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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Portola and its wholly owned subsidiaries and SRX Cardio,LLC (“SRX Cardio”) that is a variable interest entity (a “VIE”) for which Portola is deemed, under applicable accounting guidance to be the primary beneficiary as of December 31, 2018. For the consolidated VIE, we record net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in our Consolidated Statements of Operations equal to the percentage of the economic or ownership interest retained in such VIE by the respective noncontrolling parties. Unless otherwise specified, references to the Company are references to Portola and its consolidated subsidiaries and VIE. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Reclassification

Certain prior period amounts on the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. This reclassification did not have any material impact on our results of operations or financial condition or statement of cash flows as of December 31, 2018.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, inventory, clinical trial accruals, fair value of assets and liabilities, income taxes, in-process research and development, carrying value of notes payable and long term debt less current royalty obligations, the consolidation of VIEs, and stock-based compensation. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Variable Interest Entities

We review agreements we enter into with third-party entities, pursuant to which we may have a variable interest in the entity, in order to determine if the entity is a VIE. If the entity is a VIE, we assess whether or not we are the primary beneficiary of that entity. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of an entity, we apply a qualitative approach that determines whether we have both (1) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to that entity. If we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the statements of operations and financial condition of the VIE into our consolidated financial statements.

Our determination about whether we should consolidate such VIEs is made continuously as changes to existing relationships or future transactions may result in a consolidation or deconsolidation event.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and other highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of cash restricted for royalty payments to HealthCare Royalty Partners and its Affiliates (“HCR”) and cash held by SRX Cardio, LLC (“SRX Cardio”).

Cash as Reported in Consolidated Statements Of Cash Flows

Cash as Reported in Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Cash as reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows includes the aggregate amounts of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, and consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	138,951	$	181,568	$	188,480
Restricted cash (SRX Cardio)		30		173		178
Restricted cash for royalty payments to HealthCare Royalty Partners and its affiliates ("HCR")		1,032		—		—
Total cash balance in consolidated statements of cash flows	$	140,013	$	181,741	$	188,658

Trade Receivables

Trade receivables are recorded net of estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established and which result from discounts, returns, chargebacks, copay assistance and other allowances that are offered within contracts between us and a limited number of specialty distributors and wholesalers in the United States (“Customers”), group purchasing organizations, payors and other indirect customers related to our product sales. These reserves are classified as reductions of accounts receivable (if the amount is payable to the Customer) or a current liability (if the amount is payable to a party other than a Customer). Please refer to our product revenue policy for further information.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value, on a first-in, first-out, or FIFO, basis. We primarily use actual costs to determine our cost basis for inventories. To the extent inventories are not scheduled to be utilized in the manufacturing process and/or sold within twelve months of the balance sheet date, it is included as a component of prepaid and other long-term assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Prior to the regulatory approval of our product candidates, we incur expenses for the manufacture of drug product that could potentially be available to support the commercial launch of our products. Until the first reporting period when regulatory approval has been received, we record all such costs as research and development expense. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2017, we began to capitalize inventory costs associated with Bevyxxa when it was determined that the inventory had a probable future economic benefit. This inventory capitalization process began to be applied to Andexxa Gen 1 supply upon FDA approval on May 3, 2018. Costs incurred for second generation Andexxa have been recorded as a research and development expense through the period-end as we obtained the FDA approval on December 31, 2018.

We assess our inventory levels each reporting period and write-down inventory that is expected to be at risk for expiration, that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value and inventory quantities in excess of expected requirements. In evaluating the sufficiency of our inventory reserves or liabilities for firm purchase commitments, we also take into consideration our firm purchase commitments for future inventory production. If we were to decide to cancel our manufacturing commitment, such cancellation would trigger the payment of a cancellation fee. If we project to have excess inventories and that it would be more cost-efficient to pay the cancellation fee, we may accrue the cancellation fee as a liability. Our assessment of excess inventories, including future firm purchase commitments, requires management to utilize judgement in formulating estimates and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates and assumptions. As of December 31, 2018, we accrued a $2.8 million liability related to excess inventory purchase commitments. When we recognize a loss on such inventory or firm purchase commitments, it establishes a new, lower cost basis for that inventory, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances will not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis. If inventory with a lower cost basis is subsequently sold, it will result in higher gross margin for those sales. The portion of our inventory that is most at risk for product dating issues is the finished goods inventory and the carrying value of our finished goods inventory was $2.8 million as of December 31, 2018.

The bulk drug substance (“BDS”) in Andexxa and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (“API”) in Bevyxxa have undergone significant manufacturing specific to their intended purposes at the point they are purchased by us, therefore, we classify them as work-in-process inventory.

Investments in Marketable Securities

All investments in marketable securities have been classified as “available-for-sale” and are carried at estimated fair value as determined based upon quoted market prices or pricing models for similar securities. Management determines the appropriate classification of our investments in debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and were reported as a component of accumulated comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains and losses and declines in fair value judged to be other than temporary, if any, on available-for-sale securities are included in interest and other income, net. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific-identification method. Interest on marketable securities is included in interest and other income, net.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value accounting is applied for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis.

Concentration of Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, receivables from collaborations and investments. Our investment policy limits investments to certain types of debt securities issued by the U.S. government, its agencies and institutions with investment-grade credit ratings and places restrictions on maturities and concentration by type and issuer. We are exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding our cash, cash equivalents and investments and issuers of investments to the extent recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.

Trade receivables and receivables from collaborations are typically unsecured and are concentrated in the pharmaceutical industry. Accordingly, we may be exposed to credit risk generally associated with pharmaceutical companies or specific to our collaboration agreements. To date, we have not experienced any losses related to these receivables.

We are dependent on third-party manufacturers to manufacture our drugs and drug candidates. In particular, we rely and expect to continue to rely on a small number of manufacturers to supply it with its requirements for the bulk drug substance and active pharmaceutical ingredients related to our drugs and drug candidates. We could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of bulk drug substance and active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Customer Concentration

Customers who accounted for 10% or more of total net revenues were as follows:

	2018	2017	2016
Bayer Pharma, AG and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	19%	29%	27%
Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.	16%	33%	29%
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and Pfizer Inc.	*	22%	19%
Dermavant Sciences GmbH	*	16%	25%

*	Less than 10%

We have three Andexxa specialty distributor customers who each accounted for 10% or more of total net revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets include an in-process research and development asset related to our consolidated VIE and a milestone payment made to Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Millennium”) upon FDA approval of Bevyxxa.

The in-process research and development asset is considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. If the project is completed, which generally occurs if and when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the carrying value of the related intangible asset is amortized as a part of cost of sales over the remaining estimated life of the asset beginning in the period in which the project is completed. If the asset becomes impaired or is abandoned, the carrying value of the related intangible asset is written down to its fair value and an impairment charge is taken in the period in which the impairment occurs. The in-process research and development asset is tested for impairment on an annual basis, and more frequently if indicators are present or changes in circumstances suggest that impairment may exist. Please refer to Note 8, “Asset Acquisition and License Agreements,” for further information.

A milestone payment made pursuant to the regulatory approval of Bevyxxa in the United States is considered to be finite-lived and will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining estimated patent life. The intangible asset with finite useful life is reviewed for impairment when facts or circumstances suggest that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from two to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the related lease term.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Specific potential indicators of impairment include a significant decrease in the fair value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used or a significant physical change in an asset, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that affects the value of an asset, an adverse action or assessment by the FDA or another regulator or a projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with an income-producing asset. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than its carrying amount. Impairment, if any, is assessed using discounted cash flows or other appropriate measures of fair value. Through December 31, 2018, there have been no such losses.

Deferred Rent

We recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the noncancelable term of our operating lease and, accordingly, record the difference between cash rent payments and the recognition of rent expense as a deferred rent liability. We also record lessor-funded lease incentives, such as reimbursable leasehold improvements, as a deferred rent liability, which is amortized as a reduction of rent expense over the noncancelable term of our operating lease.

Revenue Recognition

On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Topic 606 (“ASC 606”), using the modified retrospective method to all contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. We recognized the cumulative effect of applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit at the beginning of 2018. The results for our reporting periods beginning on and after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the prior period.

Pursuant to ASC 606, we recognize revenue when our customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that we determine are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that we will collect the consideration we are entitled to in exchange for the goods or services we transfer to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract, determine those that are performance obligations, and assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. We then recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Product Revenue, Net

Our product revenue consists of the U.S. sales of Andexxa, which we began shipping to customers in May 2018, and the U.S. sales of Bevyxxa, which we began shipping to customers in January 2018. Prior to January 2018 we had no product revenues. We sell Andexxa and Bevyxxa to a limited number of specialty distributors and wholesalers in the United States (“Customers”). These Customers subsequently resell our products to hospitals, pharmacies and long-term care centers. In addition to distribution agreements with Customers, we enter into arrangements with group purchasing organizations, indirect customers and payors that provide for privately negotiated rebates, chargebacks, distribution costs and discounts with respect to the purchase of our products.

We recognize revenue on product sales when the Customer obtains control of our product, which occurs at a point in time (upon delivery). Product revenues are recorded net of applicable reserves for variable consideration, including discounts and allowances. We expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred, if the expected amortization period of the asset that we would have recognized is one year or less. To date, we have not incurred any such costs.

Reserves for Variable Consideration

Revenues from product sales are recorded at the net sales price (transaction price), which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established and which result from discounts, returns, chargebacks, rebates, copay assistance and other allowances that are offered within contracts between us and our Customers, group purchasing organizations, payors and other indirect customers relating to our product sales. These reserves as detailed below are based on the amounts earned or to be claimed on the related sales and are classified as reductions of accounts receivable (if the amount is payable to the Customer) or a current liability (if the amount is payable to a party other than a Customer). Where appropriate, these estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes that are probability-weighted in accordance with the expected value method under ASC 606 for relevant factors. These factors include current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data, and/or forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Overall, these reserves reflect our best estimates of the amount of consideration to which we are entitled based on the terms of the respective underlying contracts.

The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price may be constrained, and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from our estimates. If actual results in the future vary from our estimates, we will adjust these estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known.

Trade Discounts and Allowances: We generally provide Customers with discounts which include incentive fees that are explicitly stated in our contracts and are recorded as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. In addition, we compensate our Customers and indirect customers for sales order management, data and administrative and distribution services. However, we have determined such services received to date are not distinct from our sale of products to the Customer and therefore a fair market value for these services may not be reasonably determined for accounting purposes. Therefore, these payments have been recorded as a reduction of revenue within the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Product Returns: We generally offer Customers a right of return based on the product’s expiration date or other market-based factors for product that has been purchased from us. We estimate the amount of our product sales that may be returned by our Customers and record this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. We currently estimate product return liabilities using available industry data, our own sales information and our visibility into the inventory remaining in the distribution channel.

Chargebacks: Chargebacks are discounts that occur when contracted customers, which currently consist primarily of group purchasing organizations, purchase directly from our wholesalers at a discounted price. The wholesalers, in turn, charge us back the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesaler and the discounted price paid to the wholesaler by the healthcare providers. These reserves are established in the same period that the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue and receivables. Chargeback amounts are generally determined at the time of resale to the qualified healthcare provider by Customers, and we generally issue credits for such amounts within a few weeks of the Customer’s notification to us of the resale. Reserves for chargebacks consist of (i) credits that we expect to issue for units that remain in the distribution channel inventories at each reporting period end that we expect will be sold to qualified healthcare providers, and (ii) chargebacks that Customers have claimed but for which we have not yet issued a credit.

Payor Rebates: We contract with various private payor organizations, primarily insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers, for the payment of rebates with respect to utilization of our products. We estimate these rebates and record such estimates in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue and the establishment of a current liability.

Distributor Fees: Under our inventory management agreements with our significant U.S. wholesalers and specialty distributors, we pay the wholesalers a fee primarily for compliance with certain contractually determined covenants such as the maintenance of agreed upon inventory levels. These distributor fees are based on a contractually determined fixed percentage of sales. We estimate these distributor fees and record such estimates in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue and a reduction of accounts receivable.

Collaboration and License Revenue

We enter into collaboration and license agreements for the development and commercialization of our products that are within the scope of ASC 606. The terms of collaboration and license agreements typically include payments to us of one or more of the following: non-refundable or partially refundable upfront or license fees; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; manufacturing supply services; partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each of these payments results in collaboration and license revenue, except for royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. To date, we have not received any royalty revenues.

As part of the accounting for these arrangements, we must apply judgment to determine whether the performance obligations are distinct, and develop assumptions in determining the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation identified in the contract. To determine the stand-alone selling price, we rely on assumptions which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success.

Licenses of Intellectual Property: If the license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenues from non-refundable, up-front fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses that are bundled with other promises, we utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, up-front fees. We evaluate the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Milestone Payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development milestone payments, we evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within our control or that of the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are constrained until those approvals are received. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which we recognize revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint and, if necessary, adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect collaboration and license revenue in the period of adjustment.

Manufacturing Supply Services: Arrangements that include a promise for future supply of drug substance or drug product for either clinical development or commercial supply at the licensee’s discretion are generally considered as options. We assess whether these options provide a material right to the licensee, and if so, they are accounted for as separate performance obligations. If we are entitled to additional payments when the licensee exercises these options, any additional payments are recorded in collaboration and license revenue when the licensee obtains control of the goods, which is upon delivery.

Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, we have not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of our out-licensing arrangements.

Research and Development Activities: Amounts related to research and development and regulatory activities are recognized as the related services or activities are performed, in accordance with the contract terms. Payments may be made to or by us based on the number of full-time equivalent researchers assigned to the collaboration project and the related research and development expenses incurred.

We receive payments from our collaborators based on billing schedules established in each contract. Upfront payments and fees may be recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due, and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a future period until we perform our obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when our right to consideration is unconditional. We do not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the collaborators and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the collaborators will be one year or less.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales represents primarily the costs associated with manufacturing of Andexxa and Bevyxxa, Bevyxxa net sales-based royalties payable to Millennium, amortization of an intangible asset associated with a capitalized milestone payment made to Millennium upon FDA approval of Bevyxxa and fixed costs to our contract manufacturers, if any, for anticipated shortfall in product demand relative to committed volumes. We periodically analyze our inventory levels, and write-down inventory for estimated excess, obsolete and non-sellable inventories based on assumptions about future demand, past usage, changes to manufacturing processes and overall market conditions.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consist of salaries and benefits, lab supplies, materials and facility costs, as well as fees paid to nonemployees and entities that conduct certain research and development activities on our behalf. Amounts incurred in connection with collaboration and license agreements are also included in research and development expense. Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods are received or services are rendered.

Clinical Trial Expense

Clinical Trial Accruals

Clinical trial costs are a component of research and development expenses. We accrue and expense clinical trial activities performed by third parties based upon actual work completed in accordance with agreements established with clinical research organizations and clinical sites. We determine the actual costs through monitoring patient enrollment and discussions with internal personnel and external service providers as to the progress or stage of completion of trials or services and the agreed-upon fee to be paid for such services. We have not experienced any material deviations between the accrued clinical trial expenses and actual clinical trial expenses. However, actual services performed, number of patients enrolled and the rate of patient enrollment may vary from our estimates, resulting in adjustments to clinical trial expense in futures periods.

Stock-Based Compensation

Employee stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award. The compensation cost is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and on an accelerated basis for performance stock options (“PSOs”), market-based performance stock units (“M-PSUs”) and performance-based stock units (“PSUs”). For stock option grants including PSOs, we use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. This model requires us to make assumptions such as expected term and volatility that determine the stock options fair value. We are also required to make estimates as to the probability of achieving the specific performance criteria underlying the PSOs and PSUs. For M-PSU awards, we use the Monte-Carlo option pricing model to determine the fair value of awards at the date of issue. The Monte-Carlo option-pricing model uses similar input assumptions as the Black-Scholes model; however, it further incorporates into the fair-value determination the possibility that the performance-based market condition may not be satisfied. Compensation costs related to awards with a market-based condition are recognized regardless of whether the market condition is ultimately satisfied. Compensation cost is not reversed if the achievement of the market condition does not occur. For RSUs and PSU awards, we base the fair value of awards on the closing market value of our common stock at the date of grant. Upon our adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, on January 1, 2017, we made an accounting policy election to account for the forfeitures as they occur.

Equity instruments issued to nonemployees, consisting of stock options granted to consultants and restricted stock units and performance stock units granted to employees that have converted to nonemployees, are valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for stock options and period-end market price for restricted stock units and performance stock units. Stock-based compensation expense for nonemployee services is subject to remeasurement as the underlying equity instruments vest and is recognized as an expense over the period during which services are performed.

Interest Expense

Notes payable and long-term debt are eligible to be repaid based on royalties from our Andexxa net sales. The recognition of interest expense requires us to estimate the total amount of future royalty payments to be generated from product sales by jurisdiction over the life of the agreement. Consequently, we impute interest on the carrying value of the notes payable and long-term debt and record interest expense using an imputed effective interest rate. We reassess the expected royalty payments each reporting period and account for any changes through an adjustment to the effective interest rate on a prospective basis, with a corresponding impact to the reclassification of our debt and note payable liabilities. The assumptions used in determining the expected repayment term of the debt and amortization period of the issuance costs requires that we make estimates that could impact the short and long term classification of these costs, as well as the period over which these costs will be amortized.

Income Taxes

We provide for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Current income tax expense or benefit represents the amount of income taxes expected to be payable or refundable for the current year. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the consolidated financial statement reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and credit carryforwards, and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when such items are expected to reverse. Deferred income tax assets are reduced, as necessary, by a valuation allowance when management determines it is more likely than not that some or all of the tax benefits will not be realized. The recognition, derecognition and measurement of a tax position is based on management’s best judgment given the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax expense or benefit. To date, there have been no interest or penalties charged in relation to the underpayment of income taxes.

Foreign Currency Transactions

We have transactions denominated in foreign currencies, primarily the Euro and British Pound, and, as a result, are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Net Loss per Share Attributable to Portola Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share attributable to Portola Common Stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to Portola Common Stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share attributable to Portola Common Stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to Portola Common Stockholders, since the effects of potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which amends the existing accounting standards for leases. The new standard requires lessees to record a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability on the balance sheet (with the exception of short-term leases). This new standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this new standard on January 1, 2019, and we expect to use the optional transition method, which allows us to recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit at the date of adoption and apply the new disclosure requirements beginning in the period of adoption.

The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients and we expect to elect the following:

Transition Elections. We expect to elect the package of practical expedients that permits us to not reassess under the new standard our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification, and initial direct costs. We also expect to elect the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for facility lease classes of underlying assets to new or modified leases beginning on or after the adoption date. That is, we will account for each separate lease component of a contract and its associated non-lease components as a single lease component.

Ongoing Accounting Policy Elections. We expect to elect the short-term lease recognition exemption whereby right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities will not be recognized for leasing arrangements with terms less than one year.

We anticipate adoption of the standard will add approximately $2.1 million in right-of-use assets and $3.3 million in lease liabilities to our consolidated balance sheet upon adoption and will not significantly impact financial results. We are continuing to evaluate the effect that this guidance will have on our Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Stock-based Compensation: Improvements to Nonemployee Share-based Payment Accounting, which amends the existing accounting standards for share-based payments to nonemployees. This ASU aligns much of the guidance on measuring and classifying nonemployee awards with that of awards to employees. Under the new guidance, the measurement of nonemployee equity awards is fixed on the grant date. This ASU becomes effective in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019 and early adoption is permitted but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. Entities will apply this ASU by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the annual period of adoption. We are currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2018-07 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which provided amended guidance to allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Additionally, under the new guidance, an entity will be required to provide certain disclosures regarding stranded tax effects. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some disclosure requirements. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606. ASU 2018-18 clarifies that certain transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement should be accounted for under ASC 606 when the counterparty is a customer and precludes an entity from presenting consideration from a transaction in a collaborative arrangement as revenue from contracts with customers if the counterparty is not a customer for that transaction. For public business entities, these amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 2019, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for entities that have adopted ASC 606. We are currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2018-18 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash. This ASU requires changes in restricted cash during the period to be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. If cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are presented in more than one line item on the balance sheet, the new guidance requires a reconciliation of the total in the statement of cash flows to the related captions in the balance sheet. This guidance was effective for annual and interim periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2017. The amendments in this ASU are applied retrospectively to all periods presented. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this ASU increased our beginning and ending cash balances within our consolidated statements of cash flows. The adoption had no other material impacts to our consolidated statements of cash flows and had no impact on our results of operations or financial position.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This ASU addresses the presentation of certain items on the statement of cash flows including among other things settlement of zero coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant to the effective interest rate of the borrowing. Pursuant to the new guidance, at the settlement of our promissory notes to Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (“BMS”) and Pfizer Inc. (“Pfizer”) and the fundings received from HealthCare Royalty Partners and its Affiliates, we should classify the portion of the cash payment attributable to the accreted interest related to the debt discount as cash outflows for operating activities, and the portion of the cash payment attributable to the principal as cash outflows for financing activities. Accretion of accrued interest will continue to be recorded as a non-cash item under operating activities. This guidance was effective for annual and interim periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018, and the adoption had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. The guidance in ASU 2016-16 requires both the seller and the buyer in an intercompany asset transfer (excluding inventory transfers) to immediately recognize the current and deferred income tax consequences of the transaction. ASU 2016-16 retains the exception to current recognition of the tax effects for intercompany transfers of inventory. ASU 2016-16 is effective for public business entities for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018, and the adoption had zero impact to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 because we did not have any deferred intercompany charges.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118. The ASU adds various Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) paragraphs pursuant to the issuance of the December 2017 SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“SAB 118”), which was effective immediately. The SEC issued SAB 118 to address concerns about reporting entities’ ability to timely comply with the accounting requirements to recognize all of the effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in the period of enactment. SAB 118 allows disclosure that timely determination of some or all of the income tax effects from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act are incomplete by the due date of the financial statements and if possible to provide a reasonable estimate. We have accounted for the tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act under the guidance of SAB 118, on a provisional basis. As permitted by SAB 118, we recorded provisional estimates in 2017 and finalized our accounting for these provisional estimates based on guidance, interpretations and all of the available data in the year ended December 31, 2018. No adjustment to the previously recorded provisional amount was recorded in 2018.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which amended the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. We adopted the new revenue standard effective January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method to all contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The cumulative effect of applying the new guidance was recorded as an adjustment to accumulated deficit as of the adoption date. As a result, the following adjustments were made to the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 (in thousands):

	As of January 1, 2018
	As Revised Under ASC 606			Without the Adoption of ASC 606			Effect of Change
Assets:
Unbilled - collaboration and license revenue	$	6,694		$	—		$	6,694
Trade and other receivables, net		2,706			—			2,706
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		—			2,706			(2,706	)
Liabilities:
Deferred revenue, current portion		6,354			11,169			(4,815	)
Deferred revenue, long-term		1,269			18,798			(17,529	)
Stockholders' equity:
Accumulated deficit	$	(1,175,481	)	$	(1,204,519	)	$	29,038

The following table compares the reported consolidated balance sheet and statement of operations information to the balances that do not reflect the adoption of ASC 606 as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except for per share data):

	As of December 31, 2018
	As Reported			Balances Without the Adoption of ASC 606			Effect of Change
Assets:
Unbilled - collaboration and license revenue	$	9,880		$	—		$	9,880
Trade and other receivables, net		1,243			—			1,243
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		—			1,243			(1,243	)
Liabilities:
Deferred revenue, current portion		1,847			4,589			(2,742	)
Deferred revenue, long-term		4,488			22,695			(18,207	)
Stockholders' equity:
Accumulated deficit	$	(1,525,704	)	$	(1,556,533	)	$	30,829

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
	As Reported			Balances Without the Adoption of ASC 606			Effect of Change
Revenue:
Collaboration and license revenue	$	16,013		$	11,682		$	4,331
Operating expenses:
Research and development		216,205			213,657			2,548
Loss from operations		(345,320	)		(347,103	)		1,783
Net loss		(350,544	)		(352,327	)		1,783
Net loss attributable to Portola		(350,223	)		(352,006	)		1,783
Net loss per share attributable to Portola common stockholders: Basic and diluted	$	(5.31	)	$	(5.33	)	$	0.03

Our financial position with respect to product revenues would not have been materially different without the adoption of ASC 606.

In addition, we adjusted our beginning balance of deferred tax assets and liabilities that we were previously tracking pursuant to the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition to reflect the impact from ASC 606 adoption on January 1, 2018. The adjustment to the beginning balance of deferred tax assets and liabilities recorded with the adoption of ASC 606 was completely offset by corresponding adjustment to valuation allowance and had no impact to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018.