COVID-19 related costs include increased expenses directly related to the pandemic, and do not include either production related overhead inefficiencies or lost or deferred sales. We believe these costs are out of the ordinary, unrelated to our business and not representative of our results. We use, and we believe our investors benefit from the presentation of, Adjusted EBITDA in evaluating our operating performance because it provides us and our investors with additional tools to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis by removing the impact of certain items that management believes do not directly reflect our core operations. In addition, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors and other external users of our consolidated financial statements in evaluating our operating performance as compared to that of other companies, because it allows them to measure a company’s operating performance without regard to items such as interest expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization, which can vary substantially from company to company depending upon accounting methods and book value of assets and liabilities, capital structure and the method by which assets were acquired. Our management also uses Adjusted EBITDA for planning purposes, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and financial projections. Management also uses Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our ability to make certain payments, including dividends, in compliance with our senior credit facilities, which is determined based on a calculation of “Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA” that is substantially similar to Adjusted EBITDA.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. As a result, you should not consider it in isolation, or as a substitute for net income, operating income, cash flow from operating activities or any other measure of financial performance or liquidity presented in accordance with GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

● Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our cash expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

● Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

● Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our indebtedness;

● Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements;

● Other companies, including other companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure; and

● Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax obligations whether current or deferred.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA as well as the resulting calculation of Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
	(in thousands)
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Interest expense, net		5,040		4,150
Income tax benefit		(3,262)		(463)
Depreciation expense		2,156		2,067
Amortization		2,738		2,741
EBITDA		(3,414)		8,198
Stock-based compensation expense		1,368		1,054
COVID-19 (1)		317		-
Purchase accounting (2)		(17)		(217)
Other charges (3)		31		(16)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(1,715)	$	9,019

(1) Reflects incremental costs incurred related to the COVID-19 crisis for the periods presented.

(2) Reflects reversal of earn-out compensation acquired in conjunction with the acquisition of Henderson in the periods presented.

(3) Reflects one time, unrelated legal, severance and consulting fees for the periods presented.

The following table presents Adjusted EBITDA by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended
		March 31,		March 31,
		2020		2019
Adjusted EBITDA
Work Truck Attachments	$	(2,076)	$	2,284
Work Truck Solutions		361		6,735
	$	(1,715)	$	9,019

Adjusted EBITDA at our Work Truck Attachments segment was ($2.1) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $2.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019, a decrease of $4.4 million.  The change in the three months ended March 31, 2020 from the corresponding period in 2019 is primarily due to lower volumes resulting from well-below average snowfall for the snow season ended March 31, 2020. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA was lower in the current year due to additional costs and inefficiencies related to the COVID-19 crisis.

Adjusted EBITDA at our Work Truck Solutions segment was $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $6.7 million in the three months ended March 31 2019, a decrease of $6.3 million The change in the three months ended March 31, 2020 is primarily due to lower volumes from chassis availability constraints and the effect of the COVID-19 crisis, as well as additional costs and inefficiencies related to the crisis.

Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted Earnings (Loss) Per Share (calculated on a diluted basis) represents net income (loss) and earnings (loss) per share (as defined by GAAP), excluding the impact of stock based compensation, pension termination costs, non-cash purchase accounting adjustments, certain charges related

35

to unrelated legal fees and consulting fees, incremental costs incurred related to the COVID-19 crisis, and mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives not classified as hedges, net of their income tax impact.  Such COVID-19 related costs include increased expenses directly related to the pandemic, and do not include either production related overhead inefficiencies or lost or deferred sales. We believe these costs are out of the ordinary, unrelated to our business and not representative of our results. Mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives not classified as hedges are non-cash and are related to overall financial market conditions; therefore, management believes such costs are unrelated to our business and are not representative of our results. Management believes that Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted Earnings (Loss) Per Share are useful in assessing the Company’s financial performance by eliminating expenses and income that are not reflective of the underlying business performance. We believe that the presentation of adjusted net income (loss) for the periods presented allows investors to make meaningful comparisons of our operating performance between periods and to view our business from the same perspective as our management. Because the excluded items are not predictable or consistent, management does not consider them when evaluating our performance or when making decisions regarding allocation of resources.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted net income (loss) as well as a reconciliation of diluted earnings (loss) per share, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
	(in thousands)
Net loss (GAAP)	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Adjustments:
- Stock-based compensation		1,368		1,054
- COVID-19 (1)		317		-
- Purchase accounting (2)		(17)		(217)
- Other charges (3)		31		(16)
- Mark-to-market adjustment on derivative not classified as hedge (4)		1,413		-
Tax effect on adjustments		(778)		(205)
Adjusted net income (loss) (non-GAAP)	$	(7,752)	$	319
Weighted average common shares outstanding assuming dilution		22,813,256		22,729,084
Adjusted earnings (loss) per common share - dilutive	$	(0.34)	$	0.01
GAAP diluted loss per share	$	(0.44)	$	(0.01)
Adjustments net of income taxes:
- Stock-based compensation		0.04		0.03
- COVID-19 (1)		0.01		(0.01)
- Purchase accounting (2)		-		-
- Other charges (3)		-		-
- Mark-to-market adjustment on derivative not classified as hedge (4)		0.05		-
Adjusted diluted earnings (loss) per share (non-GAAP)	$	(0.34)	$	0.01

(1) Reflects incremental costs incurred related to the COVID-19 crisis for the periods presented.

(2) Reflects reversal of earn-out compensation acquired in conjunction with the acquisition of Henderson in the periods presented.

(3) Reflects one time, unrelated legal, severance and consulting fees for the periods presented.

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(4) Reflects mark-to-market adjustments on an interest rate swap not classified as a hedge for the periods presented.

Contractual Obligations

There have been no material changes to our contractual obligations in the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We are not party to any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues, expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Seasonality and Year-to-Year Variability

While our Work Truck Solutions segment has limited seasonality and variability, our Work Truck Attachments segment is seasonal and also varies from year-to-year. Consequently, our results of operations and financial condition for this segment vary from quarter-to-quarter and from year-to-year as well. In addition, because of this seasonality and variability, the results of operations for our Work Truck Attachments segment and our consolidated results of operations for any quarter may not be indicative of results of operations that may be achieved for a subsequent quarter or the full year, and may not be similar to results of operations experienced in prior years. That being the case, while snowfall levels vary within a given year and from year-to-year, snowfall, and the corresponding replacement cycle of snow and ice control equipment manufactured and sold by our Work Truck Attachments segment, is relatively consistent over multi-year periods.

Sales of our Work Truck Attachments products are significantly impacted by the level, timing and location of snowfall, with sales in any given year and region most heavily influenced by snowfall levels in the prior snow season (which we consider to begin in October and end in March) in that region. This is due to the fact that end-user demand for our Work Truck Attachments products is driven primarily by the condition of their snow and ice control equipment, and in the case of professional snowplowers, by their financial ability to purchase new or replacement snow and ice control equipment, both of which are significantly affected by snowfall levels. Heavy snowfall during a given winter causes usage of our Work Truck Attachments products to increase, resulting in greater wear and tear to our products and a shortening of their life cycles, thereby creating a need for replacement commercial snow and ice control equipment and related parts and accessories. In addition, when there is a heavy snowfall in a given winter, the increased income our professional snowplowers generate from their professional snowplow activities provides them with increased purchasing power to purchase replacement commercial snow and ice control equipment prior to the following winter. To a lesser extent, sales of our Work Truck Attachments products are influenced by the timing of snowfall in a given winter. Because an early snowfall can be viewed as a sign of a heavy upcoming snow season, our end-users may respond to an early snowfall by purchasing replacement snow and ice control equipment during the current season rather than delaying purchases until after the season is over when most purchases are typically made by end-users.

We attempt to manage the seasonal impact of snowfall on our revenues in part through our pre-season sales program, which involves actively soliciting and encouraging pre-season distributor orders in the second and third quarters by offering our Work Truck Attachments distributors a combination of pricing, payment and freight incentives during this period. These pre-season sales incentives encourage our Work Truck Attachments distributors to re-stock their inventory during the second and third quarters in anticipation of the peak fourth quarter retail sales period by offering pre-season pricing and payment deferral until the fourth quarter. As a result, we tend to generate our greatest volume of sales (an average of over two-thirds over the last ten years) for the Work Truck Attachments segment during the second and third quarters, providing us with manufacturing visibility for the remainder of the year. By contrast, our revenue and operating results for the Work Truck Attachments segment tend to be lowest during the first quarter, as management believes our end-users prefer to wait until the beginning of a snow season to purchase new equipment and as our distributors sell off inventory and wait for our pre-season sales incentive period to re-stock inventory. Fourth quarter sales for the Work Truck Attachments segment vary from year-to-year as they are primarily driven by the level, timing and location of snowfall during the quarter. This is because most of our

37

fourth quarter sales and shipments for the Work Truck Attachments segment consist of re-orders by distributors seeking to restock inventory to meet immediate customer needs caused by snowfall during the winter months.

Because of the seasonality of our sales of Work Truck Attachments products, we experience seasonality in our working capital needs as well. In the first quarter, we typically require capital as we are generally required to build our inventory for the Work Truck Attachments segment in anticipation of our second and third quarter pre-season sales. During the second and third quarters, our working capital requirements rise as our accounts receivable for the Work Truck Attachments segment increase as a result of the sale and shipment of products ordered through our pre-season sales program and we continue to build inventory. Working capital requirements peak towards the end of the third quarter and then begin to decline through the fourth quarter through a reduction in accounts receivable for the Work Truck Attachments segment when we receive the majority of the payments for pre-season shipped products.

We also attempt to manage the impact of seasonality and year-to-year variability on our business costs through the effective management of our assets. Our asset management and profit focus strategies include:

● the employment of a highly variable cost structure facilitated by a core group of workers that we supplement with a temporary workforce as sales volumes dictate, which allows us to adjust costs on an as-needed basis in response to changing demand;

● our enterprise-wide lean concept, which allows us to adjust production levels up or down to meet demand;

● the pre-season order program described above, which incentivizes distributors to place orders prior to the retail selling season; and

● a vertically integrated business model.

These asset management and profit focus strategies, among other management tools, allow us to adjust fixed overhead and sales, general and administrative expenditures to account for the year-to-year variability of our sales volumes.

Additionally, although modest, our annual capital expenditure requirements can be temporarily reduced by up to approximately 40% in response to actual or anticipated decreases in sales volumes. If we are unsuccessful in our asset management initiatives, the seasonality and year-to-year variability effects on our business may be compounded and in turn our results of operations and financial condition may suffer.

Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We do not use financial instruments for speculative trading purposes, and do not hold any derivative financial instruments that could expose us to significant market risk. Our primary market risk exposures are changes in interest rates and steel price fluctuations.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk primarily from changes in interest rates.  Our borrowings, including our term loan and any revolving borrowings under our senior credit facilities, are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk.  A portion of our interest rate risk associated with our term loan is mitigated through interest rate swaps. In addition, the interest rate on any revolving borrowings is subject to an increase in the interest rate based on our average daily availability under our revolving credit facility.

As of March 31, 2020, we had outstanding borrowings under our term loan of $225.3 million. A hypothetical interest rate change of 1%, 1.5% and 2% on our term loan would have changed interest incurred for the three months ended March 31, 2020 by $0.1 million, $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

The Company is party to an interest rate swap agreement to reduce its exposure to interest rate volatility. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the swap was determined to be ineffective. As a result, the swap was dedesignated on March 19, 2020, and the remaining losses currently included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets will be amortized into interest expense on a straight line basis through the life of the swap. A mark-to-market adjustment was recorded in earnings on March 31,

38

2020. See Note 9 to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details on our interest rate swap agreement.

As of March 31, 2020, we had $30.0 million in outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility. A hypothetical interest rate change of 1%, 1.5% and 2% on our revolving credit facility would have changed interest incurred for the three months ended March 31, 2020 by $0.0 million, $0.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Commodity Price Risk

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk related to our purchase of steel, the primary commodity upon which our manufacturing depends. Our steel purchases as a percentage of revenue were 16.9%for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to 16.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2019.  While steel is typically available from numerous suppliers, the price of steel is a commodity subject to fluctuations that apply across broad spectrums of the steel market. We do not use any derivative or hedging instruments to manage steel price risk. If the price of steel increases, our variable costs could also increase. While historically we have successfully mitigated these increased costs through the implementation of either permanent price increases and/or temporary invoice surcharges, in the future we may not be able to successfully mitigate these costs, which could cause our gross margins to decline. If our costs for steel were to increase by $1.00 in a period where we are not able to pass any of this increase onto our distributors, our gross margins would decline by $1.00 in the period in which such inventory was sold.

Item 4.Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and include controls and procedures designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in such reports is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, other than those identified below.

Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted A 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” As a result, we have implemented changes to our controls related to credit losses. These controls were designed to provide reasonable assurance of the fair presentation of our financial statements and related disclosures.  

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, we are engaged in various litigation matters primarily including product liability and intellectual property disputes. However, management does not believe that any current litigation is material to our operations or financial position. In addition, we are not currently party to any environmental-related claims or legal matters.

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Item 1A.Risk Factors

There have been no significant changes in our risk factors from those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, other than those discussed below.

The recent COVID-19 pandemic could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows

As a result of the COVID-19 crisis, and the market volatility and other economic implications associated with it, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows have been adversely impacted in the three months ended March 31, 2020, and may be significantly impacted in future quarters. It may be more difficult to collect from customers as a result of customer bankruptcy or other hardships. Supply chains may be disrupted which could raise prices and impact our ability to obtain inventory timely.

The COVID-19 outbreak has impacted, and may continue to impact, our office locations and our manufacturing and servicing facilities, as well as those of our third party vendors, including the effects of facility closures, reductions in operating hours and other social distancing efforts.  For example, we have enacted temporary shutdown of certain of our facilities to protect the health and safety of its employees, customers, partners and the surrounding communities.  Although our operations are generally viewed as essential services in the geographies in which we operate, we can give no assurance that our operations will continue to be classified as essential in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate.  If we are unable to reopen our facilities in a timely manner, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

We may have challenges in short-term liquidity which could impact our ability to fund working capital needs. If our access to capital were to become significantly constrained or if costs of capital increased significantly due the impact of COVID-19, including volatility in the capital markets, a reduction in our credit ratings or other factors, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.

We are not able to predict the full impact of the crisis on our future financial results as the situation remains unpredictable. The extent to which the COVID-19 outbreak impacts our financial condition will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19, the longevity of COVID-19, the impact of COVID-19 on economic activity,  and the actions to contain its impacts on public health and the global economy. The impact of COVID-19 may also exacerbate other risks discussed in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, any of which could have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have taken steps to promote the health and well-being of our workforce, including shutting down facilities and providing necessary safety equipment employees who are working. We will continue to monitor the situation as it unfolds and will make adjustments as deemed necessary.

If economic conditions in the United States deteriorate, or if spending by governmental agencies is limited or reduced, our results of operations, financial condition and ability to generate cash flow may be adversely affected.

Historically, demand for snow and ice control equipment for light and heavy duty trucks as well as upfitted vehicles has been influenced by general economic conditions in the United States, as well as local economic conditions in the snow-belt regions in North America.

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has severely restricted the level of economic activity in North America. In response to this outbreak, the governments of many countries, states, cities and other geographic regions have taken preventative or protective actions, such as imposing restrictions on travel and business operations. These measures have and are expected to continue to have significant adverse impacts on domestic and foreign economies of uncertain severity and duration. It is likely that the current outbreak and continued spread of COVID-19 will cause an economic slowdown, and it is possible that it could cause a global recession.

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Weakened economic conditions and limited or reduced government spending (including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic) may cause both our Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions end-users to delay purchases of replacement snow and ice control equipment and upfit vehicles and instead repair their existing equipment and vehicles, leading to a decrease in our sales of new equipment and upfitted vehicles. Weakened economic conditions and limited or reduced governmental spending may also cause our end-users to delay their purchases of new light and heavy duty trucks. Because our end-users tend to purchase new snow and ice control equipment concurrent with their purchase of new light or heavy duty trucks, their delay in purchasing new light or heavy duty trucks can also result in the deferral of their purchases of new snow and ice control equipment. The deferral of new equipment purchases during periods of weak economic conditions or limited or reduced government spending may negatively affect our results of operations, financial condition and ability to generate cash flow.

Weakened economic conditions or limited or reduced government spending may also cause both our Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions end-users to consider price more carefully in selecting new snow and ice control equipment and upfit vehicles, respectively. Historically, considerations of quality and service have outweighed considerations of price, but in a weak economy, or an environment of constrained government spending, price may become a more important factor. Any refocus away from quality in favor of cheaper equipment could cause end-users to shift away from our products to less expensive competitor products, or to shift away from our more profitable products to our less profitable products, which in turn would adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to generate cash flow.

See the section titled “–Results of Operations” above for further discussion on the impact the COVID-19 crisis has had on our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020.  

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company did not sell any securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

Purchase of Equity Securities

In March 2020, the Company withheld approximately 1,756 shares of the Company’s common stock from employees to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations that arose upon vesting of restricted stock granted pursuant to the Company’s shareholder-approved equity incentive plan.

Dividend Payment Restrictions

The Company’s senior credit facilities include certain restrictions on its ability to pay dividends. The senior credit facilities also restrict the Company’s subsidiaries from paying dividends and otherwise transferring assets to Douglas Dynamics, Inc. For additional detail regarding these restrictions, see Note 9 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5.Other Information

None.

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Item 6.Exhibits

The following documents are filed as Exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:

Exhibit Numbers	Description
31.1*	Certification of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of the Company’s Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*	Certification of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101*	The following financial statements from the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Douglas Dynamics, Inc. for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, filed on May 5, 2020, formatted in inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity; and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

*Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, INC.
	By:	/s/ SARAH LAUBER
		Sarah Lauber
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer and Authorized Signatory)
Dated: May 5, 2020

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EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

Section 302 Certification

I, Robert McCormick, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Douglas Dynamics, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

	By:	/s/ Robert McCormick
		Robert McCormick
		President and Chief Executive Officer
Dated: May  5, 2020

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Section 302 Certification

I, Sarah Lauber, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Douglas Dynamics, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporti
	By:	/s/ Sarah Lauber
		Sarah Lauber
		Chief Financial Officer
Dated: May 5, 2020

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350

Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Douglas Dynamics, Inc., or the Company, on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2020 as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, or Report, and pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, each of the undersigned officers of the Company certifies that:

· the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

· the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

	By:	/s/ Robert McCormick
		Robert McCormick
		President and Chief Executive Officer
Dated: May 5, 2020
	By:	/s/ Sarah Lauber
		Sarah Lauber
		Chief Financial Officer
Dated: May 5, 2020

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Fair Value (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Fair Value

Schedule of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and disclosure of the fair value of long-term debt

	Fair Value at		Fair Value at
	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Assets:
Other long-term assets (a)	$	6,767	$	7,270
Total Assets	$	6,767	$	7,270
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps (b)	$	13,876	$	6,736
Long-term debt (c)		218,543		247,630
Earnout - Dejana (d)		2,000		2,000
Total Liabilities	$	234,419	$	256,383

(a)  Included in other assets is the cash surrender value of insurance policies on various individuals that are associated with the Company. The carrying amount of these insurance policies approximates their fair value and is considered Level 2 inputs.

(b) Valuation models are calibrated to initial trade price. Subsequent valuations are based on observable inputs to the valuation model (e.g. interest rates and credit spreads). Model inputs are changed only when corroborated by market data. A credit risk adjustment is made on each swap using observable market credit spreads. Thus, inputs used to determine fair value of the interest rate swap are Level 2 inputs.  Interest rate swaps of $3,570 and $10,306 at March 31, 2020 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities, respectively.  Interest rate swaps of $1,522 and $5,214 at December 31, 2019 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities, respectively.

(c)  The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, including current maturities, is estimated using discounted cash flows based on the Company’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements, which is a Level 2 input for all periods presented. Meanwhile, long-term debt is recorded at carrying amount, net of discount and deferred debt issuance costs, as disclosed on the face of the balance sheet.

(d) Included in Other long-term liabilities in the amount of $2,000 at March 31, 2020 is the fair value of an obligation for a portion of the potential earnout incurred in conjunction with the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Dejana Truck & Utility Equipment Company, Inc. and certain entities directly or indirectly owned by the Peter Paul Dejana Family Trust dated 12/31/98 (“Dejana”). Included in Other long-term liabilities in the amount of $2,200 at March 31, 2019 is the fair value of an obligation for a portion of the potential earnout incurred in conjunction with the acquisition of Dejana. Fair value is based upon Level 3 inputs of a real options approach where gross sales were simulated in a risk-neutral framework using Geometric Brownian Motion, a well-accepted model of stock price behavior that is used in option pricing models such as the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using key inputs of forecasted future sales and financial performance as well as a risk adjusted expected growth rate adjusted appropriately based on its correlation with the market.  There were no adjustments to fair value or payments to former owners in either the three months ended March 31, 2020 or March 31, 2019.

XML

Employee Stock Plans

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Employee Stock Plans

Employee Stock Plans

14.Employee Stock Plans

2010 Stock Incentive Plan

In May 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders adopted the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”).  The Company’s Board of Directors approved an amendment and restatement of the 2010 Plan on March 5, 2014, contingent on stockholder approval of the performance goals under the 2010 Plan, and the amendment and restatement became effective upon stockholder approval of the performance goals at the 2014 annual meeting of stockholders held on April 30, 2014.  The 2010 Plan provides for the issuance of nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), any of which may be performance-based, and for incentive bonuses, which may be paid in cash or stock or a combination of both, to eligible employees, officers, non-employee directors and other service providers to the Company and its subsidiaries.  A maximum of 2,130,000 shares of common stock may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2010 Plan.

Equity awards issued to management include a retirement provision under which members of management who either (1) are age 65 or older or (2) have at least ten years of service and are at least age 55 will continue to vest in unvested equity awards upon retirement. The retirement provision also stipulates that the employee remain employed by the Company for six months after the first day of the fiscal year of the grant.  As the retirement provision does not qualify as a substantive service condition, the Company incurred $303 and $343 in the three

months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, in additional expense for employees who meet the thresholds of the retirement provision. In 2013, the Company’s nominating and governance committee approved a retirement provision for the RSUs issued to non-employee directors that accelerates the vesting of such awards upon retirement.  Such awards are fully expensed immediately upon grant in accordance with ASC 718, as the retirement provision eliminates substantive service conditions associated with the awards.

Performance Share Unit Awards

The Company granted performance share units as performance-based awards under the 2010 Plan in the first quarters of 2020 and 2019 that are subject to performance conditions over a three year performance period beginning in the year of the grant. Upon meeting the prescribed performance conditions, employees will be issued shares which vest immediately at the end of the measurement period. For performance share grants in years prior to 2018, upon meeting the prescribed performance conditions, in the first quarter of the year subsequent to grant, employees were issued RSUs, a portion of which is subject to vesting over the two years following the end of the performance period.  In accordance with ASC 718, such awards are being expensed over the vesting period from the date of grant through the requisite service period, based upon the most probable outcome.  The fair value per share of the awards is the closing stock price on the date of grant, which was $53.50. The Company recognized $484 and $294 of compensation expense related to the awards in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The unrecognized compensation expense calculated under the fair value method for shares that were, as of March 31, 20120 expected to be earned through the requisite service period was approximately $2,813 and is expected to be recognized through 2023.

Restricted Stock Unit Awards

RSUs are granted to both non-employee directors and management.  RSUs do not carry voting rights.  While all non-employee director RSUs participate in dividend equivalents, there are two classes of management RSUs, one that participates in dividend equivalents, and a second that does not participate in dividend equivalents.  Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock and is subject to time-based vesting restrictions. Participants are not required to pay any consideration to the Company at either the time of grant of a RSU or upon vesting.

A summary of RSU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 is as follows:

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
		Grant Date		Contractual
	Shares	Fair value		Term
Unvested at December 31, 2019	35,676	$	36.49	1.40	years
Granted	40,941	$	53.50	1.11	years
Vested	(27,158)	$	42.00
Cancelled and forfeited	-	$	53.50
Unvested at March 31, 2020	49,459	$	47.55	1.47	years
Expected to vest in the future at March 31, 2020	49,459	$	47.55	1.47	years

The Company recognized $884 and $760 of compensation expense related to the RSU awards in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The unrecognized compensation expense, calculated under the fair value method for shares that were, as of March 31, 2020, expected to be earned through the requisite service period was approximately $2,039 and is expected to be recognized through 2023.

For 2020 and 2019 grants to non-employee directors, vesting occurs as of the grant date. Vested director RSUs are ‘‘settled’’ by the delivery to the participant or a designated brokerage firm of one share of common stock per vested RSU as soon as reasonably practicable following a termination of service of the participant that constitutes a separation from service, and in all events no later than the end of the calendar year in which such termination of service occurs or, if later, two and one-half months after such termination of service.  Vested management RSUs are “settled” by the delivery to the participant or a designated brokerage firm of one share of common stock per vested RSU as soon as reasonably practicable following vesting.

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Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component

18. Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component

Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are as follows:

	Unrealized
	Net Loss			Retiree
	on Interest			Health
	Rate			Benefit
	Swap			Obligation	Total
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	(5,023)	$	2,209	$	(2,814)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		(4,503)		—		(4,503)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss: (1)		266		(57)		209
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	(9,260)	$	2,152	$	(7,108)
(1) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Amortization of Other Postretirement Benefit items:
Actuarial gains (a)	$	(77)
Tax expense		20
Reclassification net of tax	$	(57)
Realized losses on interest rate swaps reclassified to interest expense	$	359
Tax benefit		(93)
Reclassification net of tax	$	266
(a)     These components are included in the computation of benefit plan costs in Note 12.

Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are as follows:

	Unrealized
	Net Loss			Retiree
	on Interest			Health
	Rate			Benefit	Pension
	Swap			Obligation	Obligation		Total
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	(1,530)	$	2,118	$	(6,637)	$	(6,049)
Other comprehensive gain before reclassifications		(1,111)		-		-		(1,111)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss: (1)		36		(58)		110		89
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	(2,605)	$	2,060	$	(6,527)	$	(7,071)
(1) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Amortization of Other Postretirement Benefit items:
Actuarial gains (a)	$	(78)
Tax expense		20
Reclassification net of tax	$	(58)
Amortization of pension items:
Actuarial losses (a)	$	149
Tax benefit		(39)
Reclassification net of tax	$	110
Realized losses on interest rate swaps reclassified to interest expense	$	49
Tax benefit		(13)
Reclassification net of tax	$	36

(a) These components are included in the computation of benefit plan costs in Note 12.

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Employee Stock Plans - Summary of Restricted Stock Awards and Units (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
2010 Plan | Common Stock
Stock-based compensation
Maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued	2,130,000
Restricted stock units
Shares
Unvested at the beginning of the period (in shares)	35,676
Granted (in shares)	40,941
Vested (in shares)	(27,158)
Unvested at the end of the period (in shares)	49,459	35,676
Expected to vest in the future, at the end of the period (in shares)	49,459
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share)	$ 36.49
Granted (in dollars per share)	53.50
Vested (in dollars per share)	42.00
Cancelled and forfeited (in dollars per share)	53.50
Unvested at the end of the period (in dollars per share)	47.55	$ 36.49
Expected to vest in the future, at the end of the period (in dollars per share)	$ 47.55
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term
Unvested at the beginning of the period	1 year 5 months 19 days	1 year 4 months 24 days
Granted	1 year 1 month 9 days
Unvested at the end of the period	1 year 5 months 19 days	1 year 4 months 24 days
Expected to vest in future, at the end of the period	1 year 5 months 19 days

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Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component - Rollforward (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component
Balance at the beginning of the period	$ (2,814)	$ (6,049)
Other comprehensive gain (loss) before reclassifications	(4,503)	(1,111)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	209	89
Impact due to adoption	(557)
Balance at the end of the period	(7,108)	(7,071)
Unrealized Net Loss on Interest Rate Swap
Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component
Balance at the beginning of the period	(5,023)	(1,530)
Other comprehensive gain (loss) before reclassifications	(4,503)	(1,111)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	266	36
Balance at the end of the period	(9,260)	(2,605)
Other Postretirement Benefit Liability
Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component
Balance at the beginning of the period	2,209	2,118
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	(57)	(58)
Balance at the end of the period	$ 2,152	2,060
Pension Liability
Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component
Balance at the beginning of the period		(6,637)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss		110
Balance at the end of the period		$ (6,527)

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Revenue Recognition (Contract Balances) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Changes in contract liabilities
Balance at Beginning of Period	$ 2,187	$ 2,006
Additions	1,637	2,335
Deductions	(1,789)	(2,041)
Balance at End of Period	2,035	2,300
Contract assets	0	0
Revenue recognized included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period	$ 467	$ 372

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Segments (Table)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Segments

Schedule of assets and profit/loss of the segments

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
		2020		2019
Net sales
Work Truck Attachments	$	19,120	$	25,817
Work Truck Solutions		49,070		67,370
	$	68,190	$	93,187
Adjusted EBITDA
Work Truck Attachments	$	(2,076)	$	2,284
Work Truck Solutions		361		6,735
	$	(1,715)	$	9,019
Depreciation and amortization expense
Work Truck Attachments	$	2,659	$	2,538
Work Truck Solutions		2,235		2,270
	$	4,894	$	4,808
Assets
Work Truck Attachments	$	349,671	$	330,731
Work Truck Solutions		342,865		345,288
	$	692,536	$	676,019
Capital Expenditures
Work Truck Attachments	$	1,858	$	611
Work Truck Solutions		396		77
	$	2,254	$	688

Schedule of Reconciliation of Operating Profit (Loss)

Adjusted EBITDA
Work Truck Attachments	$	(2,076)	$	2,284
Work Truck Solutions		361		6,735
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	(1,715)	$	9,019
Less items to reconcile Adjusted EBITDA to Loss before taxes:
Interest expense - net		5,040		4,150
Depreciation expense		2,156		2,067
Amortization		2,738		2,741
Purchase accounting		(17)		(217)
Stock based compensation		1,368		1,054
COVID-19 (1)		317		-
Other charges		31		(16)
Loss before taxes	$	(13,348)	$	(760)
(1) - Reflects incremental costs incurred related to the COVID-19 crisis for the periods presented.

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Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Inventories
Finished goods	$ 65,530	$ 42,125
Work-in-process	11,187	6,906
Raw material and supplies	35,653	28,911
Inventories	112,370	77,942
Inventories - truck chassis floor plan	$ 8,774	$ 6,539

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Warranty Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Warranty liability
Period of warranty history used in estimating warranty costs	5 years
Other long-term liabilities			$ 23,230	$ 19,818
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities			22,135	26,496
warranty reserve	$ 6,541	$ 5,091	5,202	6,541
Company's warranty liability:
Balance at the beginning of the period	6,541	6,174
Warranty provision	549	561
Claims paid/settlements	(1,888)	(1,644)
Balance at the end of the period	$ 5,202	$ 5,091
Warranty Reserves
Warranty liability
Other long-term liabilities			2,000	2,600
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities			$ 3,202	$ 3,941
Snow and ice control equipment
Warranty liability
Warranty period	2 years
Parts and accessories
Warranty liability
Warranty period	1 year
Certain snowplows
Warranty liability
Warranty period	1 year

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Leases - Components of Lease and supplemental cash flow information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Lease Expense
Operating lease expense	$ 1,311	$ 1,132
Short term lease cost	39	100
Total lease cost	1,350	1,232
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	1,303	765
Non-cash lease expense - right-of-use assets	1,015	785
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$ 321	$ 56

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Other Intangible Asset - Estimated Amortization Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Other Intangible Assets
Intangibles amortization	$ 2,738	$ 2,741
Estimated amortization expense for the next five years
2020	8,199
2021	10,670
2022	10,520
2023	10,520
2024	7,520
2025	$ 6,075

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Long-Term Debt (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Long-Term Debt

Summary of long-term debt

l
	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Term Loan, net of debt discount of $683 and $781 at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	$	225,302	$	245,787
Less current maturities		1,938		22,143
Long-term debt before deferred financing costs		223,364		223,644
Deferred financing costs, net		1,356		1,563
Long-term debt, net	$	222,008	$	222,081

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Inventories (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Inventories

Schedule of inventories

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Finished goods	$	65,530	$	42,125
Work-in-process		11,187		6,906
Raw material and supplies		35,653		28,911
	$	112,370	$	77,942

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Earnings per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Earnings per Share

Schedule of computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Basic loss per common share
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Less loss allocated to participating securities		-		-
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Weighted average common shares outstanding		22,813,256		22,729,084
	$	(0.44)	$	(0.01)
Loss per common share assuming dilution
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Less loss allocated to participating securities		-		-
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Weighted average common shares outstanding		22,813,256		22,729,084
Incremental shares applicable to non-participating RSUs		-		-
Weighted average common shares assuming dilution		22,813,256		22,729,084
	$	(0.44)	$	(0.01)

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Property, plant and equipment

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment

6. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are summarized as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Land	$	2,378	$	2,378
Land improvements		4,541		4,541
Leasehold improvements		4,087		4,087
Buildings		28,938		28,715
Machinery and equipment		55,743		55,238
Furniture and fixtures		18,193		17,918
Mobile equipment and other		5,323		5,285
Construction-in-process		7,706		6,555
Total property, plant and equipment		126,909		124,717
Less accumulated depreciation		(68,367)		(66,273)
Net property, plant and equipment	$	58,542	$	58,444

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Common Stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common Stock, shares authorized	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common Stock, shares issued	22,857,457	22,795,412
Common Stock, shares outstanding	22,857,457	22,795,412

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Impact due to adoption, net of tax	$ 193
Adjustment for pension and postretirement benefit liability, tax	20	$ (18)
Adjustment for interest rate swap, tax	$ 1,489	$ 378

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Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

10.Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities are summarized as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Payroll and related costs	$	5,633	$	10,382
Employee benefits		6,154		6,097
Accrued warranty		3,202		3,941
Interest rate swaps		3,570		1,522
Other		3,576		4,554
	$	22,135	$	26,496

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Leases Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Options to extend	true
Renewal term	10 years
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms	1 year
Maximum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms	16 years

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Other Intangible Asset - Summary (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Other intangible assets
Amortizable intangibles, gross carrying amount	$ 198,075	$ 198,075
Amortizable intangibles, accumulated amortization	114,691	111,953
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net, Total	83,384	86,122
Intangible Assets, Gross (Excluding Goodwill), Total	275,675	275,675
Net Carrying Amount	160,984	163,722
Dealer network
Other intangible assets
Amortizable intangibles, gross carrying amount	80,000	80,000
Amortizable intangibles, accumulated amortization	64,000	63,000
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net, Total	16,000	17,000
Customer relationships
Other intangible assets
Amortizable intangibles, gross carrying amount	80,920	80,920
Amortizable intangibles, accumulated amortization	23,239	21,914
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net, Total	57,681	59,006
Patents
Other intangible assets
Amortizable intangibles, gross carrying amount	21,136	21,136
Amortizable intangibles, accumulated amortization	13,543	13,229
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net, Total	7,593	7,907
Noncompete agreements
Other intangible assets
Amortizable intangibles, gross carrying amount	8,640	8,640
Amortizable intangibles, accumulated amortization	8,252	8,177
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net, Total	388	463
Trademarks
Other intangible assets
Amortizable intangibles, gross carrying amount	5,459	5,459
Amortizable intangibles, accumulated amortization	3,737	3,713
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net, Total	1,722	1,746
Backlog
Other intangible assets
Amortizable intangibles, gross carrying amount	1,900	1,900
Amortizable intangibles, accumulated amortization	1,900	1,900
License
Other intangible assets
Amortizable intangibles, gross carrying amount	20	20
Amortizable intangibles, accumulated amortization	20	20
Trademark and tradenames
Other intangible assets
Indefinite-lived intangibles, net carrying amount	$ 77,600	$ 77,600

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Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Payroll and related costs	$ 5,633	$ 10,382
Employee benefits	6,154	6,097
Accrued warranty	3,202	3,941
Interest rate swaps	3,570	1,522
Other	3,576	4,554
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$ 22,135	$ 26,496

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Employee Stock Plans (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Employee Stock Plans

Summary of RSU activity

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
		Grant Date		Contractual
	Shares	Fair value		Term
Unvested at December 31, 2019	35,676	$	36.49	1.40	years
Granted	40,941	$	53.50	1.11	years
Vested	(27,158)	$	42.00
Cancelled and forfeited	-	$	53.50
Unvested at March 31, 2020	49,459	$	47.55	1.47	years
Expected to vest in the future at March 31, 2020	49,459	$	47.55	1.47	years

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Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Summary of accrued expenses and other current liabilities

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Payroll and related costs	$	5,633	$	10,382
Employee benefits		6,154		6,097
Accrued warranty		3,202		3,941
Interest rate swaps		3,570		1,522
Other		3,576		4,554
	$	22,135	$	26,496

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Property, plant and equipment (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Property, plant and equipment

Summary of property, plant and equipment

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Land	$	2,378	$	2,378
Land improvements		4,541		4,541
Leasehold improvements		4,087		4,087
Buildings		28,938		28,715
Machinery and equipment		55,743		55,238
Furniture and fixtures		18,193		17,918
Mobile equipment and other		5,323		5,285
Construction-in-process		7,706		6,555
Total property, plant and equipment		126,909		124,717
Less accumulated depreciation		(68,367)		(66,273)
Net property, plant and equipment	$	58,542	$	58,444

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Inventories

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Inventories

Inventories

5.Inventories

Inventories consist of the following:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Finished goods	$	65,530	$	42,125
Work-in-process		11,187		6,906
Raw material and supplies		35,653		28,911
	$	112,370	$	77,942

The inventories in the table above do not include truck chassis inventory financed through a floor plan financing agreement, which are recorded separately on the balance sheet. The Company takes title to truck chassis upon receipt of the inventory through its floor plan agreement and performs up-fitting service installations to the truck chassis inventory during the installation period.  The floor plan obligation is then assumed by the dealer customer upon delivery.  At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had $8,774 and $6,539 of chassis inventory and related floor plan financing obligation, respectively.  The Company recognizes revenue associated with up-fitting and service installations net of the truck chassis.

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 27,141	$ 35,665
Accounts receivable, net	48,096	87,871
Inventories	112,370	77,942
Inventories - truck chassis floor plan	8,774	6,539
Refundable income taxes paid	974
Prepaid and other current assets	5,168	3,511
Total current assets	202,523	211,528
Property, plant, and equipment, net	58,542	58,444
Goodwill	241,006	241,006
Other intangible assets, net	160,984	163,722
Operating lease - right of use asset	21,555	22,557
Other long-term assets	7,926	8,438
Total assets	692,536	705,695
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	17,224	16,113
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	22,135	26,496
Floor plan obligations	8,774	6,539
Operating lease liability - current	3,770	3,822
Income taxes payable		2,990
Short term borrowings	30,000
Current portion of long-term debt	1,938	22,143
Total current liabilities	83,841	78,103
Retiree health benefit obligation	6,451	6,338
Deferred income taxes	45,961	47,211
Long-term debt, less current portion	222,008	222,081
Operating lease liability - noncurrent	18,010	18,981
Other long-term liabilities	23,230	19,818
Stockholders' equity:
Common Stock, par value $0.01, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 22,857,457 and 22,795,412 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	229	228
Additional paid-in capital	156,296	155,001
Retained earnings	143,618	160,748
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(7,108)	(2,814)
Total stockholders' equity	293,035	313,163
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 692,536	$ 705,695

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 227	$ 151,813	$ 136,765	$ (6,049)	$ 282,756
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	22,700,991
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net loss			(297)		(297)
Dividends paid			(6,292)		(6,292)
Adjustment for pension and postretirement benefit liability, net of tax of $20 in 2020, ($18) in 2019				53	53
Adjustment for interest rate swap, net of tax of $1,489 in 2020, $378 in 2019				(1,075)	(1,075)
Shares withheld on restricted stock vesting		(50)			(50)
Stock based compensation	$ 1	1,053			1,054
Stock based compensation (in shares)	94,421
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 228	152,816	130,176	(7,071)	276,149
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019	22,795,412
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 227	151,813	136,765	(6,049)	282,756
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	22,700,991
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Pension termination, net of tax of ($2,237)					(6,380)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 228	155,001	160,748	(2,814)	313,163
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	22,795,412
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net loss			(10,086)		(10,086)
Dividends paid			(6,487)		(6,487)
Adjustment for pension and postretirement benefit liability, net of tax of $20 in 2020, ($18) in 2019				(57)	(57)
Adjustment for interest rate swap, net of tax of $1,489 in 2020, $378 in 2019				(4,237)	(4,237)
Shares withheld on restricted stock vesting		(72)			(72)
Stock based compensation	$ 1	1,367			1,368
Stock based compensation (in shares)	62,045
Balance at Mar. 31, 2020	$ 229	$ 156,296	143,618	$ (7,108)	293,035
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020	22,857,457
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Impact due to adoption			$ (557)		$ (557)

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Long-Term Debt

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Long-Term Debt

Long-Term Debt

9.Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt is summarized below:

l
	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Term Loan, net of debt discount of $683 and $781 at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	$	225,302	$	245,787
Less current maturities		1,938		22,143
Long-term debt before deferred financing costs		223,364		223,644
Deferred financing costs, net		1,356		1,563
Long-term debt, net	$	222,008	$	222,081

At March 31, 2020, the Company had outstanding borrowings under its term loan credit agreement of $225,302, outstanding borrowings on its revolving credit facility of $30,000, and remaining borrowing availability of $59,160.  At December 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding borrowings under its term loan credit agreement of $245,787, no outstanding borrowings on its revolving credit facility and remaining borrowing availability of $99,352.  

In accordance with the senior credit facilities, the Company is required to make additional principal prepayments over the above scheduled payments under certain conditions. This includes, in the case of the term loan facility, 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales, certain insurance or condemnation events, certain debt issuances, and, within 150 days of the end of each fiscal year, 50% of consolidated excess cash flow including a deduction for certain distributions (which percentage is reduced to 0% upon the achievement of certain leverage ratio thresholds), for such fiscal year. Consolidated excess cash flow is defined in the senior credit facilities as consolidated adjusted EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) plus a consolidated working capital adjustment, less the sum of repayments of debt and capital expenditures (subject to certain adjustments), interest and taxes paid in cash, management fees and certain restricted payments (including certain dividends or distributions). Consolidated working capital adjustment is defined in the senior credit facilities as the change in working capital, defined as current assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents, less current liabilities, excluding the current portion of long-term debt.  As of March 31, 2020, the Company was not required to make additional excess cash flow payments during fiscal 2020. The Company made a voluntary payment of $20,000 on its debt on January 31, 2020.

On June 13, 2019 the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement to reduce its exposure to interest rate volatility. The interest rate swap has a notional amount of $175,000 effective for the period May 31, 2019 through May 31, 2024. The Company may have counterparty credit risk resulting from the interest rate swap, which it monitors on an on-going basis. The risk lies with one global financial institution. Under the interest rate swap agreement, the Company will either receive or make payments on a monthly basis based on the differential between 2.495% and LIBOR (with a LIBOR floor of 1.0%). The interest rate swap was previously accounted for as a cash flow hedge. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the swap was determined to be ineffective. As a result, the swap was dedesignated on March 19, 2020, and the remaining losses currently included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets will be amortized into interest expense on a straight line basis through the life of the swap. The amount expected to be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings in the next twelve months is $2,991. A mark-to-market adjustment of $1,413 was recorded in earnings on March 31, 2020 related to the swap.

The interest rate swap’s negative fair value at March 31, 2020 was $13,876, of which $3,570 and $10,306 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, respectively.  The interest rate swap’s negative fair value at December 31, 2019 was $6,736, of which $1,522 and $5,214 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, respectively. 

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Earnings per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share

13.Loss per Share

Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares, using the two-class method. As the Company has granted RSUs that both participate in dividend equivalents and do not participate in dividend equivalents, the Company has calculated loss per share pursuant to the two-class method, which is a loss allocation formula that determines loss per share for common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed losses. Under this method, all losses (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common stock and dilutive common stock outstanding during the period.  Potential common shares in the diluted net loss per share computation are excluded to the extent that they would be anti-dilutive. Weighted average of potentially dilutive non-participating RSU’s were 32,732 and 31,389 in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Basic loss per common share
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Less loss allocated to participating securities		-		-
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Weighted average common shares outstanding		22,813,256		22,729,084
	$	(0.44)	$	(0.01)
Loss per common share assuming dilution
Net loss	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Less loss allocated to participating securities		-		-
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$	(10,086)	$	(297)
Weighted average common shares outstanding		22,813,256		22,729,084
Incremental shares applicable to non-participating RSUs		-		-
Weighted average common shares assuming dilution		22,813,256		22,729,084
	$	(0.44)	$	(0.01)

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

17. Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax benefit was (24.4%) and (60.9%) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The effective tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was lower when compared to the same periods in the prior year due to a discrete tax benefit related to excess tax benefits from stock compensation of $93 and $312 in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.  The largest item affecting deferred taxes is the difference between book and tax amortization of goodwill and other intangibles amortization.

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Credit Losses (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Credit Losses

Credit losses for trade accounts receivable

	Balance at		Adoption of		Additions				Changes to		Balance at
	December 31,		ASU 2016-13		charged to		Writeoffs		reserve, net		March 31,
	2019				earnings						2020
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Work Truck Attachments	$	600	$	400	$	100	$	-	$	51	$	1,151
Work Truck Solutions		887		350		104		-		(57)		1,284
Total	$	1,487	$	750	$	204	$	-	$	(6)	$	2,435

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Earnings per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Basic earnings per common share
Net loss	$ (10,086)	$ (297)
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$ (10,086)	$ (297)
Weighted average common shares outstanding	22,813,256	22,729,084
Basic	$ (0.44)	$ (0.01)
Earnings per common share assuming dilution
Net loss	$ (10,086)	$ (297)
Net loss allocated to common shareholders	$ (10,086)	$ (297)
Weighted average common shares outstanding	22,813,256	22,729,084
Weighted average common shares assuming dilution	22,813,256	22,729,084
Diluted earnings per share	$ (0.44)	$ (0.01)
Restricted stock units
Earnings per common share assuming dilution
Potentially dilutive non-participating securities	32,732	31,389

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Income Taxes
Effective tax rate (as a percent)	(24.40%)	(60.90%)
Excess tax benefits from stock compensation	$ 93	$ 312

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Property, plant and equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment	$ 126,909	$ 124,717
Less accumulated depreciation	(68,367)	(66,273)
Net property, plant and equipment	58,542	58,444
Land
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment	2,378	2,378
Land improvements
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment	4,541	4,541
Leasehold Improvements
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment	4,087	4,087
Buildings
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment	28,938	28,715
Machinery and equipment
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment	55,743	55,238
Furniture and fixtures
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment	18,193	17,918
Mobile equipment and other
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment	5,323	5,285
Construction-in-process
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment	$ 7,706	$ 6,555

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Credit Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Jan. 01, 2020
Balance	$ 1,487
Additions charged to earnings	204	$ 107
Changes to reserve, net	(6)
Balance	2,435
Work Truck Attachments segment
Balance	600
Additions charged to earnings	100
Changes to reserve, net	51
Balance	1,151
Work Truck Solutions
Balance	887
Additions charged to earnings	104
Changes to reserve, net	(57)
Balance	$ 1,284
ASU 2016-13 | Restatement adjustment
Adoption			$ 750
ASU 2016-13 | Restatement adjustment | Work Truck Attachments segment
Adoption			400
ASU 2016-13 | Restatement adjustment | Work Truck Solutions
Adoption			$ 350

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Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component

Schedule of changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component

Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are as follows:

	Unrealized
	Net Loss			Retiree
	on Interest			Health
	Rate			Benefit
	Swap			Obligation	Total
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	(5,023)	$	2,209	$	(2,814)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		(4,503)		—		(4,503)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss: (1)		266		(57)		209
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	(9,260)	$	2,152	$	(7,108)
(1) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Amortization of Other Postretirement Benefit items:
Actuarial gains (a)	$	(77)
Tax expense		20
Reclassification net of tax	$	(57)
Realized losses on interest rate swaps reclassified to interest expense	$	359
Tax benefit		(93)
Reclassification net of tax	$	266
(a)     These components are included in the computation of benefit plan costs in Note 12.

Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are as follows:

	Unrealized
	Net Loss			Retiree
	on Interest			Health
	Rate			Benefit	Pension
	Swap			Obligation	Obligation		Total
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	(1,530)	$	2,118	$	(6,637)	$	(6,049)
Other comprehensive gain before reclassifications		(1,111)		-		-		(1,111)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss: (1)		36		(58)		110		89
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	(2,605)	$	2,060	$	(6,527)	$	(7,071)
(1) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Amortization of Other Postretirement Benefit items:
Actuarial gains (a)	$	(78)
Tax expense		20
Reclassification net of tax	$	(58)
Amortization of pension items:
Actuarial losses (a)	$	149
Tax benefit		(39)
Reclassification net of tax	$	110
Realized losses on interest rate swaps reclassified to interest expense	$	49
Tax benefit		(13)
Reclassification net of tax	$	36

(a) These components are included in the computation of benefit plan costs in Note 12.

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Leases - Supplemental Balance sheet information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases
Operating lease - right of use asset	$ 21,555	$ 22,557
Other current liabilities	3,770	3,822
Operating lease liabilities	18,010	18,981
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 21,780	$ 22,803
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term - Operating leases	75 months	78 months
Weighted Average Discount Rate - Operating leases	5.31%	5.32%

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Long-Term Debt - Summary (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Long-term debt
Less current maturities		$ 1,938	$ 22,143
Long-term debt, less current maturities		222,008	222,081
Deferred financing costs, net		1,356	1,563
Long-term debt, net		222,008	222,081
Long-term debt, additional disclosure
Inventories - truck chassis floor plan		8,774	6,539
Term loan facility
Long-term debt
Term Loan, net of debt discount of $683 and $781 at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		225,302	245,787
Less current maturities		1,938	22,143
Long-term debt, less current maturities		223,364	223,644
Long-term debt, additional disclosure
Unamortized discount on issuance of debt		683	781
Outstanding borrowings		225,302	245,787
Revolving credit facility
Long-term debt, additional disclosure
Outstanding borrowings		$ 30,000	0
Senior credit facilities | Term loan facility
Long-term debt, additional disclosure
Percentage of net cash proceeds of certain asset sales, certain insurance or condemnation events, requirement for additional principal prepayments		100.00%
Percentage of excess cash flow paid as additional principal prepayments		50.00%
Reduced percentage of excess cash flow paid as additional principal prepayments upon achievement of certain leverage ratio thresholds, one		0.00%
Voluntary payment	$ 20,000
Senior credit facilities | Term loan facility | Maximum
Long-term debt, additional disclosure
Period before end of the fiscal year, for additional principal prepayments of debt, from excess cash flow		150 days
Senior credit facilities | Revolving credit facility
Long-term debt, additional disclosure
Remaining borrowing availability		$ 59,160	$ 99,352

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Warranty Liability

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Warranty Liability

Warranty Liability

11.Warranty Liability

The Company accrues for estimated warranty costs as sales are recognized and periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amount as necessary. The Company’s warranties generally provide, with respect to its snow and ice control equipment, that all material and workmanship will be free from defect for a period of two years after the date of purchase by the end-user, and with respect to its parts and accessories purchased separately, that such parts and accessories will be free from defect for a period of one year after the date of purchase by the end-user.  All of the Company’s warranties are assurance-type warranties. Certain snowplows only provide for a one year warranty.  The Company determines the amount of the estimated warranty costs (and its corresponding warranty reserve) based on the Company’s prior five years of warranty history utilizing a formula driven by historical warranty expense and applying management’s judgment.  The Company adjusts its historical warranty costs to take into account unique factors such as the introduction of new products into the marketplace that do not provide a historical warranty record to assess. The warranty reserve was $5,202 at March 31, 2020, of which $2,000 is included in Other long-term liabilities and $3,202 is included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The warranty reserve was $6,541 at December 31, 2019, of which $2,600 is included in Other long-term liabilities and $3,941 is included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. 

The following is a rollforward of the Company’s warranty liability:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	6,541	$	6,174
Warranty provision		549		561
Claims paid/settlements		(1,888)		(1,644)
Balance at the end of the period	$	5,202	$	5,091

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Basis of presentation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Basis of presentation

Basis of presentation

1.Basis of presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for fiscal year-end financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. For further information, refer to the financial statements and related footnotes included in our 2019 Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-34728) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2020.

The Company conducts business in two segments: Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions. Under this reporting structure, the Company’s two reportable business segments are as follows: 

Work Truck Attachments.  The Work Truck Attachments segment includes commercial snow and ice management attachments sold under the FISHER®, WESTERN® and SNOWEX® brands.  This segment consists of our operations that manufacture and sell snow and ice control products.

Work Truck Solutions.  The Work Truck Solutions segment includes manufactured municipal snow and ice control products under the HENDERSON® brand and the up-fit of market leading attachments and storage solutions under the HENDERSON® brand, and the DEJANA® brand and its related sub-brands.

See Note 16 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for financial information regarding these segments.

Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Information

The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2020, the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and the condensed consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, and the condensed cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 have been prepared by the Company and have not been audited.

The Company’s Work Truck Attachments segment is seasonal and, consequently its results of operations and financial condition vary from quarter-to-quarter.  Because of this seasonality, the results of operations of the Work Truck Attachments segment for any quarter may not be indicative of results of operations that may be achieved for a subsequent quarter or the full year, and may not be similar to results of operations experienced in prior years. The Company attempts to manage the seasonal impact of snowfall on its revenues in part through its pre-season sales program. This pre-season sales program encourages the Company’s distributors to re-stock their inventory of Work Truck Attachments products during the second and third quarters in anticipation of the peak fourth quarter retail sales period by offering favorable pre-season pricing and payment deferral until the fourth quarter. Thus, the Company’s Work Truck Attachments segment tends to generate its greatest volume of sales during the second and third quarters. By contrast, its revenue and operating results tend to be lowest during the first quarter, as management believes the end-users of Work Truck Attachments products prefer to wait until the beginning of a snow season to purchase new equipment and as the Company’s distributors sell off Work Truck Attachments inventory and wait for the pre-season sales incentive period to re-stock inventory. Fourth quarter sales vary from year-to-year as they are primarily driven by the level, timing and location of snowfall during the quarter. This is because most of the Company’s Work Truck Attachments fourth quarter sales and shipments consist of re-orders by distributors seeking to restock inventory to meet immediate customer needs caused by snowfall during the winter months. In addition, due to the factors noted above, Work Truck Attachments working capital needs are highest in the second and third quarters as its accounts receivable rise from pre-season sales. These working capital needs decline in the fourth quarter as the Company receives payments for its pre-season shipments.  

As a result of the COVID-19 crisis, including the market volatility and other economic implications associated with the crisis and the economic and regulatory measures enacted to contain its spread, the Company’s results of operations have been impacted in the three months ended March 31, 2020, and may be significantly impacted in future quarters. In addition, the Company’s working capital and liquidity needs may become more unpredictable as a result of changes in order patterns among customers due to the crisis.  Based on the COVID-19 crisis, the results of operations of the Company for any quarter during the crisis may not be indicative of results of operations that may be achieved for a subsequent quarter or the full year, and may not be similar to results of operations experienced in prior years.

The Company preventatively and voluntarily closed its facilities on March 18, 2020.  Since that time, the Company has started to slowly ramp up production at various facilities as appropriate. The Company has taken all of the necessary safety steps and precautions for employees who have returned to work. As of the date of this filing, the Company is not yet up to full production levels. The Company will continue to monitor the situation and provide updates as appropriate.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company benefited from credits related to the passage of the CARES Act on March 27, 2020 in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Under the CARES Act, the Company qualified for an Employee Retention Credit for wages paid to employees who were not working due to a plant shutdown related to the COVID-19 crisis. As a result of the CARES Act, the Company recorded a total benefit of $1,152 to Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses,” which modifies the measurement of expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. Upon adoption, the Company recognized the cumulative effect of adopting this guidance as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of $557, net of tax. The Company has identified and implemented changes to processes and controls to meet the standard’s updated reporting and disclosure requirements. See Note 3 for additional information.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform,” which provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 specifically related to its interest rate swap, where the Company asserts the forecasted transaction using the existing reference rate associated with the swap remains probable.

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Credit Losses

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Credit Losses

Credit Losses

3.         Credit Losses

Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted new accounting guidance that significantly changes the impairment model for estimating credit losses on financial assets to a current expected credit losses (“CECL”) model that requires entities to estimate the lifetime expected credit losses on such assets, leading to earlier recognition of such losses. Under the new guidance, the Company is required to measure expected credit losses using forward-looking information to assess its allowance for credit losses. The guidance also requires the Company to consider of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information in estimating credit losses. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. Effective January 1, 2020, the adoption of CECL accounting, through a modified-retrospective approach,

caused an increase to the allowance for credit losses of approximately $400 and $350 for the Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions segments, respectively.

The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable are due from distributors of truck equipment and dealers of completed upfit trucks. Credit is extended based on an evaluation of a customer’s financial condition. A receivable is considered past due if payments have not been received within agreed upon invoice terms. Accounts receivable are written off after all collection efforts have been exhausted. The Company takes a security interest in the inventory as collateral for the receivable but often does not have a priority security interest. The Company has short-term accounts receivable at its Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions segments subject to evaluation for expected credit losses. Expected credit losses are estimated based on the loss-rate and probability of default methods. On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its accounts receivable and establishes the allowance for credit losses based on specific customer circumstances, past events including collections and write-off history, current conditions, and reasonable forecasts about the future. Management evaluated the need for an additional allowance for credit losses related to economic conditions arising from the COVID-19 crisis. Management has not seen indications of customers going out of business and not being able to pay their bills (although the receivables may become more aged). Management believes customers of the Work Truck Attachments segment have long-standing relationships with the Company, and are mature dealers that are likely able to weather the crisis. Many Work Truck Solutions customers are governments and municipal entities who management believes are highly unlikely to default. In addition management believes Work Truck Solutions has long-standing relationships with its customers, and the customers are in general mature dealers that are unlikely to default as a result of the crisis. Therefore, as of March 31, 2020, no additional reserve related to the COVID-19 crisis was deemed necessary. As of March 31, 2020 the Company had an allowance for credit losses on its trade accounts receivable of $1,151 and $1,284 at its Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions segments, respectively.

The following table rolls forward the activity related to credit losses for trade accounts receivable at each segment, and on a consolidated basis for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

	Balance at		Adoption of		Additions				Changes to		Balance at
	December 31,		ASU 2016-13		charged to		Writeoffs		reserve, net		March 31,
	2019				earnings						2020
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Work Truck Attachments	$	600	$	400	$	100	$	-	$	51	$	1,151
Work Truck Solutions		887		350		104		-		(57)		1,284
Total	$	1,487	$	750	$	204	$	-	$	(6)	$	2,435

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Net sales	$ 68,190	$ 93,187
Cost of sales	56,500	70,241
Gross profit	11,690	22,946
Selling, general, and administrative expense	17,149	16,644
Intangibles amortization	2,738	2,741
Income (loss) from operations	(8,197)	3,561
Interest expense, net	(5,040)	(4,150)
Other expense, net	(111)	(171)
Loss before taxes	(13,348)	(760)
Income tax benefit	(3,262)	(463)
Net loss	$ (10,086)	$ (297)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	22,813,256	22,729,084
Diluted (in shares)	22,813,256	22,729,084
Loss per common share:
Basic	$ (0.44)	$ (0.01)
Diluted	(0.44)	(0.01)
Cash dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	0.28	0.27
Cash dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.28	$ 0.27
Comprehensive loss	$ (14,380)	$ (1,319)

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Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Leases

Leases

7. Leases

The Company has operating leases for manufacturing and upfit facilities, land and parking lots, warehousing space and certain equipment. The leases have remaining lease terms of less than one year to 16 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 10 years. Such renewal options were not included in the determination of the lease term unless deemed reasonably certain of exercise. The discount rate used in measuring the lease liabilities is based on the Company’s interest rate on its secured Term Loan Credit Agreement. Certain of the Company’s leases contain escalating rental payments based on an index. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Lease Expense

The components of lease expense, which are included in Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2020	March 31, 2019
Operating lease expense	$ 1,311	$ 1,132
Short term lease cost	$ 39	$ 100
Total lease cost	$ 1,350	$ 1,232

Cash Flow

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2020	March 31, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$ 1,303	$ 765
Non-cash lease expense - right-of-use assets	$ 1,015	$ 785
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$ 321	$ 56

Balance Sheet

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:  

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 21,555		$ 22,557
Other current liabilities	3,770		3,822
Operating lease liabilities	18,010		18,981
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 21,780		$ 22,803
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Operating leases	75	months	78	months
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases	5.31%		5.32%

Lease Maturities

Maturities of leases were as follows:

Year ending December 31,	Operating Leases
2020 (excluding the three months ended March 31, 2020)	$ 3,704
2021	4,716
2022	4,307
2023	3,824
2024	3,194
Thereafter	6,146
Total Lease Payments	25,891
Less: imputed interest	(4,111)
Total	$ 21,780

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Employee Retirement Plans (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Pension plan

Employee retirement plans

Schedule of components of net periodic pension or other postretirement benefit cost

	March 31,
	2019
Component of net periodic pension cost:
Service cost	$	-
Interest cost		410
Expected return on plan assets		(294)
Amortization of net loss		149
Net periodic pension cost	$	265

Other postretirement benefit cost

Employee retirement plans

Schedule of components of net periodic pension or other postretirement benefit cost

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Component of periodic other postretirement benefit cost:
Service cost	$	37	$	37
Interest cost		47		63
Amortization of net gain		(77)		(78)
Net periodic other postretirement benefit cost	$	7	$	22

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Other Intangible Assets (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Other Intangible Assets

Summary of other intangible assets

		Gross	Less		Net
		Carrying	Accumulated		Carrying
		Amount	Amortization		Amount
March 31, 2020
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trademark and tradenames	$	77,600	$	-	$	77,600
Amortizable intangibles:
Dealer network		80,000		64,000		16,000
Customer relationships		80,920		23,239		57,681
Patents		21,136		13,543		7,593
Noncompete agreements		8,640		8,252		388
Trademarks		5,459		3,737		1,722
Backlog		1,900		1,900		-
License		20		20		-
Amortizable intangibles, net		198,075		114,691		83,384
Total	$	275,675	$	114,691	$	160,984
		Gross	Less		Net
		Carrying	Accumulated		Carrying
		Amount	Amortization		Amount
December 31, 2019
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trademark and tradenames	$	77,600	$	-	$	77,600
Amortizable intangibles:
Dealer network		80,000		63,000		17,000
Customer relationships		80,920		21,914		59,006
Patents		21,136		13,229		7,907
Noncompete agreements		8,640		8,177		463
Trademarks		5,459		3,713		1,746
Backlog		1,900		1,900		-
License		20		20		-
Amortizable intangibles, net		198,075		111,953		86,122
Total	$	275,675	$	111,953	$	163,722

Schedule of estimated amortization expense

2020	$	8,199
2021		10,670
2022		10,520
2023		10,520
2024		7,520
2025		6,075

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

15. Commitments and Contingencies

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is engaged in various litigation including product liability and intellectual property disputes.  However, the Company does not believe that any pending litigation will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position.  In addition, the Company is not currently a party to any environmental-related claims or legal matters.

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Basis of presentation (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Basis of presentation

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses,” which modifies the measurement of expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. Upon adoption, the Company recognized the cumulative effect of adopting this guidance as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of $557, net of tax. The Company has identified and implemented changes to processes and controls to meet the standard’s updated reporting and disclosure requirements. See Note 3 for additional information.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform,” which provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 specifically related to its interest rate swap, where the Company asserts the forecasted transaction using the existing reference rate associated with the swap remains probable.

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Fair Value - Fair Value Liability Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Reconciliation of liability related to earnout
Adjustments to fair value	$ 0	$ 0
Payments to former owners	0	0
Recurring | Dejana
Fair value liability reconciliation
Derivative Liability, Noncurrent		$ 2,200
Recurring | Level 2
Fair value liability reconciliation
Derivative Liability, Current	3,570		$ 1,522
Derivative Liability, Noncurrent	10,306		$ 5,214
Recurring | Level 3 | Dejana
Reconciliation of liability related to earnout
Earnout, portion in other long term liabilities	$ 2,000

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Revenue Recognition (Revenue by customer and timing recognitions) (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) item	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Retained Earnings	$ 143,618		$ 160,748
Net sales	68,190	$ 93,187
Independent dealer
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	47,172	58,860
Government
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	10,490	15,529
Fleet
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	9,229	14,952
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	1,299	3,846
Point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	48,834	67,840
Over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	$ 19,356	25,347
Work Truck Attachments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Number of revenue streams | item	2
Net sales	$ 19,120	25,817
Work Truck Attachments | Independent dealer
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	19,120	25,817
Work Truck Attachments | Point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	$ 19,120	25,817
Work Truck Solutions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Number of revenue streams | item	4
Net sales	$ 49,070	67,370
Work Truck Solutions | Independent dealer
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	28,052	33,043
Work Truck Solutions | Government
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	10,490	15,529
Work Truck Solutions | Fleet
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	9,229	14,952
Work Truck Solutions | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	1,299	3,846
Work Truck Solutions | Point in time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	29,714	42,023
Work Truck Solutions | Over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	19,356	25,347
Effect of Change Higher/(Lower) | ASC 2014-09
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		$ 145
Effect of Change Higher/(Lower) | ASC 2014-09 | Work Truck Solutions | Over time
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	$ 106

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Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component - Reclassifications (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Interest expense, net	$ 5,040	$ 4,150
Tax expense (benefit)	(3,262)	(463)
Reclassification net of tax	10,086	297
Interest rate swap | Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Interest expense, net		49
Tax expense (benefit)		(13)
Reclassification net of tax		36
Other Postretirement Benefit Liability | Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Actuarial (gains) losses	(77)	(78)
Tax expense (benefit)	20	20
Reclassification net of tax	(57)	(58)
Pension Liability | Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Actuarial (gains) losses		149
Tax expense (benefit)		(39)
Reclassification net of tax		$ 110
Unrealized Net Loss on Interest Rate Swap | Interest rate swap
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Interest expense, net	359
Tax expense (benefit)	(93)
Reclassification net of tax	$ 266

XML

Employee Retirement Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2019	Oct. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Pension Plan Termination Loss, after Tax and Reclassification Adjustment, Attributable to Parent			$ 6,380
Douglas Dynamics LLC Pension Plan For Hourly Employees
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Pension funding contributions made		$ 3,245
Defined Benefit Plan, Annuities Purchased Amount	$ 4,767
Douglas Dynamics LLC Salaried Pension Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Pension funding contributions made		$ 12,476
Defined Benefit Plan, Annuities Purchased Amount	$ 20,044

XML

Employee Stock Plans - Additional Information (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) item $ / shares shares	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Additional Employee Stock Plans Information
Income tax benefit	$ (3,262)	$ (463)
Performance Share Unit Awards | 2010 Plan
Additional Employee Stock Plans Information
Vesting period of awards	2 years
Compensation expenses recognized	$ 484	294
Unrecognized compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, calculated under the fair value method for shares expected to vest	$ 2,813
Performance period	3 years
Restricted stock units
Additional Employee Stock Plans Information
fair value per share of the awards | $ / shares	$ 53.50
Compensation expenses recognized	$ 884	760
Restricted stock units | Non-employee director
Additional Employee Stock Plans Information
Number of shares issued upon exercise of units other than options | shares	1
Restricted stock units | 2010 Plan
Additional Employee Stock Plans Information
Unrecognized compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, calculated under the fair value method for shares expected to vest	$ 2,039
Minimum age of employee, attaining which awards are continued to be vested upon retirement | item	65
Minimum service period, upon serving which awards are continued to be vested upon retirement	10 years
Minimum age of employee along with service period condition, attaining which awards are continued to be vested upon retirement | item	55
Maximum period following a termination of service in which the share-based award will be settled	2 months 15 days
Restricted stock units | 2010 Plan | Management
Additional Employee Stock Plans Information
Accelerated stock based compensation expense	$ 303	$ 343
Restricted stock units | 2010 Plan | Common Stock
Additional Employee Stock Plans Information
Number of shares issued upon exercise of units other than options | shares	1

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Segments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Segments

Segments

16. Segments

The Company’s two reportable business segments are as follows: 

Work Truck Attachments.  The Work Truck Attachments segment includes commercial snow and ice management attachments sold under the FISHER®, WESTERN® and SNOWEX® brands.  This segment consists of our operations that manufacture and sell snow and ice control products.

Work Truck Solutions.  The Work Truck Solutions segment includes manufactured municipal snow and ice control products under the HENDERSON® brand and the up-fit of market leading attachments and storage solutions under the HENDERSON® brand, and the DEJANA® brand and its related sub-brands.

Separate financial information is available for the two operating segments. In addition, segment results include an allocation of all corporate costs to Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions.

Segment performance is evaluated based on segment net sales and Adjusted EBITDA. Segment results include an allocation of all corporate costs. No single customer’s revenues amounted to 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue. Sales are primarily within the United States and substantially all assets are located within the United States.

All intersegment sales are eliminated in consolidation. Sales between Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions reflect the Company’s intercompany pricing policy. The following table shows summarized financial information concerning the Company’s reportable segments:

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
		2020		2019
Net sales
Work Truck Attachments	$	19,120	$	25,817
Work Truck Solutions		49,070		67,370
	$	68,190	$	93,187
Adjusted EBITDA
Work Truck Attachments	$	(2,076)	$	2,284
Work Truck Solutions		361		6,735
	$	(1,715)	$	9,019
Depreciation and amortization expense
Work Truck Attachments	$	2,659	$	2,538
Work Truck Solutions		2,235		2,270
	$	4,894	$	4,808
Assets
Work Truck Attachments	$	349,671	$	330,731
Work Truck Solutions		342,865		345,288
	$	692,536	$	676,019
Capital Expenditures
Work Truck Attachments	$	1,858	$	611
Work Truck Solutions		396		77
	$	2,254	$	688

Adjusted EBITDA
Work Truck Attachments	$	(2,076)	$	2,284
Work Truck Solutions		361		6,735
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	(1,715)	$	9,019
Less items to reconcile Adjusted EBITDA to Loss before taxes:
Interest expense - net		5,040		4,150
Depreciation expense		2,156		2,067
Amortization		2,738		2,741
Purchase accounting		(17)		(217)
Stock based compensation		1,368		1,054
COVID-19 (1)		317		-
Other charges		31		(16)
Loss before taxes	$	(13,348)	$	(760)
(1) - Reflects incremental costs incurred related to the COVID-19 crisis for the periods presented.

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Revenue Recognition (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Revenue Recognition

Revenue by customer and timing recognition

Revenue by customer type was as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Independent dealer	$ 19,120	$ 28,052	$ 47,172
Government	-	10,490	10,490
Fleet	-	9,229	9,229
Other	-	1,299	1,299
Total revenue	$ 19,120	$ 49,070	$ 68,190
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Independent dealer	$ 25,817	$ 33,043	$ 58,860
Government	-	15,529	15,529
Fleet	-	14,952	14,952
Other	-	3,846	3,846
Total revenue	$ 25,817	$ 67,370	$ 93,187

Revenue by timing of revenue recognition was as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Point in time	$ 19,120	$ 29,714	$ 48,834
Over time	-	19,356	19,356
Total revenue	$ 19,120	$ 49,070	$ 68,190
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Point in time	$ 25,817	$ 42,023	$ 67,840
Over time	-	25,347	25,347
Total revenue	$ 25,817	$ 67,370	$ 93,187

Contract Balances

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020		Balance at Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance at End of Period
Contract liabilities	$	2,187	$	1,637	$	(1,789)	$	2,035
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019		Balance at Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance at End of Period
Contract liabilities	$	2,006	$	2,335	$	(2,041)	$	2,300

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Fair Value - Assets and Liabilities on a Recurring Basis (Details) - Recurring - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets:
Other long-term assets	$ 6,767	$ 7,270
Total Assets	6,767	7,270
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps	13,876	6,736
Long term debt	218,543	247,630
Earnout- Dejana	2,000	2,000
Total Liabilities	$ 234,419	$ 256,383

XML

Basis of presentation (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) segment	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Interim Consolidated Financial Information
Number of operating segments | segment	2
Amount of total benefit	$ 1,152
Retained earnings	143,618	$ 160,748
Restatement adjustment | ASU 2016-13
Interim Consolidated Financial Information
Retained earnings	$ 557

XML

Employee Retirement Plans - Reconciliations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Pension plan
Component of net periodic cost:
Interest cost			$ 410
Expected return on plan assets			(294)
Amortization of net (gain) loss			149
Net periodic pension cost			265
Defined Benefit Plan Termination, Payments by Employer		$ 464
Employer contributions during the period				$ 0
Defined Benefit Plan Employer Discretionary Contribution Amount					$ 7,000
Other postretirement benefit cost
Component of net periodic cost:
Service cost	$ 37		37
Interest cost	47		63
Amortization of net (gain) loss	(77)		(78)
Net periodic pension cost	$ 7		$ 22

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Segments (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) segment customer	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments | segment	2
Number of operating segments | segment	2
Number of customers | customer	0
Net sales	$ 68,190	$ 93,187
Adjusted EBITDA	(1,715)	9,019
Depreciation and amortization expense	4,894	4,808
Assets	692,536	676,019	$ 705,695
Capital Expenditures	2,304	769
Capital Expenditures including adjustments to accruals and payables	2,254	688
Interest expense, net	5,040	4,150
Depreciation expense	2,156	2,067
Amortization	2,738	2,741
Purchase accounting	(17)	(217)
Share-based Compensation	1,368	1,054
COVID-19	317
Other charges	31	(16)
Loss before taxes	(13,348)	(760)
Work Truck Attachments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net sales	19,120	25,817
Adjusted EBITDA	(2,076)	2,284
Work Truck Solutions
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net sales	49,070	67,370
Adjusted EBITDA	361	6,735
Operating segment | Work Truck Attachments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net sales	19,120	25,817
Adjusted EBITDA	(2,076)	2,284
Depreciation and amortization expense	2,659	2,538
Assets	349,671	330,731
Capital Expenditures	1,858	611
Operating segment | Work Truck Solutions
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net sales	49,070	67,370
Adjusted EBITDA	361	6,735
Depreciation and amortization expense	2,235	2,270
Assets	342,865	345,288
Capital Expenditures	$ 396	$ 77

XML

Leases - Maturities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Maturities of leases
2020 (excluding the three months ended March 31, 2020)	$ 3,704
2021	4,716
2022	4,307
2023	3,824
2024	3,194
Thereafter	6,146
Total Lease Payments	25,891
Less: imputed interest	(4,111)
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 21,780	$ 22,803

XML

Long-Term Debt - Swaps (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 13, 2019 USD ($)
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount expected to be amortized from AOCI	$ 2,991
Mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives not classified as hedges	1,413
Inventories - truck chassis floor plan	8,774	$ 6,539
Interest rate swap
Derivative [Line Items]
Negative fair value	$ 13,876	6,736
Number of financial institutions for which the entity is exposed to counterparty credit risk | item	1
Interest rate swap | Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Negative fair value	$ 3,570	1,522
Interest rate swap | Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Negative fair value	$ 10,306	$ 5,214
Interest rate swap effective May 31,2019 through May 31,2024 [member]
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional amount			$ 175,000
Interest rate	2.495%
Interest rate swap effective May 31,2019 through May 31,2024 [member] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)
Derivative [Line Items]
LIBOR floor (as a percent)	1.00%

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Fair Value

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Fair Value

Fair Value

4.Fair Value

Fair value is the price at which an asset could be exchanged in a current transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties. A liability’s fair value is defined as the amount that would be paid to transfer the liability to a new obligor, not the amount that would be paid to settle the liability with the creditor.  Fair value measurements are categorized into one of three levels based on the lowest level of significant input used: Level 1 (unadjusted quoted prices in active markets); Level 2 (observable market inputs available at the measurement date, other than quoted prices included in Level 1); and Level 3 (unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data).

The following table presents financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and discloses the fair value of long-term debt:

	Fair Value at		Fair Value at
	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Assets:
Other long-term assets (a)	$	6,767	$	7,270
Total Assets	$	6,767	$	7,270
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps (b)	$	13,876	$	6,736
Long-term debt (c)		218,543		247,630
Earnout - Dejana (d)		2,000		2,000
Total Liabilities	$	234,419	$	256,383

(a)  Included in other assets is the cash surrender value of insurance policies on various individuals that are associated with the Company. The carrying amount of these insurance policies approximates their fair value and is considered Level 2 inputs.

(b) Valuation models are calibrated to initial trade price. Subsequent valuations are based on observable inputs to the valuation model (e.g. interest rates and credit spreads). Model inputs are changed only when corroborated by market data. A credit risk adjustment is made on each swap using observable market credit spreads. Thus, inputs used to determine fair value of the interest rate swap are Level 2 inputs.  Interest rate swaps of $3,570 and $10,306 at March 31, 2020 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities, respectively.  Interest rate swaps of $1,522 and $5,214 at December 31, 2019 are included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities, respectively.

(c)  The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, including current maturities, is estimated using discounted cash flows based on the Company’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements, which is a Level 2 input for all periods presented. Meanwhile, long-term debt is recorded at carrying amount, net of discount and deferred debt issuance costs, as disclosed on the face of the balance sheet.

(d) Included in Other long-term liabilities in the amount of $2,000 at March 31, 2020 is the fair value of an obligation for a portion of the potential earnout incurred in conjunction with the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Dejana Truck & Utility Equipment Company, Inc. and certain entities directly or indirectly owned by the Peter Paul Dejana Family Trust dated 12/31/98 (“Dejana”). Included in Other long-term liabilities in the amount of $2,200 at March 31, 2019 is the fair value of an obligation for a portion of the potential earnout incurred in conjunction with the acquisition of Dejana. Fair value is based upon Level 3 inputs of a real options approach where gross sales were simulated in a risk-neutral framework using Geometric Brownian Motion, a well-accepted model of stock price behavior that is used in option pricing models such as the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using key inputs of forecasted future sales and financial performance as well as a risk adjusted expected growth rate adjusted appropriately based on its correlation with the market.  There were no adjustments to fair value or payments to former owners in either the three months ended March 31, 2020 or March 31, 2019.

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	May 05, 2020
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2020
Entity File Number	001-34728
Entity Registrant Name	DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, INC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	13-4275891
Entity Address, Address Line One	7777 North 73rd Street
Entity Address, City or Town	Milwaukee
Entity Address, State or Province	WI
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	53223
City Area Code	414
Local Phone Number	354-2310
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $.01 per share
Trading Symbol	PLOW
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		22,857,457
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Entity Central Index Key	0001287213
Amendment Flag	false

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Operating activities
Net loss	$ (10,086)	$ (297)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	4,894	4,808
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount	303	303
Stock-based compensation	1,368	1,054
Mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives not classified as hedges	1,413
Provision for losses on accounts receivable	204	107
Deferred income taxes	(1,250)	1,010
Earnout liability	(17)	(217)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	39,014	26,096
Inventories	(34,428)	(29,229)
Prepaid assets, refundable income taxes and other assets	(2,119)	(3,676)
Accounts payable	1,161	(2,179)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	(7,334)	(1,451)
Benefit obligations and other long-term liabilities	(2,203)	(1,906)
Net cash used in operating activities	(9,080)	(5,577)
Investing activities
Capital expenditures	(2,304)	(769)
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,304)	(769)
Financing activities
Shares withheld on restricted stock vesting paid for employees' taxes	(72)	(50)
Dividends paid	(6,487)	(6,292)
Net revolver borrowings	30,000	16,000
Repayment of long-term debt	(20,581)	(30,784)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	2,860	(21,126)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(8,524)	(27,472)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	35,665	27,820
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	27,141	348
Non-cash operating and financing activities
Truck chassis inventory acquired through floorplan obligations	$ 6,215	$ 10,299

XML

Other Intangible Assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Other Intangible Assets

Other Intangible Assets

l

8. Other Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of the Company’s other intangible assets:

		Gross	Less		Net
		Carrying	Accumulated		Carrying
		Amount	Amortization		Amount
March 31, 2020
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trademark and tradenames	$	77,600	$	-	$	77,600
Amortizable intangibles:
Dealer network		80,000		64,000		16,000
Customer relationships		80,920		23,239		57,681
Patents		21,136		13,543		7,593
Noncompete agreements		8,640		8,252		388
Trademarks		5,459		3,737		1,722
Backlog		1,900		1,900		-
License		20		20		-
Amortizable intangibles, net		198,075		114,691		83,384
Total	$	275,675	$	114,691	$	160,984
		Gross	Less		Net
		Carrying	Accumulated		Carrying
		Amount	Amortization		Amount
December 31, 2019
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trademark and tradenames	$	77,600	$	-	$	77,600
Amortizable intangibles:
Dealer network		80,000		63,000		17,000
Customer relationships		80,920		21,914		59,006
Patents		21,136		13,229		7,907
Noncompete agreements		8,640		8,177		463
Trademarks		5,459		3,713		1,746
Backlog		1,900		1,900		-
License		20		20		-
Amortizable intangibles, net		198,075		111,953		86,122
Total	$	275,675	$	111,953	$	163,722

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $2,738 and $2,741 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for the remainder of 2020 and each of the succeeding five years is as follows:

2020	$	8,199
2021		10,670
2022		10,520
2023		10,520
2024		7,520
2025		6,075

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Employee Retirement Plans

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Employee Retirement Plans

Employee Retirement Plans

12. Employee Retirement Plans

The Company sponsored qualified defined-benefit plans, including the Douglas Dynamics, L.L.C Pension Plan for Hourly Employees (“hourly plan”) and the Douglas Dynamics, L.L.C Salaried Pension Plan (“salaried plan”). The salaried plan generally provided pension benefits that were based on the employee’s average earnings and credited service. Such plan was partially frozen as of December 31, 2011 and subsequently was completely frozen as of December 31, 2018. The hourly plan generally provided benefits of stated amounts for each year of service. Such plan was frozen as of December 31, 2011. Consistent with its long term plans, the Company terminated its hourly plan and salaried plan during the fourth quarter of 2019. In October of 2019, lump-sum settlement payments of $3,245 and $12,476 were made from the hourly plan and salaried plan, respectively, in conjunction with the termination of these plans. In satisfaction of its obligations, in November of 2019 the Company purchased annuities of $4,767 and $20,044 for hourly plan and salaried plan participants, respectively. The Company recognized a non-cash charge within the Consolidated Statements of Income related to unrecognized actuarial losses in AOCL of $6,380 in the year ended December 31, 2019.  

The components of net periodic pension cost consist of the following:

	March 31,
	2019
Component of net periodic pension cost:
Service cost	$	-
Interest cost		410
Expected return on plan assets		(294)
Amortization of net loss		149
Net periodic pension cost	$	265

In conjunction with the termination of the plans, the Company made payments of $464 in the fourth quarter of 2019.  The Company made required minimum pension funding contributions of $0 to the pension plans in 2019 as a result of a $7,000 in voluntary contributions in 2018.

Components of net periodic other postretirement benefit cost consist of the following:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Component of periodic other postretirement benefit cost:
Service cost	$	37	$	37
Interest cost		47		63
Amortization of net gain		(77)		(78)
Net periodic other postretirement benefit cost	$	7	$	22

Service cost is included in Income from operations on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost are included in Other expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

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Revenue Recognition

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

2.Revenue Recognition

Revenue Streams

The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates revenue. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company generates all of its revenue from contracts with customers. Additionally, contract amounts represent the full amount of the transaction price as agreed upon with the customer at the time of order, resulting in a single performance obligation in all cases. In regards to the COVID-19 crisis, the Company believes most customers within all revenue streams identified below provide essential services.

Work Truck Attachments

The Company recognizes revenue upon shipment of equipment to the customer. Within the Work Truck Attachments segment, the Company offers a variety of discounts and sales incentives to its distributors. The estimated liability for sales discounts and allowances is calculated using the expected value method and recorded at the time of sale as a reduction of net sales. The liability is estimated based on the costs of the program, the planned duration of the program and historical experience.

The Work Truck Attachments segment has two revenue streams, as identified below.

Independent Dealer Sales – Revenues from sales to independent dealers are recognized when the customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at a point in time, typically upon shipment. In these instances, each product is considered a separate performance obligation, and revenue is recognized upon shipment of the goods. Any shipping and handling activities performed by the Company after the transfer of control to the customer (e.g., when control transfers upon shipment) are considered fulfillment activities, and accordingly, the costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized.

Parts & Accessory Sales – The Company’s equipment is used in harsh conditions and parts frequently wear out. These parts drive recurring revenues through parts and accessory sales. The process for recording parts and accessory sales is consistent with the independent dealer sales noted above.

Work Truck Solutions

The Work Truck Solutions segment primarily participates in the truck and vehicle upfitting industry in the United States. Customers are billed separately for the truck chassis by the chassis manufacturer.  The Company only records sales for the amount of the upfit, excluding the truck chassis.   Generally, the Company obtains the truck chassis from the truck chassis manufacturer through either its floor plan agreement with a financial institution or bailment pool agreement with the truck chassis manufacturer. Additionally, in some instances the Company upfits chassis which are owned by the end customer.  For truck chassis acquired through the floor plan agreement, the Company holds title to the vehicle from the time the chassis is received by the Company until the completion of the up-fit.  Under the bailment pool agreement, the Company does not take title to the truck chassis, but rather only holds the truck chassis on consignment.   The Company pays interest on both of these arrangements.  The Company records revenue in the same manner net of the value of the truck chassis in both the Company’s floor plan and bailment pool agreements. The Company does not set the price for the truck chassis, is not responsible for the billing of the chassis and does not have inventory risk in either the bailment pool or floor plan agreements. The Work Truck Solutions segment also has manufacturing operations of municipal snow and ice control equipment, where revenue is recognized upon shipment of equipment to the customer.

Revenues from the sales of the Work Truck Solutions products are recognized net of the truck chassis with the selling price to the customer recorded as sales and the manufacturing and up-fit cost of the product recorded as cost of sales. In these cases, the Company acts as an agent as it does not have inventory or pricing control over the truck chassis.  Within the Work Truck Solutions segment, the Company also sells certain third-party products for which it acts as an agent.  These sales do not meet the criteria for gross sales recognition, and thus are recognized on a net basis at the time of sale. Under net sales recognition, the cost paid to the third-party service provider is recorded as a reduction to sales, resulting in net sales being equal to the gross profit on the transaction.

The Work Truck Solutions segment has four revenue streams, as identified below.

State and Local Bids – The Company records revenue of separately sold snow and ice equipment upon shipment and fully upfit vehicles upon delivery.  The state and local bid process does not obligate the entity to buy any products from the Company, but merely allows the entity to purchase products in the future typically for a fixed period of time. The entity commits to actually purchasing products from the Company when it issues purchase orders off of a previously awarded bid, which lists out actual quantities of equipment being ordered and the delivery terms. On upfit transactions, the Company is providing a significant service by assembling and integrating the individual products onto the customer’s truck. Each individual product and installation activity is highly interdependent and highly interrelated, and therefore the Company considers the manufacture and upfit of a truck a

single performance obligation. Any shipping and handling activities performed by the Company after the transfer of control to the Customer (e.g., when control transfers upon shipment) are considered fulfillment activities, and accordingly, the costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized.

Fleet Upfit Sales – The Company enters into contracts with certain fleet customers. Fleet agreements create enforceable rights without the issuance of a purchase order. Typically, these agreements outline the terms of sale, payment terms, standard pricing, and the rights of the customer and seller. Fleet sales are performed on both customer owned vehicles as well as non-customer owned vehicles.  For non-customer owned vehicles, revenue is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the truck to the customer. For customer-owned vehicles, per Topic 606, revenue is recognized over time based on a cost input method. The Company accumulates costs incurred on partially completed customer-owned upfits based on estimated margin and completion. The Company books an adjustment to account for revenue over time related to customer owned vehicles, which decreased revenue by $106 and increased revenue by $145 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Dealer Upfit Sales – The Company upfits work trucks for independent dealer customers. Dealer upfit revenue is recorded upon delivery. The customer does not own the vehicles during the upfit process, and as such revenue is recorded at a point in time upon delivery to the customer.

Over the Counter / Parts & Accessory Sales – Work Truck Solutions part and accessory sales are recorded as revenue upon shipment. Additionally, customers can purchase parts at any of the Company’s showrooms.  In these instances, each product is considered a separate performance obligation, and revenue is recognized upon shipment of the goods or customer pick up.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by customer type and timing of revenue recognition, and includes a reconciliation of the disaggregated revenue with reportable segments.

Revenue by customer type was as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Independent dealer	$ 19,120	$ 28,052	$ 47,172
Government	-	10,490	10,490
Fleet	-	9,229	9,229
Other	-	1,299	1,299
Total revenue	$ 19,120	$ 49,070	$ 68,190
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Independent dealer	$ 25,817	$ 33,043	$ 58,860
Government	-	15,529	15,529
Fleet	-	14,952	14,952
Other	-	3,846	3,846
Total revenue	$ 25,817	$ 67,370	$ 93,187

Revenue by timing of revenue recognition was as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Point in time	$ 19,120	$ 29,714	$ 48,834
Over time	-	19,356	19,356
Total revenue	$ 19,120	$ 49,070	$ 68,190
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019	Work Truck Attachments	Work Truck Solutions	Total Revenue
Point in time	$ 25,817	$ 42,023	$ 67,840
Over time	-	25,347	25,347
Total revenue	$ 25,817	$ 67,370	$ 93,187

Contract Balances

The following table shows the changes in the Company’s contract liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020		Balance at Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance at End of Period
Contract liabilities	$	2,187	$	1,637	$	(1,789)	$	2,035
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019		Balance at Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance at End of Period
Contract liabilities	$	2,006	$	2,335	$	(2,041)	$	2,300

The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules. Contract assets include amounts related to our contractual right to consideration for completed performance objectives not yet invoiced. There were no contract assets as of March 31, 2020 or 2019. Contract liabilities include payments received in advance of performance under the contract, variable freight allowances which are refunded to the customer, and rebates paid to distributors under our municipal rebate program, and are realized with the associated revenue recognized under the contract.

The Company recognized revenue of $467 and $372 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which was included in contract liabilities at the beginning of each period.

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Warranty Liability (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Warranty Liability

Schedule of rollforward of Company's warranty liability

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	6,541	$	6,174
Warranty provision		549		561
Claims paid/settlements		(1,888)		(1,644)
Balance at the end of the period	$	5,202	$	5,091

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Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Leases

Summary of lease expense and supplemental cash flow information

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2020	March 31, 2019
Operating lease expense	$ 1,311	$ 1,132
Short term lease cost	$ 39	$ 100
Total lease cost	$ 1,350	$ 1,232

Cash Flow

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2020	March 31, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$ 1,303	$ 765
Non-cash lease expense - right-of-use assets	$ 1,015	$ 785
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$ 321	$ 56

Summary of supplemental balance sheet information related to leases

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 21,555		$ 22,557
Other current liabilities	3,770		3,822
Operating lease liabilities	18,010		18,981
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 21,780		$ 22,803
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Operating leases	75	months	78	months
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases	5.31%		5.32%

Summary of maturities of leases

Year ending December 31,	Operating Leases
2020 (excluding the three months ended March 31, 2020)	$ 3,704
2021	4,716
2022	4,307
2023	3,824
2024	3,194
Thereafter	6,146
Total Lease Payments	25,891
Less: imputed interest	(4,111)
Total	$ 21,780