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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, NET
 12 Months Ended
Jan. 31, 2018
Research and Development [Abstract]  
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, NET
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, NET

Our gross research and development expenses for the years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, were $192.6 million, $174.6 million, and $181.7 million, respectively. Reimbursements from the IIA and other government grant programs amounted to $2.0 million, $3.5 million, and $4.0 million for the years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, which were recorded as reductions of gross research and development expenses.

We capitalize certain costs incurred to develop our commercial software products, and we then recognize those costs within cost of product revenue as the products are sold. Activity for our capitalized software development costs for the years ended January 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was as follows:
 
 
Year Ended January 31,
(in thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Capitalized software development costs, net, beginning of year
 
$
9,509

 
$
11,992

 
$
10,112

Software development costs capitalized during the year
 
3,126

 
2,338

 
5,027

Amortization of capitalized software development costs
 
(3,338
)
 
(3,341
)
 
(2,976
)
Impairments, foreign currency translation and other
 
(69
)
 
(1,480
)
 
(171
)
Capitalized software development costs, net, end of year
 
$
9,228

 
$
9,509

 
$
11,992



During the year ended January 31, 2017, we recorded impairment of capitalized software development costs of $1.3 million reflecting strategy changes in certain product development initiatives, due in part to acquisition of technology associated with business combinations. There were no material impairments of such costs during the years ended January 31, 2018 and 2016.