5. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Financial instruments are agreements between two parties that result in promises to pay or receive cash or equity instruments. The carrying values of accounts receivable and accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short term to maturity.

The Company has exposure to the following risks from its use of financial instruments:

• Credit risk;

• Liquidity risk; and

• Market risk.

(a) Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to discharge an obligation. Cash and cash equivalents are placed with major Canadian and US financial institutions and the Company’s concentration of credit risk for cash and maximum exposure thereto is $4,418,236 (2018 - $1,246,244).

With respect to its accounts receivable, the Company assesses the credit rating of all customers and maintains provisions for potential credit losses, and any such losses to date have been within management’s expectations. The Company’s credit risk with respect to accounts receivable and maximum exposure thereto is $1,824,563 (2018 - $1,224,235). The Company’s concentration of credit risk for accounts receivable with respect to its significant customers is as follows: Customer A is $476,341 (2018 - $271,564), Customer B is $172,841 (2018 - $161,556) (Note 15). The Company has provided for an allowance for doubtful accounts amounting to $Nil at December 31, 2019 (2018 - $27,653).

To reduce the credit risk of accounts receivable, the Company regularly reviews the collectability of the accounts receivable to ensure there is no indication that these amounts will not be fully recoverable.

(b) Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will be unable to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Company’s approach to managing liquidity risk is to ensure, as far as possible, that it will have sufficient liquid funds to meet its liabilities when due, under both normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to the Company’s reputation.

At December 31, 2019, the Company has $4,418,236 (2018 - $1,246,244) of cash and cash equivalents to settle current liabilities of $1,795,745 (2018 - $1,779,256) consisting of the following: accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $1,100,376 (2018 - $1,222,982), due to related party balance of $537,644 (2018 - $89,535), income tax payable of $71,341 (2018 - $466,739) and current portion of lease liability of $86,384 (2018 - $Nil). All payables are due within a year.

The significant market risks to which the Company could be exposed are interest rate risk and currency risk.

(i) Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows will fluctuate as a result of changes in market interest rates. The Company is not exposed to significant interest rate risk.

(ii) Currency risk

The Company is exposed to currency risk to the extent expenditures incurred or funds received and balances maintained by the Company are denominated in Canadian dollars (“CAD”). The Company does not manage currency risk through hedging or other currency management tools.

As at December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had the following assets denominated in CAD (amounts presented in USD):

		December 31, 2019			December 31, 2018

Cash and cash equivalents	$	76,389		$	15,666
Accounts receivable		66,035			46,979
Accounts payable		(197,967	)		(210,555	)

	$	(55,544	)	$	(147,910	)

Based on the above, assuming all other variables remain constant, a 14% (2018 - 14%) weakening or strengthening of the USD against the CAD would result in approximately $7,776 (2018 - $20,700) foreign exchange loss or gain in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).