NOTE 5 — ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS

Asset retirement obligations (“ARO”) arise from the acquisition, development, construction and normal operation of mining property, plant and equipment due to government controls and that protect the environment, and are primarily related to closure and reclamation of mining properties. The exact nature of environmental issues and costs, if any, which the Company or the LLC may encounter in the future are subject to change, primarily because of the changing character of environmental requirements that may be enacted by governmental authorities.

The following table shows asset retirement obligations for future mine closure and reclamation costs in connection with the Mt. Hope Project and within the boundaries of the Plan of Operations (“PoO”):


	(in thousands)
At January 1, 2016	$	1,058
Accretion Expense		80
Adjustments*		316
At December 31, 2016	$	1,454
Accretion Expense		26
Adjustments*		9
At March 31, 2017	$	1,489

*Includes additions, annual changes to the escalation rate, the market-risk premium rate, or reclamation time periods.

The estimated future reclamation costs for the Mt. Hope Project have been discounted using a rate of 8%. The total inflated and undiscounted estimated reclamation costs associated with current disturbance under the PoO at the Mt. Hope Project were $5.7 million at March 31, 2017, inclusive of $2.6 million for mitigation of sage grouse habitat that would be affected by development of the Mt. Hope Project. Increases in ARO liabilities resulting from the passage of time are recognized as accretion expense.

The LLC is required by federal and state laws in the U.S. to provide financial assurance sufficient to allow a third party to implement approved closure and reclamation plans if the LLC is unable to do so. The laws govern the determination of the scope and cost of the closure, and the amount and forms of financial assurance. As of March 31, 2017, the LLC had provided the appropriate regulatory authorities with $2.8 million in reclamation financial guarantees through the posting of surety bonds for reclamation of the Mt. Hope Project as approved in the ROD. As of March 31, 2017, we had $0.3 million in cash deposits associated with these bonds and an additional $0.4 million in a long-term funding mechanism, which are specific to the PoO disturbance and accounted for as restricted cash and are unrelated to the inflated and undiscounted liability referenced above.

The LLC has a smaller liability at the Mt. Hope Project for disturbance associated with exploration drilling which occurred outside the PoO boundaries. The LLC has not discounted this reclamation liability as the total amount is less than $0.1 million.

Total restricted cash for surety bond collateral requirements and other long-term reclamation obligations at the Mt. Hope Project equal $0.7 million. Another $0.1 million in cash collateral is associated with surety bonds at the Liberty Project.

The Company’s Liberty Project is currently in the exploration stage. As the Company is not currently performing any exploration activity at the Liberty Project, the reclamation liability incurred for historical operations and exploration of approximately $0.1 million has not been discounted as shown in the table below.


	Mt. Hope Project
	outside PoO
	boundary		Liberty
	(in thousands)
At January 1, 2016		22		118
Adjustments *		(7)		—
At December 31, 2016	$	15	$	118
Adjustments *		—		—
At March 31, 2017	$	15	$	118

*Includes reduced / reclaimed disturbance