Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Business Combinations and Other Purchase of Business Transactions

We generate our revenue primarily from interest received on loans and leases and, to a lesser extent, from interest received on investment securities, and fees received in connection with deposit services, extending credit and other services offered, including treasury management and investment management services. Our major operating expenses are interest paid by the Bank on deposits and borrowings, compensation, occupancy, and general operating expenses.

Recently issued Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

		Effective	Effect on the Financial Statements
Standard	Description	Date	or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures	The standard, among other changes, improves annual income tax disclosures by requiring disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The enhanced income tax disclosure requirements apply on a prospective basis to annual financial statements for periods beginning after the effective date. However, retrospective application in all prior periods presented is permitted. Additionally, early adoption is permitted.	Annual periods beginning after December 31, 2024	The Company is evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

Basis of Presentation

(a) Basis of Presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which we may refer to as U.S. GAAP. In the opinion of management, all significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated and adjustments, consisting solely of normal recurring accruals and considered necessary for the fair presentation of financial statements have been included.

On November 30, 2023, PacWest Bancorp merged with and into Banc of California, Inc. (the “Merger”), with Banc of California, Inc. continuing as the surviving legal corporation and Banc of California, Inc. concurrently closed a $400 million equity capital raise. The Merger was accounted for as a reverse merger using the acquisition method of accounting, therefore, PacWest Bancorp was deemed the acquirer for financial reporting purposes, even though Banc of California, Inc. was the legal acquirer. The Merger was an all-stock transaction and has been accounted for as a business combination. Banc of California, Inc.'s financial results for all periods ended prior to November 30, 2023 reflect PacWest Bancorp results only on a standalone basis. In addition, Banc of California, Inc.'s reported financial results for the year ended December 31, 2023 reflect PacWest Bancorp financial results only on a standalone basis until the closing of the Merger on November 30, 2023, and results of the combined company for the month of December 2023. The number of shares issued and outstanding, earnings per share, and all references to share quantities or metrics of Banc of California, Inc. have been retrospectively restated to reflect the equivalent number of shares issued in the Merger as the Merger was accounted for as a reverse merger. Under the reverse merger method of accounting, the assets and liabilities of legacy Banc of California, Inc. as of November 30, 2023 were recorded at their respective fair values. Refer to Note 2. Business Combinations for additional information on this merger.

(b) Accounting Standards Adopted in 2024

Effective January 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU 2022-03, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions." This standard clarifies that a contractual sale restriction should not be considered in measuring fair value. It also requires entities with investments in equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions to disclose certain qualitative and quantitative information about such securities. The Company does not take into account contractual sale restrictions in determining the fair value of its equity securities, therefore, the adoption of this amendment did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Effective January 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU 2023-02, "Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force)." This standard expands the proportional amortization method to account for investments in all tax credit structures. That accounting method was previously allowed only for LIHTC investments, but now is available, by election, to all community development tax credit investment reporting that meets five conditions. Under the new guidance, reporting entities can make accounting policy elections on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis, rather than for individual investments or at the reporting entity level. The Company adopted this update on a prospective basis and determined that the adoption of this amendment did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" which expands reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in the ASU require, among other things, disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to an entity's CODM and a description of other segment items, as well as disclosure of the title and position of the CODM, and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported segment measure(s) in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. This Update became effective for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 and we applied the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in our consolidated financial statements. See Note 24. Segment Reporting.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The Company has made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates subject to change in the near term include, among other items, the allowance for credit losses (the combination of the allowance for loan and lease losses and the reserve for unfunded loan commitments), the carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets, the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations and the related purchase price allocation, and the realization of DTAs. These estimates may be adjusted as more current information becomes available, and any adjustment may be significant.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of: (1) cash on hand and cash due from banks, (2) interest‑earning deposits in financial institutions, and (3) federal funds sold with original maturities less than 90 days. Interest‑earning deposits in financial institutions represent mostly cash held at the FRBSF, the majority of which is immediately available. Restricted cash, if any, is disclosed in our financial statements.

Investment Securities

Investment in Debt Securities

We determine the classification of securities at the time of purchase. If we have the intent and the ability at the time of purchase to hold securities until maturity, they are classified as held‑to‑maturity and stated at amortized cost. Securities to be held for indefinite periods of time, but not necessarily to be held‑to‑maturity or on a long‑term basis, are classified as available‑for‑sale and carried at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of applicable income taxes. Securities available‑for‑sale include securities that management intends to use as part of its asset/liability management strategy and that may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk, and other related factors. Securities are individually evaluated for appropriate classification when acquired. As a result, similar types of securities may be classified differently depending on factors existing at the time of purchase.

The carrying values of all securities are adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts using the interest method. Premiums on callable securities are amortized to the earliest call date. Realized gains or losses on the sale of securities, if any, are determined using the amortized cost of the specific securities sold. Such gains or losses are included in "Loss on sale of securities" on the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).

Available-for-sale debt securities. AFS debt securities are carried at fair value and are subject to impairment testing. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the security as an adjustment to its yield using the interest method. Realized gains or losses from the sale of securities are calculated using the specific identification method. A security is impaired if the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. When an AFS debt security is considered impaired, the Company must determine if the decline in fair value has resulted from a credit-related loss or other factors and then, (1) recognize an allowance for credit losses by a charge to earnings for the credit-related component (if any) of the decline in fair value, and (2) recognize in other comprehensive income (loss) any non-credit related components (if any) of the fair value decline. If the amount of the amortized cost basis expected to be recovered increases in a future period, the valuation allowance would be reduced, but not more than the amount of the current existing allowance for that security. The amortized cost of the Company's available-for-sale debt securities excludes accrued interest receivable, which is included in "Other assets" on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to recognize an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities, as the Company reverses any accrued interest against interest income if a debt security is impaired.

Transfer between categories of debt securities. Upon transfer of a debt security from the AFS category to the HTM category, the security's new amortized cost is reset to fair value, reduced by any previous write-offs but excluding any allowance for credit losses. Any associated unrealized gains or losses on such investments as of the date of transfer become part of the security's amortized cost and are subsequently amortized or accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the securities as effective yield adjustments using the interest method. In addition, the related unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income on the date of transfer are also subsequently amortized or accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the securities as effective yield adjustments using the interest method. For transfers of securities from the AFS category to the HTM category, any allowance for credit losses that was previously recorded under the AFS model is reversed and an allowance for credit losses is subsequently recorded under the HTM debt security model. The reversal and re-establishment of the allowance for credit losses are recorded in the "Provisions for credit losses" on the Company's consolidated statements of earnings (loss).

Held-to-maturity debt securities. Debt securities that the Company has the intent and ability to hold until maturity are classified as HTM and are carried at amortized cost, net of the allowance for credit losses. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the security as an adjustment to its yield using the interest method. Realized gains or losses from the sale of securities are calculated using the specific identification method. HTM debt securities are generally placed on nonaccrual status using factors similar to those described for loans. The amortized cost of the Company's HTM debt securities excludes accrued interest receivable, which is included in "Other assets" on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to recognize an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity debt securities, as the Company reverses any accrued interest against interest income if a debt security is placed on nonaccrual status. Any cash collected on nonaccrual HTM securities is applied to reduce the security's amortized cost basis and not as interest income. Generally, the Company returns a HTM security to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal become current under the contractual terms of the security, and the collectability of remaining principal and interest is no longer doubtful.

(g) Allowance for Credit Losses on Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities

The allowance for credit losses for HTM debt securities is recorded at the time of purchase, acquisition, or when the Company designates securities as HTM, representing the Company's best estimate of current expected credit losses as of the date of the consolidated balance sheets. For each major HTM debt security type, the allowance for credit losses is estimated collectively for groups of securities with similar risk characteristics. For debt securities that do not share similar risk characteristics, the losses are estimated individually. Debt securities that are either guaranteed or issued by the U.S. government or government agency, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses, are an example of such securities to which the Company applies a zero credit loss assumption. Any expected credit loss is provided through the allowance for credit losses on HTM debt securities and deducted from the amortized cost basis of the security, so that the balance sheet reflects the net amount that the Company expects to collect.

Loans and Leases

Loans and Leases

Originated loans. Loans are originated by the Company with the intent to hold them for investment and are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income. Unearned income includes deferred unamortized nonrefundable loan fees and direct loan origination costs. Net deferred fees or costs are recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the contractual life of the loans primarily using the effective interest method or taken into income when the related loans are paid off or sold. The amortization of loan fees or costs is discontinued when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis in accordance with the terms of the respective loan.

Purchased loans. All loans purchased or acquired in our acquisitions are initially measured and recorded at their fair value on the acquisition date. A component of the initial fair value measurement is an estimate of the credit losses over the life of the purchased loans. Purchased loans are also evaluated to determine if they have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination or issuance as of the acquisition date and are classified as either (i) loans purchased without evidence of deteriorated credit quality (“non-PCD loans”), or (ii) loans purchased that have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality, referred to as PCD loans.

Acquired non‑PCD loans. Acquired non‑PCD loans are those loans for which there was no evidence of a more-than-insignificant credit deterioration at their acquisition date, and it was probable that we would be able to collect all contractually required payments. Acquired non‑PCD loans, together with originated loans, are referred to as non‑PCD loans. Non-PCD loans are recorded at fair value at the acquisition date, with the resulting credit and non-credit discount or premium being amortized or accreted into interest income using the interest method. Purchase discounts or premiums on acquired non‑PCD loans are recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the contractual life of such loans using the effective interest method or taken into income when the related loans are paid off or sold.

Purchased/Acquired loans with credit deterioration. All purchased financial assets with credit deterioration (“PCD assets”) are recorded at the purchase price plus the allowance for credit losses expected at the time of acquisition. Acquired PCD loans are initially recorded at fair value, with the resulting non-credit discount or premium being amortized or accreted into interest income using the interest method. The credit allowance is recognized through a gross-up that increases the amortized cost basis of the asset with no effect on net income. Subsequent to the acquisition date, the allowance for credit losses for both PCD and non-PCD loans is estimated using the same methodology to determine current expected credit losses that is applied to all other loans.

Leases to customers. We provide equipment financing to our customers primarily with direct financing and operating leases. For direct financing leases, lease receivables are recorded on the balance sheet under "Gross loans and leases held for investment," but the leased property is not, although we generally retain legal title to the leased property until the end of each lease. Direct financing leases are stated at the net amount of minimum lease payments receivable, plus any unguaranteed residual value, less the amount of unearned income and net acquisition discount at the reporting date. Direct lease origination costs are amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the leases. Leases acquired in an acquisition are initially measured and recorded at their fair value on the acquisition date. Purchase discount or premium on acquired leases is recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the contractual life of the leases using the effective interest method or taken into income when the related leases are paid off. Direct financing leases are subject to our accounting for allowance for loans and leases.

We provide equipment financing through operating leases where we facilitate the purchase of equipment leased to customers. The equipment is shown on our consolidated balance sheets as "Equipment leased to others under operating leases" and is depreciated to its estimated residual value at the end of the lease term, shown as "Leased equipment depreciation" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss), according to our fixed asset accounting policy. We receive periodic rental income payments under the leases, which are recorded as "Noninterest income" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).

Loans and leases held for sale. As part of our management of the loans and leases held in our portfolio, on occasion we will transfer loans from held for investment to held for sale. Upon transfer, any associated allowance for loan and lease loss is reversed and the carrying value of the loan is adjusted to the lower of cost or estimated fair value. The unamortized balance of net deferred fees and costs associated with loans held for sale is not accreted or amortized to interest income until the related loans are sold. Gains or losses on the sale of these loans are recorded as "Noninterest income" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).

Delinquent or past due loans and leases. Loans and leases are considered delinquent when principal or interest payments are past due 30 days or more. Delinquent loans generally remain on accrual status between 30 days and 89 days past due.

Nonaccrual loans and leases. When we discontinue the accrual of interest on a loan or lease it is designated as nonaccrual. We discontinue the accrual of interest on a loan or lease generally when a borrower's principal or interest payments or a lessee's payments are past due 90 days or when, in the opinion of management, there is a reasonable doubt as to collectability in the normal course of business. Loans with interest or principal payments past due 90 days or leases with payments past due 90 days may be accruing if the loans or leases are concluded to be well-secured and in the process of collection; however, these loans or leases are still reported as nonperforming. When loans or leases are placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Interest on nonaccrual loans or leases is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash is received and the loan principal balance or lease balance is deemed collectable. Loans or leases are restored to accrual status when the loans or leases become both well‑secured and are in the process of collection.

Individually Evaluated Loans and Leases. Loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets are individually evaluated for impairment and excluded from loan pools used within the collective evaluation of estimated credit losses. We defined the following criteria for what constitutes a “default,” which results in a loan no longer sharing similar risk characteristics with other loans, and therefore requires an individual evaluation for expected credit losses. The criteria for default may include any one of the following:

•On nonaccrual status,

•Payment delinquency of 90 days or more,

•Partial credit-related charge-off recognized,

•Risk rated doubtful or loss.

Defaulted loans and leases with outstanding balances greater than $250,000 are reviewed individually for expected credit loss. Individually evaluated loans are measured at the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's initial effective interest rate, unless the loans are collateral dependent, in which case loan impairment is based on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The fair value of each loan’s collateral is generally based on estimated market prices from an independently prepared appraisal, which is then adjusted for the cost related to liquidating such collateral. An individually evaluated reserve and/or charge-off would be recognized when the present value of expected future cash flows or the fair value of the underlying collateral is below the amortized cost of the loan. If the measured amount of any individually reviewed loan exceeds its amortized cost, further review is required to determine whether a positive allowance should be added (but only up to amounts previously written off) to its amortized cost basis in order to reflect the net amount expected to be collected.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty. Loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty constitute modifications of receivables in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, or a term extension. ASU 2022-02 eliminated the concept of troubled debt restructurings and introduced broader modification reporting requirements. Previously, troubled debt restructurings included any type of modification that included a below market concession which was granted both to a borrower in financial difficulty and as a result of financial difficulty. Loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty no longer consider whether a market concession has been granted, as was required with troubled debt restructurings, but rather includes as modifications within the four listed reportable modification types to a borrower deemed to be experiencing financial difficulty. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of the modification. Loans reported in this classification have a rating of substandard or worse, and may include both accruing and nonaccruing loans. Loans are assessed to determine whether the modification constitutes a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. Depending on the terms of the modification and nature of the borrower, this may result in a downgrade or placing a loan on nonaccrual status, which in turn would impact the loan's classification within the ALLL. Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases Held for Investment

The allowance for loan and lease losses is measured using the CECL approach for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and other commitments to extend credit. CECL requires the immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the estimated remaining life of the asset. The forward-looking concept of CECL requires loss estimates to consider historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The allowance for credit losses on loans and leases held for investment is the combination of the allowance for loan and lease losses and the reserve for unfunded loan commitments. The allowance for loan and lease losses is reported as a reduction of the amortized cost basis of loans and leases, while the reserve for unfunded loan commitments is included within "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets. The amortized cost basis of loans and leases does not include accrued interest receivable, which is included in "Other assets" on the consolidated balance sheets. The "Provision for credit losses" on the consolidated statements of earnings (loss) is a combination of the provision for loan and lease losses, the provision for unfunded loan commitments, and the provision for HTM and AFS debt securities.

Under the CECL methodology, expected credit losses reflect losses over the remaining contractual life of an asset, considering the effect of prepayments and available information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about relevant historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future events and circumstances. Thus, the CECL methodology incorporates a broad range of information in developing credit loss estimates. The resulting allowance for loan and lease losses is deducted from the associated amortized cost basis to reflect the net amount expected to be collected. Subsequent changes in this estimate are recorded through the provision for credit losses and the allowance. The CECL methodology could result in significant changes to both the timing and amounts of provision for credit losses and the allowance as compared to historical periods. Loans and leases that are deemed to be uncollectable are charged off and deducted from the allowance. The provision for credit losses and recoveries on loans and leases previously charged off are added to the allowance.

The allowance for loan and lease losses is comprised of an individually evaluated component for loans and leases that no longer share similar risk characteristics with other loans and leases and a pooled loans component for loans and leases that share similar risk characteristics.

A loan or lease with an outstanding balance greater than $250,000 is individually evaluated for expected credit loss when it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms of the agreement. We select loans and leases for individual assessment on an ongoing basis using certain criteria such as payment performance, borrower reported and forecasted financial results, and other external factors when appropriate. We measure the current expected credit loss of an individually evaluated loan or lease based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral if the loan or lease is collateral-dependent or the present value of cash flows, discounted at the effective interest rate, if the loan or lease is not collateral-dependent. To the extent a loan or lease balance exceeds the estimated collectable value, a reserve or charge-off is recorded depending upon either the certainty of the estimate of loss or the fair value of the loan’s collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent.

Our CECL methodology for the pooled loans component includes both quantitative and qualitative loss factors which are applied to our population of loans and leases and assessed at a pool level. The quantitative CECL model estimates credit losses by applying pool-specific probability of default ("PD") and loss given default ("LGD") rates to the expected exposure at default ("EAD") over the contractual life of loans and leases. The qualitative component considers internal and external risk factors that may not be appropriately assessed in the quantitative model.

The loan portfolio is segmented into four loan segments, nine loan classes, and 20 loan pools (excluding Paycheck Protection Program loans, which are fully government guaranteed) based upon loan type that share similar default risk characteristics to calculate quantitative loss factors for each pool. Two of these loan pools have insignificant current balances, insignificant historical losses, thus, estimated losses are calculated using historical loss rates from the first quarter of 2009 to the current period rather than econometric regression modeling. For the purchased single-family residential mortgage loans, a third-party model for estimating prepayment, PD, and LGD based on forecasted economic conditions and historical residential mortgage loan performance from 2004 to June 2020 is applied. For the remaining 15 loan pools, we estimate the PD during the reasonable and supportable forecast period using seven econometric regression models developed to correlate macroeconomic variables to historical credit performance (based on quarterly transition matrices for the economic cycle from 2009 to the first quarter of 2024, which include risk rating upgrades/downgrades and defaults).

The loans and unfunded commitments are grouped into ten LGD pools based on portfolio classes that share similar collateral risk characteristics. LGD rates are computed based on the net charge-offs recognized divided by the EAD of defaulted loans starting with the first quarter of 2009 to the current period. The PD and LGD rates are applied to the EAD at the loan or lease level based on contractual scheduled payments and estimated prepayments. We use our actual historical loan prepayment experience from 2009 to the first quarter of 2024, adjusted for forecasted economic conditions, to estimate future prepayments by loan pool. Loans and leases with outstanding balances less than or equal to $250,000, where it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the agreement, remain in their respective pools and are assigned a 100% probability of default.

For the reasonable and supportable forecast period, future macroeconomic events and circumstances are estimated over a 4-quarter time horizon using an economic forecast that is consistent with management's current expectations for the 15 loan pools. We use economic forecasts from Moody's Analytics in this process. The economic forecast is updated monthly; therefore, the forecast used for each quarter-end calculation is generally released a few weeks prior to quarter-end. If economic conditions as of the balance sheet date change materially, management would consider a qualitative adjustment. The key macroeconomic assumptions used in each of the seven PD regression models include two or three of the following economic indicators: Real gross domestic product, unemployment rates, CRE Price Index, the BBB corporate spread, Real Disposable Income and Dow Jones Market Index.

The quantitative CECL model applies the projected rates based on the economic forecasts for the 4-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast horizon to EAD to estimate defaulted loans. During this forecast horizon, prepayment rates during a historical period that exhibits economic conditions most similar to the economic forecast are used to estimate EAD. If no historical period exhibits economic conditions that are similar to the economic forecast, management uses its best estimate of prepayments expected over the reasonable and supportable forecast period which may, in some circumstances, be the average of all historical prepayment experience. Historical LGD rates are applied to estimated defaulted loans to determine estimated credit losses. We then use a 2-quarter reversion period to revert on a straight-line basis from the PD, LGD, and prepayment rates used during the reasonable and supportable forecast period to the Company’s historical PD, LGD, and prepayment experience. Subsequent to the reversion period for the remaining contractual life of loans and leases, the PD, LGD, and prepayment rates are based on historical experience during a full economic cycle. PD regression models are updated at least every two years and reviewed for model performance annually. Prepayment rates are updated on at least an annual basis.

The PDs calculated by the quantitative models are highly correlated to our internal risk ratings assigned to each loan and lease. To ensure the accuracy of our credit risk ratings, an independent credit review function assesses the appropriateness of the credit risk ratings assigned to loans and leases on a regular basis. The credit risk ratings assigned to every loan and lease are as follows:

•High Pass: (Risk ratings 1-2) Loans and leases rated as "high pass" exhibit a favorable credit profile and have minimal risk characteristics. Repayment in full is expected, even in adverse economic conditions.

•Pass: (Risk ratings 3-4.5) Loans and leases rated as "pass" are not adversely classified and collection and repayment in full are expected.

•Special Mention: (Risk rating 5) Loans and leases rated as "special mention" have a potential weakness that requires management's attention. If not addressed, these potential weaknesses may result in further deterioration in the borrower's ability to repay the loan or lease.

•Substandard: (Risk rating 6) Loans and leases rated as "substandard" have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the collection of the debt. They are characterized by the possibility that we will sustain some loss if the weaknesses are not corrected.

•Doubtful: (Risk rating 7) Loans and leases rated as "doubtful" have all the weaknesses of those rated as "substandard," with the additional trait that the weaknesses make collection or repayment in full highly questionable and improbable.

We may refer to the loans and leases with assigned credit risk ratings of "substandard" and "doubtful" together as "classified" loans and leases. For further information on classified loans and leases, see Note 5. Loans and Leases.

In addition to our internal risk rating process, our federal and state banking regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s loan and lease risk rating classifications. Our regulators may require the Company to recognize rating downgrades based on information available to them at the time of their examinations. Risk rating downgrades generally result in increases in the provisions for credit losses and the allowance for credit losses.

The qualitative portion of the reserve on pooled loans and leases represents management’s judgment of additional considerations to account for internal and external risk factors that are not appropriately measured in the quantitative reserve. The qualitative loss factors consider idiosyncratic risk factors, conditions that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results, or other relevant factors to ensure the allowance for credit losses reflects our best estimate of current expected credit losses. Current and forecasted economic trends and underlying market values for collateral dependent loans are generally considered to be encompassed within the CECL quantitative reserve. An incremental qualitative adjustment may be considered when economic forecasts exhibit higher levels of volatility or uncertainty.

In addition to economic conditions and collateral dependency, the other qualitative criteria we consider when establishing the loss factors include the following:

•Legal and Regulatory - matters that could impact our borrowers’ ability to repay our loans and leases;

•Concentrations - loan and lease portfolio composition and any loan or geographic concentrations;

•Lending Policy - current lending policies and the effects of any new policies or policy amendments;

•Nature and Volume - loan and lease production volume and mix;

•Problem Loan Trends - loan and lease portfolio credit performance trends, including a borrower's financial condition, credit rating, and ability to meet loan payment requirements;

•Loan Review - results of independent credit review; and

•Management - changes in management related to credit administration functions.

We estimate the reserve for unfunded loan commitments using the same PD, LGD, and prepayment rates for the quantitative credit losses and qualitative loss factors as used for the allowance for loan and lease losses. The EAD for the reserve for unfunded loan commitments is computed using expected future utilization rates of the unfunded commitments during the contractual life of the commitments based on historical usage by loan pool from 2015 to the first quarter of 2024. The utilization rates are updated on an annual basis.

The CECL methodology requires a significant amount of management judgment in determining the appropriate allowance for credit losses. Most of the steps in the methodology involve judgment and are subjective in nature including, among other things: segmenting the loan and lease portfolio; determining the amount of loss history to consider; selecting predictive econometric regression models that use appropriate macroeconomic variables; determining the methodology to forecast prepayments; selecting the most appropriate economic forecast scenario or weighting of multiple scenarios; determining the length of the reasonable and supportable forecast and reversion periods; estimating expected utilization rates on unfunded loan commitments; and assessing relevant and appropriate qualitative factors. In addition, the CECL methodology is dependent on economic forecasts which are inherently imprecise and will change from period to period. Although the allowance for credit losses is considered appropriate, there can be no assurance that it will be sufficient to absorb future losses.

Management believes the allowance for credit losses is appropriate for the current expected credit losses in our loan and lease portfolio and associated unfunded commitments, and the credit risk ratings and inherent loss rates currently assigned are reasonable and appropriate as of the reporting date. It is possible that others, given the same information, may at any point in time reach different conclusions that could result in a significant impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Land, Premises and Equipment

Land, Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Land is carried at cost and not depreciated. Depreciation and amortization is charged to "Noninterest expense" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss) using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of furniture, fixtures and equipment range from 3 years to 7 years and for buildings up to 40 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over their estimated useful lives, or the life of the lease, whichever is shorter. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred and improvements that extend the useful lives of assets are capitalized.

Foreclosed Assets

Foreclosed Assets

Foreclosed assets include OREO and repossessed non-real estate assets. Foreclosed assets are initially recorded at the estimated fair value of the property, based on current independent appraisals obtained at the time of acquisition, less estimated costs to sell, including senior obligations such as delinquent property taxes. The excess of the recorded loan balance over the estimated fair value of the property at the time of acquisition less estimated costs to sell is charged to the allowance for loan and lease losses. Any subsequent write‑downs are charged to "Noninterest expense" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss) and recognized through a foreclosed assets valuation allowance. Subsequent increases in the fair value of the asset less selling costs reduce the foreclosed assets valuation allowance, but not below zero, and are credited to "Noninterest expense." Gains and losses on the sale of foreclosed assets and operating expenses of such assets are included in "Noninterest expense."

(m) Bank Owned Life Insurance ("BOLI")

The Bank has purchased life insurance policies on certain key employees. BOLI is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract, which is the cash surrender value.

(n) Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs") give us the contractual rights to receive service fees in exchange for performing loan servicing functions on behalf of investors who have an ownership interest in the loans being serviced. Purchased mortgage servicing rights are recorded at the purchase price at the time of acquisition, which approximates the fair value of such assets. Subsequent to acquisition, MSRs are accounted for under the amortization method and amortized over the period of estimated net servicing income (level yield method) generated from servicing the loans. MSRs are evaluated quarterly for impairment by estimating the fair value of the MSRs and comparing that value to their amortized cost. Impairment, if any, is recognized with a valuation allowance to the extent the fair value is less than the carrying value of the MSRs. Subsequent increases in the fair value of impaired MSRs are recognized only up to the amount of the previously recognized valuation allowance. The estimated fair value of the MSRs is obtained through independent third party valuations based on an analysis of future cash flows, incorporating key assumptions including discount rates, prepayment speeds and interest rates.

(o

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date. Any interest or penalties assessed by the taxing authorities is classified in the financial statements as income tax expense. We and our subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in multiple state jurisdictions. Deferred tax assets and liabilities of the same jurisdiction, net of valuation allowances, are grouped together and reported net on the consolidated balance sheets.

On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its DTAs to assess whether they are expected to be realized in the future. This determination is based on currently available facts and circumstances, including our current and projected future tax positions, the historical level of our taxable income, and estimates of our future taxable income. In most cases, the realization of DTAs is based on our future profitability. To the extent our DTAs are not considered more likely than not to be realized, we are required to record a valuation allowance on our DTAs by charging earnings. The Company also evaluates existing valuation allowances periodically to determine if sufficient evidence exists to support an increase or reduction in the allowance.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other intangible assets arise from the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Goodwill generated from business combinations is not subject to amortization and instead is tested for impairment annually at the reporting unit level unless a triggering event occurs thereby requiring an updated assessment. Impairment may be tested by first assessing qualitative factors. If qualitative factors do not indicate impairment, the test is complete. However, if the qualitative factors indicate it is more-likely-than-not that goodwill is impaired, a quantitative test is performed. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, the Company has an unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative assessment. If the Company elects to perform a qualitative assessment, there is no requirement for the Company to perform it for every reporting unit and there is no requirement for the qualitative assessment to be performed every period. In each period and for each reporting unit, the Company decides whether it will reduce costs and complexity to perform the optional qualitative assessment or to proceed directly to the quantitative test.

Our regular annual impairment assessment occurs in the fourth quarter. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets and other identifiable intangible assets acquired. Impairment exists when the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. An impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to that excess as a charge to "Noninterest expense" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).

Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are amortized over such useful lives to their estimated residual values. CDI and CRI are recognized apart from goodwill at the time of acquisition based on market valuations. In preparing such valuations, variables considered included deposit servicing costs, alternative cost of funds, attrition rates, and market discount rates. CDI assets are amortized to expense over their useful lives, which we have estimated to range from 7 to 10 years. CRI assets are amortized to expense over their useful lives, which we have estimated to range from 4 to 7 years. The amortization expense represents the estimated decline in the value of the underlying deposits or customer relationships acquired.

Both CDI and CRI are reviewed for impairment quarterly or earlier if events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. If the recoverable amount of either CDI or CRI is determined to be less than its carrying value, we would then measure the amount of impairment based on an estimate of the intangible asset’s fair value at that time. If the fair value is below the carrying value, then the intangible asset is reduced to such fair value; an impairment loss for such amount would be recognized as a charge to "Noninterest expense" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company issues stock-based compensation instruments consisting of restricted stock units ("RSUs"), time-based restricted stock awards ("TRSAs") and performance stock units ("PSUs"). Compensation expense related to RSUs and TRSAs is based on the fair value of the underlying stock on the award date and is recognized over the required service period using the straight‑line method. The market price of our voting common stock at the date of grant is used to determine the grant date fair value of restricted stock awards and units. For stock awards and units that contain a market condition, a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model is used to calculate the grant date fair value of such awards. Forfeitures of stock-based awards are recognized when they occur. Compensation expense related to PSUs is based on the fair value of the underlying stock on the award date and is amortized over the vesting period using the straight-line method unless it is determined that: (1) attainment of the financial metrics is less than probable, in which case a portion of the amortization is suspended, or (2) attainment of the financial metrics is improbable, in which case a portion of the previously recognized amortization is reversed and also suspended. PSUs expense may vary during the performance period based upon changes in management's estimate of the number of shares that may ultimately vest. In the case where the performance target for the PSUs is based on a market condition (such as total shareholder return), the amortization is neither reversed nor suspended if it is subsequently determined that the attainment of the performance target is less than probable or improbable and the employee continues to meet the service requirement of the award.

Unvested RSUs participate with common stock in any dividends declared, but are only paid on the shares which ultimately vest, if any, at each vesting date. At the time of vesting, the vested shares are entitled to receive cumulative dividends declared and paid since the last vesting date of the award. Unvested TRSAs participate with common stock in any dividends declared and paid. Dividends are paid on unvested TRSAs and are charged to equity, and the related tax impact is recorded to income tax expense. Dividends paid on forfeited TRSAs are charged to compensation expense.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings (Loss) Per Common Share

Earnings (loss) per common share (“EPS”) is computed under the two-class method. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders is computed by subtracting income (loss) allocated to participating securities, participating securities dividends, preferred stock dividends and preferred stock redemptions from net income. All unvested restricted stock awards and NVCE shares that contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends are considered participating securities. In the two-class method, the amount of our earnings (loss) available to common stockholders is divided by the weighted average shares outstanding, excluding any unvested restricted stock.

Diluted EPS is calculated using the more dilutive of either the treasury method or the two-class method. The dilutive calculation considers common stock issuable under the assumed exercise of warrants, as well as performance-based RSUs granted under the Company’s stock plans using the treasury stock method, if dilutive. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding, adjusted for the dilutive effect, if any, of unvested restricted stock and units and outstanding warrants.

Business Combinations

Business Combinations

Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations.” Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity in a business combination recognizes 100 percent of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, regardless of the percentage owned, at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets and other identifiable intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of net assets acquired, including other identifiable assets, exceeds the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed from contingencies must also be recognized at fair value, if the fair value can be determined during the measurement period. Results of operations of an acquired business are included in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss) from the date of acquisition. Acquisition‑related costs, including conversion and restructuring charges, are expensed as incurred.

Business Segments

Business Segments

We regularly assess our strategic plans, operations, reporting structures and financial information provided to management to identify our reportable segments. We operated as one reportable segment - Commercial Banking. The factors considered in making this determination include the nature of products and services offered, geographic regions in which we operate and how information is reviewed by our CODM. See Note 24. Segment Reporting.

(z) Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.

Loans and Leases

NOTE 5.  LOANS AND LEASES

Our loans are carried at the principal amount outstanding, net of deferred fees and costs, and in the case of acquired and purchased loans, net of purchase discounts and premiums. Deferred fees and costs and purchase discounts and premiums on acquired loans are recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the contractual life of the loans primarily using the effective interest method or taken into income when the related loans are paid off or included in the carrying amount of loans that are sold.

Loans and Leases Held for Investment

The following table summarizes the composition of our loans and leases held for investment as of the dates indicated:

	December 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage	$	13,605,595	$	16,378,537
Real estate construction and land (1)	3,187,146		3,183,357
Commercial	6,788,923		5,780,346
Consumer	402,254		454,474
Total gross loans and leases held for investment	23,983,918		25,796,714
Unearned discounts, net (2)	(175,713)		(261,984)
Deferred fees, net	(26,542)		(45,043)
Total loans and leases held for investment	23,781,663		25,489,687
Allowance for loan and lease losses	(239,360)		(281,687)
Total loans and leases held for investment, net (3)	$	23,542,303	$	25,208,000

____________________

(1)    Includes land and acquisition and development loans of $223.9 million and $228.9 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(2)    Represents net acquisition discounts of $235.2 million and net purchase premiums of $59.5 million at December 31, 2024, and net acquisition discounts of $334.2 million and purchase premiums of $72.2 million at December 31, 2023.

(3)    Excludes accrued interest receivable of $96.8 million and $111.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, which is recorded in "Other assets" on the consolidated balance sheets.

The following tables present an aging analysis of our loans and leases held for investment by loan portfolio segment and class as of the dates indicated:

	December 31, 2024
	30 - 89		90 or More
	Days		Days		Total
	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	27,700	$	22,561	$	50,261	$	4,528,511	$	4,578,772
Multi-family	10,346		21,860		32,206		6,009,507		6,041,713
Other residential	39,873		36,976		76,849		2,730,325		2,807,174
Total real estate mortgage	77,919		81,397		159,316		13,268,343		13,427,659
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial	—		—		—		799,131		799,131
Residential	—		—		—		2,373,162		2,373,162
Total real estate construction and land	—		—		—		3,172,293		3,172,293
Commercial:
Asset-based	1,795		—		1,795		2,086,174		2,087,969
Venture capital	5,534		—		5,534		1,532,242		1,537,776
Other commercial	3,295		6,956		10,251		3,142,833		3,153,084
Total commercial	10,624		6,956		17,580		6,761,249		6,778,829
Consumer	2,804		493		3,297		399,585		402,882
Total	$	91,347	$	88,846	$	180,193	$	23,601,470	$	23,781,663

	December 31, 2023
	30 - 89		90 or More
	Days		Days		Total
	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	12,618	$	15,168	$	27,786	$	4,998,711	$	5,026,497
Multi-family	2,302		1,020		3,322		6,021,857		6,025,179
Other residential	93,042		4,341		97,383		4,962,926		5,060,309
Total real estate mortgage	107,962		20,529		128,491		15,983,494		16,111,985
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial	—		—		—		759,585		759,585
Residential	—		—		—		2,399,684		2,399,684
Total real estate construction and land	—		—		—		3,159,269		3,159,269
Commercial:
Asset-based	608		2,689		3,297		2,185,788		2,189,085
Venture capital	—		—		—		1,446,362		1,446,362
Other commercial	1,276		6,993		8,269		2,121,591		2,129,860
Total commercial	1,884		9,682		11,566		5,753,741		5,765,307
Consumer	3,461		670		4,131		448,995		453,126
Total	$	113,307	$	30,881	$	144,188	$	25,345,499	$	25,489,687

The following table presents our nonaccrual and performing loans and leases held for investment by loan portfolio segment and class as of the dates indicated:  

	December 31,
	2024						2023
	Nonaccrual		Performing		Total		Nonaccrual		Performing		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	97,655	$	4,481,117	$	4,578,772	$	15,669	$	5,010,828	$	5,026,497
Multi-family	22,763		6,018,950		6,041,713		1,020		6,024,159		6,025,179
Other residential	46,788		2,760,386		2,807,174		31,041		5,029,268		5,060,309
Total real estate mortgage	167,206		13,260,453		13,427,659		47,730		16,064,255		16,111,985
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial	—		799,131		799,131		—		759,585		759,585
Residential	—		2,373,162		2,373,162		—		2,399,684		2,399,684
Total real estate construction and land	—		3,172,293		3,172,293		—		3,159,269		3,159,269
Commercial:
Asset-based	1,940		2,086,029		2,087,969		2,689		2,186,396		2,189,085
Venture capital	6,291		1,531,485		1,537,776		325		1,446,037		1,446,362
Other commercial	13,544		3,139,540		3,153,084		10,972		2,118,888		2,129,860
Total commercial	21,775		6,757,054		6,778,829		13,986		5,751,321		5,765,307
Consumer	624		402,258		402,882		811		452,315		453,126
Total	$	189,605	$	23,592,058	$	23,781,663	$	62,527	$	25,427,160	$	25,489,687

At December 31, 2024, there were no loans 90 or more days past due and still accruing. At December 31, 2023, there was one loan for $11.8 million that was 90 or more days past due and still accruing.

The amount of interest income that would have been recorded on nonaccrual loans and leases at December 31, 2024 and 2023 had such loans and leases been current in accordance with their original terms was $7.8 million and $5.8 million for 2024 and 2023.

At December 31, 2024, nonaccrual loans and leases included $88.8 million of loans and leases 90 or more days past due, $40.6 million of loans 30 to 89 days past due and $60.2 million of current loans that were placed on nonaccrual status based on management’s judgment regarding their collectability. At December 31, 2023, nonaccrual loans and leases included $19.1 million of loans and leases 90 or more days past due, $11.4 million of loans 30 to 89 days past due and $32.0 million of current loans that were placed on nonaccrual status based on management’s judgment regarding their collectability.

As of December 31, 2024, our three largest loan relationships on nonaccrual status had an aggregate carrying value of $62.3 million and represented 33% of total nonaccrual loans and leases.

The following tables present the credit risk rating categories for loans and leases held for investment by loan portfolio segment and class as of the dates indicated. Classified loans and leases are those with a credit risk rating of either substandard or doubtful.

	December 31, 2024
	Classified		Special Mention		Pass		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	301,278	$	348,014	$	3,929,480	$	4,578,772
Multi-family	113,164		202,690		5,725,859		6,041,713
Other residential	47,993		14,351		2,744,830		2,807,174
Total real estate mortgage	462,435		565,055		12,400,169		13,427,659
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial	—		148,024		651,107		799,131
Residential	—		203,220		2,169,942		2,373,162
Total real estate construction and land	—		351,244		2,821,049		3,172,293
Commercial:
Asset-based	5,003		9,547		2,073,419		2,087,969
Venture capital	75,406		125,320		1,337,050		1,537,776
Other commercial	19,949		38,741		3,094,394		3,153,084
Total commercial	100,358		173,608		6,504,863		6,778,829
Consumer	709		7,408		394,765		402,882
Total	$	563,502	$	1,097,315	$	22,120,846	$	23,781,663

	December 31, 2023
	Classified		Special Mention		Pass		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	75,739	$	219,687	$	4,731,071	$	5,026,497
Multi-family	74,954		108,356		5,841,869		6,025,179
Other residential	38,155		54,197		4,967,957		5,060,309
Total real estate mortgage	188,848		382,240		15,540,897		16,111,985
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial	—		—		759,585		759,585
Residential	—		2,757		2,396,927		2,399,684
Total real estate construction and land	—		2,757		3,156,512		3,159,269
Commercial:
Asset-based	4,561		12,506		2,172,018		2,189,085
Venture capital	7,805		98,633		1,339,924		1,446,362
Other commercial	26,044		9,984		2,093,832		2,129,860
Total commercial	38,410		121,123		5,605,774		5,765,307
Consumer	1,159		7,192		444,775		453,126
Total	$	228,417	$	513,312	$	24,747,958	$	25,489,687

The following table presents our nonaccrual loans and leases by loan portfolio segment and class and by with and without an allowance recorded as of the date indicated and interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans and leases for the year indicated:

	At and For the Year Ended
	December 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Nonaccrual		Interest		Nonaccrual		Interest
	Recorded		Income		Recorded		Income
	Investment		Recognized		Investment		Recognized
	(In thousands)
With An Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	9,864	$	—	$	385	$	—
Multi-family	—		—		—		—
Other residential	223		—		514		—
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial	—		—		—		—
Residential	—		—		—		—
Commercial:
Asset based	—		—		—		—
Venture capital	757		—		—		—
Other commercial	8,885		—		1,613		—
Consumer	624		—		811		—
With No Related Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	87,791	$	13	$	15,284	$	31
Multi-family	22,763		—		1,020		—
Other residential	46,565		—		30,527		—
Real estate construction and land:
Commercial	—		—		—		—
Residential	—		—		—		—
Commercial:
Asset based	1,940		—		2,689		—
Venture capital	5,534		—		325		—
Other commercial	4,659		—		9,359		10
Consumer	—		—		—		—
Total Loans and Leases With and
Without an Allowance Recorded:
Real estate mortgage	$	167,206	$	13	$	47,730	$	31
Real estate construction and land	—		—		—		—
Commercial	21,775		—		13,986		10
Consumer	624		—		811		—
Total	$	189,605	$	13	$	62,527	$	41

The following tables present our loans held for investment by loan portfolio segment and class, by credit quality indicator (internal risk ratings), and by year of origination (vintage year) as of the date indicated:

															Revolving
															Converted
Amortized Cost Basis (1)	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving		to Term
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Loans		Loans		Total
	(In thousands)
Real Estate Mortgage:
Commercial
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	1,694	$	—	$	26,166	$	22,821	$	8,089	$	78,588	$	1	$	—	$	137,359
3-4.5 Pass	232,808		132,389		800,877		682,806		450,822		1,407,314		56,481		28,624		3,792,121
5 Special mention	—		23,844		123,589		24,364		—		176,217		—		—		348,014
6-8 Classified	13,587		1,765		27,579		68,488		20,853		169,006		—		—		301,278
Total	$	248,089	$	157,998	$	978,211	$	798,479	$	479,764	$	1,831,125	$	56,482	$	28,624	$	4,578,772
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	175	$	12,217	$	9,714	$	1,481	$	—	$	—	$	23,587
Real Estate Mortgage:
Multi-Family
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	—	$	—	$	55,847	$	214,583	$	62,942	$	129,163	$	—	$	—	$	462,535
3-4.5 Pass	223,333		60,137		2,037,864		1,154,452		451,602		1,324,816		11,120		—		5,263,324
5 Special mention	—		—		112,963		35,065		—		40,262		—		14,400		202,690
6-8 Classified	—		—		40,018		33,877		4,751		34,518		—		—		113,164
Total	$	223,333	$	60,137	$	2,246,692	$	1,437,977	$	519,295	$	1,528,759	$	11,120	$	14,400	$	6,041,713
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Real Estate Mortgage:
Other Residential
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,510	$	—	$	3,510
3-4.5 Pass	(562)		31,318		336,719		2,235,006		53,094		43,510		42,158		77		2,741,320
5 Special mention	—		310		8,121		5,644		—		276		—		—		14,351
6-8 Classified	—		3,571		25,616		17,189		—		1,448		169		—		47,993
Total	$	(562)	$	35,199	$	370,456	$	2,257,839	$	53,094	$	45,234	$	45,837	$	77	$	2,807,174
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	3,445	$	29,099	$	6,394	$	350	$	67	$	175	$	—	$	39,530

____________________

(1)    Amounts with negative balances are loans with zero principal balances and deferred loan origination fees.

															Revolving
															Converted
Amortized Cost Basis (1)	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving		to Term
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Loans		Loans		Total
	(In thousands)
Real Estate Construction
and Land: Commercial
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
3-4.5 Pass	29,674		47,183		404,732		115,729		45,576		8,213		—		—		651,107
5 Special mention	10,501		—		—		111,933		—		—		25,590		—		148,024
6-8 Classified	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	40,175	$	47,183	$	404,732	$	227,662	$	45,576	$	8,213	$	25,590	$	—	$	799,131
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Real Estate Construction
and Land: Residential
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
3-4.5 Pass	97,488		194,405		1,113,955		436,335		224,511		—		103,248		—		2,169,942
5 Special mention	—		—		143,136		60,084		—		—		—		—		203,220
6-8 Classified	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	97,488	$	194,405	$	1,257,091	$	496,419	$	224,511	$	—	$	103,248	$	—	$	2,373,162
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial: Asset-Based
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	39,542	$	37,081	$	163,918	$	222,942	$	15,730	$	251,167	$	195,994	$	—	$	926,374
3-4.5 Pass	100,098		88,514		180,433		68,372		9,653		34,331		618,036		47,608		1,147,045
5 Special mention	—		194		5,569		—		—		—		3,784		—		9,547
6-8 Classified	—		—		—		—		—		—		5,003		—		5,003
Total	$	139,640	$	125,789	$	349,920	$	291,314	$	25,383	$	285,498	$	822,817	$	47,608	$	2,087,969
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	92	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	92

____________________

(1)    Amounts with negative balances are loans with zero principal balances and deferred loan origination fees.

															Revolving
															Converted
Amortized Cost Basis (1)	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving		to Term
December 31, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Loans		Loans		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial: Venture
Capital
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	(92)	$	(100)	$	—	$	414	$	2,101	$	—	$	72,745	$	23,426	$	98,494
3-4.5 Pass	100,854		104,022		79,659		76,224		3,784		17,749		777,199		79,065		1,238,556
5 Special mention	1,396		56,973		(1)		29,973		—		—		36,979		—		125,320
6-8 Classified	14,895		—		12,821		20,182		—		—		27,508		—		75,406
Total	$	117,053	$	160,895	$	92,479	$	126,793	$	5,885	$	17,749	$	914,431	$	102,491	$	1,537,776
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	2,272	$	—	$	14,000	$	—	$	2	$	140	$	—	$	16,414
Commercial: Other
Commercial
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	685	$	241	$	20,873	$	3,360	$	10	$	(83)	$	73,596	$	—	$	98,682
3-4.5 Pass	66,097		98,878		117,846		199,252		39,244		160,030		2,252,507		61,858		2,995,712
5 Special mention	6,462		8,912		2,880		144		—		127		20,073		143		38,741
6-8 Classified	—		1,397		1,243		2,365		—		5,836		8,234		874		19,949
Total	$	73,244	$	109,428	$	142,842	$	205,121	$	39,254	$	165,910	$	2,354,410	$	62,875	$	3,153,084
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	1,144	$	500	$	1,696	$	3,159	$	2,712	$	605	$	9,816
Consumer
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	—	$	—	$	20	$	15	$	1	$	—	$	932	$	—	$	968
3-4.5 Pass	31,034		19,181		59,594		176,189		18,658		82,678		6,231		232		393,797
5 Special mention	—		—		1,327		4,179		142		1,760		—		—		7,408
6-8 Classified	—		—		32		283		34		350		—		10		709
Total	$	31,034	$	19,181	$	60,973	$	180,666	$	18,835	$	84,788	$	7,163	$	242	$	402,882
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	198	$	790	$	2,733	$	352	$	1,427	$	4	$	—	$	5,504
Total Loans and Leases
Internal risk rating:
1-2 High pass	$	41,829	$	37,222	$	266,824	$	464,135	$	88,873	$	458,835	$	346,778	$	23,426	$	1,727,922
3-4.5 Pass	880,824		776,027		5,131,679		5,144,365		1,296,944		3,078,641		3,866,980		217,464		20,392,924
5 Special mention	18,359		90,233		397,584		271,386		142		218,642		86,426		14,543		1,097,315
6-8 Classified	28,482		6,733		107,309		142,384		25,638		211,158		40,914		884		563,502
Total	$	969,494	$	910,215	$	5,903,396	$	6,022,270	$	1,411,597	$	3,967,276	$	4,341,098	$	256,317	$	23,781,663
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	5,915	$	31,208	$	35,844	$	12,204	$	6,136	$	3,031	$	605	$	94,943

____________________

(1)    Amounts with negative balances are loans with zero principal balances and deferred loan origination fees.

															Revolving
															Converted
Amortized Cost Basis (1)	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving		to Term
December 31, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Loans		Loans		Total
	(In thousands)
Real Estate Mortgage:
Commercial
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	—	$	16,976	$	17,432	$	16,832	$	17,337	$	69,205	$	1	$	—	$	137,783
4-6 Pass	182,236		933,294		814,564		510,952		298,985		1,765,454		76,866		10,937		4,593,288
7 Special mention	—		14,021		32,235		25,485		17,147		129,549		1,250		—		219,687
8-9 Classified	749		—		26,172		439		17,063		29,566		1,750		—		75,739
Total	$	182,985	$	964,291	$	890,403	$	553,708	$	350,532	$	1,993,774	$	79,867	$	10,937	$	5,026,497
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	34	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	76	$	14,185	$	—	$	—	$	14,295
Real Estate Mortgage:
Multi-Family
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	—	$	28,155	$	140,424	$	58,959	$	57,988	$	109,423	$	—	$	—	$	394,949
4-6 Pass	66,143		2,221,235		1,193,052		539,660		564,420		794,599		67,811		—		5,446,920
7 Special mention	—		2,610		17,784		12,201		39,808		35,953		—		—		108,356
8-9 Classified	—		—		17,283		8,576		26,543		22,552		—		—		74,954
Total	$	66,143	$	2,252,000	$	1,368,543	$	619,396	$	688,759	$	962,527	$	67,811	$	—	$	6,025,179
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Real Estate Mortgage:
Other Residential
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,769	$	—	$	6,769
4-6 Pass	188,561		1,824,253		2,812,293		65,230		—		19,518		51,246		87		4,961,188
7 Special mention	—		46,263		7,568		—		—		—		366		—		54,197
8-9 Classified	3,847		18,263		12,908		1,223		—		1,764		65		85		38,155
Total	$	192,408	$	1,888,779	$	2,832,769	$	66,453	$	—	$	21,282	$	58,446	$	172	$	5,060,309
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	3,402	$	23,544	$	5,385	$	740	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	33,075

____________________

(1)    Amounts with negative balances are loans with zero principal balances and deferred loan origination fees.

															Revolving
															Converted
Amortized Cost Basis (1)	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving		to Term
December 31, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Loans		Loans		Total
	(In thousands)
Real Estate Construction
and Land: Commercial
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
4-6 Pass	23,916		388,165		214,303		68,833		16,781		27,175		20,412		—		759,585
7 Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
8-9 Classified	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	23,916	$	388,165	$	214,303	$	68,833	$	16,781	$	27,175	$	20,412	$	—	$	759,585
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Real Estate Construction
and Land: Residential
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
4-6 Pass	64,341		1,185,297		668,083		336,636		—		26,896		115,674		—		2,396,927
7 Special mention	—		—		2,757		—		—		—		—		—		2,757
8-9 Classified	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	64,341	$	1,185,297	$	670,840	$	336,636	$	—	$	26,896	$	115,674	$	—	$	2,399,684
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial: Asset-Based
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	32,485	$	237,936	$	223,088	$	39,380	$	119,364	$	254,638	$	89,667	$	—	$	996,558
4-6 Pass	122,064		238,206		132,449		17,823		7,447		25,945		630,073		1,453		1,175,460
7 Special mention	—		101		—		—		—		1		12,394		10		12,506
8-9 Classified	—		—		—		701		—		340		3,520		—		4,561
Total	$	154,549	$	476,243	$	355,537	$	57,904	$	126,811	$	280,924	$	735,654	$	1,463	$	2,189,085
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	60	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	150	$	210

____________________

(1)    Amounts with negative balances are loans with zero principal balances and deferred loan origination fees.

															Revolving
															Converted
Amortized Cost Basis (1)	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving		to Term
December 31, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Loans		Loans		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial: Venture
Capital
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	(84)	$	(7)	$	—	$	1,998	$	—	$	(3)	$	136,339	$	(140)	$	138,103
4-6 Pass	101,038		128,485		113,183		6,473		6,216		622		770,941		74,863		1,201,821
7 Special mention	17,481		10,984		31,928		—		19,986		—		13,260		4,994		98,633
8-9 Classified	—		—		7,808		—		—		—		(3)		—		7,805
Total	$	118,435	$	139,462	$	152,919	$	8,471	$	26,202	$	619	$	920,537	$	79,717	$	1,446,362
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	2,245	$	2,759	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9	$	—	$	5,013
Commercial: Other
Commercial
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	815	$	4,350	$	5,216	$	130	$	29	$	2,148	$	66,827	$	—	$	79,515
4-6 Pass	98,643		201,215		285,249		50,582		39,951		158,810		1,176,946		2,921		2,014,317
7 Special mention	1,748		1,306		442		554		540		5,071		254		69		9,984
8-9 Classified	—		912		4,011		1,706		1,299		13,768		3,257		1,091		26,044
Total	$	101,206	$	207,783	$	294,918	$	52,972	$	41,819	$	179,797	$	1,247,284	$	4,081	$	2,129,860
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	6,867	$	24	$	—	$	28	$	75	$	1,013	$	431	$	8,438
Consumer
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	—	$	27	$	22	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	1,304	$	—	$	1,357
4-6 Pass	26,468		71,523		207,751		23,390		42,338		63,919		7,684		345		443,418
7 Special mention	—		1,286		4,224		371		1,100		181		30		—		7,192
8-9 Classified	—		281		42		135		198		486		1		16		1,159
Total	$	26,468	$	73,117	$	212,039	$	23,900	$	43,636	$	64,586	$	9,019	$	361	$	453,126
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	—	$	432	$	540	$	76	$	255	$	1,081	$	1	$	12	$	2,397
Total Loans and Leases
Internal risk rating:
1-3 High pass	$	33,216	$	287,437	$	386,182	$	117,303	$	194,718	$	435,411	$	300,907	$	(140)	$	1,755,034
4-6 Pass	873,410		7,191,673		6,440,927		1,619,579		976,138		2,882,938		2,917,653		90,606		22,992,924
7 Special mention	19,229		76,571		96,938		38,611		78,581		170,755		27,554		5,073		513,312
8-9 Classified	4,596		19,456		68,224		12,780		45,103		68,476		8,590		1,192		228,417
Total	$	930,451	$	7,575,137	$	6,992,271	$	1,788,273	$	1,294,540	$	3,557,580	$	3,254,704	$	96,731	$	25,489,687
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs	$	3,436	$	33,088	$	8,708	$	876	$	359	$	15,345	$	1,023	$	593	$	63,428

______________________

(1)    Amounts with negative balances are loans with zero principal balances and deferred loan origination fees.

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures" ("ASU 2022-02"), which eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. This guidance was applied on a prospective basis.

The following table presents our loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by type of modification for the year indicated with balances as of the date indicated:

	Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Loan Modifications
	Balances (Amortized Cost Basis) at
	December 31, 2024
									Combination - Term				Combination - Term
									Extension and				Extension and
									Interest Rate				Payment				Total Loan
	Term Extension				Payment Delay				Reduction				Delay				Modifications
			% of				% of				% of				% of				% of
			Loan				Loan				Loan				Loan				Loan
			Portfolio				Portfolio				Portfolio				Portfolio				Portfolio
	Balance		Class		Balance		Class		Balance		Class		Balance		Class		Balance		Class
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate
mortgage:
Commercial	$	125,027	2.7	%	$	45,957	1.0	%	$	13,587	0.3	%	$	13,899	0.3	%	$	198,470	4.3	%
Other residential	4,218		0.2	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	4,218		0.2	%
Commercial:
Asset-based	1,940		0.1	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	1,940		0.1	%
Venture capital	5,722		0.4	%	758		—	%	—		—	%	12,064		0.8	%	18,544		1.2	%
Other
commercial	3,428		0.1	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	36		—	%	3,464		0.1	%
Consumer	9		—	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	9		—	%
Total	$	140,344			$	46,715			$	13,587			$	25,999			$	226,645

	Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Loan Modifications
	Balances (Amortized Cost Basis) at
	December 31, 2023
									Combination - Term
									Extension and				Combination - Term
									Interest Rate				Extension and				Total Loan
	Term Extension				Payment Delay				Reduction				Payment Delay				Modifications
			% of				% of				% of				% of				% of
			Loan				Loan				Loan				Loan				Loan
			Portfolio				Portfolio				Portfolio				Portfolio				Portfolio
	Balance		Class		Balance		Class		Balance		Class		Balance		Class		Balance		Class
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate
mortgage:
Other residential	$	9,068	0.2	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	9,068	0.2	%
Commercial:
Venture capital	—		—	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	324		—	%	324		—	%
Other
commercial	4,410		0.2	%	37		—	%	5		—	%	—		—	%	4,452		0.2	%
Consumer	14		—	%	—		—	%	2		—	%	—		—	%	16		—	%
Total	$	13,492			$	37			$	7			$	324			$	13,860

The following tables present the financial effect of our loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by type of modification for the year indicated:

	Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Term Extension - Financial Effect
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	Extended maturity by a weighted average 13 months.
Other residential	Extended maturity by a weighted average seven years.
Commercial:
Asset-based	Extended maturity by a weighted average seven months.
Venture capital	Extended maturity by a weighted average three years.
Other commercial	Extended maturity by a weighted average 13 months.
Consumer	Extended maturity by a weighted average 12 months.

	Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Payment Delay - Financial Effect
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	Deferred partial payments by a weighted average 24 months.
Commercial:
Venture capital	Deferred partial payments for three months.

	Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Combination - Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	Extended maturity by a weighted average three years and granted principal forgiveness totaling $4 million.

	Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Combination - Term Extension and Payment Delay - Financial Effect
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	Extended maturity by a weighted average five years and granted eight months of partial payment deferrals.
Commercial:
Venture capital	Extended maturity and granted payment deferrals for a weighted average of three months.
Other commercial	Extended maturity by a weighted average 10 years and granted four months of payment deferrals.

	Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Term Extension - Financial Effect
Real estate mortgage:
Other residential	Extended maturity by a weighted average seven months.
Commercial:
Other commercial	Extended maturity by a weighted average 19 months.
Consumer	Extended maturity by a weighted average 12 months.

	Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Payment Delay - Financial Effect
Commercial:
Other commercial	Provided 18 months of reduced payments to borrowers without extending the loan term.

	Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Combination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction
Commercial:
Other commercial	Extended maturity by a weighted average 3 years and reduced weighted average contractual interest rate from 11.75% to 7.50%.
Consumer	Extended maturity by a weighted average 2 years and reduced weighted average contractual interest rate from 9.50% to 2.00%.

	Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Combination - Term Extension and Payment Delay
Commercial:
Venture capital	Extended maturity and granted payment deferrals for a weighted average of 18 months.

The following tables present the payment status of loans that were modified during the preceding 12-month period with related amortized cost balances as of the date indicated:

	Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) at
	December 31, 2024
			30-89 Days		90 or More Days
	Current		Past Due		Past Due		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	188,799	$	9,671	$	—	$	198,470
Other residential	679		—		3,539		4,218
Commercial:
Asset-based	1,940		—		—		1,940
Venture capital	18,544		—		—		18,544
Other commercial	3,464		—		—		3,464
Consumer	9		—		—		9
Total	$	213,435	$	9,671	$	3,539	$	226,645

	Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) at
	December 31, 2023
			30-89 Days		90 or More Days
	Current		Past Due		Past Due		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	1,750	$	—	$	—	$	1,750
Other residential	8,604		305		159		9,068
Commercial:
Venture capital	324		—		—		324
Other commercial	2,702		—		—		2,702
Consumer	16		—		—		16
Total	$	13,396	$	305	$	159	$	13,860

The following tables present information on loans that defaulted during the years indicated, which had been modified

during the preceding 12-month period, with related amortized cost balances as of the date indicated:

	Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Loan Modifications That Subsequently Defaulted
	Amortized Cost Basis at
	December 31, 2024
			Combination
	Term		Term Extension
	Extension		and Payment Delay		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Commercial	$	9,671	$	13,899	$	23,570
Other residential	3,539		—		3,539
Total	$	13,210	$	13,899	$	27,109

	Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Loan Modifications That
	Subsequently Defaulted
	Amortized Cost Basis at
	December 31, 2023
	Term
	Extension		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage:
Other residential	$	735	$	735

Leases Receivable

We provide equipment financing to our customers primarily with operating and direct financing leases. For direct financing leases, lease receivables are recorded on the balance sheet, but the leased equipment is not, although we generally retain legal title to the leased equipment until the end of each lease. Direct financing leases are stated at the net amount of minimum lease payments receivable, plus any unguaranteed residual value, less the amount of unearned income and net acquisition discount at the reporting date. Direct lease origination costs are amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the leases. Direct financing leases are subject to our accounting for allowance for loan and lease losses. See Note 9. Leases for information regarding operating leases where we are the lessor.

The following table provides the components of leases receivable income for the period indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Component of leases receivable income:
Interest income on net investments in leases	$	18,714	$	16,671	$	10,813

The following table presents the components of leases receivable as of the date indicated:

	December 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Net Investment in Direct Financing Leases:
Lease payments receivable	$	202,815	$	249,223
Unguaranteed residual assets	22,489		25,488
Deferred costs and other	1,955		2,715
Aggregate net investment in leases	$	227,259	$	277,426

The following table presents maturities of leases receivable as of the date indicated:

	December 31, 2024
	(In thousands)
Year Ending December 31,
2025	$	74,522
2026	57,810
2027	41,952
2028	27,079
2029	20,171
Thereafter	5,229
Total undiscounted cash flows	226,763
Less: Unearned income	(23,948)
Present value of lease payments	$	202,815

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses

The following tables present a summary of the activity in the allowance for loan and lease losses on loans and leases held for investment by loan portfolio segment for the years indicated:

	Year Ended December 31, 2024
			Real Estate
	Real Estate		Construction
	Mortgage		and Land		Commercial		Consumer		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Balance, beginning of year	$	186,827	$	33,830	$	45,156	$	15,874	$	281,687
Charge-offs	(63,117)		—		(26,322)		(5,504)		(94,943)
Recoveries	2,766		—		5,711		639		9,116
Net charge-offs	(60,351)		—		(20,611)		(4,865)		(85,827)
Provision	19,278		(22,890)		43,288		3,824		43,500
Balance, end of year	$	145,754	$	10,940	$	67,833	$	14,833	$	239,360
Ending Allowance by
Evaluation Methodology:
Individually evaluated	$	1,702	$	—	$	3,706	$	—	$	5,408
Collectively evaluated	$	144,052	$	10,940	$	64,127	$	14,833	$	233,952
Ending Loans and Leases by
Evaluation Methodology:
Individually evaluated	$	167,060	$	—	$	19,831	$	—	$	186,891
Collectively evaluated	13,260,599		3,172,293		6,758,998		402,882		23,594,772
Ending balance	$	13,427,659	$	3,172,293	$	6,778,829	$	402,882	$	23,781,663

	Year Ended December 31, 2023
			Real Estate
	Real Estate		Construction
	Mortgage		and Land		Commercial		Consumer		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses:
Balance, beginning of year	$	87,309	$	52,320	$	52,849	$	8,254	$	200,732
Initial ALLL on acquired PCD loans	21,968		328		3,193		134		25,623
Charge-offs	(47,370)		—		(13,661)		(2,397)		(63,428)
Recoveries	885		—		4,125		250		5,260
Net charge-offs	(46,485)		—		(9,536)		(2,147)		(58,168)
Provision	124,035		(18,818)		(1,350)		9,633		113,500
Balance, end of year	$	186,827	$	33,830	$	45,156	$	15,874	$	281,687
Ending Allowance by
Evaluation Methodology:
Individually evaluated	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated	$	186,827	$	33,830	$	45,156	$	15,874	$	281,687
Ending Loans and Leases by
Evaluation Methodology:
Individually evaluated	$	47,007	$	—	$	12,373	$	—	$	59,380
Collectively evaluated	16,064,978		3,159,269		5,752,934		453,126		25,430,307
Ending balance	$	16,111,985	$	3,159,269	$	5,765,307	$	453,126	$	25,489,687

The allowance for loan and lease losses decreased by $42.3 million in 2024 due primarily to $85.8 million of net charge-offs, offset partially by a provision for loan and lease losses of $43.5 million. For additional information regarding the calculation of the allowance for loan and lease losses using the CECL methodology, including discussion of forecasts used to estimate the allowance, please see Note 1(j). Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases Held for Investment.

A loan is considered collateral-dependent, and is individually evaluated for reserve purposes, when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The following table summarizes collateral-dependent loans held for investment by collateral type as of the dates indicated:

	December 31,
	2024						2023
	Real		Business				Real		Business
	Property		Assets		Total		Property		Assets		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate mortgage	$	167,060	$	—	$	167,060	$	47,952	$	—	$	47,952
Commercial	—		10,870		10,870		—		3,616		3,616
Total	$	167,060	$	10,870	$	177,930	$	47,952	$	3,616	$	51,568

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is the combination of the allowance for loan and lease losses and the reserve for unfunded loan commitments. The reserve for unfunded loan commitments is included within "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets.

The following tables present a summary of the activity in the allowance for loan and lease losses and reserve for unfunded loan commitments for the years indicated:

	Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Allowance for		Reserve for		Total
	Loan and		Unfunded Loan		Allowance for
	Lease Losses		Commitments		Credit Losses
	(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of year	$	281,687	$	29,571	$	311,258
Charge-offs	(94,943)		—		(94,943)
Recoveries	9,116		—		9,116
Net charge-offs	(85,827)		—		(85,827)
Provision	43,500		(500)		43,000
Balance, end of year	$	239,360	$	29,071	$	268,431

	Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Allowance for		Reserve for		Total
	Loan and		Unfunded Loan		Allowance for
	Lease Losses		Commitments		Credit Losses
	(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of year	$	200,732	$	91,071	$	291,803
Initial allowance on acquired PCD loans	25,623		—		25,623
Charge-offs	(63,428)		—		(63,428)
Recoveries	5,260		—		5,260
Net charge-offs	(58,168)		—		(58,168)
Provision	113,500		(61,500)		52,000
Balance, end of year	$	281,687	$	29,571	$	311,258

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

The Company uses derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, primarily foreign currency risk and interest rate risk, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. The Company uses foreign exchange contracts to manage the foreign exchange rate risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. The objective is to manage the uncertainty of future foreign exchange rate fluctuations. These derivatives provide for a fixed exchange rate which has the effect of reducing or eliminating changes to anticipated cash flows to be received on assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies as the result of changes to exchange rates. Our foreign currency derivatives are not designated as accounting hedges and recorded at fair value in "Other assets" and "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheet. The changes in fair value of our derivatives and the related interest are recognized in "Noninterest income - Other income" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).

The Bank offers interest rate swap products to certain loan customers to allow them to hedge the risk of rising interest rates on their variable-rate loans. When such products are issued, we also enter into an offsetting swap with institutional counterparties to eliminate the interest rate risk to us. These back-to-back swap agreements, which generate fee income for us, are intended to offset each other. We retain the credit risk of the original loan. The net cash flow for us is equal to the interest income received from a variable rate loan originated with the client plus a fee. These swaps are not designated as accounting hedges and are recorded at fair value in "Other assets" and "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets. The changes in fair value are recorded in "Noninterest income - Other income" in the consolidated statements of earnings (loss).

In connection with negotiated credit facilities and certain other services, we may obtain equity warrant assets giving us the right to acquire stock in primarily private, venture-backed companies. We account for equity warrant assets as derivatives when they contain net settlement terms and other qualifying criteria under ASC 815. These equity warrant assets are measured at estimated fair value on a monthly basis and are classified as "Other assets" in the consolidated balance sheets at the time they are obtained.

The Company applies hedge accounting for qualifying derivative instruments used to manage interest rate risk. A cash flow hedge is a derivative instrument used to manage the variability in future expected cash flows that would otherwise be impacted by movements in interest rates. To quality for hedge accounting, the cash flow hedge must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the hedged exposure. The effectiveness of the hedging relationship is documented at inception and is monitored at least quarterly through the life of the transaction. A cash flow hedge that is designated as highly effective is carried at fair value in "Other assets" or "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheet with the change in fair value recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net (“AOCI”) and subsequently recognized in earnings in the same period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. At that time, the amount reclassified from AOCI is presented in the same income statement line item in which the hedged transaction is reported (interest income or expense). If the cash flow hedge becomes ineffective, the change in fair value is reclassified from AOCI to earnings. Cash flows from cash flow hedges are classified as operating activities in the statement of cash flows. We classify both the earnings and cash flow impact from these derivatives consistent with the underlying hedged item.

Derivative instruments expose us to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. This risk exposure consists primarily of the termination value of agreements where we are in a favorable position. We manage the credit risk associated with various derivative agreements through counterparty credit review and monitoring procedures.

(u) Transfer of Financial Asset

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is generally considered to have been surrendered when (i) the transferred assets are legally isolated from us or our consolidated affiliates, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, (ii) the transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the assets with no conditions that constrain the transferee or provide more than a trivial benefit to us, and (iii) we do not maintain an obligation or the unilateral ability to reclaim or repurchase the assets.

We have sold financial assets in the normal course of business including individual or portfolio loans and securities sales. In accordance with accounting guidance for asset transfers, we consider any ongoing involvement with transferred assets in determining whether the assets can be derecognized from the balance sheet. With the exception of servicing and certain performance-based guarantees, our continuing involvement with financial assets sold is minimal and generally limited to market customary representation and warranty clauses.

Lessee, Leases

Operating Leases

As of December 31, 2024, the Company only had operating leases related to our leased facilities. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception by assessing whether there is an identified asset and whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of the identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Operating leases with a term of more than one year are included in operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities, which are reported in "Other assets" and "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company made a policy election to apply the short-term lease exemption to any operating leases with an original term of less than 12 months, therefore no ROU asset or lease liability is recorded for these operating leases. The Company has agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component.

ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized on the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses the incremental borrowing rate commensurate with the lease term based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. ROU assets initially equal the lease liability, adjusted for any prepaid lease payments and initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received.

Certain of the Company's lease agreements include rental payments that adjust periodically based on changes in the CPI. We initially measure the present value of the lease payments using the index at the lease commencement date. Subsequent increases in the CPI are treated as variable lease payments and recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. The ROU assets and lease liabilities are not re-measured as a result of changes in the CPI. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. These options to extend or terminate are assessed on a lease-by-lease basis, and the ROU assets and lease liabilities are adjusted when it is reasonably certain that an option will be exercised. Rent expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in "Occupancy expense" on the Company's consolidated statements of earnings (loss).

The Company uses the long-lived assets impairment guidance under ASC Topic 360-10-35, "Property, Plant and Equipment," to determine whether an ROU asset is impaired, and if impaired, the amount of loss to recognize. Long-lived assets are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. These could include vacating the leased space, obsolescence, or physical damage to a facility. Under ASC Topic 842, "Leases," if an impairment loss is recognized for a ROU asset, the adjusted carrying amount of the ROU asset would be its new accounting basis. The remaining ROU asset (after the impairment write-down) is amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term.