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Note 7 - Stock-based Compensation
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Notes to Financial Statements  
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Text Block]
7
.  
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
 
2004
Equity Incentive Plan (the
“2004
Plan”)
 
The Board of Directors adopted the
2004
Plan in
March 2004,
and the stockholders approved it in
November 2004.
The
2004
Plan provided for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance equal to the least of
5%
of the outstanding shares of common stock on the
first
day of the year,
2.4
million shares, or a number of shares determined by the Board of Directors. The
2004
Plan expired on
November 12, 2014,
and equity awards can
no
longer be granted under the
2004
Plan. As of
November 12, 2014,
2.9
million shares that were available for issuance expired under the
2004
Plan.
 
2014
Equity Incentive Plan (the
“2014
Plan”)
 
The Board of Directors adopted the
2014
Plan in
April 2013,
and the stockholders
 approved it in
June 2013.
In
October 2014,
the Board of Directors approved certain amendments to the
2014
Plan. The
2014
Plan, as amended, became effective on
November 13, 2014
and provides for the issuance of up to
5.5
million shares. The
2014
Plan will expire on
November 13, 2024.
As of
December 31, 2017, 
3.2
million shares remained available for future issuance under the
2014
Plan. 
 
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
 
The Company recognized s
tock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2017
   
2016
   
2015
 
Cost of revenue
  $
1,654
    $
1,575
    $
1,166
 
Research and development
   
14,816
     
14,041
     
11,156
 
Selling, general and administrative
   
36,147
     
29,373
     
29,241
 
Total stock-based compensation expense
  $
52,617
    $
44,989
    $
41,563
 
Tax benefit related to stock-based compensation    $
5,054
    $
-
    $
-
 
 
 
 
In the
first
quarter of
2016,
the Company
’s then Chief Financial Officer retired. As the service or performance conditions for her outstanding restricted stock units (“RSUs”) had
not
been satisfied at the time of her departure, the Company reversed previously accrued stock-based compensation expenses of
$2.9
million associated with the unvested RSUs and this credit was reflected in selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended
December 31, 2016.
 
RSUs
 
The
 Company’s RSUs include time-based RSUs, RSUs with only performance conditions (“PSUs”), RSUs with both market and performance conditions (“MPSUs”), and RSUs with only market conditions (“MSUs”). Vesting of all awards requires continued service for the Company. In addition, vesting of awards with performance conditions or market conditions is subject to the achievement of pre-determined performance goals. A summary of RSU activity is presented in the table below (in thousands, except per-share amounts): 
 
   
Time-Based
RSUs
   
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair
Value Per Share
   
PSUs and
MPSUs
   
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
   
MSUs
   
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair
Value Per Share
   
Total
   
Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair
Value Per Share
 
Outstanding at January 1, 2015
   
589
    $
28.48
     
1,659
 
  $
28.11
     
1,800
    $
23.57
     
4,048
    $
26.14
 
Granted
   
271
    $
49.82
     
927
 (1)
  $
47.61
     
-
    $
-
     
1,198
    $
48.11
 
Released
   
(319
)   $
26.56
     
(629
)
  $
23.40
     
-
    $
-
     
(948
)   $
24.47
 
Forfeited
   
(42
)   $
35.60
     
(24
)
  $
28.68
     
-
    $
-
     
(66
)   $
33.06
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2015
   
499
    $
40.75
     
1,933
 
  $
38.99
     
1,800
    $
23.57
     
4,232
    $
32.64
 
Granted
   
133
    $
63.00
     
1,216
 (1)
  $
41.12
     
-
    $
-
     
1,349
    $
43.28
 
Released
   
(239
)   $
36.43
     
(736
)
  $
29.71
     
-
    $
-
     
(975
)   $
31.36
 
Forfeited
   
(27
)   $
45.35
     
(129
)
  $
36.82
     
(180
)   $
23.57
     
(336
)   $
30.38
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2016
   
366
    $
51.35
     
2,284
 
  $
43.24
     
1,620
    $
23.57
     
4,270
    $
36.47
 
Granted
   
81
    $
94.25
     
585
 (1)
  $
62.72
     
-
    $
-
     
666
    $
66.56
 
Released
   
(175
)   $
48.35
     
(597
)
  $
41.94
     
-
    $
-
     
(772
)   $
43.39
 
Forfeited
   
(14
)   $
61.80
     
(6
)
  $
49.82
     
-
    $
-
     
(20
)   $
58.46
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2017
   
258
    $
66.30
     
2,266
 
  $
48.59
     
1,620
    $
23.57
     
4,144
    $
39.91
 
_________________
(
1
)
Amount reflects the number of PSUs and MPSUs that
may
ultimately be earned based on management’s probability assessment of the achievement of performance conditions at each reporting period. In addition, MPSUs are subject to the achievement of market conditions.
 
The intrinsic
 value related to RSUs released was
$74.0
million,
$62.9
million and
$49.2
million for the years ended
December 31, 2017,
2016
and
2015,
respectively. As of
December 31, 2017,
the total intrinsic value of all outstanding RSUs was
$430.6
million, based on the closing stock price of
$112.36.
As of
December 31, 2017,
unamortized compensation expense related to all outstanding RSUs was
$75.9
million with a weighted-average remaining recognition period of approximately
three
 years. 
 
Time-Based RSUs:
 
For the years ended Decemb
er
31,
2017,
2016
and
2015,
the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the "Compensation Committee") granted
81,000,
133,000
and
271,000
 RSUs, respectively, with time-based vesting conditions to employees and non-employee directors. The RSUs generally vest over
three
to
four
years for employees and
one
year for directors, subject to continued service with the Company.
 
2017
PSUs:
 
In
February 2017,
the Compensation Committee granted
200,000
 PSUs to the executive officers, which represent a target number of shares to be awarded based on the Company’s average
two
-year (
2017
and
2018
) revenue growth rate compared against the analog industry’s average
two
-year revenue growth rate as published by the Semiconductor Industry Association (
“2017
Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an executive officer can earn is
300%
of the target number of the
2017
Executive PSUs. 
50%
of the
2017
Executive PSUs will vest in the
first
quarter of
2019
if the pre-determined performance goals are met during the performance period and approved by the Compensation Committee. The remaining 
2017
Executive PSUs will vest over the following
two
years on a quarterly basis. Vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. Assuming the achievement of the highest level of performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2017
Executive PSUs is
$36.3
million.
 
In
February 2017,
the Compensation Committee granted
48,000
 PSUs to certain non-executive employees, which represent a target number of shares to be awarded based on the Company’s
2018
revenue goals for certain regions or product line divisions, or based on the Company’s average
two
-year (
2017
and
2018
) revenue growth rate compared against the analog industry’s average
two
-year revenue growth rate as published by the Semiconductor Industry Association (
“2017
Non-Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an employee can earn is either
200%
or
300%
of the target number of the
2017
Non-Executive PSUs, depending on the job classification of the employee.
50%
of the
2017
Non-Executive PSUs will vest in the
first
quarter of
2019
if the pre-determined performance goals are met during the performance period and approved by the Compensation Committee. The remaining 
2017
Non-Executive PSUs will vest over the following
two
years on an annual or quarterly basis. Vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. Assuming the achievement of the highest level of performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2017
Non-Executive PSUs, excluding cancelled shares, is
$7.1
million.
 
The
2017
Executive PSUs and the
2017
Non-Executive PSUs contain a purchase price feature, which requires the employees to pay the Company
$30
per share upon vesting of the shares.
 Shares that do
not
vest will
not
be subject to the purchase price payment. The Company determined the grant date fair value of the
2017
Executive PSUs and the
2017
Non-Executive PSUs using the Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions: stock price of
$89.37,
expected term of
2.6
years, expected volatility of
28.6%
and risk-free interest rate of
1.3%.
 
 
2016
PSUs:
 
In
February 2016,
the Compensation Committee granted
285,000
 PSUs to the executive officers, which represented a target number of shares to be awarded based on the Company’s average
two
-year (
2016
and
2017
) revenue growth rate compared against the analog industry’s average
two
-year revenue growth rate as published by the Semiconductor Industry Association (
“2016
Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an executive officer could earn was
300%
of the target number of the
2016
Executive PSUs. 
50%
of the
2016
Executive PSUs would vest in the
first
quarter of
2018
if the pre-determined performance goals were met during the performance period and approved by the Compensation Committee. The remaining 
2016
Executive PSUs would vest over the following
two
years on a quarterly basis. Vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. In
July 2016,
the Compensation Committee granted
12,000
2016
Executive PSUs to the Company’s new Chief Financial Officer.
 
In
February 2018,
the Compensation Committee approved the revenue achievement for the
2016
Ex
ecutive PSUs and a total of
651,000
shares were earned by the executive officers. Based on the actual achievement of the performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2016
Executive PSUs, excluding cancelled shares, is
$26.1
million.
 
In
February 2016,
the Compensation Committee granted
64,000
 PSUs to certain non-executive employees, which represented a target number of shares to be awarded based on the Company’s
2017
revenue goals for certain regions or product line divisions, or based on the Company’s average
two
-year (
2016
and
2017
) revenue growth rate compared against the analog industry’s average
two
-year revenue growth rate as published by the Semiconductor Industry Association (
“2016
Non-Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an employee could earn was either
200%
or
300%
of the target number of the
2016
Non-Executive PSUs, depending on the job classification of the employee.
50%
of the
2016
Non-Executive PSUs would vest in the
first
quarter of
2018
if the pre-determined performance goals were met during the performance period and approved by the Compensation Committee. The remaining 
2016
Non-Executive PSUs would vest over the following
two
years on an annual or quarterly basis. Vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company.
 
In
February 2018,
the Compensation Committee approved the revenue achievement for the
2016
Non-Exe
cutive PSUs and a total of
128,000
shares were earned by the employees. Based on the actual achievement of the performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2016
Non-Executive PSUs, excluding cancelled shares, is
$5.1
 million.
 
The
2016
Executive PSUs and the
2016
Non-Executive PSUs contain a purchase price feature, which requires the employees to pay the Company
$20
per share upon vesting of the shares.
 Shares that do
not
vest will
not
be subject to the purchase price payment. The Company determined the grant date fair value of the
2016
Executive PSUs and the
2016
Non-Executive PSUs granted in
February 2016
using the Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions: stock price of
$58.98,
expected term of
2.6
years, expected volatility of
31.1%
and risk-free interest rate of
0.9%.
 For the 
2016
Executive PSUs granted in
July 2016,
the Company used the following assumptions: stock price of
$70.98,
expected term of
2.3
years, expected volatility of
29.6%
and risk-free interest rate of
0.7%.
 
2015
PSUs:
 
In
February 2015,
the Compensation Committee granted
172,000
PSUs to the executive officers, which represented a target number of shares to be awarded based on the Company
’s average
two
-year (
2015
and
2016
) revenue growth rate compared against the analog industry’s average
two
-year revenue growth rate as published by the Semiconductor Industry Association (
“2015
Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an executive officer could earn was
300%
of the target number of the
2015
Executive PSUs. In
February 2017,
the Compensation Committee approved the revenue achievement for the
2015
Executive PSUs and a total of
432,000
shares were earned by the executive officers.
50%
of the
2015
Executive PSUs vested in the
first
quarter of
2017.
The remaining
2015
Executive PSUs vest over the following
two
years on a quarterly basis. Vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. Based on the actual achievement of the performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2015
Executive PSUs, excluding cancelled shares, is
$21.0
million.
 
In
February 2015,
the Compensation Committee granted
58,000
PSUs to certain non-executive employees, which represented a target number of shares to be awarded based on the Company
’s
2016
revenue goals for certain regions or product line divisions, or based on the Company’s average
two
-year (
2015
and
2016
) revenue growth rate compared against the analog industry’s average
two
-year revenue growth rate as published by the Semiconductor Industry Association (
“2015
Non-Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an employee could earn was either
200%
or
300%
of the target number of the
2015
Non-Executive PSUs, depending on the job classification of the employee. In
February 2017,
the Compensation Committee approved the revenue achievement for the
2015
Non-Executive PSUs and a total of
118,000
shares were earned by the non-executive employees.
50%
of the
2015
Non-Executive PSUs vested in the
first
quarter of
2017.
The remaining
2015
Non-Executive PSUs vest over the following
two
years on an annual or quarterly basis. Vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. Based on the actual achievement of the performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2015
Non-Executive PSUs, excluding cancelled shares, is
$5.7
million.
 
2015
M
P
SUs:
 
On
December 31, 2015,
the Compensation Committee
 granted
86,000
 MPSUs to the executive officers and
41,000
MPSUs to certain non-executive employees, which represent a target number of shares to be awarded upon achievement of both market conditions and performance conditions (
“2015
MPSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an employee can earn is
500%
of the target number of the
2015
MPSUs. The
2015
MPSUs consist of
four
separate tranches with various performance periods ending on
December 31, 2019.
The
first
tranche contains market conditions only, which require the achievement of
five
stock price targets ranging from
$71.36
to
$95.57
with a performance period from
January 1, 2016
to
December 31, 2019.
As of
September 30, 2017,
all
five
price targets for the
first
tranche have been achieved and approved by the Compensation Committee.
 
The second,
third
and
fourth
tranches contain both market conditions and performance conditions. Each tranche requires the achievement of
five
stock price targets measured against a base price equal to the greater of: (
1
) the average closing stock price during the
20
consecutive trading days immediately bef
ore the start of the performance period for that tranche, or (
2
) the closing stock price immediately before the start of the performance period for that tranche. The stock price targets for the
second
tranche range from
$89.56
to
$106.81
with a performance period from
January 1, 2017
to
December 31, 2019. 
As of
December 31, 2017,
all
five
price targets for the
second
tranche have been achieved and approved by the Compensation Committee. The stock price targets for the
third
tranche range from
$120.80
to
$135.48
with a performance period from
January 1, 2018
to
December 31, 2019.
The stock price targets for the
fourth
tranche will be determined on
December 31, 2018
with a performance period from
January 1, 2019
to
December 31, 2019.
 
In addition, each of the second,
third
and
fourth
tranches requires the achievement of
one
of following
six
operating metrics:
 
 
1.
Successful implementation of full digital solut
ions for certain power products.
 
2.
Successful implementation, and adoption by a key customer, of an integrated
, software-based field-oriented control 
with
 sensors to motor drivers.
 
3.
Successful implementation of certain advanced power analog processes.
 
4.
Successful design wins and achievement of a specific level of revenue with a global networking customer.
 
5.
Achievement of a specific level of revenue with a global electronics manufacturer.
 
6.
Achievement of a specific level of market share with certain core power products.
 
 
As of
December 31, 2017,
none
of the operating metrics have
 been achieved.
 
Subject to the employees
’ continued employment with the Company, the
2015
MPSUs will fully vest on
January 1, 2020
if the pre-determined individual market and performance goals in each tranche are met during the performance periods and approved by the Compensation Committee. In addition, the
2015
MPSUs contain sales restrictions on the vested shares by employees for up to
two
years.
 
The Company determined the grant date fair value of the
2015
MPSUs using a Monte Carlo simulation model with the following weighted-average assumptions: stock price of
$61.35,
expected volatility of
33.2%,
risk-free interest rate of
1.3%,
and an illiquidity discount of
7.8%
to account for the post-vesting sales restrictions.
 Assuming the achievement of all of the required market and performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2015
MPSUs, excluding cancelled shares, is
$24.6
million (
$8.3
million for the
first
tranche,
$4.5
million for the
second
tranche,
$5.2
million for the
third
tranche, and
$6.6
million for the
fourth
tranche).
 
For the
first
tranche, stock-based compensation expense is
 being recognized over the requisite service period. For the second,
third
and
fourth
tranches, stock-based compensation expense for each tranche is recognized depending upon the number of the operating metrics management deems probable of being achieved during the performance periods in each reporting period. As of
December 31, 2017,
based on management’s quarterly assessment,
three
of the
six
operating metrics were considered probable of being achieved during the performance periods. Accordingly, stock-based compensation expense is being recognized for the second,
third
and
fourth
tranches over the requisite service period.
 
2014
PSUs:
 
In
February 2014,
the Compensation Committee granted
252,000
PSUs to the executive officers, which represented a target number of shares to be awarded based on the Company
’s average
two
-year (
2014
and
2015
) revenue growth rate compared against the analog industry’s average
two
-year revenue growth rate as published by the Semiconductor Industry Association (
“2014
Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an executive officer could earn was
300%
of the target number of the
2014
Executive PSUs. In
February 2016,
the Compensation Committee approved the revenue achievement for the
2014
Executive PSUs and a total of
694,000
shares were earned by the executive officers.
50%
of the
2014
Executive PSUs vested in the
first
quarter of
2016.
The remaining
2014
Executive PSUs vest over the following
two
years on a quarterly basis. Vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. Based on the actual achievement of the performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2014
Executive PSUs, excluding cancelled shares, is
$20.7
million.
 
In
April 2014,
the Compensation Committee granted
61,000
PSUs to certain non-executive employees, which represented a target number of shares to be awarded based on the Company
’s
2015
revenue goals for certain regions or product line divisions, or based on the Company’s average
two
-year (
2014
and
2015
) revenue growth rate compared against the analog industry’s average
two
-year revenue growth rate as published by the Semiconductor Industry Association (
“2014
Non-Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an employee could earn was either
200%
or
300%
of the target number of the
2014
Non-Executive PSUs, depending on the job classification of the employee. In
February 2016,
the Compensation Committee approved the revenue achievement for the
2014
Non-Executive PSUs and a total of
103,000
shares were earned by the non-executive employees.
50%
of the
2014
Non-Executive PSUs vested in the
second
quarter of
2016.
The remaining
2014
Non-Executive PSUs vest over the following
two
years on an annual or quarterly basis. Vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. Based on the actual achievement of the performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2014
Non-Executive PSUs, excluding cancelled shares, is
$3.7
million.
 
In connection with the acquisition of Sensima in
July 2014,
the Compensation Committee granted
$2.0
million of P
SUs (or
47,000
shares) to key Sensima employees who became employees of the Company, with the right to earn up to
four
equal tranches totaling
$8.0
million based on the achievement of certain cumulative Sensima product revenue targets during the performance period from the acquisition date to
July 2019.
50%
of the awards subject to each revenue goal will vest immediately when the revenue goal is met during the performance period and approved by the Compensation Committee. The remaining shares will vest over the following
two
years. The vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. These equity awards are considered arrangements for post-acquisition services and the compensation cost for the
four
tranches is recognized over the requisite service period if it is probable that the performance goals will be met.  As of
December 31, 2017,
stock-based compensation expense of
$2.0
million for the
first
tranche was being recognized over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation expense for the other tranches was
not
being recognized as their achievement was deemed
not
probable as of
December 31, 2017.
 
2013
PSUs:
 
In
February 2013,
the Compensation Committee granted
220,000
PSUs to the executive officers, which represented a target number of shares to be awarded upon achievement of certain pre-determined revenue targets in
2014
(
“2013
Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an executive officer could earn was
300%
of the target number of the
2013
Executive PSUs. In
February 2015,
the Compensation Committee approved the revenue achievement for the
2013
Executive PSUs and a total of
622,000
shares were earned by the executive officers.
50%
of the
2013
Executive PSUs vested in the
first
quarter of
2015
and the remaining shares vested over the following
two
years on a quarterly basis. Vesting was subject to the employees
’ continued employment with the Company. Based on the actual achievement of the performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2013
Executive PSUs, excluding cancelled shares, was
$15.0
million.
 
In
February 2013,
the Compensation Committee granted
91,000
PSUs to certain non-executive employees, which represented a target number of shares to be awarded upon achievement of certain pre-determined revenue targets for the Company as a whole, certain regions or product-line divisions in
2014
(
“2013
Non-Executive PSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an employee could earn was either
200%
or
300%
of the target number of
2013
Non-Executive PSUs, depending on the job classification of the employee. In
February 2015,
the Compensation Committee approved the revenue achievement for the
2013
Non-Executive PSUs and a total of
154,000
shares were earned by the non-executive employees.
50%
of the
2013
Non-Executive PSUs vested in the
first
quarter of
2015
and the remaining shares vested over the following
two
years on an annual or quarterly basis. Vesting was subject to the employees
’ continued employment with the Company. Based on the actual achievement of the performance goals, the total stock-based compensation cost for the
2013
Non-Executive PSUs, excluding cancelled shares, was
$3.0
million.
 
2013
MSUs:
 
In
December 2013,
the Compensation Committee
 granted
276,000
MSUs to the executive officers and
84,000
MSUs to certain non-executive employees, which represented a target number of shares that would be awarded upon achievement of
five
stock price targets ranging from
$40.00
to
$56.00
during a
five
-year performance period from
January 1, 2014
to
December 31, 2018 (
“2013
MSUs”). The maximum number of shares that an employee could earn was
500%
of the target number of the
2013
MSUs. As of
December 31, 2015,
all
five
stock price targets have been achieved and approved by the Compensation Committee, and the employees earned a total of
1.8
million shares. The
2013
MSUs will vest quarterly from
January 1, 2019
to
December 31, 2023.
Vesting is subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company.
 
The Company determined the grant date fair value of the
2013
MSUs using a Monte Carlo simulation model with the following assumptions: stock price of
$31.73,
expected volatility of
38.7%
and ris
k-free interest rate of
1.6%.
  The total stock-based compensation cost for the
2013
MSUs, excluding cancelled shares, is
$38.2
million.
 
 
Stock Options
 
 
No
stock options were granted for the years ended
December 31, 2017,
2016
and
2015.
A summary of stock option activity
 is presented in the table below:
 
   
Shares
   
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
   
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
   
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
 
   
(in thousands)
           
(in years)
   
(in thousands)
 
Outstanding at January 1, 2015
   
590
    $
15.80
     
1.2
    $
20,039
 
Exercised
   
(498
)   $
15.55
     
 
     
 
 
Forfeited and expired
   
(2
)   $
6.10
     
 
     
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2015
   
90
    $
17.50
     
1.3
    $
4,134
 
Exercised
   
(76
)   $
17.80
     
 
     
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2016
   
14
    $
15.88
     
1.0
    $
921
 
Exercised
   
(9
)   $
16.79
     
 
     
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2017
   
5
    $
13.89
     
0.4
    $
465
 
Exercisable at December 31, 2017
   
5
    $
13.89
     
0.4
    $
465
 
 
Total intrinsic value of options exercised was
$0.7
million,
$3.7
million and
$18.6
million for the years ended
December 31, 2017,
2016
and
2015,
respectively. Proceeds from stock option exercises were
$0.1
million,
$1.3
million and
$7.7
million for the years ended
December 31, 2017,
2016
and
2015,
respectively. At
December 31, 2017,
there was
no
unamortized compensation expense.
 
2004
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
(“ESPP”)
 
Under the ESPP, eligible employees
may
purchase common stock through payroll deductions. Participants
may
not
purchase more than
2,000
shares in a
six
-month offering period or stock having a value greater than
$25,000
in any calendar year as measured at the beginning of the offering period in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code and applicable Treasury Regulations.
  The ESPP provides for an annual increase by an amount equal to the least of
1.0
million shares,
2%
of the outstanding shares of common stock on the
first
day of the year, or a number of shares as determined by the Board of Directors.  As of
December 31, 2017,
4.6
million shares were available for future issuance. The ESPP will expire in
November 2024.
 
For the years ended
December 31, 2017,
2016
and
2015,
40,000,
53,000
and
56,000
shares, respectively, were issued under the ESPP. The intrinsic value of the shares issued was
$1.0
million,
$1.0
million and
$0.6
million for the years ended
December 31, 2017,
2016
and
2015,
respectively. The unamortized expense as of
December 31, 2017
was
$92,000,
which will be recognized through the
first
quarter of
2018.
The Black-Scholes model was used to value the employee stock purchase rights with the following weighted-average assumptions: 
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2017
   
2016
   
2015
 
Expected term (years)
   
0.5
     
0.5
     
0.5
 
Expected volatility
   
23.5
%    
28.6
%    
30.3
%
Risk-free interest rate
   
0.9
%    
0.4
%    
0.2
%
Dividend yield
   
0.9
%    
1.2
%    
1.4
%
 
Cash proceeds from the shares issued under the ESPP
were
$2.7
million,
$2.5
million and
$2.2
million for the years ended
December 31, 2017,
2016
and
2015,
respectively.