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Organization and Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Notes)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Organization and Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Organization and Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Note 1. Organization and Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and nature of business:  West Bancorporation, Inc. and subsidiary (the Company) operates in the commercial banking industry through its wholly-owned subsidiary, West Bank.  West Bank is state chartered and has its main office in West Des Moines, Iowa, with seven additional branches located in the Des Moines metropolitan area, two branches located in Iowa City, Iowa, and one branch located in Coralville, Iowa.  In addition, the Company owns an unconsolidated subsidiary, West Bancorporation Capital Trust I (the Trust), which was formed for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities (TPS).  On December 31, 2009, West Bancorporation, Inc. sold WB Capital Management Inc. (WB Capital), a wholly-owned investment advisory subsidiary.

Significant accounting policies:

Accounting estimates and assumptions:  The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).  References to GAAP issued by the FASB in these footnotes are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™, sometimes referred to as the Codification or ASC.  In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses for the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.  Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term are the fair value and other than temporary impairment (OTTI) of financial instruments, the allowance for loan losses, and the valuation of other real estate owned.

Consolidation policy:  The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of West Bancorporation, Inc. (the Holding Company), West Bank, West Bank's wholly-owned subsidiary WB Funding Corporation (which owns an interest in a partnership), and West Bank's 99.99 percent owned subsidiary ICD IV, LLC (a community development partnership).  All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.  The accounts of WB Capital are included as discontinued operations for all periods through the sale date of December 31, 2009.  See Note 2 for additional details.  In accordance with GAAP, the results of the Trust are recorded on the books of the Company using the equity method of accounting and are not consolidated.

Segment information: An operating segment is generally defined as a component of a business for which discrete financial information is available and whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision-maker. The Company has determined that its business is comprised of one operating segment, which is banking. The banking segment generates revenue through interest and fees on loans, service charges on deposit accounts, interest on investment securities, gains and fees on sales of residential mortgages, fees for trust services, and other miscellaneous banking related activities. This segment includes West Bank, the Holding Company, and related elimination entries between the two, as the Holding Company's operation is similar to that of West Bank.

Comprehensive income (loss):  Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss).  Other comprehensive income (loss) consists of the net change in unrealized gains and losses on the Company's securities available for sale, including the noncredit-related portion of unrealized gains (losses) of OTTI securities.

Cash and cash equivalents:  For statement of cash flow purposes, the Company considers cash, due from banks, federal funds sold, and short-term investments with original maturities of 90 days or less, to be cash and cash equivalents.  Cash flows from loans and deposits are reported net.

Securities:  Securities available for sale are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of deferred income taxes.  Available for sale securities may be sold for general liquidity needs, in response to market interest rate fluctuations, implementation of asset-liability management strategies, funding loan demand, changes in securities prepayment risk, or other similar factors.  Realized gains and losses on sales are computed on a specific identification basis based on amortized cost.

The amortized cost of debt securities classified as available for sale is adjusted for accretion of discounts to maturity and amortization of premiums over the estimated average life of each security or, in the case of callable securities, through the first call date, using the effective yield method.  Such amortization and accretion is included in interest income.  Interest income on securities is recognized using the interest method according to the terms of the security.
The Company evaluates each of its investment securities whose value has declined below amortized cost to determine whether the decline in fair value is OTTI.  The investment portfolio is evaluated for OTTI by segregating the portfolio into two segments and applying the appropriate OTTI model. Investment securities classified as available for sale are generally evaluated for OTTI under FASB ASC 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities. However, certain purchased beneficial interests in securitized financial assets, including asset-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations, that had credit ratings below AA at the time of purchase, are evaluated using the model outlined in FASB ASC 325, Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets.

In determining OTTI under the FASB ASC 320 model, the review takes into consideration the severity and duration of the decline in fair value, the length of time expected for recovery, the financial condition of the issuer, and other qualitative factors, as well as whether the Company intends to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery.

Under the FASB ASC 325 model, for the second segment of the portfolio, the Company compares the present value of the remaining cash flows as estimated at the preceding evaluation date to the current expected remaining cash flows. An OTTI is deemed to have occurred if there has been an adverse change in the remaining expected future cash flows.

When OTTI occurs under either model, the amount of the OTTI recognized in earnings depends on whether the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If the Company intends to sell or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the OTTI is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment's amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the OTTI is separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss is determined based on the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, using the original yield as the discount rate, and is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total OTTI related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment. The assessment of whether an OTTI exists involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to management at the time.

Federal Home Loan Bank stock: West Bank, as a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system, is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FHLB in an amount equal to 0.12 percent of total assets plus 4.45 percent of outstanding advances from the FHLB and the outstanding principal balance of loans issued through the Mortgage Partnership Finance Program (MPF).  No ready market exists for the FHLB stock, and it has no quoted market value. The Company evaluates this asset for impairment on a quarterly basis. All shares of stock are issued and redeemed at a par value of $100.

Loans held for sale:  Loans held for sale include residential real estate mortgages that were originated in accordance with secondary market pricing and underwriting standards and are stated at the lower of cost or fair value determined on an aggregate basis.  Gains and losses on loan sales are recorded in noninterest income. West Bank does not retain servicing responsibility on loans sold.

Loans:  Loans are stated at the principal amounts outstanding, net of unamortized loan fees and costs, with interest income recognized on the interest method based upon those outstanding loan balances.  Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method. Loans are reported by the portfolio segments identified and are analyzed by management on this basis. All loan policies identified below apply to all segments of the loan portfolio.

Delinquencies are determined based on the payment terms of the individual loan agreements. The accrual of interest on past due and other impaired loans is generally discontinued at 90 days or when, in the opinion of management, the borrower may be unable to make all payments pursuant to contractual terms.  Unless considered collectible, all interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged off is reversed against interest income, if accrued in the current year, or charged to the allowance for loan losses, if accrued in the prior year.  Generally, all payments received while a loan is on nonaccrual status are applied to the principal balance of the loan. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. 



A loan is classified as troubled debt restructured (TDR) when the Company separately concludes that a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and a concession was granted to the borrower that would not otherwise be considered. Concessions may include a restructuring of the terms of a loan to alleviate the burden of the borrower's cash requirements, such as an extension of the payment terms beyond the original maturity date or a change in the interest rate charged.  TDR loans with extended payment terms are accounted for as impaired until performance is established. A change to the interest rate would change the classification of a loan to a TDR loan if the restructured loan yields a rate which is below a market rate for that of a new loan with comparable risk. TDR loans with below market rates are considered impaired until fully collected. TDR loans may be reported as nonaccrual rather than TDR, if they are not performing per the restructured terms.

Based upon its ongoing assessment of credit quality within the loan portfolio, the Company maintains a Watch List which includes classified loans. These loans involve the anticipated potential for payment defaults or collateral inadequacies. A loan on the Watch List is considered impaired when management believes it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all contractual principal and interest payments due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement.  Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan's observable market price or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.  The amount of impairment, if any, and any subsequent changes are included in the allowance for loan losses.

Allowance for loan losses:  The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense.  Loans in each of the Company's loan segments are charged against the allowance for loan losses when management believes that collectability of the principal is unlikely.  The allowance is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb probable losses on existing loans, based on an evaluation of the collectability of loans and prior loss experience.  This evaluation also takes into consideration such factors as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, the review of specific problem loans, and current economic conditions that may affect the borrowers' abilities to pay.  While management uses the best information available to make its evaluation, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary if there are significant changes in economic conditions or the other factors relied upon.

The allowance consists of specific and general components.  The specific component relates to loans that meet the definition of impaired.  The general component covers the remaining loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors such as delinquency trends, loan growth, economic elements, and local market conditions.  These same policies are applied to all segments of loans. In addition, regulatory agencies, as integral parts of their examination processes, periodically review West Bank's allowance for loan losses, and may require West Bank to make additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examinations.

Premises and equipment:  Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation.  The straight-line method of depreciation and amortization is used for calculating expense.  The estimated useful lives of premises and equipment range up to 40 years for buildings, up to 10 years for furniture and equipment, and the shorter of the estimated useful life or lease term for leasehold improvements.
 
Other real estate owned:  Real estate properties acquired through or in lieu of foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling cost at the date of foreclosure.  Fair value is determined by management by obtaining appraisals or other market value information at least annually.  Any write-downs in value at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for loan losses.  After foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management by obtaining updated appraisals or other market information. Any subsequent write-downs are recorded as a charge to operations, if necessary, to reduce the carrying value of a property to the updated fair value less estimated selling cost. Net operating results of the properties held are included in noninterest expense.

Trust assets:  Assets held by West Bank in fiduciary or agency capacities, other than trust cash on deposit at West Bank, are not included in the consolidated financial statements.

Bank-owned life insurance:  The carrying amount of bank-owned life insurance consists of the initial premium paid, plus increases in cash value, less the carrying amount associated with any death benefit received.  Death benefits paid in excess of the applicable carrying amount are recognized as income, which is exempt from income taxes.

Transfer of financial assets:  Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered.  Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right, free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right, to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Preferred stock and common stock warrant:  The proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock and a common stock warrant were allocated between the two based upon the proportionate fair value of each at the time of receipt.  The resulting discount on preferred stock was accreted to par using an effective yield method over a five-year period with the remainder recorded upon redemption of the preferred stock.  The accretion resulted in an adjustment directly to retained earnings and reduced the income available to common shareholders.

Income taxes (benefits):  The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return.  Income tax expense (benefit) is generally allocated as if the Holding Company and its subsidiary file separate income tax returns.  Deferred taxes are provided on an asset and liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, capital loss, operating loss, and tax credit carryforwards, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences.  Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax basis.  Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

When tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained.  The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the consolidated financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any.  The evaluation of a tax position taken is considered by itself and is not offset or aggregated with other positions.  Tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority.  Management does not believe the Company has any material uncertain tax positions to disclose.

Interest and penalties related to income taxes are recorded as other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Earnings (loss) per common share:  Basic earnings (loss) per common share from continuing and discontinued operations are computed by dividing income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period.  Income (loss) available to common stockholders is net income (loss) less preferred stock dividends and accretion of discount on preferred stock, treated as preferred stock dividends.  Diluted earnings (loss) per common share from continuing and discontinued operations reflect the potential dilution that could have occurred if the Company's outstanding stock warrant was exercised and converted into common stock during the period it was outstanding.  The dilutive effect was computed using the treasury stock method, which assumes all outstanding warrants were exercised during the time period they were outstanding.  The incremental shares, to the extent they would have been dilutive, were included in the denominator of the diluted earnings (loss) per common share calculation.

Certain items in the financial statements as of December 31, 2010, were reclassified to be consistent with the classifications used in the December 31, 2011, financial statements. The reclassification has no effect on net income or stockholders’ equity.
 
Current accounting developments:  In January 2010, the FASB issued guidance for improving disclosures about fair value measurements.  This guidance is included in the Codification as part of ASC 820. The portion of the guidance that was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2010, required additional disclosure in the reconciliation of fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). A reporting entity must separately present information about purchases, sales, issuances, and settlements.  The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or statement of operations.

In July 2010, the FASB issued guidance for improving disclosures about an entity's credit quality and risk exposures of its loans and the allowance for loan losses.  For public companies, increased disclosures as of the end of a reporting period were effective for periods ending on or after December 15, 2010.  Increased disclosures about activity that occurs during a reporting period were effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning on or after December 31, 2010.  In January 2011, the FASB temporarily delayed the effective date of the disclosures about TDRs for public companies. Amended guidance issued by the FASB is discussed in the following paragraph. The amendment to the original pronouncement did not delay any of the other required disclosures. Since the provisions of this accounting guidance were disclosure-related, the adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or statement of operations.

In April 2011, the FASB issued amended guidance clarifying for creditors which restructured loans are considered TDR. To qualify as a TDR, a creditor must separately conclude that the restructuring constitutes a concession and that the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty. The amended guidance was effective for public companies for the first interim or annual period beginning on or after June 15, 2011, and was applied retrospectively to the beginning of the annual period of adoption. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or statement of operations.

In April 2011, the FASB issued guidance to improve the accounting for repurchase agreements and other agreements that both entitle and obligate a transferor to repurchase or redeem financial assets before their maturity. This guidance removes from the assessment of effective control in the accounting for repurchase agreements (a) the criterion requiring the transferor to have the ability to repurchase or redeem the financial assets on substantially the agreed terms, even in the event of default by the transferee, and (b) the collateral maintenance implementation guidance related to that criterion. The guidance is effective for the first interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In May 2011, the FASB issued amended guidance to improve the comparability of fair value measurements presented and disclosed in financial statements made in accordance with GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. The guidance does not extend the use of fair value accounting, but provides guidance on how it should be applied in situations where it is already required or permitted. The guidance is included in the Codification as part of ASC 820. The guidance is effective for public companies during interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2011, the FASB issued amended guidance for improving the comparability of financial reporting and to increase the prominence of items reported in other comprehensive income. The guidance eliminated the option to present components of other comprehensive income as part of the changes in stockholders' equity and requires all nonowner changes in stockholders' equity to be presented either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. The guidance also requires entities to present all reclassification adjustments from other comprehensive income to net income on the face of the financial statements. The guidance did not change the items that must be reported in other comprehensive income or when an item of other comprehensive income must be reclassified to net income. This guidance is included in the Codification as ASC 220. In December 2011, the FASB amended the guidance until further deliberations can be completed related to the requirement to present items that are reclassified from other comprehensive income to net income alongside their respective components of net income. The amendment allows an alternative of including these disclosures in the footnotes rather than directly on the financial statements. Early adoption was permitted and the Company adopted this guidance effective June 30, 2011. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements