XML 56 R40.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.25.4
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Accounting Standards Update and Change in Accounting Principle [Abstract]  
Use of Estimates The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and prevailing practices within the banking industry. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of income, gains, expenses, and losses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”), valuation of goodwill and other intangibles, and valuation of mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”).
Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank, RML, SCF, and Northrim Investment Services Company (“NISC”). Significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had one wholly-owned business trust subsidiary, Northrim Statutory Trust 2 (“Trust 2”), that was formed to issue trust preferred securities and related common securities of Trust 2. The Company has not consolidated the accounts of Trust 2 in its consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As a result, the junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company to Trust 2 are reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as junior subordinated debentures.
Variable interest entities ("VIEs") The Company consolidates affiliates in which we have a controlling interest. To determine if we have a controlling financial interest in an entity we first evaluate if we are required to apply the variable interest entity model, otherwise the entity is evaluated under the voting interest model. The Company continuously evaluates its non-majority owned investments in affiliates to determine if they are VIEs. Where we hold current or potential rights that give us the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance combined with a variable interest that gives us the right to receive potentially significant benefits or the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses, we have a controlling financial interest in that VIE. Rights held by others to remove the party with power over the VIE are not considered unless one party can exercise those rights unilaterally. When changes occur to the design of an entity we reconsider whether it is subject to the VIE model. We continuously evaluate whether we have a controlling financial interest in a VIE. We hold a controlling financial interest in other entities where we currently hold, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting rights or where we exercise control through substantive participating rights. We reevaluate whether we have a controlling financial interest in these entities when our voting or substantive participating rights change.
Affiliates are unconsolidated VIEs and other entities in which we do not have a controlling financial interest, but over which we have significant influence, most often because we hold a voting interest of 20% to 50%. Affiliates are accounted for as equity method investments.
Operating Segments Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company uses the "management approach" in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company's CODM for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source for determining the Company's reportable segments. Management, including the CODM, review operating results by the revenue of different services. For the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has three operating business lines; Community Banking, Home Mortgage Lending, and Specialty Finance.
Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to maintain consistency with the current year with no impact on net income or total shareholders’ equity.
Subsequent Events The Company has evaluated events and transactions subsequent to December 31, 2025 for potential recognition or disclosure.
Cash and Cash Equivalents For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with other banks, federal funds sold, and securities with original maturities of less than 90 days at acquisition.
Equity Securities Marketable equity securities are stated at fair value. Changes in fair value are included in “Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable equity securities” in our Consolidated Statements of Income.Non-marketable equity securities are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are included in other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company performs an impairment analysis on its non-marketable equity securities when events or circumstances indicate impairment potentially exists.
Investment Securities Debt securities are classified as available for sale if the Company intends and has the ability to hold those securities for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a debt security classified as available for sale would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital considerations, and other similar factors. Premiums and discounts are amortized over the life of the related investment security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned.
Securities available for sale are stated at fair value. Realized gains or losses, determined on the basis of the cost of specific securities sold, are included in earnings. Unrealized holding gains or losses are included in other comprehensive income as a separate component of shareholders' equity, net of tax.
    Held to maturity securities are stated at cost, adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount on a level-yield basis.  The Company has the ability and intent to hold these securities to maturity.
    The Company amortizes purchase premiums for callable debt securities to the earliest call date and discounts are accreted over the contractual life.
Allowance for Credit Losses For available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company evaluates the securities to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an ACL on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings.
The ACL may be reversed if conditions change. However, if the Company intends to sell an impaired available for sale debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell such a security before recovering its amortized cost basis, the entire impairment amount must be recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security’s amortized cost basis. Because the security’s amortized cost basis is adjusted to fair value, there would be no ACL.
In evaluating available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions for impairment and the criteria regarding its intent or requirement to sell such securities, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuers’ financial condition, among other factors.

Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes the uncollectability of an available for sale debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

The ACL on held to maturity securities is estimated on a collective basis by major security type. At December 31, 2025, the Company’s held to maturity securities consisted of investments in corporate bonds. Expected credit losses for these securities are estimated using a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) methodology which considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.
Under the current expected credit loss model (“CECL”), the ACL on loans is a valuation allowance estimated at each balance sheet date that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans.
The Company estimates the ACL on loans based on the underlying assets’ amortized cost basis, which is the amount at which the loan is originated or acquired, adjusted for applicable accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, and charge-offs. In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, the Company has policies in place to reverse accrued interest in a timely manner. Therefore, the Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the measurement of ACL.

Expected credit losses are reflected in the ACL through a provision for or (reversal) of credit loss expense. When the Company deems all or a portion of a financial asset to be uncollectible the appropriate amount is written off and the ACL is reduced by the same amount. The Company applies judgment to determine when a financial asset is deemed uncollectible; however, generally speaking, an asset will be considered uncollectible when management believes that collection of principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL when received.
The Company measures expected credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis, when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. Depending on the nature and size of the pool of financial assets with similar risk characteristics, the Company uses either a DCF method or a weighted average remaining life method to estimate expected credit losses quantitatively. The weighted average remaining life method uses exposure at default, along with the expected credit losses adjusted for prepayments to calculate the required allowance. The Company utilizes peer historical loss data to estimate credit losses under the weighted average remaining life method. Under the DCF method, the Company utilizes complex models to obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts to calculate two predictive metrics, the probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”). Under the DCF method the combination of adjustments for the credit expectations PD and LGD, and timing expectations (prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery), produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level net present value of expected cash flows (“NPV”). An ACL is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis.

In addition to the quantitative portion of the ACL derived using either the DCF or weighted average remaining life method, the Company also considers the effects of the qualitative factors in its calculation of expected losses in the loan portfolio. The qualitative factor methodology is based on quantitative metrics, but also includes a high degree of subjectivity and changes in any of the metrics could have a significant impact on our calculation of the allowance.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans in the portfolio are individually evaluated for expected credit losses and are not included in the collective evaluation. Loans are identified for individual evaluation during regular credit reviews of the portfolio. A loan is generally identified for individual evaluation when management determines that we will probably not be able to collect all amounts due according to the loan contract, including scheduled interest payments. When we identify a loan for individual evaluation, we measure expected credit losses using DCF, except when the sole remaining source of the repayment for the loan is the liquidation of the collateral. In these cases, we use the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs, instead of DCF. The analysis of collateral dependent loans includes external appraisals or in-house evaluations on loans secured by real property, management’s assessment of the current market, recent payment history and an evaluation of other sources of repayment. The Company’s determination of which method to use is based upon several factors. The Company takes into account compliance with legal and regulatory guidelines, the amount of the loan, the estimated value of the collateral, the location and type of collateral to be valued, and how critical the timing of completion of the analysis is to the assessment of value. Those factors are balanced with the level of internal expertise, internal experience, and market information available, versus external expertise available such as qualified appraisers, brokers, auctioneers, and equipment specialists. The Company uses external appraisals to estimate fair value for projects that are not fully constructed as of the date of valuation. These projects are generally valued as if complete, with an appropriate allowance for cost of completion, including contingencies developed from external sources such as vendors, engineers, and contractors.

If we determine that the value of an individually evaluated loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, we either recognize an ACL specific to that loan, or charge-off the deficit balance on collateral dependent loans if it is determined that such amount represents a confirmed loss. Subsequent changes in the expected credit losses for loans evaluated individually are included within the provision for credit losses in the same manner in which the expected credit loss initially was recognized or as a reduction in the provision that would otherwise be reported.

The Company’s estimate of the ACL reflects losses expected over the remaining contractual life of the assets. The contractual term does not consider extensions, renewals or modifications.

Loans guaranteed by the U.S. government ASC 326 requires credit enhancements that mitigate credit losses, such as the U.S. government guarantees, to be considered in estimating credit losses. These guarantees are considered “embedded” and, therefore, are considered when estimating credit loss on loans guaranteed by the U.S. government. Given that the loans are fully guaranteed by the U.S. government and absent any specific loss information on any of our guaranteed loans, the Company does not carry an ACL on its portion of loans guaranteed by the U.S. government.

Loan Commitments and Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures: The Company enters into various types of transactions that involve financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, including commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit issued to meet customer financing needs. We apply the same credit standards to these commitments as in all of our lending activities and include these commitments in our lending risk evaluations. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.
The Company records an ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless the commitments to extend credit are unconditionally cancellable, through a charge to provision for credit loss expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is estimated by loan segment at each balance sheet date under the current expected credit loss model using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur, and is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Purchased Receivables and related Allowance for Credit Losses: The Company purchases accounts receivable from its customers. The purchased receivables are carried at amortized cost, net of an ACL. Management measures expected credit losses on purchased receivables by evaluating each receivable individually. Each quarter, management reviews purchased receivable asset balances compared to assets eligible for advancement of funds in order to determine the exposure to loss for the Company. Exposure is zero when outstanding balances exceed assets eligible for advancement. Management may determine that an ACL is appropriate for individual purchased receivables based on asset specific facts and circumstances. Fees charged to the customer are earned while the balances of the purchases are outstanding, which is typically less than one year. Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense.
Federal Home Loan Bank Stock The Company’s investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) stock is carried at par value because the shares can only be redeemed with the FHLB at par. The Company is required to maintain a minimum level of investment in FHLB stock based on the Company’s total Bank assets and outstanding advances. FHLB stock is carried at cost and is subject to recoverability testing at least annually.
Loans held for sale The Company designates loans held for sale as either carried at fair value or the lower of cost or fair value at loan level at origination. Loans held for sale include residential mortgage loans that have been originated for sale in the secondary market. Related gains or losses on the sale of these loans are recognized in mortgage banking income.
Loans Loans are carried at their principal amount outstanding, net of charge-offs, unamortized fees, and direct loan origination costs. Loan origination fees received in excess of direct origination costs are deferred and accreted to interest income using the interest method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310 over the life of the loan. Loan balances are charged-off to the ACL when management believes that collection of principal is unlikely. Interest income on loans is accrued and recognized on the principal amount outstanding except for loans in a nonaccrual status. All classes of loans are placed on nonaccrual when management believes doubt exists as to the collectability of the interest or principal. Cash payments received on nonaccrual loans are directly applied to the principal balance. Generally, a loan may be returned to accrual status when the delinquent principal and interest is brought current in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement and certain ongoing performance criteria have been met. Loans are reported as past due when installment payments, interest payments, or maturity payments are past due based on contractual terms.
    The Company classifies fair value measurements on loans as level 3 valuations in the fair value hierarchy because of their use of unobservable inputs.
Acquired Loans and Purchased Receivables Loans and purchased receivables acquired that are of poor credit quality and with more than an insignificant evidence of credit deterioration since their origination or original purchase are purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) assets. PCD assets are recorded at their purchase price plus an ACL estimated at the time of acquisition. Under this approach, there is no provision for credit losses recognized at acquisition; rather, there is a gross-up of the purchase price of the financial asset for the estimate of expected credit losses and a corresponding ACL recorded. Changes in estimates of expected credit losses after acquisition are recognized as provision for credit losses in subsequent periods. In general, interest income recognition for PCD financial assets is consistent with interest income recognition for the similar non-PCD financial asset.
Other Real Estate Owned Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”) represents properties acquired through foreclosure or its equivalent. Prior to foreclosure, the carrying value is adjusted to the fair value, less cost to sell, of the real estate to be acquired by an adjustment to the ACL for loans. Management’s evaluation of fair value is based on appraisals or discounted cash flows of anticipated sales. After foreclosure, any subsequent reduction in the carrying value is charged against earnings. Operating expenses associated with OREO are charged to earnings in the period they are incurred. Operating expenses associated with OREO are recorded net of rental income and gain on sales associated with OREO.
Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense for financial reporting purposes is computed using the straight-line method based upon the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the assets that vary according to the asset type and include; furniture and equipment ranging between three and seven years, leasehold improvements ranging between two and 15 years, and buildings at 39 years. Maintenance and repairs are charged to current operations, while renewals and betterments are capitalized. Long-lived assets such as premises and equipment are reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the remaining useful life may warrant revision, or that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset may not be fully recoverable. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. Impairment losses on assets to be disposed of, if any, are based on the estimated proceeds to be received, less costs of disposal.
Operating Leases The Company leases branch locations, corporate office space, and equipment under non-cancelable leases. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. The leases contain various provisions for increases in rental rates, based either on changes in the published Consumer Price Index or a predetermined escalation schedule. Substantially all of the leases provide the Company with one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to ten years or more. The exercise of lease renewal options is at management's sole discretion. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. In addition to annual impairment reviews, management reviews right-of-use assets anytime a change in circumstances indicates the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Intangible assets are comprised of goodwill and other intangibles acquired in business combinations. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized to their estimated residual values over their respective useful lives, and are also reviewed for impairment. Amortization of intangible assets is included in other operating expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company performs a goodwill impairment analysis at each reporting unit on an annual basis. Additionally, the Company performs a goodwill impairment evaluation on an interim basis when events or circumstances indicate impairment potentially exists.
Low Income Housing Tax Credit Partnerships The Company earns a return on its investments in these partnerships in the form of tax credits and deductions that flow through to it as a limited partner. The Company amortizes these investments in tax expense over the period during which tax benefits are received.
Servicing Rights MSRs and commercial servicing rights (“CSRs”) associated with loans originated and sold, where servicing is retained, are measured at fair value and changes in fair value are reported through earnings. Changes in the fair value of servicing rights occur primarily due to the collection/realization of expected cash flows, as well as changes in valuation inputs and assumptions. Under the fair value method, servicing rights are carried on the balance sheet at fair value and the changes in fair value for MSRs are reported in earnings in mortgage banking income and the changes in fair value for CSRs are reported in commercial serving revenue in other operating income in the period in which the change occurs. Fair value measurements are determined using a discounted cash flow model. In order to determine the fair value of servicing rights, the present value of net expected future cash flows is estimated. Assumptions used include market discount rates, anticipated prepayment speeds, escrow calculations, delinquency rates, and ancillary fee income net of servicing costs.
Other Assets Other assets include purchased software and prepaid expenses. Purchased software is carried at amortized cost and is amortized using the straight-line method over its estimated useful life or the term of the agreement. Also included in other assets is the net deferred tax asset, bank owned life insurance carried at cash surrender value, net of premium charges, accrued interest receivable, taxes receivable, and rate lock derivatives.
Derivatives The Company records all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The accounting for change in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate the derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting, and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Interest rate swaps that are designated as a cash flow hedge and satisfy the hedge accounting requirements involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counter-party in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. For derivatives which are designed as cash flow hedges and satisfy hedge accounting requirements, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The fair value of the Company's derivatives is determined using DCF analysis using observable market based inputs. The Company considers all free-standing derivatives not designated in a hedging relationship as economic hedges and recognizes these derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet. These assets and liabilities are measured at fair value, and changes in fair value are recorded in earnings. By using derivatives, the Company is exposed to counterparty credit risk, which is the risk that counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as expected. If a counterparty fails to perform, our counterparty credit risk is equal to the amount reported as a derivative asset on our balance sheet, net of cash collateral received. We minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. For derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement, we do not offset fair value amounts of interest rate swaps in liability positions with interest rate swaps in asset positions.
Transfers or sales of financial assets For transfers of entire financial assets or a participating interest in an entire financial asset recorded as sales, we recognize and initially measure at fair value all assets obtained and liabilities incurred. We record a gain or loss in other operating income for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the assets sold. Fair values are based on quoted market prices, quoted market prices for similar assets, or if market prices are not available, then the fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis with assumptions for credit losses, prepayments and discount rates that are corroborated by and verified against market observable data, where possible.
Revenue Recognition The majority of the Company's revenues come from interest income on loans and investment securities, as well as other non-interest income including mortgage banking income, bankcard fees, purchased receivable income, and service charges on deposits. The Company recognizes income in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for these revenue sources. The Company's revenues that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606 (“Topic 606”) are presented within other operating income and include bankcard fees, service charges on deposits, and other non-interest income including merchant services fees, commissions from sales of mutual funds and other investments, safety deposit box rental fees, bank check and other check fees, and other miscellaneous revenue streams.
The Company generates revenue from factoring services by purchasing trade receivables from customers at a discount. This revenue is included in Purchased Receivable Income on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. Purchased receivable income represents factoring fees earned for providing financing, credit administration, and collection services. Purchased receivable income is recognized at the point in time when control of the receivable is transferred to the Company and the related services are substantially complete, which generally occurs upon purchase of the receivable.
Bankcard fees are primarily comprised of debit card income and ATM fees. Debit card income is primarily comprised of interchange fees earned whenever the Company’s debit cards are processed through card payment networks such as Visa or MasterCard. ATM fees are primarily generated when a Company cardholder uses a non-Company ATM or a non-Company cardholder uses a Company ATM. The Company’s performance obligation for bankcard fees are largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered or upon completion. Payments are typically received immediately or in the following month.
Service charges on deposit accounts consist of general service fees for monthly account maintenance, activity- or transaction-based fees, and account analysis fees (i.e., net fees earned on analyzed business and public checking accounts), and other deposit account related fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed. Payments for service charges on deposit accounts are primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers’ accounts.

Other operating income consists of other recurring revenue streams such as merchant services income, commissions from sales of mutual funds and other investments, safety deposit box rental fees, bank check and other check fees, unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities, and other miscellaneous revenue streams. Merchant services income mainly represents fees charged to merchants to process their debit and credit card transactions, in addition to account management fees. The Company’s performance obligation for merchant services income is largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the transactions have been completed. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month. The Company earns commissions from the sale of mutual funds as periodic service fees (i.e., trailers) from Elliott Cove Capital Management typically based on a percentage of net asset value. Trailer revenue is recorded over time, quarterly, as net asset value is determined. The Company also earns commission income from the sale of annuity products. The Company acts as an intermediary between the Company's customer and Elliott Cove Investment Advisors for these transactions, and commissions from annuity product sales are recorded when the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied, which is generally upon the issuance of the annuity policy. The Company does not earn trailer fees on annuity sales. Payment for commissions from sales of mutual funds and other investments and annuity sales is typically received in the following quarter. Other service charges include revenue from safety deposit box rental fees, processing wire transfers, bank check and other check fees, and other services. The Company’s performance obligations for these other revenue streams are largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered or upon completion. Payments are typically received immediately or in the following month.

Revenue within the contracts with customers is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with customers are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. When the amount of consideration is variable, the Company will only recognize revenue to the extent that it is probable that the cumulative amount recognized will not be subject to a significant reversal in the future. Substantially all of the Company's contracts with customers have expected durations of one year or less and payments are typically due when or as the services are rendered or shortly thereafter. When third parties are involved in providing services to customers, the Company recognizes revenue on a gross basis when it has control over those services being provided to the customer; otherwise, revenue is recognized for the net amount of any fee or commission.
Advertising Advertising, promotion, and marketing costs are expensed as incurred.
Stock Incentive Plans The Company has stock-based employee compensation plans as more fully discussed in Note 22, Stock-Based Compensation to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II. Item 8 of this report. Compensation cost is recognized for stock options, restricted stock units, and performance stock units issued to employees based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A Black Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options. The market price for the Company's common stock at the date of grant issued is the fair value of restricted and performance stock awards. The Company recognizes compensation expense over the vesting period of each award. The Company's recognizes forfeitures as they occur.
Income Taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the future consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in “Other operating expense" in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Foreign Currency Translation Assets, liabilities and operations of foreign subsidiaries, which includes subsidiaries owned by SCF, are recorded based on the functional currency of each entity. The Company has determined that the functional currency of foreign subsidiaries is the local currency. The assets, liabilities and operations are translated, for consolidation purposes, from the local currency to the U.S. dollar reporting currency at period-end rates for assets and liabilities and generally at average rates for results of operations. Related translation adjustments are reported as a component of other comprehensive income, whereas gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in results of operations in other operating income.
Earnings Per Share Earnings per share is calculated using the weighted average number of shares and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. Stock options and restricted stock units, as described in Note 22 of the notes to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II. Item 8 of this report, are considered to be common stock equivalents. Potentially dilutive shares are excluded from the computation of earnings per share if their effect is anti-dilutive.
Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income consists of net income, net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale after the tax effect, net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities after the tax effect, and foreign currency transaction adjustments after the tax effect.
Concentrations A significant portion of the Company’s business is derived from operations in Alaska. As such, the Company’s growth and operations depend upon the economic conditions of Alaska. Alaska relies primarily upon the natural resources industries, particularly oil production, as well as tourism, government and U.S. military spending for their economic success. A significant majority of the unrestricted revenues of the Alaska state government are currently funded through various taxes and royalties on the oil industry. The Company’s business is and will remain sensitive to economic factors that relate to these industries and local and regional business conditions. As a result, local or regional economic downturns, or downturns that disproportionately affect one or more of the key industries in regions served by the Company, may have a more pronounced effect upon its business than they might on an institution that is less geographically concentrated. The extent of the future impact of these events on economic and business conditions cannot be predicted; however, prolonged or acute fluctuations could have a material and adverse impact upon the Company’s results of operation and financial condition.
Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for an asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. GAAP established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of inputs used in valuation methodologies. In accordance with GAAP, the Company groups its assets and liabilities measured at fair value into the following three levels:
•Level 1:  Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. A quoted market price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and is used to measure fair value whenever available. A contractually binding sales price also provides reliable evidence of fair value.
•Level 2:  Valuation is based upon quoted market prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
•Level 3:  Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market, or inputs that require significant management judgment or estimation, some of which may be internally developed.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting pronouncements implemented in 2025
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). The amendments in ASU 2023-09 improve transparency of income tax disclosures related to rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in rate reconciliation, and by requiring disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 allow investors to better assess, in their capital allocation decisions, how an entity's worldwide operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operations opportunities affect its income tax rate and prospects for future cash flow. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and may be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 on December 31, 2025, and the adoption expands our disclosures around income taxes.
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements (“ASU 2024-02”). ASU 2024-02 contains amendments to the Codification that remove references to various Concepts Statements. In most instances, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Concepts Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas. FASB Concepts Statement are nonauthoritative. Removing all references to Concepts Statements in the guidance is intended to simplify the Codification and draw a distinction between authoritative and nonauthoritative literature. ASU 2024-02 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and may be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company adopted ASU 2024-02 on January 1, 2025, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025‑05, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets (“ASU 2025‑05”). ASU 2025‑05 is intended to reduce the cost and complexity of applying the CECL model to current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments introduce (i) a practical expedient available to all entities and (ii) an accounting policy election available to entities other than public business entities that also elect the practical expedient. Under the practical expedient, an entity may assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change over the remaining life of current accounts receivable and current contract assets. This simplifies the estimate of expected credit losses for short‑term assets by reducing the need to incorporate detailed forward‑looking macroeconomic forecasts that stakeholders indicated were costly to develop and had limited effect on loss estimates for these assets. ASU 2025‑05 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The amendments apply only to current receivables and contract assets. The Company adopted ASU 2025-05 on December 31, 2025, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Accounting pronouncements to be implemented in future periods    
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”). This updated mandates that public business entities provide detailed disclosures in the notes to the financial statements, breaking down specific expense categories such as purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and depreciation, depletion, and amortization recognized as part of oil- and gas-producing activities included in each relevant expense cation. The objective is to enhance transparency, enabling investors to gain a clearer understanding of the nature and impact of these expenses on the Company's financial performance. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and may be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company intends to adopt ASU 2024-03 prospectively and does not believe that the adoption will have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025‑08, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Purchased Loans ("ASU 2025-08"). The amendments in ASU 2025‑08 are intended to simplify and improve the accounting for acquired loans under the CECL model by expanding the use of the “gross‑up” approach currently applied only to PCD assets. Under prior generally accepted accounting principles, entities were required to distinguish between PCD and non‑PCD acquired loans, resulting in differing Day 1 accounting and concerns about complexity, comparability, and perceived double‑counting of credit losses for non‑PCD loans. ASU 2025‑08 creates a new category of “purchased seasoned loans,” defined as acquired loans—in a business combination or acquired more than 90 days after origination—other than credit cards, that meet certain criteria. These loans must now be accounted for using the gross‑up approach. This method requires an entity to recognize an allowance for expected credit losses at the acquisition date with a corresponding increase to the loan’s amortized cost basis, eliminating Day 1 credit loss expense while reducing subsequent interest income. Existing guidance for PCD assets remains unchanged. ASU 2025‑08 is effective for the Company for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and must be applied prospectively to loans acquired after the adoption date. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025‑08 but does not expect the adoption to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2025, FASB issued ASU 2025‑09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements (“ASU 2025‑09”). The amendments in ASU 2025‑09 clarify and expand certain aspects of hedge accounting to better align financial reporting with the economics of an entity’s risk‑management activities. The ASU addresses stakeholder feedback following the implementation of prior hedge accounting guidance and issues arising from the global transition away from LIBOR. The amendments include targeted improvements across several areas of hedge accounting. Among the key changes, ASU 2025‑09 (i) expands the ability to aggregate forecasted transactions with similar risk exposures in cash flow hedges, (ii) introduces a model that facilitates hedge accounting for forecasted interest payments on “choose‑your‑rate” debt instruments, (iii) broadens hedge accounting for forecasted purchases and sales of nonfinancial assets, and (iv) updates guidance related to net written options used as hedging instruments. These improvements are intended to reduce complexity, increase consistency, and enhance the decision‑usefulness of hedge accounting outcomes. ASU 2025‑09 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025‑09 and does not expect the adoption to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025‑11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow‑Scope Improvements (“ASU 2025‑11”). The amendments are intended to improve the clarity and navigability of interim reporting requirements within Topic 270 by clarifying when interim reporting guidance applies, enhancing the organization of required interim disclosures, and specifying the form and content of interim financial statements. The guidance responds to stakeholder feedback that existing interim reporting requirements were difficult to navigate because of the historical origins and accumulated amendments within Topic 270. ASU 2025‑11 adds a disclosure principle requiring entities to disclose events that occur after the end of the most recent annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. The amendments also introduce a comprehensive list of required interim disclosures drawn from various Codification topics and clarify the presentation requirements for interim financial statements, including condensed financial statements and accompanying footnotes. Importantly, the ASU does not change the fundamental nature of interim reporting nor expand or reduce existing disclosure requirements; rather, it improves clarity and consistency across entities that issue interim financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. ASU 2025‑11 is effective for the Company for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted, and the amendments may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025‑11 and does not expect the adoption to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025‑12, Codification Improvements (“ASU 2025‑12”). This Update is part of the FASB’s ongoing project to address stakeholder‑identified issues in the Accounting Standards Codification. The
amendments consist of technical corrections, clarifications, and other incremental improvements intended to enhance the clarity, consistency, and usability of U.S. GAAP. These Codification improvements are not expected to significantly affect current accounting practices or impose substantial costs on most entities. The amendments span a wide range of Topics and include clarifications to diluted earnings‑per‑share calculations, updates to disclosure requirements for certain lease receivables, refinements to the calculation of reference amounts for beneficial interests, clarification of permissible methods for treasury stock retirements, and guidance regarding the transfer and measurement of receivables arising from contracts with customers. Although the updates are largely non‑substantive, certain clarifications may affect how entities apply existing guidance where the prior Codification language was ambiguous or inconsistent. ASU 2025‑12 is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, including interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025‑12 and does not expect the adoption to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.