<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ownershipDocument>

    <schemaVersion>X0303</schemaVersion>

    <documentType>4</documentType>

    <periodOfReport>2010-08-18</periodOfReport>

    <issuer>
        <issuerCik>0001486957</issuerCik>
        <issuerName>Babcock &amp; Wilcox Co</issuerName>
        <issuerTradingSymbol>BWC</issuerTradingSymbol>
    </issuer>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0001199539</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>FEES JOHN A</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>13024 BALLANTYNE CORPORATE PLACE</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2>SUITE 700</rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>CHARLOTTE</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>NC</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>28277</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isDirector>1</isDirector>
            <isOfficer>0</isOfficer>
            <isTenPercentOwner>0</isTenPercentOwner>
            <isOther>0</isOther>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <nonDerivativeTable>
        <nonDerivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock</value>
            </securityTitle>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2010-08-18</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>S</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>196172</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                    <footnoteId id="F2"/>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>D</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>56177</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>D</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value></value>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeTransaction>
        <nonDerivativeHolding>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock</value>
            </securityTitle>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>8915</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F3"/>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>I</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value>401k Plan</value>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeHolding>
    </nonDerivativeTable>

    <footnotes>
        <footnote id="F1">196,172 shares sold on August 18, 2010 as follows: 40,568 @ $23.00, 1,487 @ $23.0034, 5,000 @ $23.0036, 2,400 @ $23.0048, 1,900 @ $23.0053, 5,645 @ $23.0068, 5,000 @ $23.0092, 2,500 @ $23.01, 2,900 @ $23.0112, 700 @ $23.0143, 800 @ $23.015, 800 @ $23.0162, 1,200 @ $23.0179, 1,500 @ $23.0197, 2,400 @ $23.02, 200 @ $23.0212, 700 @ $23.0214, 3,300 @ $23.0218, 1,500 @ $23.022, 200 @ $23.0225, 700 @ $23.025, 100 @ $23.028, 1,489 @ $23.03, 200 @ $23.034, 100 @ $23.035, 200 @ $23.0362, 1,406 @ $23.0393, 2,034 @ $23.04, 700 @ $23.0414, 200 @ $23.0425,  300 @ $23.0433, 2,875 @ $23.0445, 4,300 @ $23.0453, 2,086 @ $23.0485, 700 @ $23.05, 510 @ $23.0522, 8,700 @ $23.0526, 900 @ $23.0539, 1,975 @ $23.06, 200 @ $23.065, 1,100 @ $23.07, 13,190 @ $23.0746, 200 @ $23.075, 14,500 @ $23.08, 200 @ $23.085, 300 @ $23.0867, 800 @ $23.0869, 910 @ $23.0873, 2,513 @ $23.0876, 4,829 @ $23.0896, 700 @ $23.09, 2,200 @ $23.0909, 300 @ $23.0917, 500 @ $23.094, 11,646 @ $23.10, 1,000 @ $23.106, 800 @ $23.1075.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F2">Continuation from Footnote 1:  400 @ $23.1081, 200 @ $23.1083, 200 @ $23.11, 800 @ $23.115, 400 @ $23.1175, 100 @ $23.126, 700 @ $23.13, 300 @ $23.135,  200 @ $23.1388, 100 @ $23.139, 1,500 @ $23.1395, 100 @ $23.14, 200 @ $23.1425, 500 @ $23.1456, 700 @ $23.1486, 6,492 @ $23.15, 600 @ $23.16, 400 @ $23.17, 1,006 @ $23.18, 1,000 @ $23.184, 115 @ $23.1887, 2,722 @ $23.19, 206 @ $23.1946, 4,010 @ $23.1973, 1,605 @ $23.20, 3,100 @ $23.2013, 900 @ $23.22, 100 @ $23.23, 1,453 @ $23.24,</footnote>
        <footnote id="F3">Based on number of units held in the BWC Thrift Plan and the fair market value of BWC common stock as of August 18, 2010.</footnote>
    </footnotes>

    <remarks></remarks>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>Angela P. Winter, attorney-in-fact</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2010-08-20</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>
</ownershipDocument>
