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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The Company’s Consolidated Funds are investment companies under GAAP based on the following characteristics: the Consolidated Funds obtain funds from one or more investors and provide investment management services and the Consolidated Funds’ business purpose and substantive activities are investing funds for returns from capital appreciation and/or investment income. Therefore, investments of Consolidated Funds are recorded at fair value and the unrealized appreciation (depreciation) in an investment’s fair value is recognized on a current basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additionally, the Consolidated Funds do not consolidate their majority-owned and controlled investments in portfolio companies. In the preparation of these consolidated financial statements, the Company has retained the investment company accounting for the Consolidated Funds under GAAP.
All of the investments held and CLO loan obligations issued by the Consolidated Funds are presented at their estimated fair values in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Net income attributable to holders of subordinated notes of the CLOs is presented within net income attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated funds in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Reclassifications The Company has reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current year presentation.
Use of Estimates
Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues, expenses and other income (expense) during the reporting periods. Assumptions and estimates regarding the valuation of investments involve a high degree of judgment and complexity and may have a significant impact on net income. Actual results could differ from these estimates and such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.
Principles of Consolidation
Principles of Consolidation
The Company consolidates those entities in which it has a direct or indirect controlling financial interest based on either a variable interest model or voting interest model. As such, the Company consolidates (a) entities in which it holds a majority voting interest or has majority ownership and control over the operational, financial and investing decisions of that entity and (b) entities that the Company concludes are variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which the Company has more than insignificant economic interest and power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities, and for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary.
The Company determines whether an entity should be consolidated by first evaluating whether it holds a variable interest in the entity. Fees that are customary and commensurate with the level of services provided by the Company, and where the Company does not hold other economic interests in the entity that would absorb more than an insignificant amount of the expected losses or returns of the entity, would not be considered a variable interest. The Company factors in all economic interests, including proportionate interests through related parties, to determine if fees are considered a variable interest. As the Company’s interests in funds are primarily management fees, carried interest, incentive fees, and/or insignificant direct or indirect equity interests through related parties, the Company is not considered to have a variable interest in many of these entities. Entities that are not VIEs are further evaluated for consolidation under the voting interest model (“VOE”).
Variable Interest Model

The Company considers an entity to be a VIE if any of the following conditions exist: (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (b) the holders of equity investment at risk, as a group, lack either the direct or indirect ability through voting rights or similar rights to make decisions that have a significant effect on the success of the entity or the obligation to absorb the expected losses or right to receive the expected residual returns, or (c) the voting rights of some equity investors are disproportionate to their obligation
to absorb losses of the entity, their rights to receive returns from an entity, or both and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights.

The Company consolidates all VIEs for which it is the primary beneficiary. The Company determines it is the primary beneficiary when it has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE at the time it becomes involved with a VIE and continuously reconsiders the conclusion. In evaluating whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company evaluates its direct and indirect economic interests in the entity. The consolidation analysis is generally performed qualitatively, however, if the primary beneficiary is not readily determinable, a quantitative analysis may also be performed. This analysis requires judgment. These judgments include: (1) determining whether the equity investment at risk is sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (2) evaluating whether the equity holders, as a group, can make decisions that have a significant effect on the success of the entity, (3) determining whether two or more parties' equity interests should be aggregated, (4) determining whether the equity investors have proportionate voting rights to their obligations to absorb losses or rights to receive returns from an entity and (5) evaluating the nature of relationships and activities of the parties involved in determining which party within a related-party group is most closely associated with a VIE and hence would be deemed the primary beneficiary.
Consolidated CLOs
Consolidated CLOs
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company consolidated 23 and 21 CLOs, respectively.
The Company has determined that the fair value of the financial assets of the consolidated CLOs, which are mostly Level II assets within the GAAP fair value hierarchy, are more observable than the fair value of the financial liabilities of its consolidated CLOs, which are mostly Level III liabilities within the GAAP fair value hierarchy. As a result, the financial assets of consolidated CLOs are measured at fair value and the financial liabilities of the consolidated CLOs are measured in consolidation as: (1) the sum of the fair value of the financial assets, and the carrying value of any nonfinancial assets held temporarily, less (2) the sum of the fair value of any beneficial interests retained by the Company (other than those that represent compensation for services), and the Company’s carrying value of any beneficial interests that represent compensation for services. The resulting amount is allocated to the individual financial liabilities (other than the beneficial interests retained by the Company).
The loan obligations issued by the CLOs are collateralized by diversified asset portfolios and by structured debt or equity. In exchange for managing the collateral for the CLOs, the Company typically earns a variety of management fees, including senior and subordinated management fees, and in some cases, contingent incentive fee income. In cases where the Company earns fees from a CLO that it consolidates, those fees have been eliminated as intercompany transactions. The Company's holdings in these CLOs are generally subordinated to other interests in the entities and entitle the Company to receive a pro rata portion of the residual cash flows, if any, from the entities. Additionally, the Company may invest in other senior secured notes, which are repaid based on available cash flows subject to priority of payments under each consolidated CLO's governing documents. Investors in the CLOs generally have no recourse against the Company for any losses sustained in the capital structure of each CLO.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements
GAAP establishes a hierarchical disclosure framework that prioritizes the inputs used in measuring financial instruments at fair value into three levels based on their market price observability. Market price observability is affected by a number of factors, including the type of instrument and the characteristics specific to the instrument. Financial instruments with readily available quoted prices from an active market or for which fair value can be measured based on actively quoted prices generally have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment inherent in measuring fair value.

Financial assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value are classified as follows:
Level I—Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments.
Level II—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets; and model-derived valuations with directly or indirectly observable significant inputs. Level II inputs include prices in markets with few transactions, non-current prices, prices for which little public information exists or prices that vary substantially over time or among brokered market makers. Other inputs include interest rate, yield curve, volatility, prepayment risk, loss severity, credit risk and default rate.
Level III—Valuations that rely on one or more significant unobservable inputs. These inputs reflect the Company’s assessment of the assumptions that market participants would use to value the instrument based on the best information available.
In some instances, an instrument may fall into more than one level of the fair value hierarchy. In such instances, the instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest of the three levels (with Level III being the lowest) that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of an input requires judgment and considers factors specific to the instrument. The Company accounts for the transfer of assets into or out of each fair value hierarchy level as of the beginning of the reporting period (see “Note 6. Fair Value” for further detail).
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents for the Company includes investments with maturities at purchase of less than three months, money market funds and demand deposits. Cash and cash equivalents held at Consolidated Funds represents cash that, although not legally restricted, is not available to support the general liquidity needs of the Company, as the use of such amounts is generally limited to the activities of the Consolidated Funds.

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had cash balances with financial institutions in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits. The Company monitors the credit standing of these financial institutions.
U.S. Treasury Securities, at Fair Value
U.S. Treasury Securities, at Fair Value

U.S. Treasury securities, at fair value represents U.S. Treasury bills that were purchased with funds raised through the initial public offering of AAC, a consolidated SPAC that is presented within Consolidated Funds. The funds raised are held in a trust account that is restricted for use and may only be used for purposes of completing an initial business combination or redemption of public shares as set forth in the trust agreement. The U.S. Treasury bills typically have original maturities of three months or less when purchased and are recorded at fair value. Interest income received on such securities is separately presented from the overall change in fair value and is recognized within interest and other income of Consolidated Funds in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Any remaining change in fair value of such securities, that is not recognized as interest income, is recognized in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments of Consolidated Funds in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Investments
Investments
The Company has retained the specialized investment company accounting guidance under GAAP with respect to its Consolidated Funds, which hold a substantial majority of its investments. Thus, the consolidated investments are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at fair value, with unrealized appreciation (depreciation) resulting from changes in fair value reflected as a component of net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Fair value is the amount that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (i.e., the exit price). Certain investments are denominated in foreign currency and are translated into U.S. dollars at each reporting date.
Equity Method Investments
Equity Method Investments
The Company accounts for its investments in which it has or is otherwise presumed to have significant influence, including investments in unconsolidated funds, strategic investments and carried interest, using the equity method of accounting. The carrying amounts of equity method investments are reflected in investments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The carrying value of investments accounted for using equity method accounting is determined based on amounts invested by the Company, adjusted for the equity in earnings or losses of the investee allocated based on the respective partnership agreements, less distributions received. In addition, certain of the Company's equity method investments are
reported at fair value. Management's determination of fair value includes various valuation techniques. These techniques may include market approach, recent transaction price, net asset value approach, discounted cash flows, acreage valuation and may use one or more significant unobservable inputs such as EBITDA or revenue multiples, discount rates, weighted average cost of capital, exit multiples, terminal growth rates and other unobservable inputs. The Company evaluates the equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may not be recoverable. Except for carried interest, the Company’s share of the investee’s income and expenses for the Company’s equity method investments is presented within principal investment income (loss) and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Carried interest allocation is presented separately as a revenue line item within the Consolidated Statements of Operations, and the accrued but unpaid carried interest as of the reporting date is presented within investments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Derivative Instruments
Derivative Instruments

The Company recognizes all of its derivative instruments at fair value as either assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition within other assets or accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively. These amounts may be offset to the extent that there is a legal right to offset and if elected by management.
By using derivatives, the Company and the Consolidated Funds are exposed to counterparty credit risk if counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as expected. If a counterparty fails to perform, the Company's counterparty credit risk is equal to the amount reported as a derivative asset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The Company minimizes counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, executing master netting arrangements and obtaining collateral, where appropriate.
To the extent the master netting arrangements and other criteria meet the applicable requirements, which includes determining the legal enforceability of the arrangements, the Company may choose to offset the derivative assets and liabilities in the same currency by specific derivative type, or in the event of default by the counterparty, offset derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty. The Company generally presents derivative and other financial instruments on a gross basis within the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition with certain instruments subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that could allow for the derivative and other financial instruments to be offset. The Consolidated Funds present derivative and other financial instruments on a net basis. This election is determined at management's discretion on a fund by fund basis. The Company has retained the Consolidated Fund's election upon consolidation.
Derivative instruments are marked-to-market daily based upon quotations from pricing services or by the Company and the change in value, if any, is recorded as an unrealized gain (loss) within net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Upon settlement of the instrument, the Company records the realized gain (loss) within net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Business Combinations
Business Combinations

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, under which the purchase price of the acquisition, including the fair value of certain elements of contingent consideration, is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed using the fair values determined by management as of the acquisition date. Contingent consideration obligations are recognized as of the acquisition date at fair value based on the probability that contingency will be realized. Any fair value of purchase consideration in excess of the fair value of the assets acquired less liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Conversely, any excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired over the purchase consideration is recognized as a bargain purchase gain. Examples of critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets acquired include, but are not limited to, future expected cash inflows and outflows, future fundraising assumptions, expected useful life, discount rates and income tax rates. The acquisition method of accounting allows for a measurement period for up to one year after the acquisition date to make adjustments to the purchase price allocation as the Company obtains more information regarding asset valuations and liabilities assumed. Acquisition-related costs incurred in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Intangible Assets
The Company's finite-lived intangible assets consists primarily of contractual rights to earn future management fees from the acquired management contracts. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, ranging from approximately 2.0 to 13.5 years. The purchase price of an acquired management contract is treated as an intangible asset and is amortized over the life of the contract. Amortization is included as part of general, administrative and other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company tests finite-lived intangible assets for impairment if certain events occur or circumstances change indicating that the carrying amount of the intangible asset may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates impairment by comparing the estimated undiscounted cash flows attributable to the intangible asset being evaluated with its carrying amount. If an impairment is determined to exist by management, the Company accelerates amortization expense so that the carrying amount represents fair value. The Company estimates fair value using a discounted future cash flow methodology.
The Company tests indefinite-lived intangible assets annually for impairment. If, after assessing qualitative factors, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, the Company will evaluate impairment quantitatively to determine and record the amount of impairment as the excess of the carrying amount of the indefinite-lived intangible asset over its fair value.
The Company also tests indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment if certain events occur or circumstances change indicating that the carrying amount of the intangible asset may not be recoverable or that the useful lives of these assets are no longer appropriate. Inherent in such fair value determinations are certain judgments and estimates relating to future cash flows, including the Company’s strategic plans with regard to the indefinite-lived intangible assets.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess cost over identifiable net assets of an acquired business. The Company tests goodwill annually for impairment. If, after assessing qualitative factors, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company will evaluate impairment quantitatively to determine and record the amount of goodwill impairment as the excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit over its fair value.
The Company also tests goodwill for impairment in other periods if an event occurs or circumstances change such that is more likely than not to reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. Inherent in such fair value determinations are certain judgments and estimates relating to future cash flows, including the Company’s interpretation of current economic indicators and market valuations, and assumptions about the Company’s strategic plans with regard to its operations. Due to the uncertainties associated with such estimates, actual results could differ from such estimates.
The Company's goodwill is presented within other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Fixed Assets
Fixed Assets
Fixed assets, consisting of furniture, fixtures, computer hardware, equipment, internal-use software and leasehold improvements are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Fixed assets are presented within other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Direct costs associated with developing, purchasing or otherwise acquiring software for internal use (“Internal-Use Software”) are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of the software, beginning when the software is ready for its intended purpose. Costs incurred for upgrades and enhancements that will not result in additional functionality are expensed as incurred.
Fixed assets are depreciated or amortized on a straight-line basis over an asset's estimated useful life, with the corresponding depreciation and amortization expense presented within general, administrative and other expenses on the
Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The estimated useful life for leasehold improvements is the lesser of the lease term or the life of the asset while other fixed assets and internal-use software are generally depreciated between three and seven years. Fixed assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.
Leases
Leases
The Company has entered into operating and finance leases for corporate offices and certain equipment and makes the determination if an arrangement constitutes a lease at inception. Operating leases are presented within right-of-use operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Finance leases are capitalized as a component of fixed assets and presented within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Right-of-use operating lease assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses the its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable. The right-of-use operating lease asset also includes any lease prepayments and excludes lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the company will exercise that option. Lease expense is primarily recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. However, for certain equipment leases where the non-lease components are not material, the Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.
Redeemable Interest
Redeemable Interest
Redeemable interest in AOG entities represents the ownership interest that the former owners of SSG retained in connection with the SSG Acquisition. Redeemable interest in AOG entities was initially recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition within mezzanine equity in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Income (loss) is allocated based on the ownership percentage attributable to the redeemable interest. The Company determined that the redemption of the redeemable interest is probable as of the date of acquisition. At each balance sheet date, the carrying value of the redeemable interest is presented at the redemption amount, as defined in accordance with the terms of a contractual arrangement between the Company and the former owners of SSG, to the extent that the redemption amount exceeds the initial measurement on the date of acquisition. The Company recognizes changes in the redemption amount with corresponding adjustments against retained earnings, or additional paid-in-capital in the absence of retained earnings, within stockholders' equity in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Redeemable interest in Consolidated Funds represent the Class A ordinary shares issued by AAC that are redeemable for cash by the public shareholders in the event that AAC does not complete a business combination or tender offer associated with stockholder approval provisions. The Class A ordinary shareholders have redemption rights that are considered to be outside of AAC’s control. At each balance sheet date, the carrying value of the redeemable interest is presented at the redemption amount.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue in a way that depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company’s revenue is based on contracts with a determinable transaction price and distinct performance obligations with probable collectability. Revenues are not recognized until the performance obligation(s) are satisfied.
Management Fees
Management fees are generally based on a defined percentage of fair value of assets, total commitments, invested capital, net asset value (“NAV”), NAV plus unfunded commitments, net investment income, total assets or par value of the investment portfolios managed by the Company. Principally all management fees are earned from affiliated funds of the Company. The contractual terms of management fees vary by fund structure and investment strategy. Management fees are recognized as revenue in the period advisory services are rendered, subject to the Company’s assessment of collectability.
Management fees also include a quarterly fee on the net investment income (“Part I Fees”) of Ares Capital Corporation (NASDAQ: ARCC) (“ARCC”), a publicly-traded business development company registered under the Investment Company Act and managed by a subsidiary of the Company, and CION Ares Diversified Credit Fund (“CADC”).
ARCC Part I Fees are equal to 20.0% of its net investment income (before ARCC Part I Fees and incentive fees payable based on capital gains), subject to a fixed hurdle rate of 1.75% per quarter, or 7.0% per annum. No fees are recognized until ARCC's net investment income exceeds a 1.75% hurdle rate, with a catch-up provision to ensure that the Company receives 20% of the net investment income from the first dollar earned.
CADC Part I Fees are equal to 15.0% of its net investment income (before CADC Part I Fees), subject to a fixed “hurdle rate” of 1.5% per quarter, or 6.0% per annum. No fees are recognized until CADC's net investment income exceeds the hurdle rate, with a catch-up provision to ensure that the Company receives 15% of the net investment income from the first dollar earned.
Carried Interest Allocation
In certain fund structures, carried interest is allocated to the Company based on cumulative fund performance to date, subject to the achievement of minimum return levels in accordance with the respective terms set out in each fund’s investment management agreement. At the end of each reporting period, a fund will allocate carried interest applicable to the Company based upon an assumed liquidation of that fund's net assets on the reporting date, irrespective of whether such amounts have been realized. Carried interest is recorded to the extent such amounts have been allocated, and may be subject to reversal to the extent that the amount allocated exceeds the amount due to the general partner or investment manager based on a fund’s cumulative investment returns.
As the fair value of underlying assets varies between reporting periods, it is necessary to make adjustments to amounts recorded as carried interest to reflect either (i) positive performance resulting in an increase in the carried interest allocated to the Company or (ii) negative performance that would cause the amount due to the Company to be less than the amount previously recognized as revenue, resulting in a reversal of previously recognized carried interest allocated to the Company. Accrued but unpaid carried interest as of the reporting date is recorded within investments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Carried interest is realized when an underlying investment is profitably disposed of and the fund’s cumulative returns are in excess of the specific hurdle rates as defined in the applicable investment management agreements or governing documents. Since carried interest is subject to reversal, the Company may need to accrue for potential repayment of previously received carried interest. This accrual represents all amounts previously distributed to the Company that would need to be repaid to the funds if the funds were to be liquidated based on the current fair value of the underlying funds’ investments as of the reporting date. The actual repayment obligations, however, generally does not become realized until the end of a fund’s life.
The Company accounts for carried interest, which represents a performance-based capital allocation from an investment fund to the Company, as earnings from financial assets within the scope of ASC 323, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures. The Company recognizes carried interest allocation as a separate revenue line item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations with uncollected carried interest as of the reporting date reported within investments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Substantially all carried interest allocation is earned from affiliated funds of the Company.
Incentive Fees
Incentive fees earned on the performance of certain fund structures, typically in credit funds and certain real estate funds, are recognized based on the fund’s performance during the period, subject to the achievement of minimum return levels in accordance with the respective terms set out in each fund’s investment management agreement. Incentive fees are realized at the end of a measurement period, typically annually. Once realized, such fees are no longer subject to reversal. Substantially all incentive fees are earned from affiliated funds of the Company.

Principal Investment Income

Principal investment income consists of interest and dividend income and net realized and unrealized gain (loss) from the equity method investments that the Company manages.

Administrative, Transaction and Other Fees
The Company provides administrative services to certain of its affiliated funds that are reported within administrative, transaction and other fees. The administrative fees generally represent expense reimbursements for a portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by certain professionals directly attributable to performing services for a fund but may also be based on a fund’s NAV. The Company also receives transaction fees from certain affiliated funds for activities related to fund transactions, such as loan originations. The Company is also party to agreements with certain funds to provide various services, such as acquisition, development, property management and the distribution of shares in our non-traded REITs, among others. These fees are recognized as other revenue in the period in which the related services are rendered.
Equity-Based Compensation
Equity-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes expense related to equity-based compensation for which it receives employee services in exchange for (a) equity instruments of the Company, (b) derivatives based on the Company’s Class A common stock or (c) liabilities that are based on the fair value of the Company’s equity instruments. Equity-based compensation expense represents expenses associated with restricted units, options and phantom shares granted under 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on April 1, 2021 (the “Equity Incentive Plan”).

Equity-based compensation expense for restricted units and options is determined based on the fair value of the respective equity award on the grant date and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, with a corresponding increase in additional paid-in-capital. Grant date fair value of the restricted units is determined by the most recent closing price of shares of the Company's Class A common stock.
The Company has granted certain performance-based restricted unit awards with market conditions. These awards generally have vesting conditions based upon the volume-weighted, average closing price of Class A common stock meeting or exceeding a stated price over a period of time, referred to as the market condition. Vesting is also generally subject to continued employment at the time such market condition is achieved. The grant date fair values of these awards are based on a probability distributed Monte-Carlo simulation. Due to the existence of the market condition, the vesting period for the awards is not explicit, and as such, compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the median vesting period derived from the positive iterations of the Monte Carlo simulations where the market condition is achieved.
The Company recognizes share-based award forfeitures in the period they occur as a reversal of previously recognized compensation expense. The reduction in compensation expense is determined based on the specific awards forfeited during that period.
The Company records deferred tax assets or liabilities for equity compensation plan awards based on deductions for income tax purposes of equity-based compensation recognized at the statutory tax rate in the jurisdiction in which the Company is expected to receive a tax deduction. In addition, differences between the deferred tax assets recognized in accordance with GAAP and the actual tax deduction reported on the Company’s income tax returns are presented within income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations before taking into consideration the tax effects of the investment in AOG.
Equity-based compensation expense is presented within compensation and benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Performance Related Compensation
Performance Related Compensation
The Company has agreed to pay a portion of the carried interest and incentive fees earned from certain funds, including income from Consolidated Funds that is eliminated in consolidation, to certain professionals. Depending on the nature of each fund, carried interest and incentive fees may be structured as a fixed percentage subject to vesting based on continued employment or service (generally over a period of four to six years) or as an annual award that is fully vested for the particular year. Other limitations may apply to carried interest and incentive fees as set forth in the applicable governing documents of the fund or award documentation. Performance related compensation is recognized in the same period that the related carried interest and incentive fees are recognized. Performance related compensation can be reversed during periods when there is a reversal of carried interest that was previously recognized.
Performance related compensation payable represents the amounts payable to professionals who are entitled to a proportionate share of carried interest in one or more funds. The liability is calculated based upon the changes to realized and unrealized carried interest but not payable until the carried interest itself is realized.
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Investments Net Realized and Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on InvestmentsRealized gain (loss) occurs when the Company redeems all or a portion of its investment or when the Company receives cash income, such as dividends or distributions. Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) results from changes in the fair value of the underlying investment as well as from the reversal of previously recognized unrealized appreciation (depreciation) at the time an investment is realized. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) are presented together as net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Also, the Company’s share of the investee’s income and expenses for the Company’s equity method investments is presented within net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments.
Interest and Dividend Income Interest and Dividend Income Interest, dividends and other investment income are included in interest and dividend income. Interest income is recognized on an accrual basis to the extent that such amounts are expected to be collected using the effective interest method. Dividends and other investment income are recorded when the right to receive payment is established.
Foreign Currency
Foreign Currency
The U.S. dollar is the Company's functional currency; however, certain transactions of the Company may not be denominated in U.S. dollars. Foreign exchange revaluation arising from these transactions is recognized within other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2019, the Company recognized $4.8 million and $8.5 million, respectively, in transaction losses related to foreign currencies revaluation. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized $13.1 million in transaction gains related to foreign currencies revaluation.
In addition, the combined and consolidated results include certain foreign subsidiaries and Consolidated Funds that use functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars at the prevailing exchange rates as of the reporting date. Income and expense and gain and loss transactions denominated in foreign currencies are generally translated into U.S. dollars monthly using the average exchange rates during the respective transaction period. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are recorded to currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
Since the Company’s election to be taxed as a corporation on March 1, 2018, all earnings allocated to the Company are subject to U.S. corporate income taxes. A provision for corporate level income taxes imposed on unrealized gains and income items as well as taxes imposed on certain subsidiaries’ earnings is included in the consolidated tax provision. Also included in the consolidated tax provision are entity level income taxes incurred by certain affiliated funds and co-investment entities that
are consolidated in these financial statements. The portion of consolidated earnings not allocated to the Company flows through to owners of the Ares Operating Group entities without being taxed at the corporate level.

Income taxes are accounted for using the liability method of accounting. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, using tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income, in the period when the change is enacted. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current and deferred tax liabilities are reported on a net basis and the net deferred tax asset is presented within other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The Company analyzes its tax filing positions in all U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns for all open tax years in these jurisdictions. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit recognized in the financial statements for a particular tax position is based on the largest benefit that is more likely than not to be realized. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits (“UTBs”) is adjusted as appropriate for changes in facts and circumstances, such as significant amendments to existing tax law, new regulations or interpretations by the taxing authorities, new information obtained during a tax examination, or resolution of an examination. Both accrued interest and penalties, where appropriate, related to UTBs are shown in general, administrative and other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining tax expense and in evaluating tax positions, including evaluating uncertainties under GAAP. The Company reviews its tax positions quarterly and adjusts its tax balances as new legislation is passed or new information becomes available.
Income Allocation Income AllocationIncome (loss) before taxes is allocated based on each partner’s average daily ownership of the Ares Operating Group entities for each year presented.
Earnings Per Share
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share of Class A and non-voting common stock is computed by dividing income available to Class A and non-voting common stockholders by the weighted-average number shares of Class A and non-voting common stock outstanding during the period. Income available to Ares Management Corporation represents net income attributable to Class A and non-voting common stockholders.
Diluted earnings per share of Class A and non-voting common stock is computed by dividing income available to Class A and non-voting common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A and non-voting common stock outstanding during the period, increased to include the number of additional shares of Class A and non-voting common stock that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include outstanding options to acquire shares of Class A and non-voting common stock, unvested restricted units and AOG Units exchangeable for shares of Class A and non-voting common stock. The effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted earnings per share of Class A and non-voting common stock using the more dilutive result of the treasury stock method or the two-class method.
Unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividend or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and are considered in the computation of earnings per share of Class A and non-voting common stock pursuant to the two-class method. Unvested restricted units that pay dividend equivalents are deemed participating securities and are included in basic and diluted earnings per share of Class A and non-voting common stock calculation under the two-class method.
Basic earnings per share of Class A and non-voting common stock is computed by using the two-class method. Diluted earnings per share of Class A and non-voting common stock is computed using the more dilutive method of either the two-class method or the treasury stock method.
The treasury stock method is used to determine potentially dilutive securities resulting from options and unvested restricted units granted under the Equity Incentive Plan. The two-class method is an earnings allocation method under which earnings per share is calculated for shares of Class A and non-voting common stock and participating securities considering both dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings as if all such earnings had been distributed during the period. Because the holders of unvested restricted units have the right to participate in dividends when declared, the unvested restricted units are considered participating securities to the extent they are expected to vest.
Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income consists of net income and other appreciation (depreciation) affecting stockholders' equity that, under GAAP, has been excluded from net income. The Company's other comprehensive income includes foreign currency translation adjustments.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
The Company considers the applicability and impact of all accounting standard updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). ASUs not listed below were assessed and either determined to be not applicable or expected to have minimal impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). The amendments in this update provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this update apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), to clarify that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. An entity may elect to adopt the amendments in ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 at any time after March 12, 2020 but no later than December 31, 2022. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, except for hedging transactions as of December 31, 2022, that an entity has elected certain optional expedients for and that are retained through the end of the hedging relationship. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.