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Revenue Revenue
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue Revenue
The following tables summarize revenue recognized from contracts with customers by client domicile and by investment vehicle:
 
Years ended December 31,
(in thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Client domicile:
 
 
 
 
 
North America
$
352,629

 
$
322,964

 
$
314,021

Japan
33,967

 
35,283

 
42,303

Asia Pacific excluding Japan
13,147

 
12,493

 
11,496

Europe, Middle East and Africa
11,087

 
10,371

 
10,876

Total
$
410,830

 
$
381,111

 
$
378,696

 
Years ended December 31,
(in thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Investment vehicle:
 
 
 
 
 
Open-end funds (1)
$
217,778

 
$
197,363

 
$
193,348

Closed-end funds
80,502

 
77,270

 
78,670

Institutional accounts
110,346

 
104,327

 
103,629

Other (2)
2,204

 
2,151

 
3,049

Total
$
410,830

 
$
381,111

 
$
378,696

________________________
(1)
Included distribution and service fees of $30.0 million, $29.1 million and $30.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(2)
Prior period amounts related to model-based portfolios were reclassified from other (previously reported as portfolio consulting and other) to open-end funds and institutional accounts.