Income taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income taxes

Schedule of income tax expense (benefit) by jurisdiction

The income tax (benefit) expense by jurisdiction recorded as part of continuing operations consists of the following for the years ended December 31:

	2018		2017		2016
U.S. federal:
Current	$	18	$	(6)	$	55
Deferred		(4,569)		(2,787)		345
Total U.S. federal	$	(4,551)	$	(2,793)	$	400
U.S. state and local:
Current	$	285	$	503	$	69
Deferred		(1,048)		212		(42)
Total U.S. state and local	$	(763)	$	715	$	27
Foreign:
Current	$	161	$	—	$	—
Total foreign	$	161	$	—	$	—

Schedule of reconciliation of tax rates

	2018		2017		2016
Federal statutory rate	21.0	%	34.0	%	34.0	%
State and local	19.7		9.6		2.2
Foreign rate differential	(0.5)		(0.7)		(0.4)
Stock options	(47.2)		0.4		(1.5)
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation	106.4		34.3		2.8
Non-controlling interests	5.5		1.1		0.6
Valuation allowance	(90.7)		(83.6)		(38.9)
Uncertain tax positions	2.3		0.6		(0.2)
Effect of U.S. tax reform law changes	—		14.7		—
Convertible Notes	94.9		—		—
Other	(5.9)		(0.4)		(0.2)
Income taxes	105.5	%	10.0	%	(1.6)	%

Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities

	2018		2017
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	34,545	$	23,838
Outside basis differences for U.S. partnerships		9,558		14,306
Stock options		2,396		4,100
Deferred revenue		640		748
Deferred compensation		120		249
State taxes		80		78
Other		1,525		1,282
Valuation allowance		(33,810)		(34,990)
Net deferred tax assets		15,054		9,611
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment		(7,318)		(6,983)
Convertible Notes		(5,470)		—
Intangible assets		(3,339)		(3,632)
Net deferred tax liabilities		(16,127)		(10,615)
Net deferred taxes	$	(1,073)	$	(1,004)

Schedule of changes in the valuation allowance

	Valuation
	Allowance
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	19,548
Additions charged to operations		16,783
Decrease credited to operations		—
Balance, December 31, 2016		36,331
Additions charged to operations		16,527
Effect of U.S. tax reform law changes		(17,868)
Decrease credited to operations		—
Balance, December 31, 2017		34,990
Decrease credited to operations		(1,180)
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	33,810

Schedule of reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties

	Uncertain Tax Positions
Balance, December 31, 2016	$	313
Additions for current period tax positions		—
Reversals during the period		(313)
Balance, December 31, 2017 and 2018	$	—