

	December 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Derivative notional amount		Derivative asset fair value(1)		Derivative liability fair value(1)		Derivative notional amount		Derivative asset fair value(1)		Derivative liability fair value(1)

Relating to investment portfolio:
Foreign exchange forward contracts	$	184,187	$	13	$	1,463	$	105,781	$	2	$	2,364


Relating to underwriting portfolio:
Foreign exchange forward contracts	1,258,836		3,103		13,524		1,197,012		18,873		—


Other underwriting-related contracts	50,000		—		5,630		75,000		—		9,122
Total derivatives			$	3,116	$	20,617			$	18,875	$	11,486

(1)Derivative assets and derivative liabilities are classified within other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

The notional amounts of derivative contracts represent the basis on which amounts paid or received are calculated and are presented in the above table to quantify the volume of the Company's derivative activities. Notional amounts are not reflective of credit risk.

The Company's derivative instruments are generally traded under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master netting agreements which establish terms that apply to all transactions. In the event of a bankruptcy or other stipulated event, master netting agreements provide that individual positions be replaced with a new amount, usually referred to as the termination amount, determined by taking into account market prices and converting into a single currency. Effectively, this contractual close-out netting reduces credit exposure from gross to net exposure.

The following table provides a reconciliation of gross derivative assets and liabilities to the net amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets, with the difference being attributable to the impact of master netting agreements:


	December 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Gross amounts		Gross amounts offset		Net amounts(1)		Gross amounts		Gross amounts offset		Net amounts(1)

Derivative assets	$	9,047	$	(5,931)	$	3,116	$	27,765	$	(8,890)	$	18,875
Derivative liabilities	$	26,548	$	(5,931)	$	20,617	$	20,376	$	(8,890)	$	11,486

(1)Net asset and liability derivatives are classified within other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company's investment portfolio is exposed to foreign currency risk therefore the fair values of its investments are partially influenced by changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to manage the effect of this foreign currency risk. These foreign currency hedging activities are not designated as specific hedges for financial reporting purposes.

The Company's investment portfolio includes a large percentage of fixed maturities which exposes it to significant interest rate risk. As part of overall management of this risk, the Company may use interest rate swaps.

The Company's insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries and branches operate in various countries. Some of its business is written in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, therefore the underwriting portfolio is exposed to significant foreign currency risk. The Company manages foreign currency risk by seeking to match its foreign-denominated net liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts with cash and investments that are denominated in the same currencies. The Company uses derivative instruments, specifically, forward contracts to economically hedge foreign currency exposures

The Company enters into insurance and reinsurance contracts that are accounted for as derivatives. These insurance or reinsurance contracts provide indemnification to an insured or cedant as a result of a change in a variable as opposed to an identifiable insurable event. The Company considers these contracts to be part of its underwriting operations.

The following table provides the total unrealized and realized gains (losses) recognized in net income for derivatives not designated as hedges:



	Consolidated statement of operations line item that includes gain (loss) recognized in net income	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income

		2021		2020		2019

Relating to investment portfolio:
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Net investment gains (losses)	$	4,346	$	(2,434)	$	1,854
Interest rate swaps	Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		(3,677)
Relating to underwriting portfolio:
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Foreign exchange gains (losses)	(50,738)		44,166		(10,678)


Other underwriting-related contracts	Other insurance related income (loss)	2,742		(9,035)		1,789
Total		$	(43,650)	$	32,697	$	(10,712)