Stock-based Compensation

2009 Stock Option Plan

The Company had a share-based compensation plan (the “2009 Stock Option Plan”) under which the Company granted options to purchase shares of common stock to employees, directors, and consultants as either incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options. Incentive stock options could be granted with exercise prices not less than 100% to 110% of the fair market value of the common stock. Options granted under the plan generally vest over three to four years and expire in 10 years from the date of grant.

2014 Equity Incentive Plan

In February 2014, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2014 Plan, which was subsequently ratified by its stockholders and became effective on May 2, 2014 (the “Effective Date”). The 2014 Plan, as amended on June 18, 2014 and February 25, 2015, is the successor to and continuation of the 2009 Stock Option Plan. As of the Effective Date, no additional awards will be granted under the 2009 Stock Option Plan, but all stock awards granted under the 2009 Stock Option Plan prior to the Effective Date will remain subject to the terms of the 2009 Stock Option Plan. All awards granted on and after the Effective Date will be subject to the terms of the 2014 Plan. The 2014 Plan provides for the grant of the following awards: (i) incentive stock options, (ii) nonstatutory stock options, (iii) stock appreciation rights, (iv) restricted stock awards, (v) restricted stock unit awards ("RSUs"), and (vi) other stock awards. Employees, directors, and consultants are eligible to receive awards.

Under the 2014 Plan, after giving effect to the increases to the share reserve approved by the Company’s stockholders in September 2014, and June 2015, but excluding the automatic increases discussed below, the aggregate number of shares of common stock that could be issued from and after the Effective Date (the “share reserve”) could not exceed the sum of (i) 1,122,731 new shares, (ii) the shares that represented the 2009 Stock Option Plan’s available reserve on the Effective Date, and (iii) any returning shares from the 2009 Stock Option Plan. Under the 2014 Plan, the share reserve will automatically increase on January 1st of each year, for a period of not more than 10 years, commencing on January 1, 2015, and ending on January 1, 2024, in an amount equal to 4.0% of the total number of shares of capital stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year. The board of directors may act prior to January 1st of a given year to provide that there will be no increase in the share reserve or that the increase will be a lesser number of shares than would otherwise occur.

Pursuant to the terms of the 2014 Plan, on January 1, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company automatically added 984,376, 556,223, and 340,484 shares to the total number shares of common stock available for future issuance under the 2014 Plan, respectively. As of March 31, 2017, there were 702,712 shares of common stock available for future issuance under the 2014 Plan.

2015 Inducement Plan

On March 26, 2015, the Company's board of directors adopted the 2015 Inducement Plan, or the 2015 Plan. The 2015 Plan has a share reserve covering 450,000 shares of common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, there were no grants of the Company's common stock under the 2015 Inducement Plan. As of March 31, 2017, there were 165,000 shares of common stock available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan.

The activity for the 2009 Stock Option Plan, 2014 Plan and 2015 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2017, is summarized as follows:



	Number of Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($000)
Outstanding — December 31, 2016	1,819,444		$	7.52	6.98	$	32
Granted	950,658		$	3.10
Exercised	—		$	—
Canceled	(73	)	$	9.64
Outstanding — March 31, 2017	2,770,029		$	6.00	7.36	$	14
Exercisable — March 31, 2017	1,138,970		$	8.26	5.49	$	9
Vested or expected to vest — March 31, 2017	2,770,029		$	6.00	7.36	$	14

RSU activity under the 2014 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2017, is summarized as follows:



	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Non-vested at December 31, 2016	—	—
Granted	44,032	$	3.10
Vested	—	—
Forfeited	—	—
Non-vested at March 31, 2017	44,032	—

The fair value of RSUs is based on the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. RSUs are only issued to non-executive employees and vest 25% annually over a four year period from the date of grant. Upon vesting, the RSUs are net share settled to cover the required withholding tax with the remaining shares issued to the holder. The Company recognizes compensation expense for such awards ratably over the corresponding vesting period.

2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In February 2014, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), which was subsequently ratified by the Company’s stockholders and became effective on May 2, 2014. The purpose of the ESPP is to provide means by which eligible employees of the Company and of certain designated related corporations may be given an opportunity to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock, and to seek and retain services of new and existing employees and to provide incentives for such persons to exert maximum efforts for the success of the Company. Common stock that may be issued under the ESPP will not exceed 47,794 shares, plus the number of shares of common stock that are automatically added on January 1st of each year for a period of ten years, commencing on January 1, 2015 and ending on January 1, 2024, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 0.8% of the total number of shares of outstanding common stock on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, and (ii) 29,411 shares of common stock. Similar to the 2014 Plan, the board of directors may act prior to January 1st of a given year to provide that there will be no increase in the share reserve or that the increase will be a lesser number of shares than would otherwise occur. The ESPP is intended to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code.

In the three months ended March 31, 2017, the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the ESPP was automatically increased by 29,411 shares pursuant to the terms of the ESPP and the Company issued 7,667 shares of common stock under the ESPP. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the ESPP was automatically increased by 29,411 shares pursuant to the terms of the ESPP and the Company issued 1,229 shares of common stock under the ESPP. As of March 31, 2017, there were 94,082 shares of common stock available for future issuance under the ESPP.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

The stock-based compensation expense that has been charged against income for stock awards under the 2009 Stock Option Plan, the 2014 Plan, the 2015 Plan, and the ESPP was $0.4 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The total income tax benefit recognized in the statements of operations for share-based compensation arrangements was $0 for both the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. Cash received from options exercised was $0 for both the three months ended March 31, 2017, and 2016.

Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options is included in the following line items in the accompanying statements of operations (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2017		2016
Research and development	$	94	$	70
Selling, general and administrative	302		204
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	396	$	274