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Stock incentive plans
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2020
Stock incentive plans  
Stock incentive plans

15. Stock incentive plans

In March 2011, our board of directors approved the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (“2011 Plan”). The 2011 Plan provides for the grant of incentive and non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares of our common stock, stock units, and performance cash awards. As of June 30, 2020, options to purchase approximately 151,000 shares of common stock and RSUs covering approximately 1,357,000 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2011 Plan.

No further awards will be made under our Amended and Restated 2001 Stock Incentive Plan (“2001 Plan”), and it will be terminated. Options outstanding under the 2001 Plan will continue to be governed by their existing terms.

Stock-based compensation expense is allocated as follows on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations:

Three Months Ended 

Six Months Ended 

June 30, 

June 30, 

    

2020

    

2019

    

2020

    

2019

Network operations 

$

392

$

348

$

740

$

854

Development and technology

 

220

 

334

 

378

 

637

Selling and marketing

 

472

 

548

 

894

 

1,077

General and administrative

 

896

 

806

 

1,505

 

1,812

Total stock-based compensation expense

$

1,980

$

2,036

$

3,517

$

4,380

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company recorded certain out-of-period adjustments that decreased stock-based compensation expense and net loss attributable to common stockholders by $481. The impact of these out-of-period adjustments is not considered material, individually, and in the aggregate, to any of the current or prior periods.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we capitalized $167 and $316, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we capitalized $235 and $465, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense.

Stock option awards

We grant stock option awards to both employees and non-employee directors. The grant date for these awards is the same as the measurement date. The stock option awards generally vest over a four-year service period with 25% vesting when the individual completes 12 months of continuous service and the remaining 75% vesting monthly thereafter. These awards are valued as of the measurement date and the stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

A summary of the stock option activity is as follows:

    

    

    

Weighted-

    

Average

Weighted

Remaining

Number of

Average

Contract

Aggregate

Options

Exercise

Life

Intrinsic

    

 (000’s)

    

Price

    

 (years)

    

Value

Outstanding at December 31, 2019

 

235

$

7.67

 

2.6

$

870

Exercised 

 

(63)

$

7.03

Canceled/forfeited 

 

(21)

$

12.15

Outstanding and exercisable at June 30, 2020

 

151

$

7.33

 

2.6

$

910

Restricted stock unit awards

We grant service-based RSUs to executive and non-executive personnel and non-employee directors. The service-based RSUs granted to executive and non-executive personnel generally vest over a three-year period subject to continuous service on each vesting date. The service-based RSUs for our non-employee directors generally vest over a one-year period for existing members and 33.3% per year over a three-year period for new members subject to continuous service on each vesting date.

We grant performance-based RSUs to executive personnel. These awards vest subject to certain performance objectives based on revenue, Adjusted EBITDA, and/or relative total stockholder return performance goals achieved during the specified performance period and certain long-term service conditions. The maximum number of RSUs that may vest is determined based on actual Company achievement and performance-based RSUs generally vest over a three-year period subject to continuous service on each vesting date and achievement of the performance conditions. We recognize stock-based compensation expense for performance-based RSUs when performance targets are defined and the grant date is established and we believe that it is probable that the performance objectives will be met.

A summary of the RSU activity is as follows:

                                                                                                                                                                                    

Weighted Average

Number of Shares

Grant-Date Fair

    

(000’s)

    

Value

Non-vested at December 31, 2019

 

633

$

22.04

Granted(1)(2)

 

815

$

10.93

Vested 

 

(255)

$

18.96

Canceled/forfeited 

 

(50)

$

18.10

Non-vested at June 30, 2020

 

1,143

$

14.98

(1)The performance-based RSUs granted to our executive officers in 2018 were subject to satisfaction of specified service-based and performance-based conditions. The performance objectives were subject to under- or over- achievement on a sliding scale, with a threshold of 50% of the target number of RSUs and a maximum of 150% of the target RSUs. In March 2020, our Compensation Committee determined actual achievement of the 2018 performance-based RSUs at 100.5% during the six months ended June 30, 2020.
(2)The performance-based RSUs granted to our executive officers in 2019 and 2020 were subject to the satisfaction of specified service-based and performance-based conditions over a three-year performance period. Achievement of the revenue and Adjusted EBITDA goals for the 2019 and 2020 performance-based RSUs is based upon the budgets established for each of the years in the three-year performance period. As the Company approves budgets on an annual basis, the performance targets for the 2019 performance-based RSUs related to the 2020 and 2021 revenue and Adjusted EBITDA goals and the performance targets for the 2020 performance-based RSUs related to the 2021 and 2022 revenue and Adjusted EBITDA goals were not considered defined as of the date these awards were awarded by the Compensation Committee. The grant date requirements of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, are therefore not met until such approval is obtained. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company’s Compensation Committee approved the 2020 revenue and Adjusted EBITDA performance targets for the 2019 performance-based RSUs resulting in additional RSUs granted of approximately 36,000 at a grant-date fair value of $12.41 per share. As of June 30, 2020, 36,000 2019 performance-based RSUs and 178,000 2020 performance-based RSUs have been excluded from RSU shares granted and non-vested as the performance targets have not yet been defined.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, approximately 255,000 shares of RSUs vested. The Company issued approximately 178,000 shares and the remaining shares were withheld to pay minimum statutory federal, state, and local employment payroll taxes on those vested awards.