10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2019

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from____to____

Commission File Number 001-35506

PROOFPOINT, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	51-0414846
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. employer identification no.)
892 Ross Drive Sunnyvale, California	94089
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(408) 517-4710

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☑ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☑  NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock	PFPT	NASDAQ

Shares of Proofpoint, Inc. common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding as of April 19, 2019: 55,674,845 shares.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED):	3
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018	3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018	4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018	5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018	6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018	7
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	25
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	37
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	38
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	39
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS	39
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS	54
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES	54
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	54
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION	54
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS	55
SIGNATURES	56

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.  FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

Proofpoint, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	216,586		$	185,392
Short-term investments		40,405			46,307
Accounts receivable, net		163,139			199,194
Inventory		612			481
Deferred product costs		1,703			1,800
Deferred commissions		37,986			37,391
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		21,824			16,872
Total current assets		482,255			487,437
Property and equipment, net		68,361			70,627
Operating lease right-of-use assets		54,635			—
Long-term deferred product costs		300			303
Goodwill		457,274			460,425
Intangible assets, net		126,346			136,645
Long-term deferred commissions		71,038			69,989
Other assets		9,029			7,592
Total assets	$	1,269,238		$	1,233,018
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	14,735		$	20,237
Accrued liabilities		71,019			90,719
Deferred rent		—			829
Operating lease liabilities		23,851			—
Deferred revenue		499,024			490,296
Total current liabilities		608,629			602,081
Long-term deferred rent		—			3,757
Long-term operating lease liabilities		35,011			—
Other long-term liabilities		7,278			6,812
Long-term deferred revenue		111,209			107,834
Total liabilities		762,127			720,484
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Stockholders’ equity:
Convertible preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 5,000 shares    authorized; no shares issued and outstanding		—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 200,000 shares authorized; 55,607    and 55,149 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2019 and    December 31, 2018, respectively		6			6
Additional paid-in capital		1,130,711			1,107,953
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		1			(7	)
Accumulated deficit		(623,607	)		(595,418	)
Total stockholders’ equity		507,111			512,534
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,269,238		$	1,233,018

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Proofpoint, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Revenue:
Subscription	$	199,584		$	158,787
Hardware and services		3,353			3,674
Total revenue		202,937			162,461
Cost of revenue:(1)(2)
Subscription		48,252			42,198
Hardware and services		6,991			4,859
Total cost of revenue		55,243			47,057
Gross profit		147,694			115,404
Operating expense:(1)(2)
Research and development		53,249			43,732
Sales and marketing		97,004			77,897
General and administrative		25,825			17,525
Total operating expense		176,078			139,154
Operating loss		(28,384	)		(23,750	)
Interest income (expense)		1,178			(2,821	)
Other (expense) income, net		(452	)		343
Loss before income taxes		(27,658	)		(26,228	)
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes		(620	)		14,072
Net loss	$	(28,278	)	$	(12,156	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.51	)	$	(0.24	)
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		55,335			50,504

(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:
Cost of subscription revenue	$	3,875	$	3,451
Cost of hardware and services revenue	$	906	$	591
Research and development	$	11,499	$	10,035
Sales and marketing	$	13,754	$	11,502
General and administrative	$	10,987	$	5,493

(2) Includes intangible amortization expense as follows:
Cost of subscription revenue	$	6,762	$	5,776
Research and development	$	—	$	15
Sales and marketing	$	3,537	$	2,415

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

Proofpoint, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Net loss	$	(28,278	)	$	(12,156	)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Unrealized gain on short-term investments, net		8			7
Comprehensive loss	$	(28,270	)	$	(12,149	)

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Proofpoint, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31, 2019
	Common Stock					Additional Paid-In			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount		Capital			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity
Balances at December 31, 2018		55,149		$	6	$	1,107,953		$	(7	)	$	(595,418	)	$	512,534
Cumulative effect of adjustment from    adoption of ASC 842		—			—		—			—			89			89
Net loss		—			—		—			—			(28,278	)		(28,278	)
Unrealized gain on short-term    investments		—			—		—			8			—			8
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—		34,735			—			—			34,735
Common stock issued		688			—		13,756			—			—			13,756
Tax withholding upon vesting of    restricted stock awards		(230	)		—		(25,733	)		—			—			(25,733	)
Balances at March 31, 2019		55,607		$	6	$	1,130,711		$	1		$	(623,607	)	$	507,111
	Three months ended March 31, 2018
	Common Stock					Additional Paid-In			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount		Capital			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity
Balances at December 31, 2017		50,325		$	5	$	787,572		$	(9	)	$	(488,453	)	$	299,115
Cumulative effect of adjustment from    adoption of ASU 2016-16		—			—		—			—			(3,216	)		(3,216	)
Net loss		—			—		—			—			(12,156	)		(12,156	)
Unrealized gain on short-term    investments		—			—		—			7			—			7
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—		29,387			—			—			29,387
Common stock issued		687			—		11,548			—			—			11,548
Tax withholding upon vesting of    restricted stock awards		(199	)		—		(20,991	)		—			—			(20,991	)
Balances at March 31, 2018		50,813		$	5	$	807,516		$	(2	)	$	(503,825	)	$	303,694

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

Proofpoint, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(28,278	)	$	(12,156	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		18,660			15,524
Stock-based compensation		41,021			31,072
Change in fair value of contingent consideration		—			(79	)
Amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discount		—			3,053
Amortization of deferred commissions		11,271			8,374
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets		5,634			—
Deferred income taxes		(60	)		(14,772	)
Other		734			(213	)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		35,616			(1,436	)
Inventory		(131	)		127
Deferred product costs		100			(106	)
Deferred commissions		(12,915	)		(9,214	)
Prepaid expenses		(6,369	)		(3,896	)
Other current assets		222			1,652
Long-term assets		(469	)		114
Accounts payable		(4,305	)		5,011
Accrued liabilities		(12,547	)		(11,751	)
Deferred rent		—			114
Operating lease liabilities		(6,188	)		—
Deferred revenue		12,103			23,504
Net cash provided by operating activities		54,099			34,922
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments		32,273			31,500
Proceeds from sales of short-term investments		—			11,931
Purchase of short-term investments		(26,373	)		(13,761	)
Purchase of property and equipment		(5,477	)		(8,539	)
Receipt from escrow account		—			555
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired		—			(223,786	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		423			(202,100	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		1,105			2,678
Withholding taxes related to restricted stock net share settlement		(24,623	)		(20,043	)
Repayments of equipment loans and capital lease obligations		—			(12	)
Contingent consideration payment		—			(555	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(23,518	)		(17,932	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and    restricted cash		206			374
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		31,210			(184,736	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Beginning of period		186,152			286,660
End of period	$	217,362		$	101,924
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing information
Unpaid purchases of property and equipment and asset retirement    obligations	$	3,338		$	5,432
Operating lease right-of-use assets exchanged for lease obligations	$	745		$	—
Liability awards converted to equity	$	12,651		$	8,870

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	March 31, 2019		March 31, 2018
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as shown in    the consolidated statement of cash flows
Cash and cash equivalents	$	216,586	$	101,411
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets		284		241
Restricted cash included in other non-current assets		492		272
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	217,362	$	101,924

See accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

Proofpoint, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Dollars and share amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

1. The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company

Proofpoint, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware in June 2002 and is headquartered in California.

Proofpoint, Inc. is a leading security-as-a-service provider that enables large and mid-sized organizations worldwide to defend, protect, archive and govern their most sensitive data. The Company’s security-and compliance platform is comprised of an integrated suite of threat protection, information protection, and brand protection solutions, including email protection, advanced threat protection, email authentication, data loss prevention, SaaS application protection, response orchestration and automation, digital risk, web browser isolation, email encryption, archiving, eDiscovery, supervision, secure communication, phishing simulation and security awareness computer-based training.

Correction of Classification of Short-term and Long-term Deferred Revenue

Management has determined that in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, short-term deferred revenue was overstated by $2,446, or 0.5%, in its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. The Company has revised the December 31, 2018 consolidated balance sheet to correct the classification from short-term deferred revenue to long-term deferred revenue. The correction had no impact on the results of operations or cash flows of the Company.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 is derived from audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the periods presented. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019 or for other interim periods or for future years.

These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to those audited consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such difference may be material to the financial statements.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of the acquired enterprise over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company performs an annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of a calendar year and more frequently if an event or circumstances indicates that impairment may have occurred. For the purposes of impairment testing, the Company has determined that it has one operating segment and one reporting unit. The

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Company performs a two-step impairment test of goodwill whereby the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that unit, goodwill is not considered impaired and further testing is not required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Company must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then impairment loss equal to the difference is recorded. The identification and measurement of goodwill impairment involves the estimation of the fair value of the Company. The estimate of fair value of the Company, based on the best information available as of the date of the assessment, is subjective and requires judgment, including management assumptions about expected future revenue forecasts and discount rates, changes in the overall economy, trends in the stock price and other factors. No impairment indicators were identified by the Company as of March 31, 2019.

Intangible assets consist of developed technology, customer relationships, non-compete arrangements, trademarks and patents and order backlog. The values assigned to intangibles are based on estimates and judgments regarding expectations for success and life cycle of solutions and technologies acquired.

Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated lives, which approximate the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed, as follows (in years):

	Low		High
Patents		4		5
Developed technology		3		7
Customer relationships		2		8
Order backlog		1		3
Trade names and trademarks		1		5

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity that are not the result of transactions with stockholders. The Company’s comprehensive loss consists of its net loss and changes in unrealized gains (losses) from its available-for-sale investments. The Company had no material reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss into net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2019

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02” or “ASC 842”), which requires lessees to record most leases on their balance sheets but recognize the expenses in their statements of operations in a manner similar to current practice. ASU 2016-02 states that a lessee needs to recognize a lease liability for the obligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use(“ROU”) asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 in the first quarter of 2019, utilizing the modified retrospective transition approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening accumulated deficit balance as of January 1, 2019.

Refer to Note 6 “Leases” for more information regarding the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on the Company's financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. Entities can choose to adopt the ASU 2018-15 prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact ASU 2018-15 will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 removes the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. A goodwill impairment charge will be the amount by which a

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reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied prospectively. The Company does not expect ASU 2017-04 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 changes the impairment model for most financial assets, and requires the use of an expected loss model in place of the currently used incurred loss method. Under this model, entities will be required to estimate the lifetime expected credit loss on such instruments and record an allowance to offset the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, resulting in a net presentation of the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements.

2. Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs

The core principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of services or products to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services or products. The principle is achieved through the following five-step approach:

• Identification of the contract, or contracts, with the customer - The Company considers the terms and conditions of the contract and its customary business practice in identifying its contracts under ASC 606. The Company determines it has a contract with a customer when the contract is approved, the Company can identify each party’s rights regarding the services and products to be transferred, the Company can identify the payment terms for the services and products, the Company has determined the customer has the ability and intent to pay and the contract has commercial substance. At contract inception, the Company evaluates whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract and whether the combined contract or single contract includes more than one performance obligation. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intent to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer’s historical payment experience or, in the case of a new customer, credit and financial information pertaining to the customer.

• Identification of the performance obligation in the contract - Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the services or products that will be transferred to the customer that are both i) capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the service or product either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company, and ii) distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the services or products is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised services or products, the Company applies judgment to determine whether promised services or products are capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met the promised services or products are accounted for as a combined performance obligation.

• Determination of the transaction price - The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring services and products to the customer. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. None of the Company’s contracts contain a significant financing component.

• Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract - If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price, or SSP, basis.

• Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation - The Company recognizes revenue when control of the services or products are transferred to the customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services or products. The Company records its revenue net of any value added or sales tax.

The Company generates sales directly through its sales team and, to a growing extent, through its channel partners. Sales to channel partners are made at a discount and revenues are recorded at this discounted price once all revenue recognition criteria are met. Channel partners generally receive an order from an end-customer prior to placing an order with the Company, and these partners do not carry any inventory of the Company’s products or solutions. Payment from channel

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partners is not contingent on the partner’s success in sales to end-customers. In the event that the Company offers rebates, joint marketing funds, or other incentive programs to a partner, recorded revenues are reduced by these amounts accordingly.

Payment terms on invoiced amounts are typically 30 to 45 days.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company derives its revenue primarily from: (1) subscription service revenue; (2) subscription software revenue, and (3) hardware and services, which include professional service and training revenue provided to customers related to their use of the platform.

The following table presents the Company’s revenue disaggregation:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Subscription service revenue	$	194,402	$	152,620
Subscription software revenue		5,182		6,167
Hardware and services		3,353		3,674
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461

Subscription service revenue

Subscription service revenue is derived from a subscription-based enterprise licensing model with contract terms typically ranging from one to three years, and consists of (1) subscription fees from the licensing of the Company’s security-as-a-service platform and it’s various components, (2) subscription fees for software with support and related future updates where the software updates are critical to the customers’ ability to derive benefit from the software due to the fast changing nature of the technology. These function together as one performance obligation, and (3) subscription fees for the right to access the Company’s customer support services for software with significant standalone functionality and support services for hardware. The hosted on-demand service arrangements do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the hosted services. Support revenue is derived from ongoing security updates, upgrades, bug fixes, and maintenance. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because the Company transfers control evenly over the contractual period. Accordingly, the fixed consideration related to subscription service revenue is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term beginning on the date access is provided, as long as other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Most of the company’s contracts are non-cancelable over the contract term. Customers typically have the right to terminate their contract for cause if the Company fails to perform in accordance with the contractual terms. Some of the Company’s customers have the option to purchase additional subscription services at a stated price. These options are evaluated on a case-by-case basis but generally do not provide a material right as they are priced at or above the Company’s SSP and, as such, would not result in a separate performance obligation.

Subscription software revenue

Subscription software revenue is primarily derived from term-based software that is deployed on the customers’ own servers and has significant standalone functionality, is recognized upon transfer of control to the customer. The control for subscription software is transferred at the later of delivery to the customer or the software license start date.

Hardware and services

Hardware revenue consists of amounts derived from the sale of the Company’s on-premise hardware appliance, which is recognized upon passage of control, which occurs upon shipment of the product. Professional services revenue consists of fees associated with consulting, implementation and training services for assisting customers in implementing and expanding the use of the Company’s services and products. These services are distinct from subscription, subscription software licenses and hardware. Professional services do not result in significant customization of the Company’s services and products. The Company recognizes revenue related to the professional services as they are performed.

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Contracts with multiple performance obligations

Most of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations that are distinct and accounted for separately. The transaction price allocated to subscription services and subscription software that does not have significant standalone functionality is determined by considering factors such as historical pricing practices, and the selling price of hardware and professional services is estimated using a cost plus model. The selling price for support of a functional subscription software license is calculated as a percentage of functional subscription software license value which is derived by analyzing internal pricing practice, customer expectations, and industry practice.

Variable Consideration

Revenue from sales is recorded at the net sales price, which is the transaction price, and includes estimates of variable consideration. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price is constrained, and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved. If the Company’s services or products do not meet certain service level commitments, the Company’s customers are entitled to receive service credits representing a form of variable consideration. The Company has not historically experienced any significant incidents affecting the defined levels of reliability and performance as required by the Company’s subscription contracts. Accordingly, any estimated refunds related to these contracts in the condensed consolidated financial statements are not material during the periods presented.

Unbilled accounts receivables

Unbilled accounts receivable represents amounts for which the Company has recognized revenue, pursuant to its revenue recognition policy, for software licenses already delivered and professional services already performed, but billed in arrears and for which the Company believes it has an unconditional right to payment. The unbilled accounts receivable balance, included in accounts receivable in the condensed consolidated balance sheet, was $1,261 and $1,276 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Deferred commissions

The Company capitalizes sales commissions and associated payroll taxes paid to internal sales personnel, and referral fees paid to independent third-parties, that are incremental to the acquisition of customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred commissions on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company determines whether costs should be deferred based on its sales compensation plans, if the commissions are incremental and would not have occurred absent the customer contract. Sales commissions for renewal of a subscription contract are not considered commensurate with the commissions paid for the acquisition of the initial subscription contract given the substantive difference in commission rate between new and renewal contracts. Commissions paid upon the initial acquisition of a contract are amortized over an estimated period of benefit of five years while commissions paid related to renewal contracts are amortized over a contractual renewal period. Amortization is recognized based on the expected future revenue streams under the customer contracts. Amortization of deferred sales commissions is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company determines the period of benefit for commissions paid for the acquisition of the initial subscription contract by taking into consideration its initial estimated customer life and the technological life of the Company’s software and related significant features. The Company classifies deferred commissions as current or long-term based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize the expense. The Company periodically reviews these deferred commission costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the period of benefit of these deferred contract acquisition costs. There were no material impairment losses recorded during the periods presented.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company capitalized $12,915 and $9,214 of commission costs, respectively, and amortized $11,271 and $8,374, respectively.

Deferred product costs

Deferred product costs are the incremental costs to fulfill a contract that are directly associated with each non-cancellable customer contract and primarily consist of royalty payments made to third parties, from whom the Company has obtained licenses to integrate certain software into its products. The deferred product costs are recognized based on the contractual term, and included in cost of revenue in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company classifies deferred product costs as current or long-term based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize the expense.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company capitalized $687 and $678 of deferred product costs, respectively, and amortized $786 and $572, respectively.

Deferred revenue

The Company records deferred revenue when cash payments are received, or invoices are issued in advance of the Company’s performance, and generally recognizes revenue over the contractual term. The Company recognized $175,884 and $131,612 of revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of the respective periods.

The Company recognized $1,553 and $2,008 of revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to the performance obligations satisfied in prior periods.

Remaining performance obligations

Contracted revenue as of March 31, 2019 that has not yet been recognized (“contracted not recognized”) was $468,374, which includes deferred revenue and non-cancellable amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods and excludes contracts with an original expected length of one year or less. The Company expects 63% of contracted and not recognized revenue to be recognized over the next twelve months, 36% in years two and three, with the remaining balance recognized thereafter.

3. Acquisitions

Acquisitions are accounted for under the purchase method of accounting in which the tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities of each acquired company are recorded at their respective fair values as of each acquisition date, including an amount for goodwill representing the difference between the respective acquisition consideration and fair values of identifiable net assets. The Company believes that for the acquisition below, the combined entities will achieve savings in corporate overhead costs and opportunities for growth through expanded geographic and customer segment diversity with the ability to leverage additional products and capabilities. These factors, among others, contributed to a purchase price in excess of the estimated fair value of the acquired company’s net identifiable assets acquired and, as a result, goodwill was recorded in connection with the acquisition. Goodwill related to the acquisition below is not deductible for tax purposes.

While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as part of the purchase price allocation process to value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, these estimates and assumptions are subject to refinement. When additional information becomes available, such as finalization of negotiations of working capital adjustments and tax related matters, the Company may revise its preliminary purchase price allocation. As a result, during the preliminary purchase price allocation period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Subsequent to the purchase price allocation period, adjustments to assets acquired or liabilities assumed are recognized in the operating results.

2018 Acquisition

Wombat Security Technologies, Inc.

On February 28, 2018 (the “Wombat Acquisition Date”), pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement, the Company acquired all shares of Wombat Security Technologies, Inc. (“Wombat”), a leader for phishing simulation and security awareness computer-based training. By collecting data from Wombat’s PhishAlarm solution, the Company has access to data on phishing campaigns as seen by non-Company customers, providing broader visibility and insight to the Proofpoint Nexus platform.

With this acquisition, the Company’s customers can leverage the industry’s first solution combining the Company’s advanced threat protection with Wombat’s phishing simulation and computer-based security awareness training. With the combined solutions, the Company’s customers can:

• Use real detected phishing attacks for simulations, assessing users based on the threats that are actually targeting them;

• Both investigate and take action on user-reporting phishing, leveraging orchestration and automation to find real attacks, quarantine emails in users’ inboxes, and lock user accounts to limit risk;

• Train users in the moment immediately after they click for both simulated and real phishing attacks.

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The Company also expects to achieve savings in corporate overhead costs for the combined entities. These factors, among others, contributed to a purchase price in excess of the estimated fair value of acquired net identifiable assets and, as a result, goodwill was recorded in connection with the acquisition.

At the Wombat Acquisition Date, the consideration transferred was $222,215, net of cash acquired of $13,452. Of the consideration transferred, $22,500 was held in escrow to secure indemnification obligations, which has not been released as of the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Per the terms of the merger agreement, unvested in-the-money stock options held by Wombat employees were canceled and paid off using the same amount per option as for the common share less applicable exercise price for each option. The fair value of $1,580 of these unvested options was attributed to pre-combination service and included in consideration transferred. The fair value of unvested options of $1,571 was allocated to post-combination services and expensed in the three months ended March 31, 2018. Also, as part of the merger agreement, 51 shares of the Company’s common stock were deferred for certain key employees with the total fair value of $5,458 (see Note 9 “Equity Award Plans”), which was not included in the purchase price. The deferred shares are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the lapse of the restrictions, and their fair value is expensed as stock-based compensation expense over the vesting period.

The following table summarizes the fair values of tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, intangible assets and goodwill:

	Fair Value			Estimated Useful Life (in years)
Current assets	$	23,344		N/A
Fixed assets		954		N/A
Customer relationships		37,800		7
Order backlog		6,800		2
Core/developed technology		35,200		4
Trade name		2,400		4
Deferred revenue		(14,700	)	N/A
Deferred tax liability, net		(14,725	)	N/A
Other liabilities		(1,120	)	N/A
Goodwill		159,714		Indefinite
	$	235,667

4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The goodwill activity and balances are presented below:

Beginning balance as of December 31, 2018	$	460,425
Acquisition during period		—
Purchase accounting adjustments		(3,151	)
Closing balance as of March 31, 2019	$	457,274

Intangible assets, excluding goodwill, consisted of the following:

	March 31, 2019							December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Developed technology	$	154,069	$	(86,287	)	$	67,782	$	154,069	$	(79,525	)	$	74,544
Customer relationships		71,400		(17,703	)		53,697		71,400		(15,166	)		56,234
Trade names and patents		3,330		(1,580	)		1,750		3,330		(1,430	)		1,900
Order backlog		6,800		(3,683	)		3,117		6,800		(2,833	)		3,967
	$	235,599	$	(109,253	)	$	126,346	$	235,599	$	(98,954	)	$	136,645

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Amortization of intangible assets expense was $10,299 and $8,206 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Future estimated amortization of intangible assets expense as of March 31, 2019 are presented below:

Year ending December 31,
2019, remainder	$	29,651
2020		34,966
2021		31,098
2022		13,401
2023		7,312
Thereafter		9,918
	$	126,346

5. Fair Value Measurements and Investments

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value has been defined to minimize the use of unobservable inputs by requiring the use of observable market data when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on active market data. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances.

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels:

• Level 1: Quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets generally consist of money market funds.

• Level 2: Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. The Company’s Level 2 assets and liabilities generally consist of corporate debt securities, commercial papers, U.S. agency and Treasury securities.

• Level 3: Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include those whose fair value measurements are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar valuation techniques, as well as significant management judgment or estimation.

The following tables summarize, for each category of assets or liabilities carried at fair value, the respective fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the classification by level of input within the fair value hierarchy:

	March 31, 2019
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	167,781	$	167,781	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		9,972		—		9,972		—
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper		32,815		—		32,815		—
Corporate debt securities		5,603		—		5,603		—
U.S. Treasury securities		1,987		—		1,987		—
Total financial assets	$	218,158	$	167,781	$	50,377	$	—

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	December 31, 2018
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	133,202	$	133,202	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		12,478		—		12,478		—
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities		13,470		—		13,470		—
Commercial paper		30,838		—		30,838		—
U.S. Treasury securities		1,999		—		1,999		—
Total financial assets	$	191,987	$	133,202	$	58,785	$	—

Investments

The cost and fair value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	March 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	38,833	$	—	$	—	$	38,833
Money market funds		167,781		—		—		167,781
Commercial paper		9,972		—		—		9,972
Total	$	216,586	$	—	$	—	$	216,586
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper	$	32,815	$	—	$	—	$	32,815
Corporate debt securities		5,602		1		—		5,603
U.S. Treasury securities		1,986		1		—		1,987
Total	$	40,403	$	2	$	—	$	40,405

	December 31, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	39,712	$	—	$	—		$	39,712
Money market funds		133,202		—		—			133,202
Commercial paper		12,478		—		—			12,478
Total	$	185,392	$	—	$	—		$	185,392
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	$	13,477	$	—	$	(7	)	$	13,470
Commercial paper		30,838		—		—			30,838
U.S. Treasury securities		1,999		—		—			1,999
Total	$	46,314	$	—	$	(7	)	$	46,307

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, all investments mature in less than one year. Estimated fair values for marketable securities are based on quoted market prices for the same or similar instruments.

The Company reviews its investments on a quarterly basis to identify and evaluate investments that have an indication of possible impairment and has determined that no other-than-temporary impairments were required to be recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

6. Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments based on the lease contracts. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities were recognized at adoption date or lease commencement date, if the commencement date was after January 1, 2019, based on the present value of lease payments over the remaining lease term. The Company’s lease contracts do not provide an implicit rate, as such the Company used its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at adoption date or lease commencement date, if the commencement date was after January 1, 2019, in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made to the lessors at or before the lease commencement date, and excludes lease incentives. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, research and development facilities, sales and marketing offices, and data centers.

The Company adopted ASC 842 in the first quarter of 2019, utilizing the modified retrospective transition approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2019. The Company continues to report the comparative periods presented in the period of adoption under ASC 840.

Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company elected:

• The package of practical expedients which allows for not reassessing (1) whether existing contracts contain leases, (2) the lease classification for existing leases, and (3) whether existing initial direct costs meet the new definition.

• The practical expedient in ASC Subtopic 842-10 to not separate non-lease components from lease components for its real estate and data center leases and instead account for each separate lease component and non-lease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component.

• Not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases, which have a lease term of twelve months or less.

The following table summarizes the effects of adopting ASC 842:

	Ending Balance as of December 31, 2018			Adjustments			Opening Balance as of January 1, 2019
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	16,872		$	(81	)	$	16,791
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	—		$	59,549		$	59,549
Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	20,237		$	(216	)	$	20,021
Deferred rent	$	829		$	(829	)	$	-
Operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	24,820		$	24,820
Long-term operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	39,361		$	39,361
Long-term deferred rent	$	3,757		$	(3,757	)	$	—
Stockholders’ Equity
Accumulated deficit	$	(595,418	)	$	89		$	(595,329	)

The real estate leases have remaining lease terms for one to eight years, some of which include options to extend the lease period up to ten years. The data center leases have remaining lease terms of one year to three years, some of which have renewal periods of one year.

In October 2018, the Company entered into a 127 months lease agreement to lease approximately 242,400 square feet of corporate office space in Sunnyvale, California, which is expected to become the Company’s new corporate headquarters beginning in 2020. The property will be constructed by the landlord, with the completion date expected to occur between April and August 2020 which is when the lease is expected to commence, as such no ROU assets or related lease liabilities were recorded in the condensed financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The lease contains a rent holiday period, scheduled rent increases, lease incentives, and renewal option which allow the lease term to be extended by 5 years. Base rental payments will be approximately $161,300 over the lease term.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

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	Three months ended March 31,
	2019
Operating lease cost	$	6,340
Short-term lease cost		638
Variable lease cost		855
Total lease cost	$	7,833

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	6,894
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$	745
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	4  years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases		4.75	%

Maturities of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2019 were as follows:

	Operating leases
Year ending December 31,
2019	$	18,636
2020		17,548
2021		10,457
2022		7,114
2023		4,857
Thereafter		6,380
Total lease payments		64,992
Less imputed interest		(6,130	)
Total	$	58,862

Premises rent expense was $2,621 for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

As previously disclosed in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K and under ASC-840, future minimum lease payments for operating leases having initial or remaining noncancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018 would have been as follows:

	Operating leases
2019	$	25,313
2020		17,535
2021		19,155
2022		21,581
2023		19,609
Thereafter		129,154
Total minimum lease payments	$	232,347

7. Contingencies

Contingencies

Under the indemnification provisions of the Company’s customer agreements, the Company agrees to indemnify and defend and hold harmless its customers against, among other things, infringement of any patent, trademark or copyright under any country’s laws or the misappropriation of any trade secret arising from the customers’ legal use of the Company’s solutions. The exposure to the Company under these indemnification provisions is generally limited to the total amount paid by the customers under the applicable customer agreement. However, certain indemnification provisions potentially expose the Company to losses in excess of the aggregate amount paid to the Company by the customer under the applicable customer

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agreement. To date, there have been no claims against the Company or its customers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.

Legal Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may be involved in legal proceedings and subject to claims in the ordinary course of business. For lawsuits where the Company is the defendant, the Company is in the process of defending these litigation matters, and while there can be no assurances and the outcomes of these matters are currently not determinable, the Company currently believes that there are no existing claims or proceedings that are likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

8. Convertible Senior Notes

0.75% Convertible Senior Notes due June 2020

On June 17, 2015, the Company issued $200,000 principal amount of 0.75% Convertible Senior Notes (the “0.75% Notes”) due 2020 in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers (“Holders”) pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1934, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The initial Holders of the 0.75% Notes also had an option to purchase an additional $30,000 in principal amount which was exercised in full. The net proceeds after the agent’s discount and issuance costs of $6,581 from the 0.75% Notes offering were approximately $223,419. The Company used the net proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes, which included funding the Company’s operations, capital expenditures, and acquisitions of businesses, products or technologies. The 0.75% Notes bore interest at 0.75% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears every June 15 and December 15, beginning on December 15, 2015.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, $229,869 of the principal amount of the 0.75% Notes was converted into 2,928 shares of common stock, with the remaining $142 repaid in cash. The shares of common stock had a fair value of $336,994 at the time of the conversion. This transaction resulted in a $7,207 loss on extinguishment that was included in interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The loss on extinguishment was calculated as the difference between the fair value amount allocated to the liability component on the date of conversion and net carrying amount of the liability component.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company incurred the following expenses related to the convertible senior notes:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Interest expense related to contractual interest coupon	$	—	$	431
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs		—		3,053
Total	$	—	$	3,484

9. Equity Award Plans

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

On March 30, 2012, the Board of Directors and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”), which became effective in April 2012. The Company has six equity incentive plans: the Company’s 2002 stock option plan (the “2002 Plan”), the 2012 Plan and four plans assumed by the Company upon various business acquisitions. The assumed plans are the Cloudmark plan, the WebLife plan, and two FireLayers plans. Upon the Company’s initial public offering, all shares that were reserved under the 2002 Plan but not issued, and shares issued but subsequently returned to the plan through forfeitures, cancellations and repurchases became part of the 2012 Plan and no further shares will be granted pursuant to the 2002 Plan. No further shares will be granted pursuant to the assumed plans. All outstanding stock awards under the 2002 Plan, the assumed plans and 2012 Plan will continue to be governed by their existing terms. Under the 2012 Plan, the Company has the ability to issue incentive stock options (“ISOs”), nonstatutory stock options (“NSOs”), restricted stock awards, stock bonus awards, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance stock units (“PSUs”). The 2012 Plan also allows direct issuance of common stock to employees, outside directors and consultants at prices equal to the fair market value at the date of grant of options or issuance of common stock. Additionally, the 2012 Plan provides for the grant of performance cash awards to employees, directors and consultants. The Company has the right to repurchase any unvested shares (at the option exercise price) of common stock issued directly or under option exercises. The right of repurchase generally expires over the vesting period.

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Stock bonus and other liability awards are accounted for as liability-classified awards, because the obligations are based predominantly on fixed monetary amounts that are generally known at the inception of the obligation, to be settled with a variable number of shares of the Company’s common stock.

Under the equity incentive plans, the term of an option grant shall not exceed ten years from the date of its grant and options generally vest over a three to four-year period, with vesting on a monthly or annual interval. Under the 2012 Plan, 11,531 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance to eligible participants as of March 31, 2019. As of March 31, 2019, 3,026 shares were available for future grant. Restricted stock awards generally vest over a four-year period.

The Company net-share settles equity awards held by employees by withholding shares upon vesting to satisfy tax withholding obligations. The shares withheld to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations are returned to the Company’s 2012 Plan and will be available for future issuance. Payments for employee’s tax obligations to the tax authorities are recognized as a reduction to additional paid-in capital and reflected as financing activities in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.

Stock Options

There were no options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company realized no income tax benefit from stock option exercises in each of the periods presented due to recurring losses and the valuation allowances for deferred tax assets.

Stock option activity under the Plan is as follows:

	Shares subject to Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance at December 31, 2018		1,255		$	28.67		4.77	$	69,224
Options exercised		(74	)		14.77
Options forfeited and expired		—			31.14
Balance at March 31, 2019		1,181		$	29.55		4.59	$	108,471

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $7,765 and $18,371 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Total cash proceeds from such option exercises were $1,105 and $2,677 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The fair value of option grants that vested was $515 and $1,115 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company had unamortized stock-based compensation expense of $2,138 related to stock options that will be recognized over the average remaining vesting term of the options of 0.95 years.

Restricted Stock and Performance Stock Units

A following table summarized the activity of RSUs and PSUs:

	RSUs and PSUs Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Granted Fair Value Per Unit
Awarded and unvested at December 31, 2018		4,568		$	89.88
Awards granted		723			119.56
Awards vested		(576	)		91.23
Awards forfeited		(142	)		92.25
Awarded and unvested at March 31, 2019		4,573		$	94.33

As of March 31, 2019, there was $322,144 of unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.61 years.

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The Company granted 161 and 160shares of PSUs in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The PSU vesting conditions were based on individual performance targets. Unamortized stock-based compensation expense was $25,760 as of March 31, 2019.

Stock Bonus and Other Liability Awards

The total accrued liability for the stock bonus and other liability awards was $3,135 and $12,741 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, 107 and 61 shares, respectively, of common stock earned under the stock bonus program were issued. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock bonus program was $3,135 and $2,856 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

In March 2015, the Company issued liability awards with a fair value of $6,885, which vested annually over a three-year period and were subject to continuous service and other conditions. The liability was settled with a variable number of shares of the Company’s common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, 20 shares were vested and issued. The Company recognized $408 of stock-based compensation expense related to these liability awards in the three months ended March 31, 2018. There were no outstanding liability awards as of December 31, 2018.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On March 30, 2012, the Board of Directors and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which became effective in April 2012. A total of 745 shares of the Company’s common stock were initially reserved for future issuance under the ESPP. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP will increase automatically on January 1 of each of the first eight years commencing with 2013 by the number of shares equal to 1% of the Company’s shares outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31, but not to exceed 1,490 shares, unless the Board of Directors, in its discretion, determines to make a smaller increase. As of March 31, 2019, there were 2,342 shares of the Company’s common stock available for future issuance under the ESPP.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company expects to recognize $975 of the total unamortized compensation cost related to employee purchases under the ESPP over a weighted average period of 0.1 years.

Restricted Stock and Deferred Shares

The Company granted 111 shares of restricted stock in 2016 to certain key employees with the total fair value of $8,669 with annual vesting term of three years. The Company recognized $712 of stock-based compensation expense in each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. As of March 31, 2019, there was $1,637 of unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested shares of restricted stock. The shares of restricted stock are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the lapse of the restrictions, and are expensed over the vesting period. They are considered issued and outstanding shares of the Company at the grant date and have the same rights as other shares of common stock.

As part of the WebLife acquisition in 2017, 107 shares were deferred for certain key employees with the total fair value of $9,652, and a vesting period between three and four years. The Company recognized $595 of stock-based compensation in each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, there was $6,437 of unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested deferred shares. The deferred shares are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the lapse of the deferral date, and are expensed over the vesting period.

As part of the Wombat acquisition in 2018, 51 shares were deferred for certain key employees with the total fair value of $5,458, and a vesting period of two years. The Company recognized $1,009 and $232 of stock-based compensation in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. As of March 31, 2019, there was $2,161 of unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested deferred shares. The deferred shares are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the lapse of the deferral date, and are expensed over the vesting period.

10. Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share of common stock is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted‑average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The weighted‑average number of shares of common stock used to calculate basic net loss per share of common stock excludes those shares subject to repurchase related to stock options or restricted stock that were exercised or issued prior to vesting as these shares are not deemed to be issued for accounting purposes until they vest. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing the net loss using the weighted‑average number of shares of common stock, excluding common stock subject to repurchase, and, if dilutive,

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potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Basic and diluted net loss per common share was the same for all periods presented as the impact of all potentially dilutive securities outstanding was anti-dilutive.

The following table presents the potentially dilutive common shares outstanding that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31, 2019		March 31, 2018
Stock options to purchase common stock		1,181		1,836
Restricted stock units		4,573		3,631
Employee stock purchase plan		163		118
Common stock subject to repurchase		172		74
Bonus and other liability awards		26		26
0.75% Convertible senior notes		—		2,831
Total		6,115		8,516

11. Segment Reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting supported and defined by the components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available, provided and is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis. The Company has one business activity, and there are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, the Company determined that it has one operating and reportable segment.

The following sets forth total revenue by solutions offered by the Company and by geographic area. Revenue by geographic area is based upon the billing address of the customer:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Total revenue by solution:
Advanced Threat	$	151,325	$	123,613
Compliance		51,612		38,848
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Total revenue:
United States	$	163,419	$	133,656
Rest of world		39,518		28,805
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461

Long-lived assets by geographic area are presented below:

	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Long-lived assets:
United States	$	55,709	$	57,682
Rest of world		12,652		12,945
Total long-lived assets	$	68,361	$	70,627

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12. Income Taxes

The Company’s quarterly provision for income taxes is based on an estimated effective annual income tax rate. The Company’s quarterly provision for income taxes also includes the tax impact of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, if any, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, in the interim period in which they occur.

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $620 on pre-tax losses of $27,658. The Company recognized income tax benefit of $14,072 on pre-tax losses of $26,228 for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 varied from the United States statutory income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States whereby pre-tax losses and income do not result in the recognition of corresponding income tax benefits and expenses. The income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 varied from the United States statutory income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States whereby pre-tax losses and income do not result in the recognition of corresponding income tax benefits and expenses and also the recognition of a $14,725 deferred tax benefit in the U.S. related to changes in the Company’s valuation allowance resulting from the Wombat business acquisition.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was negative 2% and 54%, respectively.

The Company reviews the likelihood that it will realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets and, therefore, the need for valuation allowances, on a quarterly basis. There is no corresponding income tax benefit recognized with respect to losses incurred and no corresponding income tax expense recognized with respect to earnings generated in jurisdictions with a valuation allowance. This causes variability in the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company intends to maintain the valuation allowances until it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company transferred certain intellectual property rights from its wholly owned subsidiary in Israel to the United States. Although the transfer of intellectual property rights between consolidated entities did not result in any gain in the consolidated statements of operations, the transfer did result in a taxable gain in Israel. In the Company’s financial statements ending before January 1, 2018, taxes incurred related to the intercompany transaction have been treated as a prepaid tax asset in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and were being amortized to income tax expense over the life of the intellectual property. Effective January 1, 2018, pursuant to the Company’s modified retrospective adoption of ASU 2016-16, the Company’s remaining prepaid tax asset of $3,216 was recorded as an increase to accumulated deficit.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s gross uncertain tax benefits totaled $17,324, excluding related accrued interest and penalties of $358. As of March 31, 2019, $4,794 of the Company’s uncertain tax benefits, including related accrued interest and penalties, would impact the effective tax rate if recognized. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company’s gross uncertain tax benefits increased $870. The increase is comprised of a $740 increase for tax positions taken in the current period, a $135 increase for tax positions taken in prior periods, offset by a $5 decrease related to statute of limitation expirations.

The Company is currently under audit by the Israel Tax Authority for tax years 2013 through 2017. Related to the audit by the Israel Tax Authority it is reasonably possible that the Company’s uncertain tax positions could change within the next 12 months. An estimate of the range of any change cannot be made. The Company believes it has recorded all appropriate provisions for all jurisdictions and open years. However, the Company can give no assurance that taxing authorities will not propose adjustments that would increase its tax liabilities. The Company is not currently under audit by the IRS or any similar taxing authority in any other material jurisdiction.

13. Defined Contribution Plan

The Company’s tax-deferred savings plan is qualified under Section 401(k) of the United States Internal Revenue Code. Employees may make voluntary, tax-deferred contributions to the 401(k) Plan up to the statutorily prescribed annual limit. The Company makes discretionary matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan on behalf of employees up to the limit determined by the Board of Directors. The Company contributed $831 to the 401(k) Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2019. There were no contributions made by the Company in the three months ended March 31, 2018.

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ITEM 2.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the (1) unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and (2) the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors”, set forth in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q and in our other SEC filings, including our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

Proofpoint is a leading next generation cybersecurity company that enables large and mid-sized organizations worldwide to protect their employees from advanced threats and compliance risks. Our security and compliance platform is comprised of an integrated suite of advanced threat protection, information protection, and brand protection solutions. These capabilities include email protection and authentication, advanced threat protection, data loss prevention, email encryption, SaaS application protection, response orchestration and automation, digital risk, security training, web browser isolation, archiving, eDiscovery, supervision, and secure communication. Our solutions are built on a flexible, cloud-based platform and leverage a number of proprietary technologies - including big data analytics, machine learning, deep content inspection, secure storage, advanced encryption, intelligent message routing, dynamic malware analysis, threat correlation, and virtual execution environments to address today’s rapidly changing threat and compliance landscape.

Our platform addresses this growing challenge by not only protecting data as it flows into and out of the enterprise via on-premises and cloud-based email, social media and other cloud applications, but also by keeping track of this information as it is modified and distributed throughout the enterprise for compliance and data loss prevention, and securely archiving these communications for compliance and discovery. We help organizations reduce their critical risk in five major ways:

• Protecting users from the advanced attacks that target them via email, web, networks, social media, and cloud apps;

• Preventing the theft or inadvertent loss of sensitive information and, in turn, ensuring compliance with regulatory data protection mandates;

• Improving the resilience of end-users to the threats that target them and training them to be better caretakers of their organizations’ critical data;

• Collecting, retaining, supervising and discovering communications and sensitive data for compliance and litigation support; and

• Enabling organizations to respond quickly to security issues, providing both the intelligence and the context to prioritize incidents and orchestrate remediation actions.

Our platform and its associated solutions are sold to customers on a subscription basis and can be deployed through our unique cloud-based architecture that leverages both our global data centers as well as optional points-of-presence behind our customers’ firewalls. Our flexible deployment model enables us to deliver superior security and compliance while maintaining the favorable economics afforded by cloud computing, creating a competitive advantage for us over legacy on-premises and cloud-only offerings.

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We were founded in 2002 to provide a unified solution to help enterprises address their growing data security requirements. Our first solution was commercially released in 2003 to combat the burgeoning problem of spam and viruses and their impact on corporate email systems. To address the evolving threat landscape and the adoption of communication and collaboration systems beyond corporate email and networks, we have broadened our solutions to defend against a wide range of threats, including email, mobile apps, cloud and social media, to protect the information people create from both compromise and compliance risks, and to archive and govern corporate information. Today, our solutions are used worldwide to protect well over 100 million end-users at enterprise customers, and hundreds of millions more via service providers through our Cloudmark division. As the threat environment has continued to evolve, we have dedicated significant resources to meet the ongoing challenges that this highly dynamic environment creates for our customers such as investing significantly to expand the breadth of our data protection platform as these expenditures are primarily in connection with the replacement and upgrade of equipment to lower the cost of deployment as well as to improve the efficiency for our cloud-based architecture.

Our business is based on a recurring revenue model. Our customers pay a subscription fee to license the various components of our SaaS platform for a contract term that is typically one to three years. At the end of the license term, customers may renew their subscription and in each year since the launch of our first solution in 2003, we have maintained a renewal rate with our existing customers of over 90%. We derive this retention rate by calculating the total annually recurring subscription revenue from customers currently using our SaaS platform and dividing it by the total annually recurring subscription revenue from both these current customers as well as all business lost through non-renewal.

We market and sell our solutions worldwide both directly through our sales teams and indirectly through a hybrid model where our sales organization actively assists our network of distributors and resellers. We also derive a lesser portion of our total revenue from the license of our solutions to strategic partners who offer our solutions in conjunction with one or more of their own products or services.

Our solutions are designed to be implemented, configured and operated without the need for any training or professional services. We offer various training and professional services for those customers that seek to develop deeper expertise in the use of our solutions or would like assistance with complex configurations or the importing of data. In some cases, we provide a hardware appliance to those customers that elect to host elements of our solution behind their firewall. Increasing adoption of virtualization in the data center has led to a decline in the sales of our hardware appliances and a shift towards our software-based virtual appliances, which are delivered as a download via the Internet. Our hardware and services offerings carry lower margins and are provided as a courtesy to our customers. We expect the overall proportion of revenue derived from the hardware and services offerings to generally remain below 5% of our total revenue.

Historically, the majority of our revenue was derived from our customers in the United States. We believe the markets outside of the United States offer an opportunity for growth and we intend to make additional investments in sales and marketing to expand in these markets. Revenue from customers outside of the United States grew 37% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year period, representing 19% of our total revenue for the period. Two partners accounted for 12% and 11% of our total revenue, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2019. One partner accounted for 12% of our total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Although these partners sold to a number of end-users, none of which accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue. The partners’ sales were spread across many individual customers, all of which have a direct relationship with us as part of their access to our demand services.

We have not been profitable to date and will need to grow revenue at a rate faster than our investments in cost of revenue and operating expenses in order to achieve profitability, as discussed in more detail below.

Key Opportunities and Challenges

The total costs associated with the teams tasked with closing business with new customers and additional business with our existing customers have represented more than 90% of our total sales and marketing costs since 2008. Although we expect customers to be profitable over the duration of the customer relationship, the upfront costs typically exceed related revenue during the earlier periods of a contract. As a result, while our practice of invoicing our customers for the entire amount of the contract at the start of the term provides us with a relatively immediate contribution to cash flow, the revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the contract, and hence contributions toward operating income are limited in the period where the sales and marketing costs are incurred. Accordingly, an increase in the mix of new customers as a percentage of total customers would likely negatively impact our near-term operating results. On the other hand, we expect that an increase in the mix of existing customers as a percentage of total customers would positively impact our operating results over time. As we accumulate customers that continue to renew their contracts, we anticipate that our mix of existing customers will increase, contributing to a decrease in our sales and marketing costs as a percentage of total revenue and a commensurate improvement in our operating income.

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As part of maintaining our SaaS platform, we provide ongoing updates and enhancements to the platform services both in terms of the software as well as the underlying hardware and data center infrastructure. These updates and enhancements are provided to our customers at no additional charge as part of the subscription fees paid for the use of our platform. While more traditional products eventually become obsolete and require replacement, we are constantly updating and maintaining our cloud-based services and as such they operate with a continuous product life cycle. Much of this work is designed to both maintain and enhance the customers’ experience over time while also lowering our costs to deliver the service. Our SaaS platform is a shared infrastructure that is used by all of our customers. Accordingly, the costs of the platform are spread in a relatively uniform manner across the entire customer base and no specific infrastructure elements are directly attached to any particular customer. As such, in the event that a customer chooses to not renew its subscription, the underlying resources are reallocated either to new customers or to accommodate the expanding needs of our existing customers and, as a result, we do not believe that the loss of any particular customer has a meaningful impact on our gross profit as long as we continue to grow our customer base.

To date, our customers have primarily used our solutions in conjunction with email messaging content. We have developed solutions to address new and evolving messaging solutions such as social media and file sharing applications, but these solutions are relatively nascent. If customers increase their use of these new messaging solutions in the future, we anticipate that our growth in revenue associated with older email messaging solutions may slow over time. Although revenue associated with our social media and file sharing applications has not been material to date, we believe that our ability to provide security, archiving, governance and discovery for these new solutions will be viewed as valuable by our existing customers, enabling us to derive revenue from these new forms of messaging and communication.

While the majority of our current and prospective customers run their email systems on premises, we believe that there is a trend for large and mid-sized enterprises to migrate these systems to the cloud. While our current revenue derived from customers using cloud-based email systems continues to grow as a percentage of our total revenue, many of these cloud-based email solutions offer some form of threat protection and governance services, potentially mitigating the need for customers to buy these capabilities from third parties such as ourselves. We believe that we can continue to provide security, archiving, governance, and discovery solutions that are differentiated from the services offered by cloud-based email providers, and as such our platform will continue to be viewed as valuable to enterprises once they have migrated their email services to the cloud, enabling us to continue to derive revenue from this new trend toward cloud-based email deployment models.

With the majority of our business, we invoice our customers for the entire contract amount at the start of the term and these amounts are recorded as deferred revenue on our balance sheet, with the dollar weighted average duration of these contracts for any given period over the past three years typically ranging from 14 to 20 months. As a result, while our practice of invoicing customers for the entire amount of the contract at the start of the term provides us with a relatively immediate contribution to cash flow, the revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the contract, and hence contributions toward operating income are realized over an extended period. As such, our efforts to improve our profitability require us to invest far less in operating expenses than the cash flow generated by our business might otherwise allow. As we strive to invest in an effort to continue to increase the size and scale of our business, we expect that the level of investment afforded by our growth in revenue should be sufficient to fund the investments needed to drive revenue growth and broaden our product line.

Considering all of these factors, we do not expect to be profitable on a GAAP basis in the near term and in order to achieve profitability we will need to grow revenue at a rate faster than our investments in operating expenses and cost of revenue.

We intend to grow our revenue through acquiring new customers by investing in our sales and marketing activities. We believe that an increase in new customers in the near term will result in a larger base of renewal customers, which, over time, we expect to be more profitable for us.

Sales and marketing is our largest expense and hence a significant contributing factor to our operating losses. We believe that our opportunity to improve our return on investment on sales and marketing costs relies primarily on our ongoing ability to cost-effectively renew our business with existing customers, thereby lowering our overall sales and marketing costs as a percentage of revenue as the mix of revenue derived from this more profitable renewal activity increases over time. Therefore, we anticipate that our initial significant investments in sales and marketing activities will, over time, generate a larger base of more profitable customers. Cost of subscription revenue is also a significant expense for us, and we expect to continue to build on the improvements over the past years, such as in replacing third-party technology with our proprietary technology and improving the utilization of our fixed investments in equipment and infrastructure, in order to provide the opportunity for improved subscription gross margins over time. Although we plan to continue enhancing our solutions, we intend to lower our rate of investment in research and development as a percentage of revenue over time by deriving additional revenue from our existing solutions rather than by adding entirely new categories of solutions. In addition, as

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personnel costs are one of the primary drivers of the increases in our operating expenses, we plan to reduce our historical rate of headcount growth over time.

Key Metrics

We regularly review a number of metrics, including the following key metrics presented in the table below, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends in our business, prepare financial projections and make strategic decisions. Many of these key metrics, such as non-GAAP gross margin, billings and free cash flow, are non-GAAP measures. This non-GAAP information is not necessarily comparable to non-GAAP information of other companies. Users of this financial information should consider the types of events and transactions for which adjustments have been made.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	($ in thousands)
Total revenue	$	202,937		$	162,461
Growth		25	%		40	%
Gross margin percentage		73	%		71	%
Non-GAAP gross margin		78	%		77	%
Billings (non-GAAP)	$	215,049		$	186,222
Growth		15	%		35	%
Free cash flow (non-GAAP)	$	48,622		$	26,383

Non-GAAP gross margin

We define non-GAAP gross margin as non-GAAP gross profit divided by GAAP revenue. We define non-GAAP gross profit as GAAP gross profit, adjusted to exclude stock-based compensation expense and the amortization of intangibles associated with acquisitions. We consider this non-GAAP financial measure to be a useful metric for management and investors because it excludes the effect of stock-based compensation expense and the amortization of intangibles associated with acquisitions so that our management and investors can compare our business operating results over multiple periods, and compare our financial results with other companies in its industry, many of which present similar non-GAAP financial measure. However, there are a number of limitations related to the use of non-GAAP gross margin versus gross margin calculated in accordance with GAAP. For example, stock-based compensation has been and will continue to be for the foreseeable future a significant recurring expense in our business. Stock-based compensation is an important part of our employees’ compensation and impacts their performance. In addition, the components of the costs that we exclude in our calculation of non-GAAP gross margin may differ from the components that our peer companies exclude when they report their non-GAAP results. Management compensates for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from non-GAAP gross margin and evaluating non-GAAP gross margin together with gross margin calculated in accordance with GAAP.

The following table presents the reconciliation of gross margin to Non-GAAP gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	($ in thousands)
GAAP gross profit	$	147,694		$	115,404
GAAP gross margin		73	%		71	%
Plus:
Stock-based compensation expense		4,781			4,042
Intangible amortization expense		6,762			5,776
Non-GAAP gross profit	$	159,237		$	125,222
Non-GAAP gross margin		78	%		77	%

Billings

We have included billings, a non‑GAAP financial measure, in this report because it is a key measure used by our management and board of directors to manage our business and monitor our near-term cash flows. We define billings as revenue recognized plus the change in deferred revenue and customer prepayments less unbilled accounts receivable from the beginning to the end of the period, but excluding additions to deferred revenue from acquisitions. We have provided reconciliation between total revenue, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, and billings. Accordingly, we

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believe that billings provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors.

Our use of billings as a non-GAAP measure has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for revenue or an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

• Billings is not a substitute for revenue, as trends in billings are not necessarily directly correlated to trends in revenue;

• Billings is affected by a combination of factors including the timing of renewals, the sales of our solutions to both new and existing customers, the relative duration of contracts sold, and the relative amount of business derived from strategic partners. As each of these elements has unique characteristics in the relationship between billings and revenue, our billings activity is not necessarily closely correlated to revenue; and

• Other companies, including companies in our industry, may not use billings, may calculate billings differently, or may use other financial measures to evaluate their performance ‑ all of which reduce the usefulness of billings as a comparative measure.

Our deferred revenue consists of amounts that have been invoiced but have not been recognized as revenue as of the period end. Customer prepayments represent billed amounts for which the contract can be terminated and the customer has a right of refund. Unbilled accounts receivable represent amounts for which we have recognized revenue, pursuant to our revenue recognition policy, for subscription software already delivered and professional services already performed, but billed in arrears and for which we believe we have an unconditional right to payment.

The following table presents the reconciliation of total revenue to billings for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461
Deferred revenue and customer prepayments
Ending		617,170		470,195
Beginning		605,073		431,371
Net change		12,097		38,824
Unbilled accounts receivable
Ending		1,261		966
Beginning		1,276		603
Net change		15		(363	)
Less: deferred revenue contributed by acquisitions		—		(14,700	)
Billings	$	215,049	$	186,222

Free cash flow

We define free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities minus capital expenditures. We consider free cash flow to be a liquidity measure that provides useful information to management and investors about the amount of cash generated by the business that, after the acquisition of property and equipment, can be used for strategic opportunities, including investing in our business, making strategic acquisitions, and strengthening the balance sheet. Analysis of free cash flow facilitates management’s comparisons of our operating results to competitors’ operating results. A limitation of using free cash flow versus the GAAP measure of net cash provided by operating activities as a means for evaluating our company is that free cash flow does not represent the total increase or decrease in the cash balance from operations for the period because it excludes cash used for capital expenditures during the period. Management compensates for this limitation by providing information about our capital expenditures on the face of the cash flow statement and in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section below.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
GAAP cash flow provided by operating activities:	$	54,099		$	34,922
Less:
Purchases of property and equipment		(5,477	)		(8,539	)
Non-GAAP free cash flow	$	48,622		$	26,383

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that can have significant impact on the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. We base our estimates, assumptions and judgments on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On a regular basis, we evaluate our estimates, assumptions and judgments and make changes accordingly.

We believe that the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in revenue recognition, deferred commissions, stock-based compensation expense, fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, impairment assessment of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, loss contingency, and recognition and measurement of current and deferred income taxes have the greatest potential impact on our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, and consider these to be our critical accounting estimates. Historically, our estimates, assumptions and judgments relative to our critical accounting policies have not differed materially from actual results. The critical accounting estimates associated with these policies are described in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

We derive our revenue primarily through the license of various solutions and services on our security-as-a-service platform on a subscription basis, supplemented by the sales of training, professional services and hardware depending upon our customers’ requirements.

Subscription. We license our platform and its associated solutions and services on a subscription basis. The fees are charged on a per user, per year basis. Subscriptions are typically one to three years in duration. We invoice our customers upon signing for the entire term of the contract. The invoiced non-cancellable amounts billed in advance are treated as deferred revenue on the balance sheet and are recognized ratably, in accordance with the appropriate revenue recognition guidelines, over the term of the contract. We also derive a portion of our subscription revenue from the license of our solutions to strategic partners. We bill these strategic partners monthly. We expect our subscription revenue will continue to grow and remain above 95% of our total revenue.

Hardware and services. We provide hardware appliances as a convenience to our customers and as such it represents a small part of our business. Our solutions are designed to be implemented, configured and operated without the need for any training or professional services. For those customers that seek to develop deeper expertise in the use of our solutions or would like assistance with complex configurations or the importing of data, we offer various training and professional services. We typically invoice the customer for hardware at the time of shipment. We typically invoice customers for services at the time the order is placed and recognize this revenue as the services are performed. On occasion, customers may retain us for special projects such as archiving import and export services; these types of services are recognized upon completion of the project. We expect the overall proportion of revenue derived from hardware and service offerings to generally remain below 5% of our total revenue.

Cost of Revenue

Our cost of revenues consists of cost of subscription revenue and cost of hardware and services revenue. Personnel costs, which consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation, data center costs and hardware costs, are the most significant components of our cost of revenues. We expect personnel costs to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we hire new employees to continue to grow our business.

Cost of Subscription Revenue. Cost of subscription revenue primarily includes personnel costs, consisting of salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, for employees who provide support services to our customers and operate our data centers. Other costs include fees paid to contractors who supplement our support and data center personnel; expenses related to the use of third-party data centers in both the United States and internationally; depreciation of data center equipment; amortization of licensing fees and royalties paid for the use of third-party technology; amortization of internally developed intangible assets; and the amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combinations. Growth in subscription revenue generally consumes production resources, requiring us to gradually increase our cost of subscription

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revenue in absolute dollars as we expand our investment in data center equipment, the third-party data center space required to house this equipment, and the personnel needed to manage this higher level of activity.

Cost of Hardware and Services Revenue. Cost of hardware and services revenue includes personnel costs for employees who provide training and professional services to our customers as well as the cost of server hardware shipped to our customers that we procure from third parties and configure with our software solutions.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel costs, which consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, are the most significant component of our operating expenses. Our headcount has increased from 449 employees as of December 31, 2012 to 2,613 employees as of December 31, 2018. As a result of this growth in headcount, operating expenses have increased significantly over these periods. We expect personnel costs to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we hire new employees to continue to grow our business.

Research and Development. Research and development expenses include personnel costs, consulting services and depreciation. We believe that these investments have played an important role in broadening the capabilities of our platform over the course of our operating history, enhancing the relevance of our solutions in the market in general and helping us to retain our customers over time. We expect to continue to devote substantial resources to research and development in an effort to continuously improve our existing solutions as well as to develop new offerings. We believe that these investments are necessary to maintain and improve our competitive position. However, over the longer term, we intend to monitor these costs so as to decrease this spending as a percentage of total revenue. Our research efforts include both software developed for our internal use on behalf of our customers as well as software elements to be used by our customers in their own facilities. To date, our capitalized costs on software developed for internal use on behalf of our customers were not material. For the software developed for use on our customers’ premises, the costs associated with the development work between technological feasibility and the general availability has not been material and as such we have not capitalized any of these development costs to date.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses include personnel costs, sales commissions, and other costs including travel and entertainment, marketing and promotional events, public relations and marketing activities. These costs also include amortization of intangible assets as a result of our past acquisitions. Due to our continued investment in growing our sales and marketing operations, both domestically and internationally, headcount increases were reflected in higher compensation expense consistent with our revenue growth. Our sales personnel are typically not immediately productive, and therefore the increase in sales and marketing expenses we incur when we add new sales representatives is not immediately offset by increased revenue and may not result in increased revenue over the long-term if these new sales people fail to become productive. The timing of our hiring of new sales personnel and the rate at which they generate incremental revenue will affect our future financial performance. We expect that sales and marketing expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars and be among the most significant components of our operating expenses.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs, consulting services, audit fees, tax services, legal expenses and other general corporate items. As a result of our operational growth, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we continue to expand our operations and hire additional personnel.

Interest Income (Expense), Net

Interest income (expense), net consists of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, the interest expense related to our convertible senior notes and our capital lease payments.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, consists primarily of the net effect of foreign currency transaction gains and losses.

Income Taxes

For most of the prior years, our income tax expense or benefit were primarily related to state and foreign income taxes. As we have incurred operating losses in all periods to date and recorded a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, we had not historically recorded a provision for federal income taxes. However, in the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recognized $14.7 million of deferred tax benefit in the U.S. related to changes in the Company’s valuation allowance resulting from the Wombat Security Technologies, Inc. acquisition. Realization of any of our deferred tax assets

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depends upon future earnings, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Utilization of our net operating losses and research and development credits may be subject to substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. Analyses have been conducted to determine whether an ownership change had occurred since inception. The analyses have indicated that although ownership changes have occurred in prior years, the net operating losses and research and development credits would not expire before utilization as a result of the ownership change. In the event we have subsequent changes in ownership, net operating losses and research and development credit carryovers could be limited and may expire unutilized as a result of the subsequent ownership change.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 1 “The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

The following table is a summary of our consolidated statements of operations and results of operations as a percentage of our total revenue for those periods.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019						2018
	Amount			% of revenue			Amount			% of revenue
	($ in thousands)
Revenue:
Subscription	$	199,584			98	%	$	158,787			98	%
Hardware and services		3,353			2			3,674			2
Total revenue		202,937			100			162,461			100
Cost of revenue:
Subscription		48,252			24			42,198			26
Hardware and services		6,991			3			4,859			3
Total cost of revenue		55,243			27			47,057			29
Gross profit		147,694			73			115,404			71
Operating expense:
Research and development		53,249			26			43,732			27
Sales and marketing		97,004			48			77,897			48
General and administrative		25,825			13			17,525			10
Total operating expense		176,078			87			139,154			85
Operating loss		(28,384	)		(14	)		(23,750	)		(14	)
Interest income (expense)		1,178			—			(2,821	)		(2	)
Other (expense) income, net		(452	)		—			343			—
Loss before income taxes		(27,658	)		(14	)		(26,228	)		(16	)
(Provision for) benefit from    income taxes		(620	)		—			14,072			9
Net loss	$	(28,278	)		(14	)%	$	(12,156	)		(7	)%

Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

Revenue

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Revenue
Subscription	$	199,584	$	158,787		26	%
Hardware and services		3,353		3,674		(9	)%
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461		25	%

Subscription revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 increased $40.8 million, or 26%, as compared to the corresponding period last year. The increase was primarily due to a $30.2 million increase in subscription revenue contributed from the United States. To a lesser extent, for the same period, there was an increase of $10.6 million in revenue

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contributed from international locations. The increase in subscription revenue was due to the increased demand for our advanced threat solutions, increase in add-on activity and renewal rate being in excess of 90%. Additionally, the revenue recognized from acquired deferred revenue related to the Company’s acquisitions was $1.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to $5.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018.

Hardware and services revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 decreased $0.3 million, or 9%, as compared to the corresponding period last year. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in professional service revenue of $0.8 million due to the timing when projects were completed, offset by a $0.4 million increase in hardware revenue due to more units sold.

Cost of Revenue

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		% Change
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue
Subscription	$	48,252	$	42,198		14	%
Hardware and services		6,991		4,859		44	%
Total cost of revenue	$	55,243	$	47,057		17	%

Cost of subscription revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 increased $6.1 million, or 14%, as compared to the corresponding period last year. The increase was primarily due to a $2.6 million increase in operations-related expenses including higher network expense from increased data usage, depreciation expense as a result of higher capital expenditures to support our growth, and intangible amortization expense of developed technology from the acquisitions. Support-related expenses increased $3.1 million primarily due to higher headcount related costs.

Cost of hardware and services revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 increased $2.1 million, or 44%, as compared to the corresponding period last year, primarily due to an increase in professional service costs of $1.8 million as our headcount increased, cost of hardware units sold increased $0.2 million due to more units sold.

Operating Expenses

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			% Change
	($ in thousands)
Research and development	$	53,249		$	43,732			22	%
Percent of total revenue		26	%		27	%

Research and development expenses increased $9.5 million, or 22%, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the corresponding period last year. The increase in headcount on a worldwide basis resulted in increased personnel-related expenses of $8.7 million. Corporate and facilities expenses increased $0.6 million due to higher headcount.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			% Change
	($ in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	97,004		$	77,897			25	%
Percent of total revenue		48	%		48	%

Sales and marketing expenses increased $19.1 million, or 25%, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the corresponding period last year. The increase in headcount on a worldwide basis resulted in increased personnel-related and commissions expenses of $14.1 million, which include increases in stock-based compensation expense of $2.3 million. Corporate and facilities expenses increased $0.7 million due to higher headcount. Travel expenses increased $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period last year. Intangible amortization expense increased $1.1 million due to the business acquisitions made. Additionally, expense for lead generation, trade shows, advertising and other initiatives increased $1.9 million.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			% Change
	($ in thousands)
General and administrative	$	25,825		$	17,525			47	%
Percent of total revenue		13	%		10	%

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General and administrative expenses increased $8.3 million, or 47%, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the corresponding period last year. Personnel-related expenses increased $7.2 million due to higher headcount and equity grants made. Outside service expenses increased $2.1 million primarily due to implementation of a new ERP and other accounting systems, and other accounting related costs. Offset by a decrease in acquisition-related expense of $1.2 million as there were no related activities in the three-months ended March 31, 2019.

Interest Income (Expense)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018			% Change
	($ in thousands)
Interest income (expense)	$	1,178	$	(2,821	)		142	%

Interest income increased $4.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the same period in prior year primarily due to decreases in accretion expense and cash interest expense of $3.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, due to conversions of the 0.75% Notes in the three months ended September 30, 2018, and a $0.5 million increase in interest income from cash and investments due to higher interest yield.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Other (expense) income, net	$	(452	)	$	343		232	%

Other expense increased $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the corresponding period last year, primarily due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

(Provision For) Benefit From Income Taxes

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018		% Change
	($ in thousands)
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes	$	(620	)	$	14,072		104	%

The provision for income taxes increased $14.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the corresponding period last year. The increase is primarily due to a $14.7 million deferred tax benefit in the U.S. related to changes in our valuation allowance resulting from the Wombat business acquisition in 2018.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2019, we had $216.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and $40.4 million in short-term investments, for a total of $257.0 million.

As of March 31, 2019, we had approximately $11.6 million of cash and cash equivalents at our foreign subsidiaries. We estimate that no material U.S. income taxes would have to be provided if all of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries were repatriated back to the United States as substantially all earnings from our foreign subsidiaries are previously taxed income.

We plan to grow our customer base by continuing to emphasize investments in sales and marketing to add new customers, expand our customers’ use of our platform, and maintain high renewal rates. We also expect to incur additional cost of subscription revenue in accordance with the resulting growth in our customer base. We believe that the combination of our ongoing improvements in gross margins, the benefits of lower sales and marketing costs associated with our renewal activity, and the fact that our contracts are structured to bill our customers in advance should enable us to improve our cash flow from operations as we grow. Based on our current level of operations and anticipated growth, both of which are expected to be consistent with recent quarters, we believe that our existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, and the timing and extent of spending to support product development efforts and expansion into new territories, and the timing of introductions of new features and enhancements to our solutions. To the extent that existing cash and cash equivalents and cash from operations are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. We have invested, and plan to continue investing in acquiring complementary businesses, applications and technologies, and may continue to

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make such investments in the future, any of which could also require us to seek equity or debt financing in addition to our Notes. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	54,099		$	34,922
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	423		$	(202,100	)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(23,518	)	$	(17,932	)

Net Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities

Our net loss and cash flows from operating activities are significantly influenced by our investments in headcount and data center operations to support anticipated growth. Our cash flows are also influenced by cash payments from customers. We invoice customers for the entire contract amount at the start of the term, and as such our cash flow from operations is also affected by the length of a customer contract.

Net cash provided by operating activities in the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $54.1 million, as compared to $34.9 million provided in the three months ended March 31, 2018. The increase of $19.2 million was primarily due to:

• An increase in amortization of intangible assets of $2.1 million due to acquired businesses, and an increase in depreciation of fixed assets of $1.0 million due to an increase in capital expenditures;

• An increase in stock-based compensation expense of $10.0 million due to the increase in headcount and grants made;

• An increase in accounts receivable change of $37.1 million due to the timing of payments;

• A decrease in benefit from deferred income taxes of $14.7 million primarily due to a decrease in valuation allowance due to the business acquisition made in 2018;

• A $2.9 million increase in amortization of deferred commissions primarily due to corresponding increase in revenue;

• A $5.6 million increase in amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets primarily due to the adoption of ASC 842 effective January 1, 2019.

The increase was partially offset by:

• An increase in net loss of $16.1 million;

• A $3.1 million decrease in amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discount primarily due to the conversion of the 0.75% Notes into common stock during the third quarter of 2018;

• A $9.3 million decrease in accounts payable change due to the timing of payments;

• A decrease in deferred revenue change of $11.4 million due to higher billings.

• A decrease in deferred commission change of $3.7 million primarily due to higher billings;

• A $6.2 million decrease in operating lease liabilities change primarily due to the adoption of ASC 842 effective January 1, 2019.

Net Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities have consisted of the acquisitions of businesses, the purchase and sale of short-term investments and capital expenditures in support of expanding our infrastructure and workforce. As our business grows, we expect our capital expenditures and our investment activity to continue to increase.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $0.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to $202.1 million used in the three months ended March 31, 2018. The decrease in cash used of $202.5 million was primarily

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due to a decrease in business acquisition cost of $223.8 million, a $3.1 million decrease in capital expenditures, and a $0.8 million increase in maturities of short-term investments, partially offset by a $11.9 million decrease from sales of short-term investments, a $12.6 million increase in cash spent to acquire short-term investments, and a $0.6 million decrease in escrow receipts.

Net Cash Flows Used in Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $23.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to $17.9 million used in the three months ended March 31, 2018. The increase in cash used of $5.6 million was primarily due to a $4.6 million increase in withholding taxes paid related to restricted stock net share settlement and a $1.6 million decrease in proceeds from common stock issuance related to employee stock plans, partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in contingent consideration payment.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented, we did not have, nor do we currently have, any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We are therefore not exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in those types of relationships.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

There were no material changes outside the ordinary course of business during the three months ended March 31, 2019 to the contractual obligations and commitments disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, set forth in Part II, Item 7, of the Form 10-K.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

We have operations both within the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily include interest rate, foreign exchange and inflation risks, as well as risks relating to changes in the general economic conditions in the countries where we conduct business. To reduce certain of these risks, we monitor the financial condition of our large clients and limit credit exposure by collecting in advance and setting credit limits as we deem appropriate. In addition, our investment strategy has been to invest in financial instruments that are highly liquid and readily convertible into cash. To date, we have not used derivative instruments to mitigate the impact of our market risk exposures. We have also not used, nor do we intend to use, derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. Our investments primarily consist of money market funds, corporate debt securities, commercial papers, U.S. agency and Treasury securities, and certificates of deposit. As of March 31, 2019, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $257.0 million. The carrying amount of our cash equivalents and short-term investments reasonably approximates fair value, due to the short maturities of these investments. The primary objectives of our investment activities are the preservation of capital, the fulfillment of liquidity needs and the fiduciary control of cash and investments. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our investments are exposed to market risk due to a fluctuation in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. Due to the short-term nature of our investment portfolio, we believe only dramatic fluctuations in interest rates would have a material effect on our investments. We do not believe that an immediate 10% increase in interest rates would have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio. As such we do not expect our operating results or cash flows to be materially affected by a sudden change in market interest rates.

Foreign Currency Risk

The functional currency for our wholly owned foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, the subsidiaries remeasure monetary assets and liabilities at period-end exchange rates, while nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expense accounts are remeasured at the average exchange rates in effect during the period. Remeasurement adjustments are recognized in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations as foreign currency transaction gains or losses in the period of occurrence. The Company had $0.5 million foreign currency transaction loss for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and $0.3 million gain for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Transaction gains and losses are included in other (expense) income, net.

As our international operations grow, our risks associated with fluctuation in currency rates will become greater, and we will continue to reassess our approach to managing this risk. In addition, currency fluctuations or a weakening U.S. dollar can increase the costs of our international expansion. For our operating results and cash flows, we evaluated the effects of a 10% shift in exchange rates between those currencies and the U.S. dollar. We have determined that there would not be a material effect on our results of operations from such a shift. To date, we have not entered into any foreign currency hedging contracts, since exchange rate fluctuations have not had a material impact on our operating results and cash flows. Based on our current international structure, we do not plan on engaging in hedging activities in the near future.

Inflation Risk

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Nonetheless, if our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Based on our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2019, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings and subject to claims in the ordinary course of business.

Although the results of these proceedings and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe the ultimate cost to resolve these matters would individually, or taken together, have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows or financial condition. Regardless of the outcome, such proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of resources and other factors, and there can be no assurances that favorable outcomes will be obtained.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and the trading price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a history of losses, and we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when, if ever, we will achieve profitability in the future.

We have incurred net losses in every year since our inception, including net losses of $28.3 million and $12.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As a result, we had an accumulated deficit of $623.6 million as of March 31, 2019. Achieving profitability will require us to increase revenue, manage our cost structure, and avoid unanticipated liabilities. We do not expect to be profitable in the near term. Revenue growth may slow, or revenue may decline for a number of possible reasons, including slowing demand for our solutions, increasing competition, a decrease in the growth of our overall market, or if we fail for any reason to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities. Any failure by us to obtain and sustain profitability, or to continue our revenue growth, could cause the price of our common stock to decline significantly.

Our quarterly operating results and other metrics are likely to vary significantly and be unpredictable, which could cause the trading price of our stock to decline.

Our operating results and other metrics have historically varied from period to period, and we expect that they will continue to do so as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including:

• the level of demand for our solutions, including our newly-introduced solutions, and the level of perceived urgency regarding security threats and compliance requirements;

• the timing of new subscriptions and renewals of existing subscriptions;

• the mix of solutions sold;

• the extent to which customers subscribe for additional solutions or increase the number of users;

• customer budgeting cycles and seasonal buying patterns;

• the extent to which we bring on new distributors;

• any changes in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors, customers, partners or resellers;

• timing of costs and expenses during a quarter;

• deferral of orders in anticipation of new solutions or enhancements announced by us;

• price competition;

• changes in renewal rates and terms in any quarter;

• the impact of acquisitions;

• litigation costs;

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• any disruption in our sales channels or termination of our relationship with strategic channel partners;

• general economic conditions, both domestically and in our foreign markets, and related changes to currency exchange rates;

• insolvency or credit difficulties confronting our customers, affecting their ability to purchase or pay for our solutions; or

• future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies.

Any one of the factors above or the cumulative effect of some of the factors referred to above may result in significant fluctuations in our financial and other operating results, including fluctuations in our key metrics. This variability and unpredictability could result in our failing to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors for any period. If we fail to meet or exceed such expectations for these or any other reasons, the market price of our shares could fall substantially and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits. In addition, a significant percentage of our operating expenses are fixed in nature and based on forecasted revenue and cash flow trends. Accordingly, in the event of revenue shortfalls, we are generally unable to mitigate the negative impact on margins or other operating results in the short term.

We may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of securities analysts and investors, and the market price for our common stock could decline. If one or more of the securities analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, the market price for our common stock could decline. Additionally, our stock price may be based on expectations, estimates or forecasts of our future performance that may be unrealistic or may not be achieved. Further, our stock price may be affected by financial media, including press reports and blogs.

If we are unable to maintain high subscription renewal rates, our future revenue and operating results will be harmed.

Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for our solutions after the expiration of their initial subscription period, which typically ranges from one to three years. In addition, our customers may renew for fewer subscription services or users, renew for shorter contract lengths or renew at lower prices due to competitive or other pressures. We cannot accurately predict renewal rates and our renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including competition, customers’ IT budgeting and spending priorities, and deteriorating general economic conditions. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions for our solutions, our revenue would decline and our business would suffer.

If we are unable to sell additional solutions to our customers, our future revenue and operating results will be harmed.

Our future success depends on our ability to sell additional solutions to our customers. This may require increasingly sophisticated and costly sales efforts and may not result in additional sales. In addition, the rate at which our customers purchase additional solutions depends on a number of factors, including the perceived need for additional solutions, growth in the number of end-users, and general economic conditions. If our efforts to sell additional solutions to our customers are not successful, our business may suffer.

If our solutions fail to protect our customers from security breaches, our brand and reputation could be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The threats facing our customers are constantly evolving and the techniques used by attackers to access or sabotage data change frequently. As a result, we must constantly update our solutions to respond to these threats. If we fail to update our solutions in a timely or effective manner to respond to these threats, our customers could experience security breaches. Many federal, state and foreign governments have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals of data security breaches involving their personal data. These mandatory disclosures regarding a security breach often lead to widespread negative publicity, and any association of us with such publicity may cause our customers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our data security measures. Any security breach at one of our customers or even an unproven allegation of a security breach at one of our customers, could harm our reputation as a secure and trusted company and could cause the loss of customers. Similarly, if a well-publicized breach of data security at a customer of any other cloud‑based data protection or archiving service provider or other major enterprise cloud services provider were to occur, there could be a loss of confidence in the cloud‑based protection and storage of sensitive data and information generally.

In addition, our solutions work in conjunction with a variety of other elements in customers’ IT and security infrastructure, and we may receive blame and negative publicity for a security breach that may have been the result of the failure of one of the other elements not provided by us. The occurrence of a breach, whether or not caused by our solutions, or allegations of a breach, even if such allegations turn out to be untrue, could delay or reduce market acceptance of our

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solutions and have an adverse effect on our business and financial performance. In addition, any revisions to our solutions that we believe may be necessary or appropriate in connection with any such breach may cause us to incur significant expenses. Any of these events could have material adverse effects on our brand and reputation, which could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

If our customers experience data losses, our brand, reputation and business could be harmed.

Our customers rely on our archiving and other solutions to protect, transfer or store their corporate data, which may include financial records, business information, health information, other personally identifiable information or other sensitive personal information. A breach of our network security and systems or other events that cause the loss or public disclosure of, or access by third parties to, our customers’ stored files or data could have serious negative consequences for our business, including possible fines, penalties and damages, reduced demand for our solutions, an unwillingness of our customers to use our solutions, harm to our brand and reputation, and time-consuming and expensive litigation. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently, often are not recognized until launched against a target, and may originate from less regulated or remote areas around the world. As a result, we may be unable to proactively prevent these techniques, implement adequate preventative or reactionary measures, or enforce the laws and regulations that govern such activities. In addition, because of the large amount of data that we collect and manage, it is possible that hardware failures, insider errors or malfeasance or errors in our systems could result in data loss or corruption, or cause the information that we collect to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our customers regard as significant. If our customers experience any data loss, or any data corruption or inaccuracies, whether caused by security breaches or otherwise, our brand, reputation and business would be harmed.

Our insurance may be inadequate or may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, our policy may not cover any claim against us for loss of data or other indirect or consequential damages. Defending a suit based on any data loss or system disruption, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention.

Defects or vulnerabilities in our solutions could harm our reputation, reduce the sales of our solutions and expose us to liability for losses.

Because our solutions are complex, undetected errors, failures or bugs may occur, especially when solutions are first introduced or when new versions or updates are released, or when we introduce an acquired company’s products of services, despite our efforts to test those solutions and enhancements prior to release. This includes not only vulnerabilities that are specific to our solutions, but also vulnerabilities that impact the third-party or open source software that we use or the hardware that we rely on for our solutions. We may not be able to correct defects, errors, vulnerabilities or failures promptly, or at all.

Any defects, errors, vulnerabilities or failures in our solutions could result in:

• expenditure of significant financial and development resources in efforts to analyze, correct, eliminate or work around errors or defects or to address and eliminate vulnerabilities;

• loss of existing or potential partners or customers or loss of customer confidence;

• loss or disclosure of our customers’ confidential information, or the inability to access such information;

• loss of our proprietary technology;

• our solutions being susceptible to hacking or electronic break-ins or otherwise failing to secure data;

• delayed or lost revenue;

• delay or failure to attain market acceptance;

• lost market share;

• negative publicity, which could harm our reputation; or

• litigation, regulatory inquiries or investigations that would be costly and harm our reputation.

Limitation of liability provisions in our standard terms and conditions and our other agreements may not adequately or effectively protect us from any claims related to defects, errors, vulnerabilities or failures in our solutions, including as a result of federal, state or local laws or ordinances or unfavorable judicial decisions in the United States or other countries.

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Our software, website, hosted and internal systems may be subject to intentional disruption or penetration from external attackers or insiders that could adversely impact our reputation and future sales.

We could be a target of attacks specifically designed to impede the performance of our solutions, redirect users to malicious sites, harm our reputation or misappropriate our or our customers’ proprietary information. Similarly, experienced computer hackers may attempt to penetrate our network or other security or the security of our website or other hosted or internal systems or to trick our employees into taking actions that compromise our security (such as via phishing or business email compromise attacks) in order to misappropriate proprietary information and/or cause interruptions of our services and/or expose perceived security vulnerabilities.  It is also possible that systems may be disrupted or our sensitive information or the information of our customers might be exposed due to malfeasance or errors by employees or contractors.  Because the techniques used by attackers to access or sabotage networks and compromise our systems and information change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques. If an actual or perceived breach of network security occurs as a result of third-party action, including cyber-attacks or other intentional misconduct by computer hackers, error or malfeasance by insiders, or otherwise, it could adversely affect the market perception of our company and our solutions, and may expose us to the loss of information, litigation and possible liability. In addition, such a security breach could impair our ability to operate our business, including our ability to provide support services to our customers.

Our solutions may collect, filter and store customer data which may contain personal information, which raises privacy concerns and could result in us having liability or inhibit sales of our solutions.

Many federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted or are considering adopting laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. Because many of the features of our solutions use, store, and report on customer data which may contain personal information from our customers, any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, or comply with applicable privacy laws, regulations and policies could, even if unfounded, result in liability to us, damage to our reputation, loss of sales, and harm to our business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the use and adoption of our solutions and reduce overall demand for them. Privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our solutions. For example, in the United States regulations such as the Gramm‑Leach‑Bliley Act, which protects and restricts the use of consumer credit and financial information, and HIPAA which regulates the use and disclosure of personal health information, impose significant security and data protection requirements and obligations on businesses that may affect the use and adoption of our solutions. Similarly, we hold a FedRAMP certification without which we would not be able to provide services and products to certain US federal entities.

In the past we have relied on U.S.-European Union Frameworks for transatlantic data flows such as the EU-US Privacy Shield, for which we self-certified under the EU-US Privacy Shield framework on October 5, 2016. However, Privacy Shield is currently being challenged in European Union (“EU”) courts, so there is some uncertainty regarding its future validity and our ability to rely on it for EU to US data transfers. We also rely on Standard Contractual Clauses (“SCCs”) authorized by the EU’s Data Protection Directive of 1995 for transatlantic data flows, but the SCCs are also being challenged in EU courts, so there is some uncertainty regarding our ability to rely on SCCs in the future for EU to US data transfer.  Additionally, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, began to be enforced on May 25, 2018, and carries with it significantly increased responsibilities and potential penalties for companies that process EU personal data. We have seen increased customer attention surrounding EU Data Privacy. Furthermore, outside of the EU, we continue to see increased regulation of data privacy and security, including the adoption of more stringent subject matter specific state laws (such as the New York Department of Financial Services’ Cybersecurity Regulation and the new California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 that will be effective January 1, 2020), national laws regulating the collection and use of data, and security and data breach obligations. The uncertainty and changes in the requirements of multiple jurisdictions may increase the cost of compliance, delay or reduce demand for our services, restrict our ability to offer services in certain locations, impact our customers’ ability to deploy our solutions in certain jurisdictions, or subject us to sanctions, by national data protection regulators, all of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The regulatory framework for privacy issues is evolving worldwide, and various government and consumer agencies and public advocacy groups have called for new regulation and changes in industry practices. It is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United States and internationally, or existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, that would affect our business. Complying with any new regulatory requirements could force us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner that could reduce our revenue or compromise our ability to effectively pursue our growth strategy.

Any failure or perceived failure to comply with laws and regulations or loss of certifications such as the FedRAMP certification may result in proceedings or actions against us by government entities or others, or could cause us to lose users and customers, which could potentially have an adverse effect on our business.

We operate in a highly competitive environment with large, established competitors, and our competitors may gain market share in the markets for our solutions that could adversely affect our business and cause our revenue to decline.

Our traditional competitors include security‑focused software vendors, such as Symantec Corporation and Cisco Systems, Inc. (“Cisco”), which offer software products that directly compete with our solutions. In addition to competing with these vendors directly for sales to customers, we compete with them for the opportunity to have our solutions bundled with the product offerings of our strategic partners. Our competitors could gain market share from us if any of these partners replace our solutions with the products of our competitors or if these partners more actively promote our competitors’ products over our solutions. In addition, software vendors who have bundled our solutions with theirs may choose to bundle their software with their own or other vendors’ software, or may limit our access to standard product interfaces and inhibit our ability to develop solutions for their platform.

We also face competition from large technology companies, such as Google Inc., Micro Focus International plc and Microsoft Corporation. These companies are increasingly developing and incorporating into their products features that compete on various levels with our solutions. Our competitive position could be adversely affected to the extent that our customers perceive that the functionality incorporated into these products would replace the need for our solutions or that buying from one vendor would provide them with increased leverage and purchasing power and a better customer experience. We also face competition from independent security vendors such as FireEye, Inc. that offer network security products and many smaller companies like Barracuda Networks, Inc. and Mimecast Ltd that specialize in particular segments of the markets in which we compete.

Many of our competitors have greater financial, technical, sales, marketing or other resources than we do and consequently may have the ability to influence our customers to purchase their products instead of ours. Further consolidation within our industry or other changes in the competitive environment could also result in larger competitors that compete with us on several levels. In addition, acquisitions of smaller companies by large technology companies that specialize in particular segments of the markets in which we compete would result in increased competition from these large technology companies. If we are unsuccessful in responding to our competitors or to changing technological and customer demands, our competitive position and financial results could be adversely affected.

If we do not effectively expand and train our sales force, we may be unable to add new customers or increase sales to our existing customers and our business will be harmed.

We continue to be substantially dependent on our sales force to obtain new customers and to sell additional solutions to our existing customers. We believe that there is significant competition for sales personnel with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve significant revenue growth will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training and retaining sufficient numbers of sales personnel. New hires require significant training and may take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our recent hires and planned hires may not become as productive as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the markets where we do business or plan to do business. If we are unable to hire and train sufficient numbers of effective sales personnel, or the sales personnel are not successful in obtaining new customers or increasing sales to our existing customer base, our business will be harmed.

Our sales cycle is long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, our results are difficult to predict and may vary substantially from quarter to quarter, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

We sell our security and compliance offerings primarily to enterprise IT departments that are managing a growing set of user and compliance demands, which has increased the complexity of customer requirements to be met and confirmed in the sales cycle. Increasingly, we have found that security, legal and compliance departments are involved in testing, evaluating and finally approving purchases, which has also made the sales cycle longer and less predictable. We may not be

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able to accurately predict or forecast the timing of sales, which makes our future revenue difficult to predict and could cause our results to vary significantly. In addition, we might devote substantial time and effort to a particular unsuccessful sales effort, and as a result we could lose other sales opportunities or incur expenses that are not offset by an increase in revenue, which could harm our business.

Because our long-term success depends, in part, on our ability to expand the sales of our platform to our customers located outside of the United States, our business will be increasingly susceptible to risks associated with international operations.

One key element of our growth strategy is to develop a worldwide customer base and expand our operations worldwide, such as by adding employees, offices and customers internationally, particularly in Europe and Asia.

Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic, political and competitive risks and competition that are different from those in the United States.

In addition, our international operations may fail to succeed due to other risks inherent in operating businesses internationally, including:

• fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which may cause our revenues and operating results to differ materially from expectations;

• our lack of familiarity with commercial and social norms and customs in other countries which may adversely affect our ability to recruit, retain and manage employees in these countries;

• difficulties and costs associated with staffing and managing foreign operations;

• the potential diversion of management’s attention to oversee and direct operations that are geographically distant from our U.S. headquarters;

• compliance with multiple, conflicting and changing governmental laws and regulations, including employment, tax, privacy and data protection laws and regulations;

• legal systems in which our ability to enforce and protect our rights may be different or less effective than in the United States, including more limited protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

• immaturity of compliance regulations in other jurisdictions, which may lower demand for our solutions;

• greater difficulty with payment collections and longer payment cycles;

• higher employee costs and difficulty terminating non-performing employees;

• differences in workplace cultures;

• the need to adapt our solutions for specific countries;

• our ability to comply with differing technical and certification requirements outside the United States;

• tariffs, export controls and other non-tariff barriers such as quotas and local content rules;

• uncertainties related to the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union (“Brexit”) and its impact on our customers, data protection regulations and our employees and their ability to emigrate and travel to and from the United Kingdom;

• adverse tax consequences;

• restrictions on the transfer of funds;

• anti-bribery compliance by us or our partners, including under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws of other jurisdictions; and

• new and different sources of competition.

In addition, the current U.S. administration has recently instituted or proposed changes to foreign trade policy including the negotiation or termination of trade agreements, the imposition of tariffs on products imported from certain countries, economic sanctions on individuals, corporations or countries and other government regulations affecting trade between the United States and other countries in which we do business. New or increased tariffs and other changes in U.S. trade policy could trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries, and certain foreign governments have instituted or are

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considering imposing trade sanctions on certain U.S. manufactured goods. The escalation of protectionist or retaliatory trade measures in either the United States or any other countries in which we do business, such as a change in tariff structures, export compliance or other trade policies, may increase the cost of, or otherwise interfere with, conducting our business.

Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our existing and future international operations and seriously impair our overall business.

If we are unable to enhance our existing solutions and develop new solutions, our growth will be harmed and we may not be able to achieve profitability.

Our ability to attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers will depend in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our existing solutions and to introduce new solutions. The success of any enhancement or new solution depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the enhancement or solution. Any new enhancement or solution we develop or acquire may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If we are unable to successfully develop or acquire new solutions or enhance our existing solutions to meet customer requirements, we may not grow as expected and we may not achieve profitability.

We cannot be certain that our development activities will be successful or that we will not incur delays or cost overruns. Furthermore, we may not have sufficient financial resources to identify and develop new technologies and bring enhancements or new solutions to market in a timely and cost-effective manner. New technologies and enhancements could be delayed or cost more than we expect, and we cannot ensure that any of these solutions will be commercially successful if and when they are introduced.

If we are unable to cost-effectively scale or adapt our existing architecture to accommodate increased traffic, technological advances or changing customer requirements, our operating results could be harmed.

As our customer base grows, the number of users accessing our solutions over the Internet will correspondingly increase. Increased traffic could result in slow access speeds and response times. Since our customer agreements often include service availability commitments, slow speeds or our failure to accommodate increased traffic could result in breaches of our service level agreements or obligate us to issue service credits. In addition, the market for our solutions is characterized by rapid technological advances and changes in customer and regulatory requirements. In order to accommodate increased traffic and respond to technological advances and evolving customer and regulatory requirements, we expect that we will be required to make future investments in our network architecture. If we do not implement future upgrades to our network architecture cost-effectively, or if we experience prolonged delays or unforeseen difficulties in connection with upgrading our network architecture, our service quality may suffer and our operating results could be harmed.

If we fail to manage our sales and distribution channels effectively or if our partners choose not to market and sell our solutions to their customers, our operating results could be adversely affected.

We have derived and anticipate that in the future we will continue to derive a substantial portion of the sales of our solutions through channel partners. In order to scale our channel program to support growth in our business, it is important that we continue to help our partners enhance their ability to independently sell and deploy our solutions. We may be unable to continue to successfully expand and improve the effectiveness of our channel sales program.

Our agreements with our channel partners are generally non-exclusive and some of our channel partners have entered, and may continue to enter, into strategic relationships with our competitors or are competitors themselves. Further, many of our channel partners have multiple strategic relationships and they may not regard us as significant for their businesses. Our channel partners may terminate their respective relationships with us with limited or no notice and with limited or no penalty, pursue other partnerships or relationships, or attempt to develop or acquire products or services that compete with our solutions. Our partners also may impair our ability to enter into other desirable strategic relationships. If our channel partners do not effectively market and sell our solutions, if they choose to place greater emphasis on products of their own or those offered by our competitors, or if they fail to meet the needs of our customers, our ability to grow our business and sell our solutions may be adversely affected. Similarly, the loss of a substantial number of our channel partners, and our possible inability to replace them, the failure to recruit additional channel partners, any reduction or delay in their sales of our solutions, or any conflicts between channel sales and our direct sales and marketing activities could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

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Because we recognize revenue from subscriptions over the term of the relevant service period, decreases or increases in sales are not immediately reflected in full in our operating results.

We recognize revenue from subscriptions over the term of the relevant service period, which typically range from one to three years, with some up to five years. As a result, most of our quarterly revenue from subscriptions results from agreements entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a shortfall in demand for our solutions in any quarter may not significantly reduce our subscription revenue for that quarter, but could negatively affect subscription revenue in future quarters. We may be unable to adjust our cost structure to compensate for this potential shortfall in subscription revenue. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales of subscriptions may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our subscription revenue through additional sales in any period, as subscription revenue must be recognized over the term of the contract.

Interruptions or delays in services provided by third parties could impair the delivery of our service and harm our business.

We currently serve our customers from third‑party data center facilities and resources located in the United States, Canada, Australia and Europe. We also rely on bandwidth providers, Internet service providers, mobile networks and other third-party IT service providers to operate our business and to deliver our solutions. Any damage to, or failure or disruption of, the systems of our third‑party providers could result in interruptions to our service. If for any reason our arrangement with one or more of our data centers is terminated, we could experience additional expense in arranging for new facilities and support. Our data center facilities providers have no obligations to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew our agreements with the facilities providers on commercially reasonable terms or if in the future we add additional data center facility providers, we may experience costs or downtime in connection with the transfer to, or the addition of, new data center facilities. In addition, the failure of our data centers to meet our capacity requirements could result in interruptions in the availability of our solutions, impair the functionality of our solutions or impede our ability to scale our operations. As we continue to add data centers, restructure our data management plans, and increase capacity in existing and future data centers, we may move or transfer our data and our customers’ data. Despite precautions taken during such processes and procedures, any unsuccessful data transfers may impair the delivery of our service, and we may experience costs or downtime in connection with the transfer of data to other facilities. Similarly, some of our solutions’ features run or depend on IT services run by third parties, such as data feeds or public clouds, such as AWS and Google Cloud, and an extended failure of such services might materially and adversely impact our ability to provide our services to our customers. Furthermore, some of our sales and business operations, such as CRM and billing and invoicing depend in part on third-party IT service providers and if those services were to be unavailable for extended periods of time it might materially and adversely affect our ability to operate.

We also depend on access to the Internet through third‑party bandwidth providers to operate our business. If we lose the services of one or more of our bandwidth providers, or if these providers experience outages, for any reason, we could experience disruption in delivering our solutions or we could be required to retain the services of a replacement bandwidth provider. Our business also depends on our customers having high-speed access to the Internet. Any Internet outages or delays could adversely affect our ability to provide our solutions to our customers.

Our operations rely heavily on the availability of electricity, which also comes from third-party providers. If we or the third-party data center facilities that we use to deliver our services were to experience a major power outage or if the cost of electricity were to increase significantly, our operations and financial results could be harmed. If we or our third‑party data centers were to experience a major power outage, we or they would have to rely on back-up generators, which might not work properly or might not provide an adequate power supply during a major power outage. Such a power outage could result in a significant disruption of our business.

The occurrence of an extended interruption of our or third‑party services for any reason could result in lengthy interruptions in our services or in the delivery of customers’ email and require us to provide service credits, refunds, indemnification payments or other payments to our customers, and could also result in the loss of customers.  While we have business continuity and disaster recovery plans and contingencies in place, there can be no assurance that they will be adequate in the event of an extended or severe disruption.

Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and harm our financial results.

Once our solutions are deployed, our customers depend on our support organization to resolve any technical issues relating to our solutions. In addition, our sales process is highly dependent on our solutions and business reputation and on strong recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality technical support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could harm our reputation, adversely affect our ability to sell our solutions to existing and prospective customers, and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

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We offer technical support services with many of our solutions. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services. We also may be unable to modify the format of our support services to compete with changes in support services provided by competitors. Increased customer demand for these services, without corresponding revenue, could increase costs and adversely affect our operating results.

We have outsourced a substantial portion of our worldwide customer support functions to third‑party service providers. If these companies experience financial difficulties, do not maintain sufficiently skilled workers and resources to satisfy our contracts, or otherwise fail to perform at a sufficient level, the level of support services to our customers may be significantly disrupted, which could materially harm our reputation and our relationships with these customers.

If we fail to develop or protect our brand, our business may be harmed.

We believe that developing and maintaining awareness and integrity of our company and our brand are important to achieving widespread acceptance of our existing and future offerings and are important elements in attracting new customers. We believe that the importance of brand recognition will increase as competition in our market further intensifies. Successful promotion of our brand will depend on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and on our ability to provide reliable and useful solutions at competitive prices. We plan to continue investing substantial resources to promote our brand, both domestically and internationally, but there is no guarantee that our brand development strategies will enhance the recognition of our brand. Some of our existing and potential competitors have well-established brands with greater recognition than we have. If our efforts to promote and maintain our brand are not successful, our operating results and our ability to attract and retain customers may be adversely affected. In addition, even if our brand recognition and loyalty increase, this may not result in increased use of our solutions or higher revenue.

In addition, independent industry analysts often provide reviews of our solutions, as well as those of our competitors, and perception of our solutions in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these reviews. We have no control over what these industry analysts report, and because industry analysts may influence current and potential customers, our brand could be harmed if they do not provide a positive review of our solutions or view us as a market leader.

The steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate.

We rely on a combination of contractual rights, trademarks, trade secrets, patents and copyrights to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. These offer only limited protection, however, and the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary technology may not deter its misuse, theft or misappropriation. Any of our patents, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative process or litigation. Competitors may independently develop technologies or products that are substantially equivalent or superior to our solutions or that inappropriately incorporate our proprietary technology into their products. Competitors may hire our former employees who may misappropriate our proprietary technology or misuse our confidential information. Although we rely in part upon confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and other third parties to protect our trade secrets and other confidential information, those agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of misappropriation of trade secrets or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and confidential information, and in such cases, we could not assert any trade secret rights against such parties.

We might be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. We may initiate claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our intellectual property rights or misappropriation of our trade secrets, or to establish the validity of our intellectual property rights. Any litigation, whether or not it is resolved in our favor, could result in significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, which may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Certain jurisdictions may not provide adequate legal infrastructure for effective protection of our intellectual property rights. Changing legal interpretations of liability for unauthorized use of our solutions or lessened sensitivity by corporate, government or institutional users to refraining from intellectual property piracy or other infringements of intellectual property could also harm our business.

Our issued patents may not provide us with any competitive advantages or may be challenged by third parties, and our patent applications may never be granted at all. It is possible that innovations for which we seek patent protection may not be protectable. Additionally, the process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. Given the cost, effort, risks and downside of obtaining patent protection, including the requirement to ultimately disclose the invention to the public, we may not choose to seek patent protection for certain innovations. However, such patent protection could later prove to be important to our business. Even if issued, there can be no assurance that any patents will have the coverage originally sought or adequately protect our intellectual property, as the legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of patent and other intellectual property rights are uncertain. Any patents that are issued may be invalidated or otherwise limited, or may lapse or may be abandoned, enabling other companies to better develop products that

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compete with our solutions, which could adversely affect our competitive business position, business prospects and financial condition.

We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to protect our intellectual property will adequately protect us, and any failure to protect our intellectual property could harm our business.

Third parties claiming that we infringe their intellectual property rights could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and prevent us from selling our solutions.

Companies in the software and technology industries, including some of our current and potential competitors, own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, many of these companies have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. The litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product revenue and against whom our potential patents may provide little or no deterrence. We have received, and may in the future receive, notices that claim we have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated other parties’ intellectual property rights. In the past we have been involved in litigation involving such allegations of infringement. To the extent we gain greater visibility, we could face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims, which is not uncommon with respect to software technologies in general and information security technology in particular. There may be third‑party intellectual property rights, including issued or pending patents that cover significant aspects of our technologies or business methods. Any intellectual property claims, with or without merit, could be very time consuming, could be expensive to settle or litigate and could divert our management’s attention and other resources. These claims could also subject us to significant liability for damages, potentially including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed patents or copyrights. These claims could also result in our having to stop using technology found to be in violation of a third-party’s rights. We might be required to seek a license for the intellectual property, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Even if a license were available, we could be required to pay significant royalties, which would increase our operating expenses. As a result, we may be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit or stop sales of one or more of our solutions or features of our solutions and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results would harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

In addition, our agreements with customers and channel partners include indemnification provisions under which we agree to indemnify them for losses suffered or incurred as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement and, in some cases, for damages caused by us to property or persons. Large indemnity payments could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

We rely on technology and intellectual property licensed from other parties, the failure or loss of which could increase our costs and delay or prevent the delivery of our solutions.

We utilize various types of software and other technology, as well as intellectual property rights, licensed from unaffiliated third parties in order to provide certain elements of our solutions. Any errors or defects in any third‑party technology could result in errors in our solutions that could harm our business. In addition, licensed technology and intellectual property rights may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. While we believe that there are currently adequate replacements for the third‑party technology we use, any loss of the right to use any of this technology on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, could result in delays in producing or delivering our solutions until equivalent technology is identified and integrated, which delays could harm our business. In this situation we would be required to either redesign our solutions to function with software available from other parties or to develop these components ourselves, which would result in increased costs. Furthermore, we might be forced to limit the features available in our current or future solutions. If we fail to maintain or renegotiate any of these technology or intellectual property licenses, we could face significant delays and diversion of resources in attempting to develop similar or replacement technology, or to license and integrate a functional equivalent of the technology.

Some of our solutions contain “open source” software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.

Some of our solutions are distributed with software licensed by its authors or other third parties under so-called “open source” licenses, which may include, by way of example, the GNU General Public License, or GPL, and the Apache License. Some of these licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the open source software, and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of a particular open source license or other license granting third parties certain rights of further use. By the terms of certain open source licenses, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software, and to make our

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proprietary software available under open source licenses, if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner. In the event that portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technologies and solutions. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. We have established processes to help alleviate these risks, including a review process for screening requests from our development organizations for the use of open source software, but we cannot be sure that all open source software is submitted for approval prior to use in our solutions, that our programmers have not incorporated open source software into our proprietary solutions and technologies or that they will not do so in the future. In addition, many of the risks associated with usage of open source software cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business.

Governmental regulations affecting the export of certain of our solutions could negatively affect our business.

Some of our products are subject to U.S. export controls, and we incorporate encryption technology into certain of our products. These encryption products and the underlying technology may be exported outside the United States only with the required export authorizations, including by license, a license exception or other appropriate government authorizations, including the filing of an encryption registration. Governmental regulation of encryption technology and regulation of imports or exports, or our failure to obtain required import or export approval for our products, could harm our international sales and adversely affect our revenue.

Failure to comply with such regulations, whether by us or companies that we have acquired, in the future could result in penalties, costs, and restrictions on export privileges, which could also harm our operating results.

We have, and may further, expand through acquisitions of, or investments in, other companies, which may divert our management’s attention, dilute our stockholders’ ownership interests and consume corporate resources that otherwise would be necessary to sustain and grow our business.

We have made multiple acquisitions in the past, and our business strategy may, from time to time, continue to include acquiring complementary products, technologies or businesses. We also may enter into relationships with other businesses in order to expand our solutions, which could involve preferred or exclusive licenses, additional channels of distribution, or investments by or between the two parties. Negotiating these transactions can be time consuming, difficult and expensive, and our ability to close these transactions may be subject to third‑party approvals, such as government regulation, which are beyond our control. Consequently, we can make no assurance that these transactions, once undertaken and announced, will close.

These transactions may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products, personnel or operations of acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of the acquired business choose not to work for us, and we may have difficulty retaining the customers of any acquired business. Acquisitions may also disrupt our ongoing business, divert our resources and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for development of our business. Any acquisition or investment could expose us to unknown liabilities.

In addition, as of March 31, 2019, we had $583.6 million in goodwill and intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, recorded on our balance sheet. We will incur expenses related to the amortization of intangible assets and we may in the future need to incur charges with respect to the impairment of goodwill or intangible assets, which could adversely affect our operating results. Moreover, we cannot assure you that the anticipated benefits of any acquisition or investment would be realized or that we would not be exposed to unknown liabilities. In connection with these types of transactions, we may issue additional equity securities that would dilute our stockholders’ ownership interests, use cash that we may need in the future to operate our business, incur debt on terms unfavorable to us or that we are unable to repay, incur large charges or substantial liabilities, encounter difficulties integrating diverse business cultures, and become subject to adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation or deferred compensation charges. These challenges related to acquisitions or investments could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

If we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees, lose key personnel, fail to integrate replacement personnel successfully, or fail to manage our employee base effectively, we may be unable to develop new and enhanced solutions, effectively manage or expand our business, or increase our revenue.

Our future success depends upon our ability to recruit and retain key management, technical, sales, marketing, finance, and other critical personnel. Competition for qualified management, technical and other personnel is intense, and we

49

may not be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel. If we fail to attract and retain qualified employees, our ability to grow our business could be harmed. Our officers and other key personnel are employees-at-will, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to retain them. Competition for people with the specific skills that we require is significant. In order to attract and retain personnel in a competitive marketplace, we believe that we must provide a competitive compensation package, including cash and equity‑based compensation. Volatility in our stock price may from time to time adversely affect our ability to recruit or retain employees. If we are unable to hire and retain qualified employees, or conversely, if we fail to manage employee performance or reduce staffing levels when required by market conditions, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

In addition, hiring, training, and successfully integrating replacement personnel could be time consuming, may cause additional disruptions to our operations, and may be unsuccessful, which could negatively impact future revenue.

Changes in laws and/or regulations related to the Internet or changes in the Internet infrastructure itself may diminish the demand for our solutions, and could have a negative impact on our business.

The future success of our business depends upon the continued use of the Internet as a primary medium for commerce, communication and business applications. Federal, state or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting data privacy and the use of the Internet as a commercial medium. Changes in these laws or regulations could require us to modify our solutions in order to comply with these changes. In addition, government agencies or private organizations may begin to impose taxes, fees or other charges for accessing the Internet or commerce conducted via the Internet. These laws or charges could limit the growth of Internet‑related commerce or communications generally, result in a decline in the use of the Internet and the viability of Internet‑based applications such as ours and reduce the demand for our solutions.

The legal and regulatory framework also drives demand for our solutions. Our customers are subject to laws, regulations and internal policies that mandate how they process, handle, store, use and transmit a variety of sensitive data and communications. These laws and regulations are subject to revision, change and interpretation at any time, and any such change could either help or hurt the demand for our solutions. We cannot be sure that the legal and regulatory framework in any given jurisdiction will be favorable to our business or that we will be able to sustain or grow our business if there are any adverse changes to these laws and regulations.

If we are required to collect sales and use taxes on the solutions we sell, we may be subject to liability for past sales and our future sales may decrease.

State and local taxing jurisdictions have differing rules and regulations governing sales and use taxes, and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. In particular, the applicability of sales taxes to our subscription services in various jurisdictions is unclear. It is possible that we could face sales tax audits and that our liability for these taxes could exceed our estimates as state tax authorities could still assert that we are obligated to collect additional amounts as taxes from our customers and remit those taxes to those authorities. We could also be subject to audits with respect to state and international jurisdictions for which we have not accrued tax liabilities. A successful assertion that we should be collecting additional sales or other taxes on our services in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so and do not accrue for sales taxes could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, discourage customers from purchasing our application or otherwise harm our business and operating results.

Adverse conditions in the national and global economies and financial markets may adversely affect our business and financial results.

Adverse macroeconomic conditions could negatively affect our customers, thereby impacting our business, operating results or financial condition. Challenging economic conditions worldwide have from time to time contributed, and may continue to contribute, to slowdowns in the information technology industry, resulting in reduced demand for our solutions as a result of continued constraints on IT-related capital spending by our customers and increased price competition for our solutions. Moreover, we target some of our solutions to the financial services industry and therefore if there is consolidation in that industry, or layoffs, or lack of funding for IT purchases, our business may suffer. If economic conditions deteriorate, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, power outages, floods and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by manmade problems such as terrorism.

Natural disasters or other catastrophic events may cause damage or disruption to our operations, international commerce and the global economy, and thus could have a strong negative effect on us. We have significant operations in the Silicon Valley area of Northern California, a region known for seismic activity. A major earthquake or other natural disaster,

50

fire, act of terrorism or other catastrophic event that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our critical business operations or information technology systems could severely affect our ability to conduct normal business operations and, as a result, our future operating results could be harmed. These negative events could make it difficult or impossible for us to deliver our services to our customers, and could decrease demand for our services. Because we do not carry earthquake insurance for direct quake‑related losses, and significant recovery time could be required to resume operations, our financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected in the event of a major earthquake or catastrophic event.

A portion of our revenue is generated by sales to government entities, which are subject to a number of challenges and risks.

Sales to U.S. and foreign federal, state and local governmental agency customers have accounted for a portion of our revenue in past periods, and we may in the future increase sales to government entities. Sales into government entities are subject to a number of risks. Selling to government entities can be highly competitive, expensive and time consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that we will win a sale. We have invested in the creation of a cloud offering that has been certified under both the Federal Information Security Management Act and the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program for government usage but we cannot be sure that we will continue to sustain or renew this certification, that the government will continue to mandate such certification or that other government agencies or entities will use this cloud offering. Government demand and payment for our solutions may be impacted by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, with funding reductions or delays adversely affecting public sector demand for our solutions. Government entities may have contractual or other legal rights to terminate contracts with our distributors and resellers for convenience or due to a default, and any such termination may adversely impact our future results of operations. For example, if the distributor receives a significant portion of its revenue from sales to such governmental entity, the financial health of the distributor could be substantially harmed, which could negatively affect our future sales to such distributor. Governments routinely investigate and audit government contractors’ administrative processes, and any unfavorable audit could result in the government refusing to continue buying our solutions, a reduction of revenue or fines or civil or criminal liability if the audit uncovers improper or illegal activities. Any such penalties could adversely impact our results of operations in a material way.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), and the rules and regulations of the NASDAQ Global Market. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time consuming and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with the SEC, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers.

Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. In addition, because we have acquired companies in the past and may continue to do so in the future, we will also need to expend resources to integrate the controls of these acquired entities with ours. Further, weaknesses in our internal controls may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm report regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in our Annual Report on Form 10-K under Section 404 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting‑related costs, and provide significant management oversight. Any failure to maintain the adequacy of our internal

51

controls, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially impair our ability to operate our business. In the event that we or our independent registered public accounting firm are not able to complete the work required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on a timely basis, or we are not able to demonstrate compliance with Section 404, we could be subject to late filings of our annual and quarterly reports, restatements of consolidated financial statements or other corrective disclosure, and, investors may lose confidence in our operating results and our stock price could decline. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the NASDAQ Global Market.

We may not be able to utilize a significant portion of our net operating loss or research tax credit carryforwards, which could adversely affect our profitability.

As of March 31, 2019, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards due to prior period losses, some of which if not utilized will continue to expire in 2019 for federal and state purposes. We also have federal research tax credit carryforwards, which will continue to expire in 2019. These net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, which could adversely affect our profitability.

In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, such as research tax credits, in any taxable year may be limited if we experience an “ownership change.” An “ownership change” generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of our stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws.

Future issuances of our stock could cause an “ownership change.” It is possible that any future ownership change could have a material effect on the use of our net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our profitability.

Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our stock price has been volatile in the past and may be subject to volatility in the future.

The trading price of our common stock has been volatile historically, and is likely to continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors described below. Factors affecting the market price of our securities include:

• variations in our revenue, billings, gross margin, operating results, free cash flow, loss per share and how these results compare to analyst expectations;

• forward looking guidance that we may provide regarding financial metrics such as billings, revenue, gross margin, operating results, free cash flow, and loss per share;

• announcements of technological innovations, new products or services, strategic alliances, acquisitions or significant agreements by us or by our competitors;

• disruptions in our cloud-based operations or services or disruptions of other prominent cloud-based operations or services;

• the economy as a whole, market conditions in our industry, and the industries of our customers;

• trading activity by directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares;

• the size of our market float and significant option exercises;

• any future issuances of securities; and

• any other factors discussed herein.

In addition, the stock markets in general and the NASDAQ Global Market in particular, have experienced substantial price and volume volatility that is often seemingly unrelated to the operating results of any particular companies. Moreover, if the market for technology stocks, especially security and cloud computing-related stocks, or the stock market in general experiences uneven investor confidence, the market price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, operating results or financial condition. The market price for our stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies within, or outside, our industry, even if these events do not directly affect us. Some companies that have experienced volatility in the trading price of their stock have been subject of securities litigation. If we are the subject of such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.

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Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition of our company deemed undesirable by our board of directors. These provisions could also reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock and result in the market price of our common stock being lower than it would be without these provisions. Our corporate governance documents include provisions:

• creating a classified board of directors whose members serve staggered three-year terms;

• authorizing “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board without stockholder approval which may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights which are superior to our common stock;

• limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers;

• limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings by providing that any stockholder action must be effected at a duly called meeting of the stockholders and not by a consent in writing, and providing that only our board of directors, the chairman of our board of directors, our Chief Executive Officer or President may call a special meeting of the stockholders; and

• requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors.

These provisions, alone or together, could frustrate, delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.

As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations merging or combining with us without approval of the holders of a substantial majority of all of our outstanding common stock.

Our failure to raise additional capital or generate the significant capital necessary to expand our operations and invest in new solutions could reduce our ability to compete and could harm our business.

We may need to raise additional funds, and we may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all. If we raise additional equity financing, our stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our common stock could decline. If we issue equity securities in any additional financing, the new securities may have rights and preferences senior to our common stock. If we engage in debt financing, we may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness and force us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios. If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, we may not be able to, among other things:

• develop or enhance our application and services;

• continue to expand our product development, sales and marketing organizations;

• acquire complementary technologies, products or businesses;

• expand operations, in the United States or internationally;

• hire, train and retain employees; or

• respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

Future sales of our common stock in the public market could lower the market price for our common stock.

In the future, we may sell additional shares of our common stock to raise capital. In addition, a substantial number of shares of our common stock is reserved for issuance upon the exercise of stock options, the vesting of restricted stock units and restricted stock pursuant to our employee benefit plans, for purchase by employees under our employee stock purchase plan. We cannot predict the size of future issuances or the effect, if any, that they may have on the market price for our common stock. The issuance and sale of substantial amounts of common stock, or the perception that such issuances and sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

53

We do not anticipate paying cash dividends, and accordingly, stockholders must rely on stock appreciation for any return on their investment.

We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the future. As a result, only appreciation of the price of our common stock will provide a return to our stockholders. Investors seeking cash dividends should not invest in our common stock.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.

None.

54

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.

EXHIBIT INDEX

			Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No.		Exhibit Title	Form	File No.	Filing Date	Exhibit No.
31.01	*	Certification of Periodic Report by Chief Executive Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.02	*	Certification of Periodic Report by Chief Financial Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.01	**	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.02	**	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	**	XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	**	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	**	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	**	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	**	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	**	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

* Filed herewith

**These exhibits are furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not incorporated by reference in any filing of Proofpoint, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in such filings.

55

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Sunnyvale, State of California, on May 2, 2019.

PROOFPOINT, INC.
By:	/s/ GARY STEELE
	Gary Steele Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
By:	/s/ PAUL AUVIL
	Paul Auvil Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

56

EX-31.01

EXHIBIT 31.01

CERTIFICATION OF PERIODIC REPORT UNDER SECTION 302 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Gary Steele, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Proofpoint, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 2, 2019

/s/ GARY STEELE

Gary Steele

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.02

EXHIBIT 31.02

CERTIFICATION OF PERIODIC REPORT UNDER SECTION 302 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Paul Auvil, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Proofpoint, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 2, 2019

/s/ PAUL AUVIL

Paul Auvil

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.01

EXHIBIT 32.01

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Gary Steele, Chief Executive Officer of Proofpoint, Inc. (the “Company”), do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

• the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 (the "Report") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

• the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 2, 2019

/s/ GARY STEELE

Gary Steele

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by it and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EX-32.02

EXHIBIT 32.02

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Paul Auvil, Chief Financial Officer of Proofpoint, Inc. (the “Company”), do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

• the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 (the "Report") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

• the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 2, 2019

/s/ PAUL AUVIL

Paul Auvil

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by it and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Document and Entity Information Document - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Apr. 19, 2019
Document And Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2019
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2019
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Trading Symbol	PFPT
Entity Registrant Name	PROOFPOINT INC.
Entity Central Index Key (CIK)	0001212458
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		55,674,845

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 216,586	$ 185,392
Short-term investments	40,405	46,307
Accounts receivable, net	163,139	199,194
Inventory	612	481
Deferred product costs	1,703	1,800
Deferred commissions	37,986	37,391
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	21,824	16,872
Total current assets	482,255	487,437
Property and equipment, net	68,361	70,627
Operating lease right-of-use assets	54,635
Long-term deferred product costs	300	303
Goodwill	457,274	460,425
Intangible assets, net	126,346	136,645
Long-term deferred commissions	71,038	69,989
Other assets	9,029	7,592
Total assets	1,269,238	1,233,018
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	14,735	20,237
Accrued liabilities	71,019	90,719
Deferred rent		829
Operating lease liabilities	23,851
Deferred revenue	499,024	490,296
Total current liabilities	608,629	602,081
Long-term deferred rent		3,757
Long-term operating lease liabilities	35,011
Other long-term liabilities	7,278	6,812
Long-term deferred revenue	111,209	107,834
Total liabilities	762,127	720,484
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Stockholders’ equity:
Convertible preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding	0	0
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 200,000 shares authorized; 55,607 and 55,149 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	6	6
Additional paid-in capital	1,130,711	1,107,953
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	1	(7)
Accumulated deficit	(623,607)	(595,418)
Total stockholders’ equity	507,111	512,534
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 1,269,238	$ 1,233,018

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Statement Of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred Stock, Shares Authorized	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Issued	0	0
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	0	0
Preferred Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Number of shares of common stock reserved for future issuance
Common Stock, Shares Authorized	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common stock issued (in shares)	55,607,000	55,149,000
Common stock outstanding (in shares)	55,607,000	55,149,000
Par value of common stock (USD per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Revenue:
Total revenue		$ 202,937	$ 162,461
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	[1],[2]	55,243	47,057
Gross profit		147,694	115,404
Operating expense:(1)(2)
Research and development		53,249	43,732
Sales and marketing		97,004	77,897
General and administrative		25,825	17,525
Total operating expense		176,078	139,154
Operating loss		(28,384)	(23,750)
Interest income (expense)		1,178	(2,821)
Other (expense) income, net		(452)	343
Loss before income taxes		(27,658)	(26,228)
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes		(620)	14,072
Net loss		$ (28,278)	$ (12,156)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted		$ (0.51)	$ (0.24)
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		55,335	50,504
Subscription
Revenue:
Total revenue		$ 199,584	$ 158,787
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	[1],[2]	48,252	42,198
Hardware and Service
Revenue:
Total revenue		3,353	3,674
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	[1],[2]	$ 6,991	$ 4,859

[1] (1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows: Cost of subscription revenue $3,875 $3,451 Cost of hardware and services revenue $906 $591 Research and development $11,499 $10,035 Sales and marketing $13,754 $11,502 General and administrative $10,987 $5,493

[2] (2) Includes intangible amortization expense as follows: Cost of subscription revenue $6,762 $5,776 Research and development $— $15 Sales and marketing $3,537 $2,415

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Intangible amortization expense	$ 10,299	$ 8,206
Cost of subscription revenue
Stock-based compensation expense	3,875	3,451
Intangible amortization expense	6,762	5,776
Cost of hardware and services revenue
Stock-based compensation expense	906	591
Research and development
Stock-based compensation expense	11,499	10,035
Intangible amortization expense	0	15
Sales and marketing
Stock-based compensation expense	13,754	11,502
Intangible amortization expense	3,537	2,415
General and administrative
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 10,987	$ 5,493

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Statement Of Income And Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (28,278)	$ (12,156)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Unrealized gain on short-term investments, net	8	7
Comprehensive loss	$ (28,270)	$ (12,149)

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Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-In Capital [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]	Accumulated Deficit [Member]
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Cumulative effect of adjustment from adoption | ASU 2016-16	$ (3,216)				$ (3,216)
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2017	299,115	$ 5	$ 787,572	$ (9)	(488,453)
Beginning balance (shares) at Dec. 31, 2017		50,325
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(12,156)				(12,156)
Unrealized gain on short-term investments	7			7
Stock-based compensation expense	29,387		29,387
Common stock issued	11,548		11,548
Common stock issued (shares)		687
Tax withholding upon vesting of restricted stock awards	(20,991)		(20,991)
Tax withholding upon vesting of restricted stock awards (shares)		(199)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2018	303,694	$ 5	807,516	(2)	(503,825)
Ending balance (shares) at Mar. 31, 2018		50,813
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Cumulative effect of adjustment from adoption | ASC 842	89				89
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2018	512,534	$ 6	1,107,953	(7)	(595,418)
Beginning balance (shares) at Dec. 31, 2018		55,149
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(28,278)				(28,278)
Unrealized gain on short-term investments	8			8
Stock-based compensation expense	34,735		34,735
Common stock issued	13,756		13,756
Common stock issued (shares)		688
Tax withholding upon vesting of restricted stock awards	(25,733)		(25,733)
Tax withholding upon vesting of restricted stock awards (shares)		(230)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 507,111	$ 6	$ 1,130,711	$ 1	$ (623,607)
Ending balance (shares) at Mar. 31, 2019		55,607

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (28,278)	$ (12,156)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	18,660	15,524
Stock-based compensation	41,021	31,072
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	0	(79)
Amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discount	0	3,053
Amortization of deferred commissions	11,271	8,374
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets	5,634	0
Deferred income taxes	(60)	(14,772)
Other	734	(213)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	35,616	(1,436)
Inventory	(131)	127
Deferred product costs	100	(106)
Deferred commissions	(12,915)	(9,214)
Prepaid expenses	(6,369)	(3,896)
Other current assets	222	1,652
Long-term assets	(469)	114
Accounts payable	(4,305)	5,011
Accrued liabilities	(12,547)	(11,751)
Deferred rent	0	114
Operating lease liabilities	(6,188)	0
Deferred revenue	12,103	23,504
Net cash provided by operating activities	54,099	34,922
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments	32,273	31,500
Proceeds from sales of short-term investments	0	11,931
Purchase of short-term investments	(26,373)	(13,761)
Purchase of property and equipment	(5,477)	(8,539)
Receipt from escrow account	0	555
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired	0	(223,786)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	423	(202,100)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	1,105	2,678
Withholding taxes related to restricted stock net share settlement	(24,623)	(20,043)
Repayments of equipment loans and capital lease obligations	0	(12)
Contingent consideration payment	0	(555)
Net cash used in financing activities	(23,518)	(17,932)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	206	374
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	31,210	(184,736)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Beginning of period	186,152	286,660
End of period	217,362	101,924
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing information
Unpaid purchases of property and equipment and asset retirement obligations	3,338	5,432
Operating lease right-of-use assets exchanged for lease obligations	745	0
Liability awards converted to equity	12,651	8,870
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows
Cash and cash equivalents	216,586	101,411
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets	284	241
Restricted cash included in other non-current assets	492	272
End of period	$ 217,362	$ 101,924

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

1. The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company

Proofpoint, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware in June 2002 and is headquartered in California.

Proofpoint, Inc. is a leading security-as-a-service provider that enables large and mid-sized organizations worldwide to defend, protect, archive and govern their most sensitive data. The Company’s security-and compliance platform is comprised of an integrated suite of threat protection, information protection, and brand protection solutions, including email protection, advanced threat protection, email authentication, data loss prevention, SaaS application protection, response orchestration and automation, digital risk, web browser isolation, email encryption, archiving, eDiscovery, supervision, secure communication, phishing simulation and security awareness computer-based training.

Correction of Classification of Short-term and Long-term Deferred Revenue

Management has determined that in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, short-term deferred revenue was overstated by $2,446, or 0.5%, in its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. The Company has revised the December 31, 2018 consolidated balance sheet to correct the classification from short-term deferred revenue to long-term deferred revenue. The correction had no impact on the results of operations or cash flows of the Company.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 is derived from audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the periods presented. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019 or for other interim periods or for future years.

These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to those audited consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such difference may be material to the financial statements.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of the acquired enterprise over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company performs an annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of a calendar year and more frequently if an event or circumstances indicates that impairment may have occurred. For the purposes of impairment testing, the Company has determined that it has one operating segment and one reporting unit. The Company performs a two-step impairment test of goodwill whereby the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that unit, goodwill is not considered impaired and further testing is not required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Company must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then impairment loss equal to the difference is recorded. The identification and measurement of goodwill impairment involves the estimation of the fair value of the Company. The estimate of fair value of the Company, based on the best information available as of the date of the assessment, is subjective and requires judgment, including management assumptions about expected future revenue forecasts and discount rates, changes in the overall economy, trends in the stock price and other factors. No impairment indicators were identified by the Company as of March 31, 2019.

Intangible assets consist of developed technology, customer relationships, non-compete arrangements, trademarks and patents and order backlog. The values assigned to intangibles are based on estimates and judgments regarding expectations for success and life cycle of solutions and technologies acquired.

Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated lives, which approximate the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed, as follows (in years):

	Low		High
Patents		4		5
Developed technology		3		7
Customer relationships		2		8
Order backlog		1		3
Trade names and trademarks		1		5

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity that are not the result of transactions with stockholders. The Company’s comprehensive loss consists of its net loss and changes in unrealized gains (losses) from its available-for-sale investments. The Company had no material reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss into net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2019

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02” or “ASC 842”), which requires lessees to record most leases on their balance sheets but recognize the expenses in their statements of operations in a manner similar to current practice. ASU 2016-02 states that a lessee needs to recognize a lease liability for the obligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use(“ROU”) asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 in the first quarter of 2019, utilizing the modified retrospective transition approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening accumulated deficit balance as of January 1, 2019.

Refer to Note 6 “Leases” for more information regarding the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on the Company's financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. Entities can choose to adopt the ASU 2018-15 prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact ASU 2018-15 will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 removes the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. A goodwill impairment charge will be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied prospectively. The Company does not expect ASU 2017-04 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 changes the impairment model for most financial assets, and requires the use of an expected loss model in place of the currently used incurred loss method. Under this model, entities will be required to estimate the lifetime expected credit loss on such instruments and record an allowance to offset the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, resulting in a net presentation of the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements.

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Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Revenue From Contract With Customer [Abstract]

Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs

2. Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs

The core principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of services or products to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services or products. The principle is achieved through the following five-step approach:

• Identification of the contract, or contracts, with the customer - The Company considers the terms and conditions of the contract and its customary business practice in identifying its contracts under ASC 606. The Company determines it has a contract with a customer when the contract is approved, the Company can identify each party’s rights regarding the services and products to be transferred, the Company can identify the payment terms for the services and products, the Company has determined the customer has the ability and intent to pay and the contract has commercial substance. At contract inception, the Company evaluates whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract and whether the combined contract or single contract includes more than one performance obligation. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intent to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer’s historical payment experience or, in the case of a new customer, credit and financial information pertaining to the customer.

• Identification of the performance obligation in the contract - Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the services or products that will be transferred to the customer that are both i) capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the service or product either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company, and ii) distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the services or products is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised services or products, the Company applies judgment to determine whether promised services or products are capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met the promised services or products are accounted for as a combined performance obligation.

• Determination of the transaction price - The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring services and products to the customer. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. None of the Company’s contracts contain a significant financing component.

• Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract - If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price, or SSP, basis.

• Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation - The Company recognizes revenue when control of the services or products are transferred to the customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services or products. The Company records its revenue net of any value added or sales tax.

The Company generates sales directly through its sales team and, to a growing extent, through its channel partners. Sales to channel partners are made at a discount and revenues are recorded at this discounted price once all revenue recognition criteria are met. Channel partners generally receive an order from an end-customer prior to placing an order with the Company, and these partners do not carry any inventory of the Company’s products or solutions. Payment from channel partners is not contingent on the partner’s success in sales to end-customers. In the event that the Company offers rebates, joint marketing funds, or other incentive programs to a partner, recorded revenues are reduced by these amounts accordingly.

Payment terms on invoiced amounts are typically 30 to 45 days.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company derives its revenue primarily from: (1) subscription service revenue; (2) subscription software revenue, and (3) hardware and services, which include professional service and training revenue provided to customers related to their use of the platform.

The following table presents the Company’s revenue disaggregation:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Subscription service revenue	$	194,402	$	152,620
Subscription software revenue		5,182		6,167
Hardware and services		3,353		3,674
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461

Subscription service revenue

Subscription service revenue is derived from a subscription-based enterprise licensing model with contract terms typically ranging from one to three years, and consists of (1) subscription fees from the licensing of the Company’s security-as-a-service platform and it’s various components, (2) subscription fees for software with support and related future updates where the software updates are critical to the customers’ ability to derive benefit from the software due to the fast changing nature of the technology. These function together as one performance obligation, and (3) subscription fees for the right to access the Company’s customer support services for software with significant standalone functionality and support services for hardware. The hosted on-demand service arrangements do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the hosted services. Support revenue is derived from ongoing security updates, upgrades, bug fixes, and maintenance. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because the Company transfers control evenly over the contractual period. Accordingly, the fixed consideration related to subscription service revenue is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term beginning on the date access is provided, as long as other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Most of the company’s contracts are non-cancelable over the contract term. Customers typically have the right to terminate their contract for cause if the Company fails to perform in accordance with the contractual terms. Some of the Company’s customers have the option to purchase additional subscription services at a stated price. These options are evaluated on a case-by-case basis but generally do not provide a material right as they are priced at or above the Company’s SSP and, as such, would not result in a separate performance obligation.

Subscription software revenue

Subscription software revenue is primarily derived from term-based software that is deployed on the customers’ own servers and has significant standalone functionality, is recognized upon transfer of control to the customer. The control for subscription software is transferred at the later of delivery to the customer or the software license start date.

Hardware and services

Hardware revenue consists of amounts derived from the sale of the Company’s on-premise hardware appliance, which is recognized upon passage of control, which occurs upon shipment of the product. Professional services revenue consists of fees associated with consulting, implementation and training services for assisting customers in implementing and expanding the use of the Company’s services and products. These services are distinct from subscription, subscription software licenses and hardware. Professional services do not result in significant customization of the Company’s services and products. The Company recognizes revenue related to the professional services as they are performed.

Contracts with multiple performance obligations

Most of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations that are distinct and accounted for separately. The transaction price allocated to subscription services and subscription software that does not have significant standalone functionality is determined by considering factors such as historical pricing practices, and the selling price of hardware and professional services is estimated using a cost plus model. The selling price for support of a functional subscription software license is calculated as a percentage of functional subscription software license value which is derived by analyzing internal pricing practice, customer expectations, and industry practice.

Variable Consideration

Revenue from sales is recorded at the net sales price, which is the transaction price, and includes estimates of variable consideration. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price is constrained, and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved. If the Company’s services or products do not meet certain service level commitments, the Company’s customers are entitled to receive service credits representing a form of variable consideration. The Company has not historically experienced any significant incidents affecting the defined levels of reliability and performance as required by the Company’s subscription contracts. Accordingly, any estimated refunds related to these contracts in the condensed consolidated financial statements are not material during the periods presented.

Unbilled accounts receivables

Unbilled accounts receivable represents amounts for which the Company has recognized revenue, pursuant to its revenue recognition policy, for software licenses already delivered and professional services already performed, but billed in arrears and for which the Company believes it has an unconditional right to payment. The unbilled accounts receivable balance, included in accounts receivable in the condensed consolidated balance sheet, was $1,261 and $1,276 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Deferred commissions

The Company capitalizes sales commissions and associated payroll taxes paid to internal sales personnel, and referral fees paid to independent third-parties, that are incremental to the acquisition of customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred commissions on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company determines whether costs should be deferred based on its sales compensation plans, if the commissions are incremental and would not have occurred absent the customer contract. Sales commissions for renewal of a subscription contract are not considered commensurate with the commissions paid for the acquisition of the initial subscription contract given the substantive difference in commission rate between new and renewal contracts. Commissions paid upon the initial acquisition of a contract are amortized over an estimated period of benefit of five years while commissions paid related to renewal contracts are amortized over a contractual renewal period. Amortization is recognized based on the expected future revenue streams under the customer contracts. Amortization of deferred sales commissions is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company determines the period of benefit for commissions paid for the acquisition of the initial subscription contract by taking into consideration its initial estimated customer life and the technological life of the Company’s software and related significant features. The Company classifies deferred commissions as current or long-term based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize the expense. The Company periodically reviews these deferred commission costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the period of benefit of these deferred contract acquisition costs. There were no material impairment losses recorded during the periods presented.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company capitalized $12,915 and $9,214 of commission costs, respectively, and amortized $11,271 and $8,374, respectively.

Deferred product costs

Deferred product costs are the incremental costs to fulfill a contract that are directly associated with each non-cancellable customer contract and primarily consist of royalty payments made to third parties, from whom the Company has obtained licenses to integrate certain software into its products. The deferred product costs are recognized based on the contractual term, and included in cost of revenue in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company classifies deferred product costs as current or long-term based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize the expense.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company capitalized $687 and $678 of deferred product costs, respectively, and amortized $786 and $572, respectively.

Deferred revenue

The Company records deferred revenue when cash payments are received, or invoices are issued in advance of the Company’s performance, and generally recognizes revenue over the contractual term. The Company recognized $175,884 and $131,612 of revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of the respective periods.

The Company recognized $1,553 and $2,008 of revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to the performance obligations satisfied in prior periods.

Remaining performance obligations

Contracted revenue as of March 31, 2019 that has not yet been recognized (“contracted not recognized”) was $468,374, which includes deferred revenue and non-cancellable amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods and excludes contracts with an original expected length of one year or less. The Company expects 63% of contracted and not recognized revenue to be recognized over the next twelve months, 36% in years two and three, with the remaining balance recognized thereafter.

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Acquisitions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Acquisitions

3. Acquisitions

Acquisitions are accounted for under the purchase method of accounting in which the tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities of each acquired company are recorded at their respective fair values as of each acquisition date, including an amount for goodwill representing the difference between the respective acquisition consideration and fair values of identifiable net assets. The Company believes that for the acquisition below, the combined entities will achieve savings in corporate overhead costs and opportunities for growth through expanded geographic and customer segment diversity with the ability to leverage additional products and capabilities. These factors, among others, contributed to a purchase price in excess of the estimated fair value of the acquired company’s net identifiable assets acquired and, as a result, goodwill was recorded in connection with the acquisition. Goodwill related to the acquisition below is not deductible for tax purposes.

While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as part of the purchase price allocation process to value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, these estimates and assumptions are subject to refinement. When additional information becomes available, such as finalization of negotiations of working capital adjustments and tax related matters, the Company may revise its preliminary purchase price allocation. As a result, during the preliminary purchase price allocation period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Subsequent to the purchase price allocation period, adjustments to assets acquired or liabilities assumed are recognized in the operating results.

2018 Acquisition

Wombat Security Technologies, Inc.

On February 28, 2018 (the “Wombat Acquisition Date”), pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement, the Company acquired all shares of Wombat Security Technologies, Inc. (“Wombat”), a leader for phishing simulation and security awareness computer-based training. By collecting data from Wombat’s PhishAlarm solution, the Company has access to data on phishing campaigns as seen by non-Company customers, providing broader visibility and insight to the Proofpoint Nexus platform.

With this acquisition, the Company’s customers can leverage the industry’s first solution combining the Company’s advanced threat protection with Wombat’s phishing simulation and computer-based security awareness training. With the combined solutions, the Company’s customers can:

• Use real detected phishing attacks for simulations, assessing users based on the threats that are actually targeting them;

• Both investigate and take action on user-reporting phishing, leveraging orchestration and automation to find real attacks, quarantine emails in users’ inboxes, and lock user accounts to limit risk;

• Train users in the moment immediately after they click for both simulated and real phishing attacks.

The Company also expects to achieve savings in corporate overhead costs for the combined entities. These factors, among others, contributed to a purchase price in excess of the estimated fair value of acquired net identifiable assets and, as a result, goodwill was recorded in connection with the acquisition.

At the Wombat Acquisition Date, the consideration transferred was $222,215, net of cash acquired of $13,452. Of the consideration transferred, $22,500 was held in escrow to secure indemnification obligations, which has not been released as of the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Per the terms of the merger agreement, unvested in-the-money stock options held by Wombat employees were canceled and paid off using the same amount per option as for the common share less applicable exercise price for each option. The fair value of $1,580 of these unvested options was attributed to pre-combination service and included in consideration transferred. The fair value of unvested options of $1,571 was allocated to post-combination services and expensed in the three months ended March 31, 2018. Also, as part of the merger agreement, 51 shares of the Company’s common stock were deferred for certain key employees with the total fair value of $5,458 (see Note 9 “Equity Award Plans”), which was not included in the purchase price. The deferred shares are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the lapse of the restrictions, and their fair value is expensed as stock-based compensation expense over the vesting period.

The following table summarizes the fair values of tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, intangible assets and goodwill:

	Fair Value			Estimated Useful Life (in years)
Current assets	$	23,344		N/A
Fixed assets		954		N/A
Customer relationships		37,800		7
Order backlog		6,800		2
Core/developed technology		35,200		4
Trade name		2,400		4
Deferred revenue		(14,700	)	N/A
Deferred tax liability, net		(14,725	)	N/A
Other liabilities		(1,120	)	N/A
Goodwill		159,714		Indefinite
	$	235,667

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Goodwill And Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The goodwill activity and balances are presented below:

Beginning balance as of December 31, 2018	$	460,425
Acquisition during period		—
Purchase accounting adjustments		(3,151	)
Closing balance as of March 31, 2019	$	457,274

Intangible assets, excluding goodwill, consisted of the following:

	March 31, 2019							December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Developed technology	$	154,069	$	(86,287	)	$	67,782	$	154,069	$	(79,525	)	$	74,544
Customer relationships		71,400		(17,703	)		53,697		71,400		(15,166	)		56,234
Trade names and patents		3,330		(1,580	)		1,750		3,330		(1,430	)		1,900
Order backlog		6,800		(3,683	)		3,117		6,800		(2,833	)		3,967
	$	235,599	$	(109,253	)	$	126,346	$	235,599	$	(98,954	)	$	136,645

Amortization of intangible assets expense was $10,299 and $8,206 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Future estimated amortization of intangible assets expense as of March 31, 2019 are presented below:

Year ending December 31,
2019, remainder	$	29,651
2020		34,966
2021		31,098
2022		13,401
2023		7,312
Thereafter		9,918
	$	126,346

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Fair Value Measurements and Investments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements and Investments

5. Fair Value Measurements and Investments

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value has been defined to minimize the use of unobservable inputs by requiring the use of observable market data when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on active market data. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances.

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels:

• Level 1: Quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets generally consist of money market funds.

• Level 2: Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. The Company’s Level 2 assets and liabilities generally consist of corporate debt securities, commercial papers, U.S. agency and Treasury securities.

• Level 3: Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include those whose fair value measurements are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar valuation techniques, as well as significant management judgment or estimation.

The following tables summarize, for each category of assets or liabilities carried at fair value, the respective fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the classification by level of input within the fair value hierarchy:

	March 31, 2019
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	167,781	$	167,781	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		9,972		—		9,972		—
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper		32,815		—		32,815		—
Corporate debt securities		5,603		—		5,603		—
U.S. Treasury securities		1,987		—		1,987		—
Total financial assets	$	218,158	$	167,781	$	50,377	$	—

	December 31, 2018
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	133,202	$	133,202	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		12,478		—		12,478		—
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities		13,470		—		13,470		—
Commercial paper		30,838		—		30,838		—
U.S. Treasury securities		1,999		—		1,999		—
Total financial assets	$	191,987	$	133,202	$	58,785	$	—

Investments

The cost and fair value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	March 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	38,833	$	—	$	—	$	38,833
Money market funds		167,781		—		—		167,781
Commercial paper		9,972		—		—		9,972
Total	$	216,586	$	—	$	—	$	216,586
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper	$	32,815	$	—	$	—	$	32,815
Corporate debt securities		5,602		1		—		5,603
U.S. Treasury securities		1,986		1		—		1,987
Total	$	40,403	$	2	$	—	$	40,405

	December 31, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	39,712	$	—	$	—		$	39,712
Money market funds		133,202		—		—			133,202
Commercial paper		12,478		—		—			12,478
Total	$	185,392	$	—	$	—		$	185,392
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	$	13,477	$	—	$	(7	)	$	13,470
Commercial paper		30,838		—		—			30,838
U.S. Treasury securities		1,999		—		—			1,999
Total	$	46,314	$	—	$	(7	)	$	46,307

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, all investments mature in less than one year. Estimated fair values for marketable securities are based on quoted market prices for the same or similar instruments.

The Company reviews its investments on a quarterly basis to identify and evaluate investments that have an indication of possible impairment and has determined that no other-than-temporary impairments were required to be recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

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Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

6. Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments based on the lease contracts. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities were recognized at adoption date or lease commencement date, if the commencement date was after January 1, 2019, based on the present value of lease payments over the remaining lease term. The Company’s lease contracts do not provide an implicit rate, as such the Company used its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at adoption date or lease commencement date, if the commencement date was after January 1, 2019, in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made to the lessors at or before the lease commencement date, and excludes lease incentives. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, research and development facilities, sales and marketing offices, and data centers.

The Company adopted ASC 842 in the first quarter of 2019, utilizing the modified retrospective transition approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2019. The Company continues to report the comparative periods presented in the period of adoption under ASC 840.

Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company elected:

• The package of practical expedients which allows for not reassessing (1) whether existing contracts contain leases, (2) the lease classification for existing leases, and (3) whether existing initial direct costs meet the new definition.

• The practical expedient in ASC Subtopic 842-10 to not separate non-lease components from lease components for its real estate and data center leases and instead account for each separate lease component and non-lease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component.

• Not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases, which have a lease term of twelve months or less.

The following table summarizes the effects of adopting ASC 842:

	Ending Balance as of December 31, 2018			Adjustments			Opening Balance as of January 1, 2019
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	16,872		$	(81	)	$	16,791
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	—		$	59,549		$	59,549
Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	20,237		$	(216	)	$	20,021
Deferred rent	$	829		$	(829	)	$	-
Operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	24,820		$	24,820
Long-term operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	39,361		$	39,361
Long-term deferred rent	$	3,757		$	(3,757	)	$	—
Stockholders’ Equity
Accumulated deficit	$	(595,418	)	$	89		$	(595,329	)

The real estate leases have remaining lease terms for one to eight years, some of which include options to extend the lease period up to ten years. The data center leases have remaining lease terms of one year to three years, some of which have renewal periods of one year.

In October 2018, the Company entered into a 127 months lease agreement to lease approximately 242,400 square feet of corporate office space in Sunnyvale, California, which is expected to become the Company’s new corporate headquarters beginning in 2020. The property will be constructed by the landlord, with the completion date expected to occur between April and August 2020 which is when the lease is expected to commence, as such no ROU assets or related lease liabilities were recorded in the condensed financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The lease contains a rent holiday period, scheduled rent increases, lease incentives, and renewal option which allow the lease term to be extended by 5 years. Base rental payments will be approximately $161,300 over the lease term.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2019
Operating lease cost	$	6,340
Short-term lease cost		638
Variable lease cost		855
Total lease cost	$	7,833

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	6,894
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$	745
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	4  years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases		4.75	%

Maturities of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2019 were as follows:

	Operating leases
Year ending December 31,
2019	$	18,636
2020		17,548
2021		10,457
2022		7,114
2023		4,857
Thereafter		6,380
Total lease payments		64,992
Less imputed interest		(6,130	)
Total	$	58,862

Premises rent expense was $2,621 for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

As previously disclosed in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K and under ASC-840, future minimum lease payments for operating leases having initial or remaining noncancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018 would have been as follows:

	Operating leases
2019	$	25,313
2020		17,535
2021		19,155
2022		21,581
2023		19,609
Thereafter		129,154
Total minimum lease payments	$	232,347

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

7. Contingencies

Contingencies

Under the indemnification provisions of the Company’s customer agreements, the Company agrees to indemnify and defend and hold harmless its customers against, among other things, infringement of any patent, trademark or copyright under any country’s laws or the misappropriation of any trade secret arising from the customers’ legal use of the Company’s solutions. The exposure to the Company under these indemnification provisions is generally limited to the total amount paid by the customers under the applicable customer agreement. However, certain indemnification provisions potentially expose the Company to losses in excess of the aggregate amount paid to the Company by the customer under the applicable customer agreement. To date, there have been no claims against the Company or its customers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.

Legal Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may be involved in legal proceedings and subject to claims in the ordinary course of business. For lawsuits where the Company is the defendant, the Company is in the process of defending these litigation matters, and while there can be no assurances and the outcomes of these matters are currently not determinable, the Company currently believes that there are no existing claims or proceedings that are likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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Convertible Senior Notes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Senior Longterm Notes Current And Noncurrent [Abstract]

Convertible Senior Notes

8. Convertible Senior Notes

0.75% Convertible Senior Notes due June 2020

On June 17, 2015, the Company issued $200,000 principal amount of 0.75% Convertible Senior Notes (the “0.75% Notes”) due 2020 in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers (“Holders”) pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1934, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The initial Holders of the 0.75% Notes also had an option to purchase an additional $30,000 in principal amount which was exercised in full. The net proceeds after the agent’s discount and issuance costs of $6,581 from the 0.75% Notes offering were approximately $223,419. The Company used the net proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes, which included funding the Company’s operations, capital expenditures, and acquisitions of businesses, products or technologies. The 0.75% Notes bore interest at 0.75% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears every June 15 and December 15, beginning on December 15, 2015.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, $229,869 of the principal amount of the 0.75% Notes was converted into 2,928 shares of common stock, with the remaining $142 repaid in cash. The shares of common stock had a fair value of $336,994 at the time of the conversion. This transaction resulted in a $7,207 loss on extinguishment that was included in interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The loss on extinguishment was calculated as the difference between the fair value amount allocated to the liability component on the date of conversion and net carrying amount of the liability component.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company incurred the following expenses related to the convertible senior notes:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Interest expense related to contractual interest coupon	$	—	$	431
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs		—		3,053
Total	$	—	$	3,484

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Equity Award Plans

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Equity Award Plans

9. Equity Award Plans

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

On March 30, 2012, the Board of Directors and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”), which became effective in April 2012. The Company has six equity incentive plans: the Company’s 2002 stock option plan (the “2002 Plan”), the 2012 Plan and four plans assumed by the Company upon various business acquisitions. The assumed plans are the Cloudmark plan, the WebLife plan, and two FireLayers plans. Upon the Company’s initial public offering, all shares that were reserved under the 2002 Plan but not issued, and shares issued but subsequently returned to the plan through forfeitures, cancellations and repurchases became part of the 2012 Plan and no further shares will be granted pursuant to the 2002 Plan. No further shares will be granted pursuant to the assumed plans. All outstanding stock awards under the 2002 Plan, the assumed plans and 2012 Plan will continue to be governed by their existing terms. Under the 2012 Plan, the Company has the ability to issue incentive stock options (“ISOs”), nonstatutory stock options (“NSOs”), restricted stock awards, stock bonus awards, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance stock units (“PSUs”). The 2012 Plan also allows direct issuance of common stock to employees, outside directors and consultants at prices equal to the fair market value at the date of grant of options or issuance of common stock. Additionally, the 2012 Plan provides for the grant of performance cash awards to employees, directors and consultants. The Company has the right to repurchase any unvested shares (at the option exercise price) of common stock issued directly or under option exercises. The right of repurchase generally expires over the vesting period.

Stock bonus and other liability awards are accounted for as liability-classified awards, because the obligations are based predominantly on fixed monetary amounts that are generally known at the inception of the obligation, to be settled with a variable number of shares of the Company’s common stock.

Under the equity incentive plans, the term of an option grant shall not exceed ten years from the date of its grant and options generally vest over a three to four-year period, with vesting on a monthly or annual interval. Under the 2012 Plan, 11,531 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance to eligible participants as of March 31, 2019. As of March 31, 2019, 3,026 shares were available for future grant. Restricted stock awards generally vest over a four-year period.

The Company net-share settles equity awards held by employees by withholding shares upon vesting to satisfy tax withholding obligations. The shares withheld to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations are returned to the Company’s 2012 Plan and will be available for future issuance. Payments for employee’s tax obligations to the tax authorities are recognized as a reduction to additional paid-in capital and reflected as financing activities in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.

Stock Options

There were no options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company realized no income tax benefit from stock option exercises in each of the periods presented due to recurring losses and the valuation allowances for deferred tax assets.

Stock option activity under the Plan is as follows:

	Shares subject to Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance at December 31, 2018		1,255		$	28.67		4.77	$	69,224
Options exercised		(74	)		14.77
Options forfeited and expired		—			31.14
Balance at March 31, 2019		1,181		$	29.55		4.59	$	108,471

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $7,765 and $18,371 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Total cash proceeds from such option exercises were $1,105 and $2,677 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The fair value of option grants that vested was $515 and $1,115 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company had unamortized stock-based compensation expense of $2,138 related to stock options that will be recognized over the average remaining vesting term of the options of 0.95 years.

Restricted Stock and Performance Stock Units

A following table summarized the activity of RSUs and PSUs:

	RSUs and PSUs Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Granted Fair Value Per Unit
Awarded and unvested at December 31, 2018		4,568		$	89.88
Awards granted		723			119.56
Awards vested		(576	)		91.23
Awards forfeited		(142	)		92.25
Awarded and unvested at March 31, 2019		4,573		$	94.33

As of March 31, 2019, there was $322,144 of unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.61 years.

The Company granted 161 and 160 shares of PSUs in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The PSU vesting conditions were based on individual performance targets. Unamortized stock-based compensation expense was $25,760 as of March 31, 2019.

Stock Bonus and Other Liability Awards

The total accrued liability for the stock bonus and other liability awards was $3,135 and $12,741 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, 107 and 61 shares, respectively, of common stock earned under the stock bonus program were issued. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock bonus program was $3,135 and $2,856 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

In March 2015, the Company issued liability awards with a fair value of $6,885, which vested annually over a three-year period and were subject to continuous service and other conditions. The liability was settled with a variable number of shares of the Company’s common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, 20 shares were vested and issued. The Company recognized $408 of stock-based compensation expense related to these liability awards in the three months ended March 31, 2018. There were no outstanding liability awards as of December 31, 2018.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On March 30, 2012, the Board of Directors and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which became effective in April 2012. A total of 745 shares of the Company’s common stock were initially reserved for future issuance under the ESPP. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP will increase automatically on January 1 of each of the first eight years commencing with 2013 by the number of shares equal to 1% of the Company’s shares outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31, but not to exceed 1,490 shares, unless the Board of Directors, in its discretion, determines to make a smaller increase. As of March 31, 2019, there were 2,342 shares of the Company’s common stock available for future issuance under the ESPP.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company expects to recognize $975 of the total unamortized compensation cost related to employee purchases under the ESPP over a weighted average period of 0.1 years.

Restricted Stock and Deferred Shares

The Company granted 111 shares of restricted stock in 2016 to certain key employees with the total fair value of $8,669 with annual vesting term of three years. The Company recognized $712 of stock-based compensation expense in each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. As of March 31, 2019, there was $1,637 of unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested shares of restricted stock. The shares of restricted stock are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the lapse of the restrictions, and are expensed over the vesting period. They are considered issued and outstanding shares of the Company at the grant date and have the same rights as other shares of common stock.

As part of the WebLife acquisition in 2017, 107 shares were deferred for certain key employees with the total fair value of $9,652, and a vesting period between three and four years. The Company recognized $595 of stock-based compensation in each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, there was $6,437 of unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested deferred shares. The deferred shares are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the lapse of the deferral date, and are expensed over the vesting period.

As part of the Wombat acquisition in 2018, 51 shares were deferred for certain key employees with the total fair value of $5,458, and a vesting period of two years. The Company recognized $1,009 and $232 of stock-based compensation in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. As of March 31, 2019, there was $2,161 of unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested deferred shares. The deferred shares are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the lapse of the deferral date, and are expensed over the vesting period.

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Net Loss per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss per Share

10. Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share of common stock is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted‑average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The weighted‑average number of shares of common stock used to calculate basic net loss per share of common stock excludes those shares subject to repurchase related to stock options or restricted stock that were exercised or issued prior to vesting as these shares are not deemed to be issued for accounting purposes until they vest. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing the net loss using the weighted‑average number of shares of common stock, excluding common stock subject to repurchase, and, if dilutive, potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Basic and diluted net loss per common share was the same for all periods presented as the impact of all potentially dilutive securities outstanding was anti-dilutive.

The following table presents the potentially dilutive common shares outstanding that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31, 2019		March 31, 2018
Stock options to purchase common stock		1,181		1,836
Restricted stock units		4,573		3,631
Employee stock purchase plan		163		118
Common stock subject to repurchase		172		74
Bonus and other liability awards		26		26
0.75% Convertible senior notes		—		2,831
Total		6,115		8,516

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Segment Reporting

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting

11. Segment Reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting supported and defined by the components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available, provided and is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis. The Company has one business activity, and there are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, the Company determined that it has one operating and reportable segment.

The following sets forth total revenue by solutions offered by the Company and by geographic area. Revenue by geographic area is based upon the billing address of the customer:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Total revenue by solution:
Advanced Threat	$	151,325	$	123,613
Compliance		51,612		38,848
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Total revenue:
United States	$	163,419	$	133,656
Rest of world		39,518		28,805
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461

Long-lived assets by geographic area are presented below:

	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Long-lived assets:
United States	$	55,709	$	57,682
Rest of world		12,652		12,945
Total long-lived assets	$	68,361	$	70,627

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

12. Income Taxes

The Company’s quarterly provision for income taxes is based on an estimated effective annual income tax rate. The Company’s quarterly provision for income taxes also includes the tax impact of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, if any, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, in the interim period in which they occur.

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $620 on pre-tax losses of $27,658. The Company recognized income tax benefit of $14,072 on pre-tax losses of $26,228 for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 varied from the United States statutory income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States whereby pre-tax losses and income do not result in the recognition of corresponding income tax benefits and expenses. The income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 varied from the United States statutory income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States whereby pre-tax losses and income do not result in the recognition of corresponding income tax benefits and expenses and also the recognition of a $14,725 deferred tax benefit in the U.S. related to changes in the Company’s valuation allowance resulting from the Wombat business acquisition.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was negative 2% and 54%, respectively.

The Company reviews the likelihood that it will realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets and, therefore, the need for valuation allowances, on a quarterly basis. There is no corresponding income tax benefit recognized with respect to losses incurred and no corresponding income tax expense recognized with respect to earnings generated in jurisdictions with a valuation allowance. This causes variability in the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company intends to maintain the valuation allowances until it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company transferred certain intellectual property rights from its wholly owned subsidiary in Israel to the United States. Although the transfer of intellectual property rights between consolidated entities did not result in any gain in the consolidated statements of operations, the transfer did result in a taxable gain in Israel. In the Company’s financial statements ending before January 1, 2018, taxes incurred related to the intercompany transaction have been treated as a prepaid tax asset in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and were being amortized to income tax expense over the life of the intellectual property. Effective January 1, 2018, pursuant to the Company’s modified retrospective adoption of ASU 2016-16, the Company’s remaining prepaid tax asset of $3,216 was recorded as an increase to accumulated deficit.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s gross uncertain tax benefits totaled $17,324, excluding related accrued interest and penalties of $358. As of March 31, 2019, $4,794 of the Company’s uncertain tax benefits, including related accrued interest and penalties, would impact the effective tax rate if recognized. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company’s gross uncertain tax benefits increased $870. The increase is comprised of a $740 increase for tax positions taken in the current period, a $135 increase for tax positions taken in prior periods, offset by a $5 decrease related to statute of limitation expirations.

The Company is currently under audit by the Israel Tax Authority for tax years 2013 through 2017. Related to the audit by the Israel Tax Authority it is reasonably possible that the Company’s uncertain tax positions could change within the next 12 months. An estimate of the range of any change cannot be made. The Company believes it has recorded all appropriate provisions for all jurisdictions and open years. However, the Company can give no assurance that taxing authorities will not propose adjustments that would increase its tax liabilities. The Company is not currently under audit by the IRS or any similar taxing authority in any other material jurisdiction.

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Defined Contribution Plan

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Defined Contribution Pension And Other Postretirement Plans Disclosure [Abstract]

Defined Contribution Plan

13. Defined Contribution Plan

The Company’s tax-deferred savings plan is qualified under Section 401(k) of the United States Internal Revenue Code. Employees may make voluntary, tax-deferred contributions to the 401(k) Plan up to the statutorily prescribed annual limit. The Company makes discretionary matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan on behalf of employees up to the limit determined by the Board of Directors. The Company contributed $831 to the 401(k) Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2019. There were no contributions made by the Company in the three months ended March 31, 2018.

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 is derived from audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the periods presented. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019 or for other interim periods or for future years.

These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to those audited consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such difference may be material to the financial statements.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of the acquired enterprise over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company performs an annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of a calendar year and more frequently if an event or circumstances indicates that impairment may have occurred. For the purposes of impairment testing, the Company has determined that it has one operating segment and one reporting unit. The Company performs a two-step impairment test of goodwill whereby the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that unit, goodwill is not considered impaired and further testing is not required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Company must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then impairment loss equal to the difference is recorded. The identification and measurement of goodwill impairment involves the estimation of the fair value of the Company. The estimate of fair value of the Company, based on the best information available as of the date of the assessment, is subjective and requires judgment, including management assumptions about expected future revenue forecasts and discount rates, changes in the overall economy, trends in the stock price and other factors. No impairment indicators were identified by the Company as of March 31, 2019.

Intangible assets consist of developed technology, customer relationships, non-compete arrangements, trademarks and patents and order backlog. The values assigned to intangibles are based on estimates and judgments regarding expectations for success and life cycle of solutions and technologies acquired.

Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated lives, which approximate the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed, as follows (in years):

	Low		High
Patents		4		5
Developed technology		3		7
Customer relationships		2		8
Order backlog		1		3
Trade names and trademarks		1		5

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity that are not the result of transactions with stockholders. The Company’s comprehensive loss consists of its net loss and changes in unrealized gains (losses) from its available-for-sale investments. The Company had no material reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss into net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2019

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02” or “ASC 842”), which requires lessees to record most leases on their balance sheets but recognize the expenses in their statements of operations in a manner similar to current practice. ASU 2016-02 states that a lessee needs to recognize a lease liability for the obligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use(“ROU”) asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 in the first quarter of 2019, utilizing the modified retrospective transition approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening accumulated deficit balance as of January 1, 2019.

Refer to Note 6 “Leases” for more information regarding the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on the Company's financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. Entities can choose to adopt the ASU 2018-15 prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact ASU 2018-15 will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 removes the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. A goodwill impairment charge will be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied prospectively. The Company does not expect ASU 2017-04 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 changes the impairment model for most financial assets, and requires the use of an expected loss model in place of the currently used incurred loss method. Under this model, entities will be required to estimate the lifetime expected credit loss on such instruments and record an allowance to offset the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, resulting in a net presentation of the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements.

Leases

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments based on the lease contracts. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities were recognized at adoption date or lease commencement date, if the commencement date was after January 1, 2019, based on the present value of lease payments over the remaining lease term. The Company’s lease contracts do not provide an implicit rate, as such the Company used its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at adoption date or lease commencement date, if the commencement date was after January 1, 2019, in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made to the lessors at or before the lease commencement date, and excludes lease incentives. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, research and development facilities, sales and marketing offices, and data centers.

The Company adopted ASC 842 in the first quarter of 2019, utilizing the modified retrospective transition approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2019. The Company continues to report the comparative periods presented in the period of adoption under ASC 840.

Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company elected:

• The package of practical expedients which allows for not reassessing (1) whether existing contracts contain leases, (2) the lease classification for existing leases, and (3) whether existing initial direct costs meet the new definition.

• The practical expedient in ASC Subtopic 842-10 to not separate non-lease components from lease components for its real estate and data center leases and instead account for each separate lease component and non-lease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component.

• Not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases, which have a lease term of twelve months or less.

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Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Revenue From Contract With Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

Subscription service revenue

Subscription service revenue is derived from a subscription-based enterprise licensing model with contract terms typically ranging from one to three years, and consists of (1) subscription fees from the licensing of the Company’s security-as-a-service platform and it’s various components, (2) subscription fees for software with support and related future updates where the software updates are critical to the customers’ ability to derive benefit from the software due to the fast changing nature of the technology. These function together as one performance obligation, and (3) subscription fees for the right to access the Company’s customer support services for software with significant standalone functionality and support services for hardware. The hosted on-demand service arrangements do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the hosted services. Support revenue is derived from ongoing security updates, upgrades, bug fixes, and maintenance. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because the Company transfers control evenly over the contractual period. Accordingly, the fixed consideration related to subscription service revenue is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term beginning on the date access is provided, as long as other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Most of the company’s contracts are non-cancelable over the contract term. Customers typically have the right to terminate their contract for cause if the Company fails to perform in accordance with the contractual terms. Some of the Company’s customers have the option to purchase additional subscription services at a stated price. These options are evaluated on a case-by-case basis but generally do not provide a material right as they are priced at or above the Company’s SSP and, as such, would not result in a separate performance obligation.

Subscription software revenue

Subscription software revenue is primarily derived from term-based software that is deployed on the customers’ own servers and has significant standalone functionality, is recognized upon transfer of control to the customer. The control for subscription software is transferred at the later of delivery to the customer or the software license start date.

Hardware and services

Hardware revenue consists of amounts derived from the sale of the Company’s on-premise hardware appliance, which is recognized upon passage of control, which occurs upon shipment of the product. Professional services revenue consists of fees associated with consulting, implementation and training services for assisting customers in implementing and expanding the use of the Company’s services and products. These services are distinct from subscription, subscription software licenses and hardware. Professional services do not result in significant customization of the Company’s services and products. The Company recognizes revenue related to the professional services as they are performed.

Contracts With Multiple Performance Obligations

Contracts with multiple performance obligations

Most of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations that are distinct and accounted for separately. The transaction price allocated to subscription services and subscription software that does not have significant standalone functionality is determined by considering factors such as historical pricing practices, and the selling price of hardware and professional services is estimated using a cost plus model. The selling price for support of a functional subscription software license is calculated as a percentage of functional subscription software license value which is derived by analyzing internal pricing practice, customer expectations, and industry practice.

Variable Consideration

Variable Consideration

Revenue from sales is recorded at the net sales price, which is the transaction price, and includes estimates of variable consideration. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price is constrained, and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved. If the Company’s services or products do not meet certain service level commitments, the Company’s customers are entitled to receive service credits representing a form of variable consideration. The Company has not historically experienced any significant incidents affecting the defined levels of reliability and performance as required by the Company’s subscription contracts. Accordingly, any estimated refunds related to these contracts in the condensed consolidated financial statements are not material during the periods presented.

Unbilled Accounts Receivables

Unbilled accounts receivables

Unbilled accounts receivable represents amounts for which the Company has recognized revenue, pursuant to its revenue recognition policy, for software licenses already delivered and professional services already performed, but billed in arrears and for which the Company believes it has an unconditional right to payment. The unbilled accounts receivable balance, included in accounts receivable in the condensed consolidated balance sheet, was $1,261 and $1,276 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Deferred Commissions

Deferred commissions

The Company capitalizes sales commissions and associated payroll taxes paid to internal sales personnel, and referral fees paid to independent third-parties, that are incremental to the acquisition of customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred commissions on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company determines whether costs should be deferred based on its sales compensation plans, if the commissions are incremental and would not have occurred absent the customer contract. Sales commissions for renewal of a subscription contract are not considered commensurate with the commissions paid for the acquisition of the initial subscription contract given the substantive difference in commission rate between new and renewal contracts. Commissions paid upon the initial acquisition of a contract are amortized over an estimated period of benefit of five years while commissions paid related to renewal contracts are amortized over a contractual renewal period. Amortization is recognized based on the expected future revenue streams under the customer contracts. Amortization of deferred sales commissions is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company determines the period of benefit for commissions paid for the acquisition of the initial subscription contract by taking into consideration its initial estimated customer life and the technological life of the Company’s software and related significant features. The Company classifies deferred commissions as current or long-term based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize the expense. The Company periodically reviews these deferred commission costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the period of benefit of these deferred contract acquisition costs. There were no material impairment losses recorded during the periods presented.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company capitalized $12,915 and $9,214 of commission costs, respectively, and amortized $11,271 and $8,374, respectively.

Deferred Product Costs

Deferred product costs

Deferred product costs are the incremental costs to fulfill a contract that are directly associated with each non-cancellable customer contract and primarily consist of royalty payments made to third parties, from whom the Company has obtained licenses to integrate certain software into its products. The deferred product costs are recognized based on the contractual term, and included in cost of revenue in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company classifies deferred product costs as current or long-term based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize the expense.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company capitalized $687 and $678 of deferred product costs, respectively, and amortized $786 and $572, respectively.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue

The Company records deferred revenue when cash payments are received, or invoices are issued in advance of the Company’s performance, and generally recognizes revenue over the contractual term. The Company recognized $175,884 and $131,612 of revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of the respective periods.

The Company recognized $1,553 and $2,008 of revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to the performance obligations satisfied in prior periods.

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Estimated Useful Life of Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated lives, which approximate the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed, as follows (in years):

	Low		High
Patents		4		5
Developed technology		3		7
Customer relationships		2		8
Order backlog		1		3
Trade names and trademarks		1		5

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Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Revenue From Contract With Customer [Abstract]

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents the Company’s revenue disaggregation:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Subscription service revenue	$	194,402	$	152,620
Subscription software revenue		5,182		6,167
Hardware and services		3,353		3,674
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461

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Acquisitions (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Wombat

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Summary of the Fair Values of Tangible Assets Acquired, Liabilities Assumed, Intangible Assets and Goodwill

The following table summarizes the fair values of tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, intangible assets and goodwill:

	Fair Value			Estimated Useful Life (in years)
Current assets	$	23,344		N/A
Fixed assets		954		N/A
Customer relationships		37,800		7
Order backlog		6,800		2
Core/developed technology		35,200		4
Trade name		2,400		4
Deferred revenue		(14,700	)	N/A
Deferred tax liability, net		(14,725	)	N/A
Other liabilities		(1,120	)	N/A
Goodwill		159,714		Indefinite
	$	235,667

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Goodwill And Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill Activity and Balances

The goodwill activity and balances are presented below:

Beginning balance as of December 31, 2018	$	460,425
Acquisition during period		—
Purchase accounting adjustments		(3,151	)
Closing balance as of March 31, 2019	$	457,274

Components of Intangible Assets, Excluding Goodwill

Intangible assets, excluding goodwill, consisted of the following:

	March 31, 2019							December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Developed technology	$	154,069	$	(86,287	)	$	67,782	$	154,069	$	(79,525	)	$	74,544
Customer relationships		71,400		(17,703	)		53,697		71,400		(15,166	)		56,234
Trade names and patents		3,330		(1,580	)		1,750		3,330		(1,430	)		1,900
Order backlog		6,800		(3,683	)		3,117		6,800		(2,833	)		3,967
	$	235,599	$	(109,253	)	$	126,346	$	235,599	$	(98,954	)	$	136,645

Future Estimated Amortization Cost of Intangible Assets

Future estimated amortization of intangible assets expense as of March 31, 2019 are presented below:

Year ending December 31,
2019, remainder	$	29,651
2020		34,966
2021		31,098
2022		13,401
2023		7,312
Thereafter		9,918
	$	126,346

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Fair Value Measurements and Investments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of Assets or Liabilities Carried at Fair Value

The following tables summarize, for each category of assets or liabilities carried at fair value, the respective fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the classification by level of input within the fair value hierarchy:

	March 31, 2019
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	167,781	$	167,781	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		9,972		—		9,972		—
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper		32,815		—		32,815		—
Corporate debt securities		5,603		—		5,603		—
U.S. Treasury securities		1,987		—		1,987		—
Total financial assets	$	218,158	$	167,781	$	50,377	$	—

	December 31, 2018
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	133,202	$	133,202	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		12,478		—		12,478		—
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities		13,470		—		13,470		—
Commercial paper		30,838		—		30,838		—
U.S. Treasury securities		1,999		—		1,999		—
Total financial assets	$	191,987	$	133,202	$	58,785	$	—

Summary of Cost and Fair Value of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Available-for-Sale Investments

The cost and fair value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	March 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	38,833	$	—	$	—	$	38,833
Money market funds		167,781		—		—		167,781
Commercial paper		9,972		—		—		9,972
Total	$	216,586	$	—	$	—	$	216,586
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper	$	32,815	$	—	$	—	$	32,815
Corporate debt securities		5,602		1		—		5,603
U.S. Treasury securities		1,986		1		—		1,987
Total	$	40,403	$	2	$	—	$	40,405

	December 31, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	39,712	$	—	$	—		$	39,712
Money market funds		133,202		—		—			133,202
Commercial paper		12,478		—		—			12,478
Total	$	185,392	$	—	$	—		$	185,392
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	$	13,477	$	—	$	(7	)	$	13,470
Commercial paper		30,838		—		—			30,838
U.S. Treasury securities		1,999		—		—			1,999
Total	$	46,314	$	—	$	(7	)	$	46,307

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Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Schedule of Component of Lease Expense and Supplemental Information Related to Leases

The components of lease expense were as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2019
Operating lease cost	$	6,340
Short-term lease cost		638
Variable lease cost		855
Total lease cost	$	7,833

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	6,894
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$	745
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	4  years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases		4.75	%

Schedule of Maturities of Lease Liabilities

Maturities of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2019 were as follows:

	Operating leases
Year ending December 31,
2019	$	18,636
2020		17,548
2021		10,457
2022		7,114
2023		4,857
Thereafter		6,380
Total lease payments		64,992
Less imputed interest		(6,130	)
Total	$	58,862

Schedule of Future Annual Minimum Lease Payments under Non-cancellable Lease

As previously disclosed in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K and under ASC-840, future minimum lease payments for operating leases having initial or remaining noncancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018 would have been as follows:

	Operating leases
2019	$	25,313
2020		17,535
2021		19,155
2022		21,581
2023		19,609
Thereafter		129,154
Total minimum lease payments	$	232,347

ASC 842

Summary of Effects of Adopting ASC 842

The following table summarizes the effects of adopting ASC 842:

	Ending Balance as of December 31, 2018			Adjustments			Opening Balance as of January 1, 2019
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	16,872		$	(81	)	$	16,791
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	—		$	59,549		$	59,549
Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	20,237		$	(216	)	$	20,021
Deferred rent	$	829		$	(829	)	$	-
Operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	24,820		$	24,820
Long-term operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	39,361		$	39,361
Long-term deferred rent	$	3,757		$	(3,757	)	$	—
Stockholders’ Equity
Accumulated deficit	$	(595,418	)	$	89		$	(595,329	)

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Convertible Senior Notes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Senior Longterm Notes Current And Noncurrent [Abstract]

Summary of Expenses Related to Convertible Senior Notes

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company incurred the following expenses related to the convertible senior notes:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Interest expense related to contractual interest coupon	$	—	$	431
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs		—		3,053
Total	$	—	$	3,484

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Equity Award Plans (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Stock Option Activity under Stock Incentive Plan

Stock option activity under the Plan is as follows:

	Shares subject to Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance at December 31, 2018		1,255		$	28.67		4.77	$	69,224
Options exercised		(74	)		14.77
Options forfeited and expired		—			31.14
Balance at March 31, 2019		1,181		$	29.55		4.59	$	108,471

Summary of RSUs and PSUs under Stock Incentive Plan

A following table summarized the activity of RSUs and PSUs:

	RSUs and PSUs Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Granted Fair Value Per Unit
Awarded and unvested at December 31, 2018		4,568		$	89.88
Awards granted		723			119.56
Awards vested		(576	)		91.23
Awards forfeited		(142	)		92.25
Awarded and unvested at March 31, 2019		4,573		$	94.33

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Net Loss per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Potentially Dilutive Common Shares Outstanding that were Excluded from the Computation of Diluted Net Loss per Share

The following table presents the potentially dilutive common shares outstanding that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31, 2019		March 31, 2018
Stock options to purchase common stock		1,181		1,836
Restricted stock units		4,573		3,631
Employee stock purchase plan		163		118
Common stock subject to repurchase		172		74
Bonus and other liability awards		26		26
0.75% Convertible senior notes		—		2,831
Total		6,115		8,516

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Segment Reporting (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Summary of Total Revenue by Solutions Offered by the Company

The following sets forth total revenue by solutions offered by the Company and by geographic area. Revenue by geographic area is based upon the billing address of the customer:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Total revenue by solution:
Advanced Threat	$	151,325	$	123,613
Compliance		51,612		38,848
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461

Summary of Total Revenue and Long-lived Assets by Geographic Area

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Total revenue:
United States	$	163,419	$	133,656
Rest of world		39,518		28,805
Total revenue	$	202,937	$	162,461

Long-lived assets by geographic area are presented below:

	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Long-lived assets:
United States	$	55,709	$	57,682
Rest of world		12,652		12,945
Total long-lived assets	$	68,361	$	70,627

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($) segment reporting_unit	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Overstatement in Deferred revenue		$ 2,446,000
Overstatement in deferred revenue, percentage		0.50%
Number of operating and reportable segments | segment	1
Number of reporting units | reporting_unit	1
Goodwill, impairment loss	$ 0

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The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Estimated Lives of Intangible Assets (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019
Minimum | Patents
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	4 years
Minimum | Developed Technology
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	3 years
Minimum | Customer Relationships
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	2 years
Minimum | Order Backlog
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	1 year
Minimum | Trade Names and Trademarks
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	1 year
Maximum | Patents
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	5 years
Maximum | Developed Technology
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	7 years
Maximum | Customer Relationships
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	8 years
Maximum | Order Backlog
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	3 years
Maximum | Trade Names and Trademarks
Intangible assets:
Estimated life of intangible assets	5 years

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Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs[Line Items]
Unbilled receivable	$ 1,261		$ 1,276
Deferred revenue, revenue recognized	175,884	$ 131,612
Revenue recognized related to the performance obligations satisfied in prior periods	1,553	2,008
Long-term Contract with Customer
Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs[Line Items]
Contracted revenue not yet recognized	468,374
Sales Commission
Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs[Line Items]
Contract cost capitalized	12,915	9,214
Contract cost amortized	11,271	8,374
Product Cost
Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs[Line Items]
Contract cost capitalized	687	678
Contract cost amortized	$ 786	$ 572
Minimum
Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs[Line Items]
Period terms for payment	30 days
Maximum
Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs[Line Items]
Period terms for payment	45 days

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Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 202,937	$ 162,461
Subscription
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	194,402	152,620
Software License
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	5,182	6,167
Hardware and Service
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 3,353	$ 3,674

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Revenue, Deferred Revenue and Deferred Contract Costs - Additional Information (Details 1) - Long-term Contract with Customer	Mar. 31, 2019
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date: 2019-04-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Percentage of contracted and not recognized revenue to be recognized	63.00%
Revenue to be recognized period	12 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date: 2020-04-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Percentage of contracted and not recognized revenue to be recognized	36.00%
Revenue to be recognized period	2 years

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Acquisitions - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2018	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Preliminary purchase price allocation estimated period from the acquisition date	1 year
Payments to acquire businesses, net of cash acquired		$ 0	$ 223,786
Wombat
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Payments to acquire businesses, net of cash acquired	$ 222,215
Cash acquired from acquisitions	13,452
Escrow	22,500
Fair value of unvested awards attributed to pre-acquisition service	1,580
Fair value of unvested awards attributed to post-acquisition service	$ 1,571
Wombat | Restricted Stock
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of shares deferred	51
Fair value of share-based deferred compensation issued	$ 5,458

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Acquisitions - Summary of the Fair Values of Tangible Assets Acquired, Liabilities Assumed, Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Feb. 28, 2018	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Goodwill		$ 457,274	$ 460,425
Wombat
Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Current assets	$ 23,344
Fixed assets	954
Other liabilities	(1,120)
Deferred revenue	(14,700)
Deferred tax liability, net	(14,725)
Goodwill	159,714
Recognized identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, net	235,667
Wombat | Customer Relationships
Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Finite lived intangible assets	$ 37,800
Acquired finite-lived intangible assets, weighted average useful life (in years)	7 years
Wombat | Order Backlog
Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Finite lived intangible assets	$ 6,800
Acquired finite-lived intangible assets, weighted average useful life (in years)	2 years
Wombat | Developed Technology
Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Finite lived intangible assets	$ 35,200
Acquired finite-lived intangible assets, weighted average useful life (in years)	4 years
Wombat | Trade Names
Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Finite lived intangible assets	$ 2,400
Acquired finite-lived intangible assets, weighted average useful life (in years)	4 years

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Schedule of Goodwill Activity and Balances (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Goodwill activity and balances
Beginning balance as of December 31, 2018	$ 460,425
Purchase accounting adjustments	(3,151)
Closing balance as of March 31, 2019	$ 457,274

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Components of Intangible Assets, Excluding Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Intangible assets excluding goodwill:
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 235,599	$ 235,599
Accumulated Amortization	(109,253)	(98,954)
Net Carrying Amount	126,346	136,645
Developed Technology
Intangible assets excluding goodwill:
Gross Carrying Amount	154,069	154,069
Accumulated Amortization	(86,287)	(79,525)
Net Carrying Amount	67,782	74,544
Customer Relationships
Intangible assets excluding goodwill:
Gross Carrying Amount	71,400	71,400
Accumulated Amortization	(17,703)	(15,166)
Net Carrying Amount	53,697	56,234
Trade Names and Patents
Intangible assets excluding goodwill:
Gross Carrying Amount	3,330	3,330
Accumulated Amortization	(1,580)	(1,430)
Net Carrying Amount	1,750	1,900
Order Backlog
Intangible assets excluding goodwill:
Gross Carrying Amount	6,800	6,800
Accumulated Amortization	(3,683)	(2,833)
Net Carrying Amount	$ 3,117	$ 3,967

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Intangible assets excluding goodwill:
Intangible amortization expense	$ 10,299	$ 8,206

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Future Estimated Amortization of Intangible Assets Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Future estimated amortization costs of intangible assets:
2019, remainder	$ 29,651
2020	34,966
2021	31,098
2022	13,401
2023	7,312
Thereafter	9,918
Net Carrying Amount	$ 126,346	$ 136,645

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Fair Value Measurements and Investments - Summary of Assets or Liabilities Carried at Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Assets
Cash equivalents	$ 216,586	$ 185,392
Short-term investments	40,405	46,307
Total financial assets	218,158	191,987
Level 1
Assets
Total financial assets	167,781	133,202
Level 2
Assets
Total financial assets	50,377	58,785
Money market funds
Assets
Cash equivalents	167,781	133,202
Money market funds | Level 1
Assets
Cash equivalents	167,781	133,202
Commercial paper
Assets
Cash equivalents	9,972	12,478
Short-term investments	32,815	30,838
Commercial paper | Level 2
Assets
Cash equivalents	9,972	12,478
Short-term investments	32,815	30,838
Corporate debt securities
Assets
Short-term investments	5,603	13,470
Corporate debt securities | Level 2
Assets
Short-term investments	5,603	13,470
U.S. Treasury securities
Assets
Short-term investments	1,987	1,999
U.S. Treasury securities | Level 2
Assets
Short-term investments	$ 1,987	$ 1,999

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Fair Value Measurements and Investments - Summary of Cost and Fair Value of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Available-for-Sale Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Schedule Of Cash And Cash Equivalents And Investments [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents, amortized cost	$ 216,586	$ 185,392
Cash and cash equivalents, unrealized gains	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents, unrealized losses	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value	216,586	185,392
Short-term investments, amortized cost	40,403	46,314
Short-term investments, unrealized gains	2	0
Short-term investments, unrealized losses	0	(7)
Short-term investments, fair value	40,405	46,307
Cash
Schedule Of Cash And Cash Equivalents And Investments [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents, amortized cost	38,833	39,712
Cash and cash equivalents, unrealized gains	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents, unrealized losses	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value	38,833	39,712
Money market funds
Schedule Of Cash And Cash Equivalents And Investments [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents, amortized cost	167,781	133,202
Cash and cash equivalents, unrealized gains	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents, unrealized losses	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value	167,781	133,202
Commercial paper
Schedule Of Cash And Cash Equivalents And Investments [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents, amortized cost	9,972	12,478
Cash and cash equivalents, unrealized gains	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents, unrealized losses	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value	9,972	12,478
Short-term investments, amortized cost	32,815	30,838
Short-term investments, unrealized gains	0	0
Short-term investments, unrealized losses	0	0
Short-term investments, fair value	32,815	30,838
Corporate debt securities
Schedule Of Cash And Cash Equivalents And Investments [Line Items]
Short-term investments, amortized cost	5,602	13,477
Short-term investments, unrealized gains	1	0
Short-term investments, unrealized losses	0	(7)
Short-term investments, fair value	5,603	13,470
U.S. Treasury securities
Schedule Of Cash And Cash Equivalents And Investments [Line Items]
Short-term investments, amortized cost	1,986	1,999
Short-term investments, unrealized gains	1	0
Short-term investments, unrealized losses	0	0
Short-term investments, fair value	$ 1,987	$ 1,999

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Fair Value Measurements and Investments - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Maximum investment maturity term	1 year		1 year
Other-than-temporary impairments	$ 0	$ 0

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Leases - Summary of Effects of Adopting ASC 842 (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 21,824		$ 16,872
Operating lease right-of-use assets	54,635
Liabilities
Accounts payable	14,735		20,237
Deferred rent			829
Operating lease liabilities	23,851
Long-term operating lease liabilities	35,011
Long-term deferred rent			3,757
Stockholders’ equity:
Accumulated deficit	$ (623,607)		(595,418)
ASC 842
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		$ 16,791	16,872
Operating lease right-of-use assets		59,549
Liabilities
Accounts payable		20,021	20,237
Deferred rent			829
Operating lease liabilities		24,820
Long-term operating lease liabilities		39,361
Long-term deferred rent			3,757
Stockholders’ equity:
Accumulated deficit		(595,329)	$ (595,418)
ASC 842 | Adjustments
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(81)
Operating lease right-of-use assets		59,549
Liabilities
Accounts payable		(216)
Deferred rent		(829)
Operating lease liabilities		24,820
Long-term operating lease liabilities		39,361
Long-term deferred rent		(3,757)
Stockholders’ equity:
Accumulated deficit		$ 89

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Leases - Additional Information (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Oct. 31, 2018 USD ($) ft²
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 54,635,000
Lease liabilities	$ 58,862,000
Operating lease rental payments over the lease term			$ 232,347,000
Operating lease rent expense		$ 2,621,000
California
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease agreement term				127 months
Operating lease agreement renewal term extended				5 years
Lease agreement corporate office space | ft²				242,400
Lease agreement description	beginning in 2020. The property will be constructed by the landlord, with the completion date expected to occur between April and August 2020 which is when the lease is expected to commence, as such no ROU assets or related lease liabilities were recorded in the condensed financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 0
Lease liabilities	$ 0
California | Over Lease Term
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease rental payments over the lease term				$ 161,300,000
Real Estate Leases
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease existence of option to extend	true
Operating lease option to extend, description	The real estate leases have remaining lease terms for one to eight years, some of which include options to extend the lease period up to ten years.
Real Estate Leases | Minimum
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease agreement term	1 year
Real Estate Leases | Maximum
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease agreement term	8 years
Operating lease agreement renewal term extended	10 years
Datacenter Leases
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease agreement renewal term extended	1 year
Datacenter Leases | Minimum
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease agreement term	1 year
Datacenter Leases | Maximum
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease agreement term	3 years

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Leases - Schedule of Component of Lease Expense and Supplemental Information Related to Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 6,340
Short-term lease cost	638
Variable lease cost	855
Total lease cost	7,833
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	6,894
Operating lease right-of-use assets exchanged for lease obligations	$ 745	$ 0
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	4 years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	4.75%

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Leases - Schedule of Maturities of Lease Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Leases [Abstract]
2019	$ 18,636
2020	17,548
2021	10,457
2022	7,114
2023	4,857
Thereafter	6,380
Total lease payments	64,992
Less imputed interest	(6,130)
Total	$ 58,862

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Leases - Schedule of Future Annual Minimum Lease Payments under Non-cancellable Lease (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Leases [Abstract]
2019	$ 25,313
2020	17,535
2021	19,155
2022	21,581
2023	19,609
Thereafter	129,154
Total minimum lease payments	$ 232,347

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Convertible Senior Notes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) shares in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Jun. 17, 2015	Mar. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of common stock shares converted		$ 12,651,000		$ 8,870,000
Senior Notes | 0.75% Convertible senior notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face amount	$ 200,000,000
Debt interest rate	0.75%
Option to purchase additional principal amount	$ 30,000,000
Agent's discount and issuance costs	6,581,000
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of discount	$ 223,419,000
Convertible senior notes converted to equity			$ 229,869,000
Shares of commons stock issued for conversion of convertible notes			2,928
Repayment of convertible notes			$ 142,000
Fair value of common stock shares converted			336,994,000
Loss on conversion of convertible notes			$ 7,207,000

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Convertible Senior Notes - Summary of Expenses Related to Convertible Senior Notes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Interest Expense, Debt
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	$ 0	$ 3,053
Senior Notes
Interest Expense, Debt
Interest expense related to contractual interest coupon		431
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs		3,053
Total		$ 3,484

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Equity Award Plans - Stock-Based Compensation Plans - Additional Information (Details) shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 plan shares	Dec. 31, 2016
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Equity incentive plans held by the company (number of plans)	6
2012 Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares authorized for issuance (in shares) | shares	11,531
Shares available for future grant under the stock plans (in shares) | shares	3,026
Stock options to purchase common stock | Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Term until award expiration	10 years
Award vesting period	4 years
Stock options to purchase common stock | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	3 years
Restricted Stock | 2012 Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	4 years
Various Acquisitions
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Equity incentive plans held by the company (number of plans)	4
FireLayers
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Equity incentive plans held by the company (number of plans)	2
FireLayers | Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period		3 years

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Equity Award Plans - Stock Options - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options granted	0	0
Stock options to purchase common stock
Stock option activity under the Plan, in weighted average exercise price:
Aggregate intrinsic value, exercised	$ 7,765	$ 18,371
Proceeds from stock options exercised	1,105	2,677
Fair value of options, vested in period	515	$ 1,115
Unrecognized stock options compensation expense	$ 2,138
Average remaining vesting term	11 months 12 days

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Equity Award Plans - Stock Option Activity under Stock Incentive Plan (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Stock option activity under the Plan
Outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)	1,255
Options exercised (in shares)	(74)
Outstanding, ending of period (in shares)	1,181	1,255
Stock option activity under the Plan, in weighted average exercise price:
Balance at beginning of period (USD per share)	$ 28.67
Options exercised (USD per share)	14.77
Options forfeited and expired (USD per share)	31.14
Balance at ending of period (USD per share)	$ 29.55	$ 28.67
Weighted average remaining contractual term	4 years 7 months 2 days	4 years 9 months 7 days
Aggregate intrinsic value, outstanding	$ 108,471	$ 69,224

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Equity Award Plans - Summary of RSUs and PSUs under Stock Incentive Plan (Details) - Restricted Stock Units and Performance Stock Units shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 $ / shares shares
RSU's outstanding, number of shares:
Awarded at beginning of period (in shares) | shares	4,568
Award granted (in shares) | shares	723
Awards vested (in shares) | shares	(576)
Awards forfeited (in shares) | shares	(142)
Awarded at end of period (in shares) | shares	4,573
RSUs outstanding, granted fair value per unit
Awarded at beginning of period (USD per share) | $ / shares	$ 89.88
Awards granted (USD per share) | $ / shares	119.56
Awards vested (USD per share) | $ / shares	91.23
Awards forfeited (USD per share) | $ / shares	92.25
Awarded at end of period (USD per share) | $ / shares	$ 94.33

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Equity Award Plans - Restricted Stock and Performance Stock Units - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
RSU
RSUs outstanding, granted fair value per unit
Unamortized stock-based compensation expense	$ 322,144
Average remaining vesting term	3 years 7 months 9 days
Performance Shares
RSUs outstanding, granted fair value per unit
Unamortized stock-based compensation expense	$ 25,760
RSU's outstanding, number of shares:
Award granted (in shares)	161	160

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Equity Award Plans - Stock Bonus and Other Liability Awards - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 06, 2015	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Bonus and other liability awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Accrued liability for the stock bonus and other liability awards			$ 3,135		$ 12,741
Common stock issued (shares)			107	61
Stock-based compensation expense			$ 3,135	$ 2,856
Liability Awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock issued (shares)				20
Stock-based compensation expense				$ 408
Fair value of liability award issued	$ 6,885				$ 0
Award vesting period		3 years

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Equity Award Plans - Employee Stock Purchase Plan - Additional Information (Details) - ESPP 2012 Plan - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Mar. 30, 2012	Mar. 31, 2019
Employee stock purchase plan
Number of shares authorized ESPP (in shares)	745
Annual increase period	8 years
Maximum number of shares to be available for grant ESPP (in shares)	1,490
Shares available for future grant under the stock plans (in shares)		2,342
Annual percentage increase of maximum number of shares reserved for issuance ESPP	1.00%
Unamortized stock-based compensation expense		$ 975
Average remaining vesting term		1 month 15 days

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Equity Award Plans - Restricted Stock and Deferred Shares - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands			3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2018	Nov. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2016
Weblife | Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense			$ 595	$ 595
Unamortized stock-based compensation expense			$ 6,437
Number of shares deferred		107
Fair value of share-based deferred compensation issued		$ 9,652
Weblife | Restricted Stock | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred shares service term			3 years
Weblife | Restricted Stock | Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred shares service term			4 years
Wombat | Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred shares service term	2 years
Stock-based compensation expense			$ 1,009	232
Unamortized stock-based compensation expense			2,161
Number of shares deferred	51
Fair value of share-based deferred compensation issued	$ 5,458
Restricted Stock | FireLayers
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted in period					111
Fair value of shares granted					$ 8,669
Deferred shares service term					3 years
Stock-based compensation expense			712	$ 712
Unamortized stock-based compensation expense			$ 1,637

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Net Loss per Share - Schedule of Potentially Dilutive Common Shares Outstanding that were Excluded from the Computation of Diluted Net Loss per Share (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share
Total antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	6,115	8,516
Stock options to purchase common stock
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share
Total antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	1,181	1,836
Restricted stock units
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share
Total antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	4,573	3,631
Employee stock purchase plan
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share
Total antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	163	118
Common stock subject to repurchase
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share
Total antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	172	74
Bonus and other liability awards
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share
Total antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	26	26
0.75% Convertible senior notes | Convertible debt
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share
Total antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)		2,831

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Segment Reporting - Additional Information (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 segment
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Number of operating and reportable segments	1
Number of reportable segments	1

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Segment Reporting - Summary of Total Revenue by Solutions Offered by the Company (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Revenue from external customers
Total revenue	$ 202,937	$ 162,461
Advanced Threat
Revenue from external customers
Total revenue	151,325	123,613
Compliance
Revenue from external customers
Total revenue	$ 51,612	$ 38,848

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Segment Reporting - Summary of Total Revenue by Geographic Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Segment reporting:
Total revenue	$ 202,937	$ 162,461
United States
Segment reporting:
Total revenue	163,419	133,656
Rest of world
Segment reporting:
Total revenue	$ 39,518	$ 28,805

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Segment Reporting - Summary of Long-lived Assets by Geographic Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Segment reporting:
Total long-lived assets	$ 68,361	$ 70,627
United States
Segment reporting:
Total long-lived assets	55,709	57,682
Rest of world
Segment reporting:
Total long-lived assets	$ 12,652	$ 12,945

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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Jan. 01, 2018
Valuation allowance
Income tax expense (benefit)	$ 620,000	$ (14,072,000)
Pre-tax loss	(27,658,000)	(26,228,000)
Deferred income tax benefit	$ (60,000)	$ (14,772,000)
Effective income tax rate	2.00%	(54.00%)
Unrecognized tax benefits	$ 17,324,000
Accrued interest and penalties	358,000
Uncertain tax benefits that would affect effective tax rate if recognized	4,794,000
Increase (decrease) in gross uncertain tax benefits	870,000
Increase for tax positions taken in the current period	740,000
Decrease for tax positions taken in prior periods	135,000
Unrecognized tax benefits decrease related to statute of limitation expirations	5,000
ASU 2016-16
Valuation allowance
Increase in accumulated deficit due to ASU 2016-16 adoption			$ 3,216,000
Valuation Allowance
Valuation allowance
Income tax expense (benefit)	0
Operating Loss
Valuation allowance
Income tax expense (benefit)	0
Wombat
Valuation allowance
Deferred income tax benefit	$ (14,725,000)

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Defined Contribution Plan - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Defined Contribution Pension And Other Postretirement Plans Disclosure [Abstract]
Defined contribution plan, employer discretionary matching contributions	$ 831,000	$ 0
Defined Contribution Plan, Tax Status [Extensible List]	us-gaap:QualifiedPlanMember
Defined Contribution Plan, Sponsor Location [Extensible List]	country:US