10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2019

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No. 000-51829

COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware	46-5706863
(State of Incorporation)	(I.R.S. Employer
	Identification Number)

2450 N Street N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20037

(Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code)

(202) 295-4200

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	CCOI	NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧  No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Common Stock, $.001 par value 46,832,086 Shares Outstanding as of October 31, 2019

INDEX

	PART I
	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc., and Subsidiaries as of September 30, 2019 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2018	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc., and Subsidiaries for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018 (Unaudited)	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc., and Subsidiaries for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018 (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc., and Subsidiaries for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018 (Unaudited)	4
	Notes to Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	17
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	27
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	27
	PART II
	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	29
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	29
Item 5	Other Information
Item 6.	Exhibits	29
SIGNATURES		30
CERTIFICATIONS

PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2019 AND DECEMBER 31, 2018

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE DATA)

	September 30,		December 31,
	2019		2018
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	396,271	$	276,093
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,758 and $1,263, respectively		41,292		41,709
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		36,810		32,535
Total current assets		474,373		350,337
Property and equipment, net		370,825		375,325
Right-of-use leased assets		72,591		—
Deferred tax assets		613		2,733
Deposits and other assets		13,942		11,455
Total assets	$	932,344	$	739,850
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	9,849	$	8,519
Accrued and other current liabilities		49,115		51,431
Installment payment agreement, current portion, net of discount of $391 and $395, respectively		9,078		8,283
Current maturities, operating lease liabilities		10,299		—
Current maturities, finance lease obligations		7,884		7,074
Total current liabilities		86,225		75,307
Senior secured 2022 notes, net of unamortized debt costs of $2,101 and $2,695, respectively and including premium of $1,092 and $1,405, respectively		443,991		443,710
Senior unsecured 2024 Euro notes, net of unamortized debt costs of $1,483		145,896		—
Senior unsecured 2021 notes, net of unamortized debt costs of $1,015 and $1,476, respectively		188,210		187,749
Operating lease liabilities, net of current maturities		85,331		—
Finance lease obligations, net of current maturities		160,178		156,706
Other long term liabilities		13,014		25,380
Total liabilities		1,122,845		888,852
Commitments and contingencies:
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 75,000,000 shares authorized; 46,821,586 and 46,336,499 shares issued and outstanding, respectively		47		46
Additional paid-in capital		487,396		471,331
Accumulated other comprehensive income — foreign currency translation		(15,676)		(10,928)
Accumulated deficit		(662,268)		(609,451)
Total stockholders’ deficit		(190,501)		(149,002)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	932,344	$	739,850

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated balance sheets.

1

COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019 AND SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AND PER SHARE AMOUNTS)

	Three Months		Three Months
	Ended		Ended
	September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
Service revenue	$	136,942	$	130,139
Operating expenses:
Network operations (including $282 and $250 of equity-based compensation expense, respectively, exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)		55,253		54,615
Selling, general, and administrative (including $4,515 and $4,571 of equity-based compensation expense, respectively)		35,971		33,409
Depreciation and amortization		20,006		20,276
Total operating expenses		111,230		108,300
Gains on equipment transactions		87		416
Operating income		25,799		22,255
Interest income and other, net		8,347		1,937
Interest expense		(15,191)		(12,767)
Income before income taxes		18,955		11,425
Income tax provision		(5,254)		(3,194)
Net income	$	13,701	$	8,231
Comprehensive income:
Net income	$	13,701	$	8,231
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(4,709)		(485)
Comprehensive income	$	8,992	$	7,746
Net income per common share:
Basic net income per common share	$	0.30	$	0.18
Diluted net income per common share	$	0.30	$	0.18
Dividends declared per common share	$	0.62	$	0.54
Weighted-average common shares - basic		45,438,656		45,105,830
Weighted-average common shares - diluted		46,019,691		45,699,635

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated statements.

2

COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019 AND SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AND PER SHARE AMOUNTS)

	Nine Months		Nine Months
	Ended		Ended
	September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
Service revenue	$	405,866	$	388,144
Operating expenses:
Network operations (including $688 and $671 of equity-based compensation expense, respectively, exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)		163,811		163,868
Selling, general, and administrative (including $12,832 and $12,629 of equity-based compensation expense, respectively)		110,396		100,637
Depreciation and amortization		60,246		60,280
Total operating expenses		334,453		324,785
Gains on equipment transactions		808		891
Operating income		72,221		64,250
Interest income and other, net		11,927		3,817
Interest expense		(42,243)		(37,547)
Income before income taxes		41,905		30,520
Income tax provision		(11,851)		(8,953)
Net income	$	30,054	$	21,567
Comprehensive income:
Net income	$	30,054	$	21,567
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(4,748)		(4,072)
Comprehensive income	$	25,306	$	17,495
Net income per common share:
Basic net income per common share	$	0.66	$	0.48
Diluted net income per common share	$	0.65	$	0.47
Dividends declared per common share	$	1.80	$	1.56
Weighted-average common shares - basic		45,428,305		45,096,472
Weighted-average common shares - diluted		45,948,331		45,591,217

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated statements.

3

COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019 AND SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

(IN THOUSANDS)

	Nine Months		Nine Months
	Ended		Ended
	September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	30,054	$	21,567
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		60,246		60,280
Amortization of debt costs and premium		1,328		1,126
Equity-based compensation expense (net of amounts capitalized)		13,520		13,300
Gains - equipment transactions and other, net		(131)		(727)
Unrealized foreign currency exchange gain on 2024 Euro notes		(6,305)		—
Deferred income taxes		9,285		7,527
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(43)		(2,280)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(4,862)		(663)
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities		1,350		(5,473)
Deposits and other assets		(1,730)		(1,462)
Net cash provided by operating activities		102,712		93,195
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(37,059)		(39,000)
Net cash used in investing activities		(37,059)		(39,000)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid		(82,871)		(71,371)
Net proceeds from issuance of 2022 secured notes – net of debt costs of $1,363		—		69,862
Net proceeds from issuance of senior unsecured 2024 Euro notes - net of debt costs of $1,556		152,128		—
Proceeds from exercises of stock options		1,270		1,520
Principal payments on installment payment agreement		(7,348)		(6,888)
Principal payments of finance lease obligations		(7,035)		(8,158)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		56,144		(15,035)
Effect of exchange rates changes on cash		(1,619)		(1,613)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		120,178		37,547
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		276,093		247,011
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	396,271	$	284,558
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Non-cash component of network equipment obtained in exchange transactions	$	771	$	876
PP&E obtained for installment payment agreement	$	8,945	$	8,609
Finance lease obligations incurred	$	11,342	$	15,074
Fair value of equipment acquired in leases	$	1,207	$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated statements.

4

COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.  Description of the business and recent developments:

Reorganization and merger

On May 15, 2014, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Reorganization by and among Cogent Communications Group, Inc. (“Group”), a Delaware corporation, Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Holdings”) and Cogent Communications Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation, Group adopted a new holding company organizational structure whereby Group is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Holdings. Holdings is a “successor issuer” to Group pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

References to the “Company” for events that occurred prior to May 15, 2014 refer to Cogent Communications Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries and on and after May 15, 2014 the “Company” refers to Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Description of business

The Company is a Delaware corporation and is headquartered in Washington, DC. The Company is a facilities-based provider of low-cost, high-speed Internet access services, private network services and data center colocation space. The Company’s network is specifically designed and optimized to transmit packet routed data. The Company delivers its services primarily to small and medium-sized businesses, communications service providers and other bandwidth-intensive organizations in North America, Europe, and Asia and recently in Australia and Brazil.

The Company offers on-net Internet access and private network services exclusively through its own facilities, which run from its network to its customers’ premises. The Company is not dependent on local telephone companies or cable TV companies to serve its customers for its on-net Internet access and private network services because of its integrated network architecture. The Company offers its on-net services to customers located in buildings that are physically connected to its network. The Company’s on-net service consists of high-speed Internet access and private network services offered at speeds ranging from 100 Megabits per second to 100 Gigabits per second of bandwidth. The Company provides its on-net Internet access services and private network services to its corporate and net-centric customers. The Company’s corporate customers are located in multi-tenant office buildings and typically include law firms, financial services firms, advertising and marketing firms and other professional services businesses. The Company’s net-centric customers include bandwidth-intensive users such as other Internet access providers, telephone companies, cable television companies, web hosting companies, content delivery network companies and commercial content and application service providers. These net-centric customers obtain the Company’s services in carrier neutral data centers and in the Company’s data centers. The Company operates data centers throughout North America and Europe that allow its customers to collocate their equipment and access the Company’s network.

In addition to providing its on-net services, the Company provides Internet connectivity and private network services to customers that are not located in buildings directly connected to its network. The Company provides this off-net service primarily to corporate customers using other carriers’ circuits to provide the “last mile” portion of the link from the customers’ premises to the Company’s network. The Company also provides certain non-core services that resulted from acquisitions. The Company continues to support but does not actively sell these non-core services.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments that the Company considers necessary for the fair presentation of its results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods covered, and of the financial position of the Company at the date of the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the entire year. While the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to not make the information

5

misleading, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in its annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts and activity have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Financial instruments

At September 30, 2019, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company measures its cash equivalents at amortized cost, which approximates fair value based upon quoted market prices (Level 1). Based upon recent trading prices (Level 2 — market approach) at September 30, 2019 the fair value of the Company’s $189.2 million senior unsecured notes was $191.4 million, the fair value of the Company’s $445.0 million senior secured notes was $461.7 million and the fair value of the Company’s €135 million senior unsecured notes was $149.8 million.

Gross receipts taxes, universal service fund and other surcharges

Revenue recognition standards include guidance relating to taxes or surcharges assessed by a governmental authority that are directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer and may include, but are not limited to, gross receipts taxes, excise taxes, Universal Service Fund fees and certain state regulatory fees. Such charges may be presented gross or net based upon the Company’s accounting policy election. The Company records certain excise taxes and surcharges on a gross basis and includes them in its revenues and costs of network operations. Excise taxes and surcharges billed to customers and recorded on a gross basis (as service revenue and network operations expense) were $4.0 million and $3.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively, and $10.6 million and $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively.

Basic and diluted net income per common share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution for common stock equivalents and is computed by dividing net income or (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period, adjusted for the effect of dilutive common stock equivalents. Shares of restricted stock are included in the computation of basic EPS as they vest and are included in diluted EPS, to the extent they are dilutive, determined using the treasury stock method.

The following details the determination of diluted weighted average shares:

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended	Nine Months Ended	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018
Weighted average common shares - basic	45,438,656	45,105,830	45,428,305	45,096,472
Dilutive effect of stock options	34,593	39,488	32,179	34,644
Dilutive effect of restricted stock	546,442	554,317	487,847	460,101
Weighted average common shares - diluted	46,019,691	45,699,635	45,948,331	45,591,217

6

The following details unvested shares of restricted common stock as well as the anti-dilutive effects of stock options and restricted stock awards outstanding:

	Three Months	Three Months	Nine Months	Nine Months
	Ended	Ended	Ended	Ended
	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018
Unvested shares of restricted common stock	1,379,446	1,350,320	1,379,446	1,350,320
Anti-dilutive options for common stock	37,606	30,836	50,928	47,422
Anti-dilutive shares of restricted common stock	—	—	50,292	1,348

Stockholder’s Deficit

The following details the changes in stockholder’s deficit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018 (in thousands except share amounts):

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder’s
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at June 30, 2019	46,806,370	$	47	$	481,734	$	(10,967)	$	(647,404)	$	(176,590)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(4,508)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		5,311		—		—		5,311
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,709)		—		(4,709)
Issuances of common stock	10,572		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	9,152		—		351		—		—		351
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(28,565)		(28,565)
Net income	—		—		—		—		13,701		13,701
Balance at September 30, 2019	46,821,586	$	47	$	487,396	$	(15,676)	$	(662,268)	$	(190,501)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder’s
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at June 30, 2018	46,443,945	$	46	$	467,007	$	(8,187)	$	(573,502)	$	(114,636)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(9,381)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		5,292		—		—		5,292
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(485)		—		(485)
Issuances of common stock	12,750		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	14,057		—		518		—		—		518
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(24,764)		(24,764)
Net income	—		—		—		—		8,231		8,231
Balance at September 30, 2018	46,461,371	$	46	$	472,817	$	(8,672)	$	(590,035)	$	(125,844)

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						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder's
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2018	46,336,499	$	46	$	471,331	$	(10,928)	$	(609,451)	$	(149,002)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(8,394)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,796		—		—		14,796
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,748)		—		(4,748)
Issuances of common stock	459,550		1		—		—		—		1
Exercises of options	33,931		—		1,269		—		—		1,269
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(82,871)		(82,871)
Net income	—		—		—		—		30,054		30,054
Balance at September 30, 2019	46,821,586	$	47	$	487,396	$	(15,676)	$	(662,268)	$	(190,501)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder's
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2017	45,960,799	$	46	$	456,696	$	(4,600)	$	(554,686)	$	(102,544)
Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption of ASC 606	—		—		—		—		14,455		14,455
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(20,909)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,601		—		—		14,601
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,072)		—		(4,072)
Issuances of common stock	476,728		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	44,753		—		1,520		—		—		1,520
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(71,371)		(71,371)
Net income	—		—		—		—		21,567		21,567
Balance at September 30, 2018	46,461,371	$	46	$	472,817	$	(8,672)	$	(590,035)	$	(125,844)

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue under ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. Under ASC 606 installation fees for contracts with terms longer than month-to-month are recognized over the contract term. The Company believes that the installation fee does not give rise to a material right as defined by ASC 606 for contracts with terms longer than month-to-month. The Company recognizes revenue over the estimated average customer life for installation fees associated with month-to-month contracts, because the fee represents a material right as defined by ASC 606. The Company capitalizes certain contract acquisition costs that relate directly to a customer contract, including commissions paid to its sales team and sales agents and amortizes these costs on straight-line basis over the period the services are transferred to the customer for commissions paid to its sales team (estimated customer life) and over the remaining original contract term for agent commissions. Management assesses these costs for impairment at least quarterly and as "triggering" events occur that indicate it is more likely than not that an impairment exists.

The Company’s service offerings consist of on-net and off-net telecommunications services. Fixed fees are billed monthly in advance and usage fees are billed monthly in arrears. Amounts billed are due upon receipt and contract lengths range from month to month to 60 months. The Company satisfies its performance obligations to provide services to customers over time as the services are rendered. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains the promised service. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these services. The Company has adopted the practical expedient related to certain performance obligation disclosures since it has a right to consideration from its customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s performance completed to date.

To achieve this core principle, the Company follows the following five steps:

1) Identification of the contract, or contracts with a customer

8

2) Identification of the performance obligations in the contract

3) Determination of the transaction price

4) Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

5) Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation

Fees billed in connection with customer installations are deferred (as deferred revenue) and recognized as noted above. To the extent a customer contract is terminated prior to its contractual end the customer is subject to termination fees. The Company vigorously seeks payment of these amounts. The Company recognizes revenue for these amounts as they are collected.

Service revenue recognized from amounts in deferred revenue (contract liabilities) at the beginning of the period during the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $1.7 million and during the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $1.9 million. Service revenue recognized from amounts in deferred revenue (contract liabilities) at the beginning of the period during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $5.1 million and during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $5.8 million. Amortization expense for contract costs was $4.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $4.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Amortization expense for contract costs was $13.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $12.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements— Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 replaced most existing lease accounting guidance. In July 2018 the FASB approved an Accounting Standards Update which, among other changes, allowed a company to elect to adopt ASU 2016-02 using the modified retrospective method applying the transition provisions at the beginning of the period of adoption, rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in these financial statements. ASU 2016-02 was effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2019 and required the Company to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for most of its facilities leases. Leases that were previously treated as operating leases. The effect of ASU 2016-02 was to record a cumulative-effect adjustment on January 1, 2019 as a right-of-use asset and an operating lease liability totaling $97.3 million. The operating lease liability is not considered a liability under the consolidated leverage ratio calculations in the indentures governing the Company’s senior unsecured and senior secured note obligations. The Company has made an accounting policy election to not apply the recognition requirements of ASU 2016-02 to its short-term leases - leases with a term of one year or less. The Company has also elected to apply certain practical expedients under ASU2016-02 including not separating lease and nonlease components on its finance and operating leases, not reassessing whether any existing contracts contained leases, not reconsidering lease classification, not reassessing initial direct costs and using hindsight in determining the lease reasonably certain term of its leases.

	Three Months
	Ended
	September 30, 2019
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	4,963
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities		4,414
Operating lease cost		1,662
Total lease costs		11,039

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	Nine Months
	Ended
	September 30, 2019
Finance lease cost Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	14,851
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities		13,230
Operating lease cost		8,443
Total lease costs		36,524
Other lease information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from finance leases		(12,957)
Operating cash flows from operating leases		(8,443)
Financing cash flows from finance leases		(7,035)
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities		11,342
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		6,912
Weighted-average remaining lease term — finance leases (in years)		14.5
Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases (in years)		21.7
Weighted average discount rate — finance leases		10.5	%
Weighted average discount rate — operating leases		5.7	%

Finance leases—fiber lease agreements

The Company has entered into lease agreements with numerous providers of dark fiber under indefeasible-right-of use agreements (“IRUs). These IRUs typically have initial terms of 15-20 years and include renewal options after the initial lease term. The Company establishes the number of renewal option periods used in determining the lease term based upon its assessment at the inception of the lease of the number of option periods for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably certain. The option to renew may be automatic, at the option of the Company or mutually agreed to between the dark fiber provider and the Company. Once the Company has accepted the related fiber route, leases that meet the criteria for treatment as finance leases are recorded as a finance lease obligation and an IRU asset. The interest rate used in determining the present value of the aggregate future minimum lease payments is the Company’s incremental borrowing rate for the reasonably certain lease term. Finance lease assets are included in property and equipment in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had committed to additional dark fiber IRU lease agreements totaling $15.8 million in future payments to be paid over periods of up to 20 years. These obligations begin when the related fiber is accepted, which is generally expected to occur in the next 12 months.

The future minimum payments (principal and interest) under these finance leases are as follows (in thousands):

For the Twelve Months Ending September 30,
2020	$	25,012
2021		24,728
2022		23,574
2023		22,365
2024		22,319
Thereafter		221,608
Total minimum finance lease obligations		339,606
Less—amounts representing interest		(171,544)
Present value of minimum finance lease obligations		168,062
Current maturities		(7,884)
Finance lease obligations, net of current maturities	$	160,178

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Operating leases

The Company leases office space and certain data center facilities under operating leases. In certain cases the Company also enters into short term operating leases for dark fiber. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments under the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the reasonably certain lease term. The implicit rates within the Company’s operating leases are generally not determinable and the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of its lease payments. The determination of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate requires judgment. The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate for each lease using its current borrowing rate, adjusted for various factors including level of collateralization and term to align with the term of the lease. Certain of the Company’s leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. The Company establishes the number of renewal option periods used in determining the operating lease term based upon its assessment at the inception of the operating lease of the number of option periods for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably certain. The option to renew may be automatic, at the option of the Company or mutually agreed to between the landlord or dark fiber provider and the Company. Once the Company has accepted the related fiber route or the facility lease term has begun, the present value of the aggregate future minimum operating lease payments are recorded as an operating lease liability and a right-of-use leased asset. Lease incentives and deferred rent liabilities for facilities operating leases are presented with the right-of-use leased asset. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

The future minimum payments under these operating lease agreements are as follows (in thousands):

For the Twelve Months Ending September 30,
2020	$	15,268
2021		13,641
2022		12,249
2023		11,286
2024		9,830
Thereafter		96,432
Total minimum operating lease obligations		158,706
Less—amounts representing interest		(63,076)
Present value of minimum operating lease obligations		95,630
Current maturities		(10,299)
Lease obligations, net of current maturities	$	85,331

Recent Accounting Pronouncements— to be Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance is intended to introduce a revised approach to the recognition and measurement of credit losses, emphasizing an updated model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. This new standard is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this guidance may have on its financial statements and related disclosures.

2. Property and equipment:

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment and finance leases was $20.0 million and $20.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, and 2018 respectively, and $60.2 million and $60.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company capitalized salaries and related benefits of employees working directly on the construction and build-out of its network of $2.7 million and $2.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $8.0 million and $7.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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Exchange agreement

In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company exchanged certain used network equipment and cash consideration for new network equipment. The fair value of the equipment received was estimated to be $0.3 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $2.6 million and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively and after considering the cash component of the transactions. These transactions resulted in gains of $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $0.8 million and $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The estimated fair value of the equipment received was based upon the cash consideration price the Company pays for the new network equipment on a standalone basis (Level 3).

Installment payment agreement

In March 2015, the Company entered into an installment payment agreement (“IPA”) with a vendor. Under the IPA the Company may purchase network equipment in exchange for interest free note obligations each with a twenty-four month term. There are no payments under each note obligation for the first six months followed by eighteen equal installment payments for the remaining eighteen month term. As of September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018 there was $12.8 million and $11.2 million, respectively, of note obligations outstanding under the IPA, secured by the related equipment. The Company recorded the assets purchased and the net present value of the note obligation utilizing an imputed interest rate. The resulting discount was $0.4 million and $0.4 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is being amortized over the note term using the effective interest rate method.

3. Long-term debt:

Limitations under the indentures

The Company has $189.2 million of senior unsecured notes, $445.0 million of senior secured notes and €135.0 million ($147.4 million) of senior unsecured notes outstanding. The $189.2 million of senior unsecured notes are due on April 15, 2021 (the “2021 Notes”) and bear interest at a rate of 5.625% per year. Interest is paid semi-annually on April 15 and October 15. The $445.0 million of senior secured notes are due on March 1, 2022 (the “2022 Notes”) and bear interest at a rate of 5.375% per year. Interest is paid semi-annually on March 1 and September 1. The €135.0 million ($147.4 million) of senior unsecured notes are due on June 30, 2024 (the “2024 Notes”) and bear interest at a rate of 4.375% per year. Interest is paid semi-annually on June 30 and December 30.

The indentures governing the 2024 Notes, 2022 Notes and 2021 Notes, among other things, limit the Company’s ability to incur indebtedness; to pay dividends or make other distributions; to make certain investments and other restricted payments; to create liens; consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its assets; to incur restrictions on the ability of a subsidiary to pay dividends or make other payments; and to enter into certain transactions with its affiliates. Limitations on the ability to incur additional indebtedness (excluding IRU agreements incurred in the normal course of business) include a restriction on incurring additional indebtedness if the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio, as defined in the indentures, is greater than 6.0 for the 2024 Notes and greater than 5.0 for the 2022 Notes and 2021 Notes. Limitations on the ability to incur additional secured indebtedness include a restriction on incurring additional secured indebtedness if the Company’s consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the indentures, is greater than 4.0 for the 2024 Notes and greater than 3.5 for the 2022 Notes and 2021 Notes. The indentures prohibit certain payments, such as dividends and stock purchases, when the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio, as defined by the indentures, is greater than 4.25. A certain amount of such unrestricted payments is permitted notwithstanding this prohibition. The unrestricted payment amount may be increased by the Company’s consolidated cash flow, as defined in the indentures, as long as the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio is less than 4.25. The Company’s consolidated leverage ratio was above 4.25 as of September 30, 2019. As of September 30, 2019, a total of $139.2 million (primarily held by Holdings in cash and cash equivalents) was permitted for investment payments including dividends and stock purchases.

Issuance of 2024 Notes

On June 25, 2019, Group completed an offering of €135.0 million ($153.7 million) aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior unsecured notes due 2024. The net proceeds from the offering, after deducting offering expenses, were approximately $152.1 million. The Company expects to use the proceeds for general corporate purposes and/or to repurchase the Company’s common stock or for special or recurring dividends to the Company’s stockholders. The 2024 Notes are guaranteed (the “Guarantees”) on a senior unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions, and by the

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Company (collectively, the “Guarantors”). Under certain circumstances, the Guarantors may be released from these Guarantees without the consent of the holders of the 2024 Notes.

The 2024 Notes and the Guarantees are Group’s and the Guarantors’ senior unsecured obligations. The 2024 Notes and the Guarantees are effectively subordinated to all of Groups’ and the Guarantors’ existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness, and are structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of subsidiaries that are not Guarantors. Without giving effect to collateral arrangements, the 2024 Notes and the Guarantees rank pari passu in right of payment with Group’s and the Guarantors’ existing and future senior indebtedness. The 2024 Notes and the Guarantees rank contractually senior in right of payment to all of Group’s and the Guarantors’ existing and future subordinated indebtedness.

The 2024 Notes were offered and sold only to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in an unregistered offering pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”), and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States in compliance with Regulation S under the Act. The 2024 Notes have not been registered under the Act, and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements. Application will be made for the 2024 Notes to be listed on the Official List of The International Stock Exchange; however, there can be no assurance that the application will be successful or that any such listing will be granted or maintained.

The 2024 Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.375% per annum. Interest began to accrue on the 2024 Notes on June 25, 2019 and will be paid semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each year, commencing on December 30, 2019. Unless earlier redeemed, the 2024 Notes will mature on June 30, 2024. The 2024 Notes were issued at par for €135.0 million ($153.7 million) on June 25, 2019. The 2024 Notes were issued in Euros and are reported in the Company’s reporting currency – US Dollars. As of September 30, 2019 the 2024 Notes were valued at $147.4 million resulting in an unrealized gain of $6.1 million recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and an unrealized gain of $6.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Group may redeem some or all of the 2024 Notes at any time prior to June 30, 2021 at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes, plus a “make-whole” premium as set forth in the indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption. Thereafter, Group may redeem the 2024 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price ranging from 102.188% to par (depending on the year), as set forth in the indenture. Group may also redeem up to 35% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes using proceeds of certain equity offerings completed prior to June 30, 2021 at a redemption price equal to 104.375%, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption, subject to certain exceptions. Group may also redeem the 2024 Notes, in whole but not in part, in the event of certain changes in the tax laws of the United States (or any taxing authority in the United States). This redemption would be at 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes to be redeemed (plus any accrued interest and additional amounts then payable with respect to the 2024 Notes to, but not including, the redemption date).

If Group undergoes specific kinds of change in control accompanied by certain ratings events, it will be required to offer to repurchase the 2024 Notes from holders at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of repurchase. Additionally, if Group or any of its restricted subsidiaries sells assets and does not apply the proceeds from such sale in a certain manner or certain other events have not occurred, under certain circumstances, Group will be required to use the excess net proceeds to make an offer to purchase the 2024 Notes at an offer price in cash equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the repurchase date.

In connection with any offer to purchase all or any of the 2024 Notes (including a change of control offer, asset sale offer or any tender offer), if holders of no less than 90% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes validly tender their 2024 Notes, Group or a third party is entitled to redeem any remaining 2024 Notes at the price offered to each holder.

The 2024 notes indenture includes covenants that restrict Group and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things: incur indebtedness; issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities; pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, capital stock; make certain investments and other restricted payments, such as prepayment, redemption or repurchase of certain indebtedness; create liens; consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the assets of Group and its restricted subsidiaries taken as a whole; incur restrictions on the ability of a subsidiary to pay dividends or make other payments; and enter into transactions with affiliates. However, the covenants provide for certain exceptions to these restrictions and the Company is not subject to the covenants under the 2024 Notes indenture. Certain covenants will cease to apply to the 2024 Notes

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if, and for so long as, the 2024 Notes have investment grade ratings from any two of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., Fitch Ratings, Inc. and S&P Global Ratings and so long as no default or event of default under the Indenture has occurred and is continuing.

The principal amount of the 2024 Notes would become immediately due and payable upon the occurrence of certain bankruptcy or insolvency events involving Group or certain of its subsidiaries, and may be declared immediately due and payable by the trustee or the holders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of the then-outstanding 2024 Notes upon the occurrence of certain events of default under the indenture.

4. Commitments and contingencies:

Current and potential litigation

In accordance with the accounting guidance for contingencies, the Company accrues its estimate of a contingent liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Where it is probable that a liability has been incurred and there is a range of expected loss for which no amount in the range is more likely than any other amount, the Company accrues at the low end of the range. The Company reviews its accruals at least quarterly and adjusts them to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. The Company has taken certain positions related to its obligations for leased circuits for which it is reasonably possible could result in a loss of up to $3.0 million in excess of the amount accrued at September 30, 2019.

The Company is engaged in an arbitration proceeding in Spain in which a former provider of optical fiber to the Company is seeking approximately $9 million for the Company’s early termination of the optical fiber leases, which amount the Company has accrued in 2015. The Company has counterclaimed for damages and is contesting its obligation to pay the termination liability in an arbitration proceeding in Spain. The arbitration is being conducted by the Civil and Commercial Arbitration Court (CIMA) in Madrid, Spain.

In the ordinary course of business the Company is involved in other legal activities and claims. Because such matters are subject to many uncertainties and the outcomes are not predictable with assurance, the liability related to these legal actions and claims cannot be determined with certainty. Management does not believe that such claims and actions will have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. Judgment is required in estimating the ultimate outcome of any dispute resolution process, as well as any other amounts that may be incurred to conclude the negotiations or settle any litigation. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and such differences could be material.

5. Income taxes:

The components of income before income taxes consist of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Domestic	$	24,452	$	16,652	$	59,537	$	46,234
Foreign		(5,497)		(5,227)		(17,632)		(15,714)
Total	$	18,955	$	11,425	$	41,905	$	30,520

6. Common stock buyback program:

The Company’s Board of Directors has approved purchases of the Company’s common stock under a buyback program (the “Buyback Program”) through December 31, 2020. At September 30, 2019, there was approximately $34.9 million remaining for purchases under the Buyback Program. There were no purchases of common stock during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

7. Dividends on common stock:

On November 5, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the payment of a quarterly dividend of $0.64 per common share. This estimated $29.1 million dividend payment is expected to be made on December 9, 2019.

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The payment of any future dividends and any other returns of capital, including stock buybacks will be at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and may be reduced, eliminated or increased and will be dependent upon the Company’s financial position, results of operations, available cash, cash flow, capital requirements, limitations under the Company’s debt indentures and other factors deemed relevant by the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company is a Delaware Corporation and under the General Corporate Law of the State of Delaware distributions may be restricted including a restriction that distributions, including stock purchases and dividends, do not result in an impairment of a corporation’s capital, as defined under Delaware Law. The indentures governing the Company’s notes limit the Company’s ability to return cash to its stockholders.

8. Related party transactions:

Office leases

The Company’s headquarters is located in an office building owned by Sodium LLC whose owner is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. The fixed annual rent for the headquarters building is $1.0 million per year plus an allocation of taxes and utilities. The lease began in May 2015 and the lease term is for five years which is cancellable by the Company upon 60 days’ notice. The Company’s audit committee reviews and approves all transactions with related parties. The Company paid $0.3 million and $0.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $1.2 million and $1.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for rent and related costs (including taxes and utilities) to Sodium LLC for this lease.

9. Segment information:

The Company operates as one operating segment. The Company’s service revenue by geographic region and product class and long lived assets by geographic region are as follows (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	80,176	$	33,172	$	104	$	113,452
Europe		17,921		4,053		4		21,978
Latin America		139		5		—		144
Asia Pacific		1,180		188		—		1,368
Total	$	99,416	$	37,418	$	108	$	136,942

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	75,245	$	32,111	$	131	$	107,487
Europe		17,869		3,945		16		21,830
Asia Pacific		676		146		—		822
Total	$	93,790	$	36,202	$	147	$	130,139

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	236,636	$	98,670	$	300	$	335,606
Europe		53,889		12,192		45		66,126
Latin America		244		8		—		252
Asia Pacific		3,300		582		—		3,882
Total	$	294,069	$	111,452	$	345	$	405,866

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	222,391	$	96,131	$	444	$	318,966
Europe		55,128		11,913		42		67,083
Asia Pacific		1,686		409		—		2,095
Total	$	279,205	$	108,453	$	486	$	388,144

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	September 30,		December 31,
	2019		2018
Long lived assets, net
North America	$	273,608	$	275,367
Europe and other		97,234		99,978
Total	$	370,842	$	375,345

The majority of North American revenue consists of services delivered within the United States.

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ITEM 2.              MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this report. The discussion in this report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. The cautionary statements made in this report should be read as applying to all related forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this report. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed here. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to:

Future economic instability in the global economy, which could affect spending on Internet services; the impact of changing foreign exchange rates (in particular the Euro to US dollar and Canadian dollar to US dollar exchange rates) on the translation of our non-US dollar denominated revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities; legal and operational difficulties in new markets; the imposition of a requirement that we contribute to the US Universal Service Fund on the basis of our Internet revenue; changes in government policy and/or regulation, including rules regarding data protection, cyber security and net neutrality; increasing competition leading to lower prices for our services; our ability to attract new customers and to increase and maintain the volume of traffic on our network; the ability to maintain our Internet peering arrangements on favorable terms; our ability to renew our long-term leases of optical fiber that comprise our network; our reliance on an equipment vendor, Cisco Systems Inc., and the potential for hardware or software problems associated with such equipment; the dependence of our network on the quality and dependability of third-party fiber providers; our ability to retain certain customers that comprise a significant portion of our revenue base; the management of network failures and/or disruptions; our ability to make payments on our indebtedness as they become due and outcomes in litigation as well as other risks discussed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including, without limitation, our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

General Overview

We are a leading facilities-based provider of low-cost, high-speed Internet access, private network services and data center colocation space. Our network is specifically designed and optimized to transmit packet routed data. We deliver our services primarily to small and medium-sized businesses, communications service providers and other bandwidth-intensive organizations in North America, Europe, Asia, Latin America and Australia.

Our on-net service consists of high-speed Internet access and private network services provided at speeds ranging from 100 Megabits per second to 100 Gigabits per second. We offer our on-net services to customers located in buildings that are physically connected to our network. We provide on-net Internet access and private network services to corporate customers and net-centric customers. Our corporate customers are located in multi-tenant office buildings and in our data centers and typically include law firms, financial services firms, advertising and marketing firms and other professional services businesses. Our net-centric customers include bandwidth-intensive users such as other Internet access providers, telephone companies, cable television companies, web hosting companies, content delivery networks and commercial content and application service providers. These net-centric customers generally receive our services in carrier neutral colocation facilities and in our data centers.

Our off-net services are sold to businesses that are connected to our network primarily by means of “last mile” access service lines obtained from other carriers, primarily in the form of metropolitan Ethernet circuits. Our non-core services, which consist primarily of legacy services of companies whose assets or businesses we have acquired, primarily include voice services (only provided in Toronto, Canada). We do not actively market these non-core services, are actively discontinuing providing certain of these services and we expect the service revenue associated with them to continue to decline.

Our network is comprised of in-building riser facilities, metropolitan optical fiber networks, metropolitan traffic aggregation points and inter-city transport facilities. Our network is physically connected entirely through our facilities to 2,771 buildings in which we provide our on-net services, including 1,757 multi-tenant office buildings. We also provide on-net services in carrier-neutral data centers, Cogent controlled data centers and single-tenant office buildings.

We operate 54 Cogent controlled data centers totaling over 609,000 square feet. Because of our integrated network architecture, we are not dependent on local telephone companies or cable companies to serve our on-net customers. We emphasize the sale of our on-net services because we believe we have a competitive advantage in providing these services and these services generate gross profit margins that are greater than the gross profit margins of our off-net services.

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We believe our key growth opportunity is provided by our high-capacity network, which provides us with the ability to add a significant number of customers to our network with minimal direct incremental costs. Our focus is to add customers to our network in a way that maximizes its use and at the same time provides us with a profitable customer mix. We are responding to this opportunity by increasing our sales and marketing efforts including increasing our number of sales representatives and expanding our network to locations that we believe can be economically integrated and represent significant concentrations of Internet traffic. One of our keys to developing a profitable business will be to carefully match the cost of extending our network to reach new customers with the revenue expected to be generated by those customers. In addition, we may add customers to our network through strategic acquisitions.

We believe some of the most important trends in our industry are the continued long-term growth in Internet traffic and a decline in Internet access prices on a per megabit basis. The effective price per megabit for our corporate customers is declining as the bandwidth utilization and connection size of our corporate customer connections increases. As Internet traffic continues to grow and prices per unit of traffic continue to decline, we believe we can continue to load our network and gain market share from less efficient network operators. However, continued erosion in Internet access prices will likely have a negative impact on the rate at which we can increase our revenues and our profitability. Our revenue may also be negatively affected if we are unable to grow our Internet traffic or if the rate of growth of Internet traffic does not offset an expected decline in our per unit pricing. We do not know if Internet traffic will increase or decrease, or the rate at which it will increase or decrease. Changes in Internet traffic will be a function of the number of Internet users, the amount of time users spend on the Internet, the applications for which the Internet is used, the bandwidth intensity of these applications and the pricing of Internet services, and other factors.

The growth in Internet traffic has a more significant impact on our net-centric customers who represent the vast majority of the traffic on our network and who tend to consume the majority of their allocated bandwidth on their connections. Net-centric customers tend to purchase their service on a price per megabit basis. Our corporate customers tend to utilize a small portion of their allocated bandwidth on their connections and tend to purchase their service on a per connection basis. Over the past several years, our revenue from corporate customers has grown faster than our revenue from our net-centric customers.

We are a facilities-based provider of Internet access and communications services. Facilities-based providers require significant physical assets, or network facilities, to provide their services. Typically when a facilities-based network services provider begins providing its services in a new jurisdiction losses are incurred for several years until economies of scale have been achieved. Our foreign operations are in Europe, Canada, Mexico, Asia, Latin America and Australia. Europe accounts for roughly 75% of our foreign operations. Our European operations have incurred losses and will continue to do so until our European customer base and revenues have grown enough to achieve sufficient economies of scale.

Due to our strategic acquisitions of network assets and equipment, we believe we are well positioned to grow our revenue base. We continue to purchase and deploy network equipment to parts of our network to maximize the utilization of our assets and to expand and increase the capacity of our network. Our future capital expenditures will be based primarily on the expansion of our network and the addition of on-net buildings. We plan to continue to expand our network and to increase the number of on-net buildings we serve including multi-tenant office buildings, carrier neutral data centers and Cogent controlled data centers. Many factors can affect our ability to add buildings to our network. These factors include the willingness of building owners to grant us access rights, the availability of optical fiber networks to serve those buildings, the cost to connect buildings to our network and equipment availability.

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Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to the Three Months Ended September  30, 2018

The following summary table presents a comparison of our results of operations with respect to certain key financial measures. The comparisons illustrated in the table are discussed in greater detail below.

	Three Months Ended
	September 30,				Percent
	2019		2018		Change
	(in thousands)
Service revenue	$	136,942	$	130,139	5.2	%
On-net revenue		99,416		93,790	6.0	%
Off-net revenue		37,418		36,202	3.4	%
Network operations expenses (1)		55,253		54,615	1.2	%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses (2)		35,971		33,409	7.7	%
Gains on equipment transactions		87		416	(79.1)	%
Depreciation and amortization expenses		20,006		20,276	(1.3)	%
Interest expense		15,191		12,767	19.0	%
Interest income and other, net		8,347		1,937	330.9	%
Income tax provision		5,254		3,194	64.5	%

(1) Includes equity-based compensation expenses of $282 and $250 in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

(2) Includes equity-based compensation expenses of $4,515 and $4,571 in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

	Three Months Ended
	September 30,				Percent
	2019		2018		Change
	(in thousands)
Other Operating Data
Average Revenue Per Unit (ARPU)
ARPU—on net	$	453	$	471	(3.8)	%
ARPU—off-net	$	1,093	$	1,140	(4.1)	%
Average Price per Megabit — installed base	$	0.61	$	0.78	(22.2)	%
Customer Connections—end of period
On-net		73,870		67,370	9.6	%
Off-net		11,503		10,698	7.5	%

Service Revenue. Our service revenue increased 5.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018. The impact of exchange rates resulted in a decrease in revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2019 of approximately $1.1 million. All foreign currency comparisons herein reflect our third quarter 2019 results translated at the average foreign currency exchange rates for the third quarter of 2018. We increased our total service revenue by increasing the number of sales representatives selling our services, by expanding our network, by adding additional buildings to our network, by increasing our penetration into the buildings connected to our network and by gaining market share by offering our services at lower prices than our competitors.

Revenue recognition standards include guidance relating to any tax assessed by a governmental authority that is directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer and may include, but is not limited to, gross receipts taxes, Universal Service Fund fees and certain state regulatory fees. We record these taxes billed to our customers on a gross basis (as service revenue and network operations expense) in our consolidated statements of operations. The impact of these taxes including the Universal Service Fund resulted in an increase in our revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018 of approximately $1.0 million.

Our net-centric customers tend to purchase their service on a price per megabit basis. Our corporate customers tend to utilize a small portion of their allocated bandwidth on their connections and tend to purchase their service on a per connection basis. Revenues from our corporate and net centric customers represented 69.0% and 31.0% of total service revenue, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and represented 65.7% and 34.3% of total service revenue, respectively, for the three months

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ended September 30, 2018. Revenues from corporate customers increased 10.4% to $94.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to an increase in our number of our corporate customers. Revenues from our net-centric customers decreased by 4.7% to $42.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to an increase in our number of net-centric customers being offset by a decline in our average price per megabit and the impact of foreign exchange rates. Our revenue from our net-centric customers has declined as a percentage of our total revenue and grew at a slower rate than our corporate customer revenue because net-centric customers purchase our services based upon a price per megabit basis and our average price per megabit declined by 22.2% from the three months ended September 30, 2018 to the three months ended September 30, 2019. Additionally, the net-centric market experiences a greater level of pricing pressure than the corporate market and net-centric customers who renew their service with us expect their renewed service to be at a lower price than their current price. We expect that our average price per megabit will continue to decline at similar rates which would result in our corporate revenues continuing to represent a greater portion of our total revenues and our net-centric revenues continuing to grow at a lower rate than our corporate revenues. Additionally, the impact of foreign exchange rates has a more significant impact on our net-centric revenues.

Our on-net revenues increased 6.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018. We increased the number of our on-net customer connections by 9.6% at September 30, 2019 from September 30, 2018. On-net customer connections increased at a greater rate than on-net revenues primarily due to the 3.8% decline in our on-net ARPU, primarily from a decline in ARPU for our net-centric customers. ARPU is determined by dividing revenue for the period by the average customer connections for that period. Our average price per megabit for our installed base of customers is determined by dividing the aggregate monthly recurring fixed charges for those customers by the aggregate committed data rate for the same customers. The decline in on-net ARPU is partly attributed to volume and term based pricing discounts. Additionally, on-net customers who cancel their service from our installed base of customers, in general, have an ARPU that is greater than the ARPU for our new customers due to declining prices primarily for our on-net services sold to our net-centric customers. These trends resulted in the reduction to our on-net ARPU and the decline in our average price per megabit for our installed base of customers.

Our off-net revenues increased 3.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018. Our off-net revenues increased as we increased the number of our off-net customer connections by 7.5% at September 30, 2019 from September 30, 2018. Our off-net customer connections increased at a greater rate than our off-net revenue primarily due to the 4.1% decrease in our off-net ARPU.

Network Operations Expenses. Network operations expenses include the costs of personnel associated with service delivery, network management and customer support, network facilities costs, fiber and equipment maintenance fees, leased circuit costs, access and facilities fees paid to building owners and excise taxes billed to our customers and recorded on a gross basis. Non-cash equity-based compensation expense is included in network operations expenses consistent with the classification of the employee’s salary and other compensation. Our network operations expenses, including non-cash equity-based compensation expense, increased 1.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018 as we were connected to 9.3% more customer connections and we were connected to 136 more on-net buildings as of September 30, 2019 compared to September 30, 2018. The increase in network operations expense is primarily attributable to an increase in costs related to our network and facilities expansion activities and the increase in our off-net revenues partly offset by price reductions obtained in certain of our circuit costs and fewer operating leases for fiber.

Selling, General, and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses. Our SG&A expenses, including non-cash equity-based compensation expense, increased by 7.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018. Non-cash equity-based compensation expense is included in SG&A expenses consistent with the classification of the employee’s salary and other compensation and was $4.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $4.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. SG&A expenses increased primarily from an increase in salaries and related costs required to support our expansion and the increase in our sales efforts, partly offset by the impact of the new revenue accounting standard which requires us to capitalize certain commissions paid to our sales agents and sales employees. Our sales force headcount increased from 583 at September 30, 2018 to 667 at September 30, 2019 and our total headcount increased from 938 at September 30, 2018 to 1,036 at September 30, 2019.

Gains on Equipment Transactions. In the three months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, we exchanged certain used network equipment and cash consideration for new network equipment resulting in gains of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, based upon the estimated fair value of the new network equipment less the carrying amount of the returned used network equipment and the cash paid. The reduction in gains from the three months ended September 30, 2018 to the three months ended

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September 30, 2019 was due to purchasing more equipment under the exchange program in the three months ended September 30, 2018 than the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses. Our depreciation and amortization expense decreased by 1.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease is primarily due to certain deployed fixed assets becoming fully depreciated.

Interest Expense. Interest expense results from interest incurred on our $445.0 million of senior secured notes, interest incurred on our $189.2 million of senior unsecured notes, interest on our installment payment agreement, interest on our finance lease obligations and interest on our €135.0 million ($147.4 million) aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior unsecured notes due 2024 (“2024 Notes”) that we issued on June 25, 2019. Our interest expense increased by 19.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from the three months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to an increase in our finance lease obligations, the issuance of $70.0 million of senior secured notes in August 2018 and the issuance of our 2024 Notes in June 2019.

Interest income and other, net. Interest income and other, net was $8.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase is primarily due to an unrealized gain on foreign exchange of $6.1 million related to our €135.0 million 2024 Notes that we issued in June 2019.

Income Tax Provision. Our income tax provision was $5.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $3.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Our income tax provision increased primarily due to an increase in our taxable income in the US.

Buildings On-net. As of September 30, 2019 and 2018, we had a total of 2,771 and 2,635 on-net buildings connected to our network, respectively. The increase in on-net buildings was a result of our disciplined network expansion program. We anticipate adding a similar number of buildings to our network for the next several years.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

The following summary table presents a comparison of our results of operations with respect to certain key financial measures. The comparisons illustrated in the table are discussed in greater detail below.

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				Percent
	2019		2018		Change
	(in thousands)
Service revenue	$	405,866	$	388,144	4.6	%
On-net revenue		294,069		279,205	5.3	%
Off-net revenue		111,452		108,453	2.8	%
Network operations expenses (1)		163,811		163,868	(0.0)	%
Selling, general, and administrative expenses (2)		110,396		100,637	9.7	%
Gains on equipment transactions		808		891	(9.3)	%
Depreciation and amortization expenses		60,246		60,280	(0.1)	%
Interest expense		42,243		37,547	12.5	%
Interest income and other, net		11,927		3,817	212.5	%
Income tax provision		11,851		8,953	32.4	%

(1) Includes equity-based compensation expenses of $688 and $671 in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

(2) Includes equity-based compensation expenses of $12,832 and $12,629 in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				Percent
	2019		2018		Change
Other Operating Data
Average Revenue Per Unit (ARPU)
ARPU—on net	$	458	$	482	(5.0)	%
ARPU—off-net	$	1,102	$	1,167	(5.6)	%
Average Price per Megabit — installed base	$	0.64	$	0.85	(24.9)	%
Customer Connections—end of period
On-net		73,870		67,370	9.6	%
Off-net		11,503		10,698	7.5	%

Service Revenue. Our service revenue increased 4.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from the nine  months ended September 30, 2018. The impact of exchange rates resulted in a decrease in revenues for the nine  months ended September 30, 2019 of approximately $4.6 million. All foreign currency comparisons herein reflect our results for the nine  months ended September 30, 2019 translated at the average foreign currency exchange rates for the nine  months ended September 30, 2018. We increased our total service revenue by increasing the number of sales representatives selling our services, by expanding our network, by adding additional buildings to our network, by increasing our penetration into the buildings connected to our network and by gaining market share by offering our services at lower prices than our competitors.

Revenue recognition standards include guidance relating to any tax assessed by a governmental authority that is directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer and may include, but is not limited to, gross receipts taxes, Universal Service Fund fees and certain state regulatory fees. We record these taxes billed to our customers on a gross basis (as service revenue and network operations expense) in our consolidated statements of operations. The impact of these taxes including the Universal Service Fund resulted in an increase in our revenues for the nine  months ended September 30, 2019 from the nine  months ended September 30, 2018 of approximately $1.3 million.

Our net-centric customers tend to purchase their service on a price per megabit basis. Our corporate customers tend to utilize a small portion of their allocated bandwidth on their connections and tend to purchase their service on a per connection basis. Revenues from our corporate and net centric customers represented 68.2% and 31.8% of total service revenue, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and represented 64.4% and 35.6% of total service revenue, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Revenues from corporate customers increased 10.8% to $276.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to an increase in our number of our corporate customers. Revenues from our net-centric customers decreased by 6.7% to $128.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to an increase in our number of net-centric customers being offset by a decline in our average price per megabit and the impact of foreign exchange rates. Our revenue from our net-centric customers has declined as a percentage of our total revenue and grew at a slower rate than our corporate customer revenue because net-centric customers purchase our services based upon a price per megabit basis and our average price per megabit declined by 24.9% from the nine months ended September 30, 2018 to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Additionally, the net-centric market experiences a greater level of pricing pressure than the corporate market and net-centric customers who renew their service with us expect their renewed service to be at a lower price than their current price. We expect that our average price per megabit will continue to decline at similar rates which would result in our corporate revenues continuing to represent a greater portion of our total revenues and our net-centric revenues continuing to grow at a lower rate than our corporate revenues. Additionally, the impact of foreign exchange rates has a more significant impact on our net-centric revenues.

Our on-net revenues increased 5.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from the nine months ended September 30, 2018. We increased the number of our on-net customer connections by 9.6% at September 30, 2019 from September 30, 2018. On-net customer connections increased at a greater rate than on-net revenues primarily due to the 5.0% decline in our on-net ARPU, primarily from a decline in ARPU for our net-centric customers. ARPU is determined by dividing revenue for the period by the average customer connections for that period. Our average price per megabit for our installed base of customers is determined by dividing the aggregate monthly recurring fixed charges for those customers by the aggregate committed data rate for the same customers. The decline in on-net ARPU is partly attributed to volume and term based pricing discounts. Additionally, on-net customers who cancel their service from our installed base of customers, in general, have an ARPU that is greater than the ARPU for our new customers due to declining prices primarily for our on-net services sold to our net-centric customers. These trends resulted in the reduction to our on-net ARPU and the decline in our average price per megabit for our installed base of customers.

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Our off-net revenues increased 2.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Our off-net revenues increased as we increased the number of our off-net customer connections by 7.5% at September 30, 2019 from September 30, 2018. Our off-net customer connections increased at a greater rate than our off-net revenue primarily due to the 5.6% decrease in our off-net ARPU.

Network Operations Expenses. Network operations expenses include the costs of personnel associated with service delivery, network management and customer support, network facilities costs, fiber and equipment maintenance fees, leased circuit costs, access and facilities fees paid to building owners and excise taxes billed to our customers and recorded on a gross basis. Non-cash equity-based compensation expense is included in network operations expenses consistent with the classification of the employee’s salary and other compensation. Our network operations expenses, including non-cash equity-based compensation expense was approximately the same amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and the nine months ended September 30, 2018. We incurred the cost of being connected to 9.3% more customer connections and 136 more on-net buildings as of September 30, 2019 compared to September 30, 2018 that was offset by price reductions in certain circuit costs and fewer operating leases for fiber.

Selling, General, and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses. Our SG&A expenses, including non-cash equity-based compensation expense, increased by 9.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Non-cash equity-based compensation expense is included in SG&A expenses consistent with the classification of the employee’s salary and other compensation and was $12.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $12.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. SG&A expenses increased primarily from an increase in salaries and related costs required to support our expansion and the increase in our sales efforts, partly offset by the impact of the new revenue accounting standard which requires us to capitalize certain commissions paid to our sales agents and sales employees. Our sales force headcount increased from 583 at September 30, 2018 to 667 at September 30, 2019 and our total headcount increased from 938 at September 30, 2018 to 1,036 at September 30, 2019.

Gains on Equipment Transactions. In the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, we exchanged certain used network equipment and cash consideration for new network equipment resulting in gains of $0.8 million and $0.8 million, respectively, based upon the estimated fair value of the new network equipment less the carrying amount of the returned used network equipment and the cash paid. The gains recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2019 are dependent upon the amount of equipment purchased under the exchange program.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses. Our depreciation and amortization expense decreased by 0.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease is primarily due to certain deployed fixed assets becoming fully depreciated.

Interest Expense. Interest expense results from interest incurred on our $445.0 million of senior secured notes, interest incurred on our $189.2 million of senior unsecured notes, interest on our installment payment agreement, interest on our finance lease obligations and interest on our €135.0 million ($147.4 million) 2024 Notes that we issued on June 25, 2019. Our interest expense increased by 12.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to the issuance of $70.0 million of senior secured notes in August 2018, the issuance of our 2024 Notes in June 2019 and from an increase in our finance lease obligations.

Interest income and other, net. Interest income and other, net was $11.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $3.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase is primarily due to an unrealized gain on foreign exchange of $6.3 million related to our €135.0 million 2024 Notes that we issued in June 2019.

Income Tax Provision. Our income tax provision was $11.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $9.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Our income tax provision increased primarily due to an increase in our taxable income in the US.

Buildings On-net. As of September 30, 2019 and 2018, we had a total of 2,771 and 2,635 on-net buildings connected to our network, respectively. The increase in on-net buildings was a result of our disciplined network expansion program. We anticipate adding a similar number of buildings to our network for the next several years.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

In assessing our liquidity, management reviews and analyzes our current cash balances, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, capital expenditure commitments, and required finance lease and debt payments and other obligations.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth our consolidated cash flows.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2019		2018
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	102,712	$	93,195
Net cash used in investing activities		(37,059)		(39,000)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		56,144		(15,035)
Effect of exchange rates changes on cash		(1,619)		(1,613)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	120,178	$	37,547

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities. Our primary sources of operating cash are receipts from our customers who are billed on a monthly basis for our services. Our primary uses of operating cash are payments made to our vendors, employees and interest payments made to our finance lease vendors and our note holders. Our changes in cash provided by operating activities are primarily due to changes in our operating profit. Cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 includes interest payments on our note obligations of $29.2 million and $27.4 million, respectively.

Net Cash Used In Investing Activities. Our primary use of cash for investing activities is for purchases of property and equipment. Purchases of property and equipment were $37.1 million and $39.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The changes in purchases of property and equipment are primarily due to the timing and scope of our network expansion activities including geographic expansion and adding buildings to our network.

Net Cash Provided by (Used In) Financing Activities. Our primary uses of cash for financing activities are for principal payments under our finance lease obligations and our installment payment agreement, purchases of our common stock and dividend payments. Principal payments under our finance lease obligations were $7.0 million and $8.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Principal payments under our installment payment agreement were $7.3 million and $6.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 we paid $82.9 million and $71.4 million, respectively, for our quarterly dividend payments. On June 25, 2019, we completed an offering of €135.0 million of our 2024 Notes. The net proceeds from the offering, after deducting offering expenses, were approximately $152.1 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 we raised net proceeds of $69.9 million from the issuance of $70.0 million of face value of our senior secured notes.

Cash Position and Indebtedness

Our total indebtedness at September 30, 2019, at par, was $962.5 million and our total cash and cash equivalents were $396.3 million. Our total indebtedness at September 30, 2019 includes $168.1 million of finance lease obligations for dark fiber under long term IRU agreements.

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Summarized Financial Information of Holdings

Holdings is not a restricted subsidiary as defined under the indentures governing our 2021 Notes, 2022 Notes and 2024 Notes. Holdings is a guarantor under these notes. Under the indentures we are required to disclose financial information of Holdings including its assets, liabilities and its operating results (“Holdings Financial Information”). The Holdings Financial Information as of and for the nine  months ended September  30, 2019 is detailed below (in thousands).

	September 30, 2019
	(Unaudited)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	140,323
Accrued interest receivable		147
Total assets	$	140,470
Investment from subsidiaries	$	291,626
Common stock		47
Accumulated deficit		(151,203)
Total equity	$	140,470

	Nine Months
	Ended
	September 30, 2019
	(Unaudited)
Equity-based compensation expense		14,796
Interest income		2,487
Net loss	$	(12,309)

Common Stock Buyback Program

Our Board of Directors has approved purchases of our common stock under a buyback program (the “Buyback Program”). There were no purchases of our common stock in the three and nine  months ended September  30, 2019 and September  30, 2018. As of September  30, 2019, there was a total of $34.9 million available under the Buyback Program which is authorized to continue through December 31, 2020.

Dividends on Common Stock and Return of Capital Program

Dividends are recorded as a reduction to retained earnings. On November 5, 2019, our Board of Directors approved the payment of our quarterly dividend of $0.64 per common share. This estimated $29.1 million dividend payment is expected to be made on December 9, 2019.

The payment of any future dividends and any other returns of capital, including stock buybacks, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and may be reduced, eliminated or increased and will be dependent upon our financial position, results of operations, available cash, cash flow, capital requirements, limitations under our debt indentures and other factors deemed relevant by the our Board of Directors. We are a Delaware Corporation and under the General Corporate Law of the State of Delaware distributions may be restricted including a restriction that distributions, including stock purchases and dividends, do not result in an impairment of a corporation’s capital, as defined under Delaware Law. The indentures governing our notes limit our ability to return cash to our stockholders. See Note 3 of our interim condensed consolidated financial statements for additional discussion of limitations on distributions.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

There have been no material changes to our contractual obligations and commitments included in Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 except as follows.

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On June 25, 2019, Group completed an offering of €135.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2024 Notes. The net proceeds from the offering, after deducting offering expenses, were approximately $152.1 million. We expect to use the proceeds for general corporate purposes and/or to repurchase our common stock or for special or recurring dividends to our stockholders. The 2024 Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.375% per annum. Interest began to accrue on the 2024 Notes on June 25, 2019 and will be paid semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each year, commencing on December 30, 2019. Unless earlier redeemed, the 2024 Notes will mature on June 30, 2024. The 2024 Notes were issued at par for €135.0 million ($153.7 million) on June 25, 2019.

Future Capital Requirements

We believe that our cash on hand and cash generated from our operating activities will be adequate to meet our working capital, capital expenditure, debt service, dividend payments and other cash requirements for the next twelve months if we execute our business plan.

Any future acquisitions or other significant unplanned costs or cash requirements in excess of amounts we currently hold may require that we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt or equity. We cannot assure you that such financing will be available on terms acceptable to us or our stockholders, or at all. Insufficient funds may require us to delay or scale back the number of buildings and markets that we add to our network, reduce our planned increase in our sales and marketing efforts, or require us to otherwise alter our business plan or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If issuing equity securities raises additional funds, substantial dilution to existing stockholders may result.

We may need to or elect to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness at or before maturity and we cannot provide assurances that we will be able to refinance any such indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In addition, we may elect to secure additional capital in the future, at acceptable terms, to improve our liquidity or fund acquisitions or for general corporate purposes. In addition, in an effort to reduce future cash interest payments as well as future amounts due at maturity or to extend debt maturities, we may, from time to time, issue new debt, enter into debt for debt, or cash transactions to purchase our outstanding debt securities in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. We will evaluate any such transactions in light of the existing market conditions. The amounts involved in any such transaction, individually or in the aggregate, may be material.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. As such, we are not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risks that could arise if we had engaged in these relationships.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

Management believes that as of September 30, 2019, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and significant estimates from those listed in Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements—to be Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued No. ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” This guidance is intended to introduce a revised approach to the recognition and measurement of credit losses, emphasizing an updated model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. This new standard is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that this guidance may have on our financial statements and related disclosures.

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ITEM 3.              QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Management believes that as of September 30, 2019, there have been no material changes to our exposures to market risk from those disclosed in Item 7A “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

ITEM 4.              CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As required by SEC Rule 13a-15(b), an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of the end of the period covered by this report.

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 5.              OTHER INFORMATION

On November 4, 2019, Messrs. Richard Liebhaber and Timothy Weingarten resigned from the Board of Directors (“the Board”). These resignations did not involve any disagreements with the Company. Upon recommendation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the Board appointed Sheryl Kennedy and Carolyn Katz to serve as directors of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”), effective November 5, 2019.

Ms. Kennedy has been appointed to the Audit Committee. Ms. Katz has been appointed to the Compensation and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Following these appointments, the composition of the Company’s three standing committees of Independent members of the Board is as follows:

Audit Committee: Mr. Lewis Ferguson (chair), Ms. Sheryl Kennedy and Mr. Marc Montagner.

Compensation Committee: Mr. Steven Brooks (chair), Mr. Blake Bath and Ms. Carolyn Katz..

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee: Mr. Marc Montagner (chair), Mr. Lewis Ferguson and Ms. Carolyn Katz.

As a result of their appointment to the Board, each of Ms. Kennedy and Ms. Katz will be entitled to participate in the Company’s non-employee director compensation program. Pursuant to this program, as compensation for director services, each director annually receives up to 7,000 shares of the Company’s common stock issued in increments of 1,750 shares per quarter, $1,000 cash per in-person Board meeting, and reimbursement of travel expenses.

Ms. Kennedy, age 64, is non-executive Chair of Promontory Financial Group Canada, an IBM Company that provides consulting services to the financial services industry. She is also Vice Chair of the Canadian Public Accountability Board and a Director of the CLS Group Holdings AG and CLS Bank International Board of Directors, serving on the Audit and Finance and the Nominating and Governance Committees. From 1994 to 2008 she was Deputy Governor of the Bank of Canada and chaired the Markets Committee at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland from 2003 to 2006. She also served as Senior

27

Advisor for International Strategy for Scotiabank in 2006. Prior to her time with the Bank of Canada, Kennedy worked in the Canadian federal Department of Finance and served as Finance Counsellor at the Canadian Embassy in Paris, France. Ms. Kennedy serves on the University of Waterloo Board of Governors and its Audit and Risk and Finance and Investment Committees, is a Trustee of the Anglican Church of Canada General Synod Pension Plan and is Vice Chair of the Mothers Matter Centre.

Ms. Katz, age 57, has served on the boards of several public and private companies since 2000. She has been a director of Vonage Holdings Corp (NYSE: VG) since 2014, where she is a member of the Audit and Compensation committees. From 2004 to 2017 she was also a director of American Tower Corporation, a provider of international communications infrastructure, where she was a member of the Audit committee. From 2002 to 2015 she was a director of NII Holdings, a multinational cellular telecommunications company, where she served as lead director, chair of the Audit committee and was a member of the Finance and Corporate Governance and Nominating committees. From 2000 to 2004 she was a director of Universal Access, serving on the Audit Committee. From 2000 to 2001 Ms. Katz served as a principal of Providence Equity Partners Inc., a private investment firm specializing in equity investments in telecommunications and media companies. From June 1984 to April 2000, she worked at Goldman, Sachs & Co., ending her tenure there as a managing director and co-head of Emerging Communications. She is a graduate of Princeton University.

There was no arrangement or understanding pursuant to which either of Ms. Kennedy or Ms. Katz was appointed as a director. There are no related party transactions between either of Ms. Kennedy or Ms. Katz and the Company.

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PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.              LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business that we do not expect to have a material impact on our operations or results of operations. Note 4 of our interim condensed consolidated financial statements includes information on these proceedings.

ITEM 2.              UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Our Board of Directors has authorized a plan to permit the repurchase of our common stock in negotiated and open market transactions through December 31, 2020. We may purchase shares from time to time depending on market, economic, and other factors. There were no purchases of our common stock during the third quarter of 2019.

ITEM 6.              EXHIBITS.

(a)Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer (furnished herewith)
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer (furnished herewith)
101.1	The following materials from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL), include: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (iv) related notes (filed herewith).
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the iXBRL document).

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: November 7, 2019	COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC.
	By:	/s/ David Schaeffer
		Name:	David Schaeffer
		Title:	Chief Executive Officer
Date: November 7, 2019	By:	/s/ Thaddeus G. Weed
		Name:	Thaddeus G. Weed

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EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

Certification of Chief Executive Officer

I, David Schaeffer, certify that:

1.           I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc.;

2.           Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.           Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.           The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)           designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)           designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)           evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)           disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.           The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)           all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)           any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 7, 2019

/s/ David Schaeffer

Name: David Schaeffer

Title: Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer

I, Thaddeus Weed, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 7, 2019

/s/ Thaddeus G. Weed

Name: Thaddeus G. Weed

Title: Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge, that:

(i)           the accompanying Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2019 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and

(ii)          the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: November 7, 2019

/s/ David Schaeffer

David Schaeffer

Chief Executive Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge, that:

(i)           the accompanying Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2019 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and

(ii)          the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: November 7, 2019

/s/ Thaddeus G. Weed

Thaddeus G. Weed

Chief Financial Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Assets
Accounts receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts (in dollars)	$ 1,758	$ 1,263
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Installment payment agreement, current portion, net of discount	$ 391	$ 395
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	75,000,000	75,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	46,821,586	46,336,499
Common stock, shares outstanding	46,821,586	46,336,499
Senior secured 2022 notes
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Unamortized debt costs	$ 2,101	$ 2,695
Unamortized debt premium	1,092	1,405
Senior unsecured 2024 notes
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Unamortized debt costs	1,483
Senior unsecured 2021 notes
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Unamortized debt costs	$ 1,015	$ 1,476

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Senior secured 2022 notes
Debt costs		$ 1,363
Senior unsecured 2024 notes
Debt costs	$ 1,556

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Common stock buyback program:

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Common stock buyback program:

Common stock buyback program:

6. Common stock buyback program:

The Company’s Board of Directors has approved purchases of the Company’s common stock under a buyback program (the “Buyback Program”) through December 31, 2020. At September 30, 2019, there was approximately $34.9 million remaining for purchases under the Buyback Program. There were no purchases of common stock during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

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Description of the business and recent developments: (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Description of the business and recent developments:

Basis of presentation

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments that the Company considers necessary for the fair presentation of its results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods covered, and of the financial position of the Company at the date of the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the entire year. While the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to not make the information

misleading, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in its annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts and activity have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Financial instruments

Financial instruments

At September 30, 2019, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company measures its cash equivalents at amortized cost, which approximates fair value based upon quoted market prices (Level 1). Based upon recent trading prices (Level 2 — market approach) at September 30, 2019 the fair value of the Company’s $189.2 million senior unsecured notes was $191.4 million, the fair value of the Company’s $445.0 million senior secured notes was $461.7 million and the fair value of the Company’s €135 million senior unsecured notes was $149.8 million.

Gross receipts taxes, universal service fund and other surcharges

Gross receipts taxes, universal service fund and other surcharges

Revenue recognition standards include guidance relating to taxes or surcharges assessed by a governmental authority that are directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer and may include, but are not limited to, gross receipts taxes, excise taxes, Universal Service Fund fees and certain state regulatory fees. Such charges may be presented gross or net based upon the Company’s accounting policy election. The Company records certain excise taxes and surcharges on a gross basis and includes them in its revenues and costs of network operations. Excise taxes and surcharges billed to customers and recorded on a gross basis (as service revenue and network operations expense) were $4.0 million and $3.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively, and $10.6 million and $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively.

Basic and diluted net income per common share

Basic and diluted net income per common share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution for common stock equivalents and is computed by dividing net income or (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period, adjusted for the effect of dilutive common stock equivalents. Shares of restricted stock are included in the computation of basic EPS as they vest and are included in diluted EPS, to the extent they are dilutive, determined using the treasury stock method.

The following details the determination of diluted weighted average shares:

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended	Nine Months Ended	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018
Weighted average common shares - basic	45,438,656	45,105,830	45,428,305	45,096,472
Dilutive effect of stock options	34,593	39,488	32,179	34,644
Dilutive effect of restricted stock	546,442	554,317	487,847	460,101
Weighted average common shares - diluted	46,019,691	45,699,635	45,948,331	45,591,217

The following details unvested shares of restricted common stock as well as the anti-dilutive effects of stock options and restricted stock awards outstanding:

	Three Months	Three Months	Nine Months	Nine Months
	Ended	Ended	Ended	Ended
	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018
Unvested shares of restricted common stock	1,379,446	1,350,320	1,379,446	1,350,320
Anti-dilutive options for common stock	37,606	30,836	50,928	47,422
Anti-dilutive shares of restricted common stock	—	—	50,292	1,348

Stockholder's Deficit

Stockholder’s Deficit

The following details the changes in stockholder’s deficit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018 (in thousands except share amounts):

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder’s
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at June 30, 2019	46,806,370	$	47	$	481,734	$	(10,967)	$	(647,404)	$	(176,590)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(4,508)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		5,311		—		—		5,311
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,709)		—		(4,709)
Issuances of common stock	10,572		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	9,152		—		351		—		—		351
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(28,565)		(28,565)
Net income	—		—		—		—		13,701		13,701
Balance at September 30, 2019	46,821,586	$	47	$	487,396	$	(15,676)	$	(662,268)	$	(190,501)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder’s
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at June 30, 2018	46,443,945	$	46	$	467,007	$	(8,187)	$	(573,502)	$	(114,636)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(9,381)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		5,292		—		—		5,292
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(485)		—		(485)
Issuances of common stock	12,750		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	14,057		—		518		—		—		518
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(24,764)		(24,764)
Net income	—		—		—		—		8,231		8,231
Balance at September 30, 2018	46,461,371	$	46	$	472,817	$	(8,672)	$	(590,035)	$	(125,844)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder's
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2018	46,336,499	$	46	$	471,331	$	(10,928)	$	(609,451)	$	(149,002)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(8,394)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,796		—		—		14,796
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,748)		—		(4,748)
Issuances of common stock	459,550		1		—		—		—		1
Exercises of options	33,931		—		1,269		—		—		1,269
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(82,871)		(82,871)
Net income	—		—		—		—		30,054		30,054
Balance at September 30, 2019	46,821,586	$	47	$	487,396	$	(15,676)	$	(662,268)	$	(190,501)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder's
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2017	45,960,799	$	46	$	456,696	$	(4,600)	$	(554,686)	$	(102,544)
Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption of ASC 606	—		—		—		—		14,455		14,455
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(20,909)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,601		—		—		14,601
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,072)		—		(4,072)
Issuances of common stock	476,728		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	44,753		—		1,520		—		—		1,520
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(71,371)		(71,371)
Net income	—		—		—		—		21,567		21,567
Balance at September 30, 2018	46,461,371	$	46	$	472,817	$	(8,672)	$	(590,035)	$	(125,844)

Revenue recognition

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue under ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. Under ASC 606 installation fees for contracts with terms longer than month-to-month are recognized over the contract term. The Company believes that the installation fee does not give rise to a material right as defined by ASC 606 for contracts with terms longer than month-to-month. The Company recognizes revenue over the estimated average customer life for installation fees associated with month-to-month contracts, because the fee represents a material right as defined by ASC 606. The Company capitalizes certain contract acquisition costs that relate directly to a customer contract, including commissions paid to its sales team and sales agents and amortizes these costs on straight-line basis over the period the services are transferred to the customer for commissions paid to its sales team (estimated customer life) and over the remaining original contract term for agent commissions. Management assesses these costs for impairment at least quarterly and as "triggering" events occur that indicate it is more likely than not that an impairment exists.

The Company’s service offerings consist of on-net and off-net telecommunications services. Fixed fees are billed monthly in advance and usage fees are billed monthly in arrears. Amounts billed are due upon receipt and contract lengths range from month to month to 60 months. The Company satisfies its performance obligations to provide services to customers over time as the services are rendered. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains the promised service. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these services. The Company has adopted the practical expedient related to certain performance obligation disclosures since it has a right to consideration from its customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s performance completed to date.

To achieve this core principle, the Company follows the following five steps:

1) Identification of the contract, or contracts with a customer

2) Identification of the performance obligations in the contract

3) Determination of the transaction price

4) Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

5) Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation

Fees billed in connection with customer installations are deferred (as deferred revenue) and recognized as noted above. To the extent a customer contract is terminated prior to its contractual end the customer is subject to termination fees. The Company vigorously seeks payment of these amounts. The Company recognizes revenue for these amounts as they are collected.

Service revenue recognized from amounts in deferred revenue (contract liabilities) at the beginning of the period during the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $1.7 million and during the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $1.9 million. Service revenue recognized from amounts in deferred revenue (contract liabilities) at the beginning of the period during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $5.1 million and during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $5.8 million. Amortization expense for contract costs was $4.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $4.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Amortization expense for contract costs was $13.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $12.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements-Adopted

Recent Accounting Pronouncements— Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 replaced most existing lease accounting guidance. In July 2018 the FASB approved an Accounting Standards Update which, among other changes, allowed a company to elect to adopt ASU 2016-02 using the modified retrospective method applying the transition provisions at the beginning of the period of adoption, rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in these financial statements. ASU 2016-02 was effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2019 and required the Company to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for most of its facilities leases. Leases that were previously treated as operating leases. The effect of ASU 2016-02 was to record a cumulative-effect adjustment on January 1, 2019 as a right-of-use asset and an operating lease liability totaling $97.3 million. The operating lease liability is not considered a liability under the consolidated leverage ratio calculations in the indentures governing the Company’s senior unsecured and senior secured note obligations. The Company has made an accounting policy election to not apply the recognition requirements of ASU 2016-02 to its short-term leases - leases with a term of one year or less. The Company has also elected to apply certain practical expedients under ASU2016-02 including not separating lease and nonlease components on its finance and operating leases, not reassessing whether any existing contracts contained leases, not reconsidering lease classification, not reassessing initial direct costs and using hindsight in determining the lease reasonably certain term of its leases.

	Three Months
	Ended
	September 30, 2019
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	4,963
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities		4,414
Operating lease cost		1,662
Total lease costs		11,039

	Nine Months
	Ended
	September 30, 2019
Finance lease cost Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	14,851
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities		13,230
Operating lease cost		8,443
Total lease costs		36,524
Other lease information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from finance leases		(12,957)
Operating cash flows from operating leases		(8,443)
Financing cash flows from finance leases		(7,035)
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities		11,342
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		6,912
Weighted-average remaining lease term — finance leases (in years)		14.5
Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases (in years)		21.7
Weighted average discount rate — finance leases		10.5	%
Weighted average discount rate — operating leases		5.7	%

Finance leases—fiber lease agreements

The Company has entered into lease agreements with numerous providers of dark fiber under indefeasible-right-of use agreements (“IRUs). These IRUs typically have initial terms of 15-20 years and include renewal options after the initial lease term. The Company establishes the number of renewal option periods used in determining the lease term based upon its assessment at the inception of the lease of the number of option periods for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably certain. The option to renew may be automatic, at the option of the Company or mutually agreed to between the dark fiber provider and the Company. Once the Company has accepted the related fiber route, leases that meet the criteria for treatment as finance leases are recorded as a finance lease obligation and an IRU asset. The interest rate used in determining the present value of the aggregate future minimum lease payments is the Company’s incremental borrowing rate for the reasonably certain lease term. Finance lease assets are included in property and equipment in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had committed to additional dark fiber IRU lease agreements totaling $15.8 million in future payments to be paid over periods of up to 20 years. These obligations begin when the related fiber is accepted, which is generally expected to occur in the next 12 months.

The future minimum payments (principal and interest) under these finance leases are as follows (in thousands):

For the Twelve Months Ending September 30,
2020	$	25,012
2021		24,728
2022		23,574
2023		22,365
2024		22,319
Thereafter		221,608
Total minimum finance lease obligations		339,606
Less—amounts representing interest		(171,544)
Present value of minimum finance lease obligations		168,062
Current maturities		(7,884)
Finance lease obligations, net of current maturities	$	160,178

Operating leases

The Company leases office space and certain data center facilities under operating leases. In certain cases the Company also enters into short term operating leases for dark fiber. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments under the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the reasonably certain lease term. The implicit rates within the Company’s operating leases are generally not determinable and the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of its lease payments. The determination of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate requires judgment. The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate for each lease using its current borrowing rate, adjusted for various factors including level of collateralization and term to align with the term of the lease. Certain of the Company’s leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. The Company establishes the number of renewal option periods used in determining the operating lease term based upon its assessment at the inception of the operating lease of the number of option periods for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably certain. The option to renew may be automatic, at the option of the Company or mutually agreed to between the landlord or dark fiber provider and the Company. Once the Company has accepted the related fiber route or the facility lease term has begun, the present value of the aggregate future minimum operating lease payments are recorded as an operating lease liability and a right-of-use leased asset. Lease incentives and deferred rent liabilities for facilities operating leases are presented with the right-of-use leased asset. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

The future minimum payments under these operating lease agreements are as follows (in thousands):

For the Twelve Months Ending September 30,
2020	$	15,268
2021		13,641
2022		12,249
2023		11,286
2024		9,830
Thereafter		96,432
Total minimum operating lease obligations		158,706
Less—amounts representing interest		(63,076)
Present value of minimum operating lease obligations		95,630
Current maturities		(10,299)
Lease obligations, net of current maturities	$	85,331

Recent Accounting Pronouncements-to be Adopted

Recent Accounting Pronouncements— to be Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance is intended to introduce a revised approach to the recognition and measurement of credit losses, emphasizing an updated model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. This new standard is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this guidance may have on its financial statements and related disclosures.

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Income taxes: Components of income before income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Components of income before income taxes
Domestic	$ 24,452	$ 16,652	$ 59,537	$ 46,234
Foreign	(5,497)	(5,227)	(17,632)	(15,714)
Income before income taxes	$ 18,955	$ 11,425	$ 41,905	$ 30,520

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Property and equipment: Installment payment agreement (Details) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2015 payment	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Installment payment agreement
Unamortized discount		$ 391	$ 395
Network equipment | Note obligations
Installment payment agreement
Term of debt (in months)	24 months
Number of payments first six months | payment	0
Number of equal payments | payment	18
Outstanding obligation		12,800	11,200
Unamortized discount		$ 400	$ 400

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Segment information: (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($) segment	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Geographic information
Number of operating segments | segment			1
Revenues	$ 136,942	$ 130,139	$ 405,866	$ 388,144
Long lived assets, net	370,842		370,842		$ 375,345
On-net
Geographic information
Revenues	99,416	93,790	294,069	279,205
Off-net
Geographic information
Revenues	37,418	36,202	111,452	108,453
Non-core
Geographic information
Revenues	108	147	345	486
North America
Geographic information
Revenues	113,452	107,487	335,606	318,966
Long lived assets, net	273,608		273,608		275,367
North America | On-net
Geographic information
Revenues	80,176	75,245	236,636	222,391
North America | Off-net
Geographic information
Revenues	33,172	32,111	98,670	96,131
North America | Non-core
Geographic information
Revenues	104	131	300	444
Europe
Geographic information
Revenues	21,978	21,830	66,126	67,083
Europe | On-net
Geographic information
Revenues	17,921	17,869	53,889	55,128
Europe | Off-net
Geographic information
Revenues	4,053	3,945	12,192	11,913
Europe | Non-core
Geographic information
Revenues	4	16	45	42
Europe and other
Geographic information
Long lived assets, net	97,234		97,234		$ 99,978
Asia Pacific
Geographic information
Revenues	1,368	822	3,882	2,095
Asia Pacific | On-net
Geographic information
Revenues	1,180	676	3,300	1,686
Asia Pacific | Off-net
Geographic information
Revenues	188	$ 146	582	$ 409
Latin America
Geographic information
Revenues	144		252
Latin America | On-net
Geographic information
Revenues	139		244
Latin America | Off-net
Geographic information
Revenues	$ 5		$ 8

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Property and equipment: Exchange agreement (Details) - Exchange agreement - Network equipment - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Property and equipment
Non cash component of network equipment obtained in exchange transactions	$ 0.1	$ 0.4	$ 0.8	$ 0.9
Level 3
Property and equipment
Fair value of equipment	$ 0.3	$ 1.5	$ 2.6	$ 3.0

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Description of the business and recent developments: (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019 MB GB
Minimum
Speed per second of bandwidth (in megabits and gigabits) | MB	100
Maximum
Speed per second of bandwidth (in megabits and gigabits) | GB	100

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Description of the business and recent developments: Stockholder's deficit (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Balance	$ (176,590)	$ (114,636)	$ (149,002)	$ (102,544)
Balance (in shares)			46,336,499
Cumulative-effect adjustment from adoption				14,455
Equity-based compensation	5,311	5,292	$ 14,796	14,601
Foreign currency translation	(4,709)	(485)	(4,748)	(4,072)
Issuances of common stock			1
Exercises of options	351	518	1,269	1,520
Dividends paid	(28,565)	(24,764)	(82,871)	(71,371)
Net income	13,701	8,231	30,054	21,567
Balance	$ (190,501)	(125,844)	$ (190,501)	(125,844)
Balance (in shares)	46,821,586		46,821,586
Common Stock
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Balance	$ 47	$ 46	$ 46	$ 46
Balance (in shares)	46,806,370	46,443,945	46,336,499	45,960,799
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees (in shares)	(4,508)	(9,381)	(8,394)	(20,909)
Issuances of common stock			$ 1
Issuances of common stock (in shares)	10,572	12,750	459,550	476,728
Exercises of options (in shares)	9,152	14,057	33,931	44,753
Balance	$ 47	$ 46	$ 47	$ 46
Balance (in shares)	46,821,586	46,461,371	46,821,586	46,461,371
Additional Paid-in Capital
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Balance	$ 481,734	$ 467,007	$ 471,331	$ 456,696
Equity-based compensation	5,311	5,292	14,796	14,601
Exercises of options	351	518	1,269	1,520
Balance	487,396	472,817	487,396	472,817
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Balance	(10,967)	(8,187)	(10,928)	(4,600)
Foreign currency translation	(4,709)	(485)	(4,748)	(4,072)
Balance	(15,676)	(8,672)	(15,676)	(8,672)
Accumulated Deficit
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Balance	(647,404)	(573,502)	(609,451)	(554,686)
Cumulative-effect adjustment from adoption				14,455
Dividends paid	(28,565)	(24,764)	(82,871)	(71,371)
Net income	13,701	8,231	30,054	21,567
Balance	$ (662,268)	$ (590,035)	$ (662,268)	$ (590,035)

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Segment information: (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Segment information:

Schedule of service revenue by geographic region and product class and long lived assets by geographic region

The Company’s service revenue by geographic region and product class and long lived assets by geographic region are as follows (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	80,176	$	33,172	$	104	$	113,452
Europe		17,921		4,053		4		21,978
Latin America		139		5		—		144
Asia Pacific		1,180		188		—		1,368
Total	$	99,416	$	37,418	$	108	$	136,942

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	75,245	$	32,111	$	131	$	107,487
Europe		17,869		3,945		16		21,830
Asia Pacific		676		146		—		822
Total	$	93,790	$	36,202	$	147	$	130,139

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	236,636	$	98,670	$	300	$	335,606
Europe		53,889		12,192		45		66,126
Latin America		244		8		—		252
Asia Pacific		3,300		582		—		3,882
Total	$	294,069	$	111,452	$	345	$	405,866

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	222,391	$	96,131	$	444	$	318,966
Europe		55,128		11,913		42		67,083
Asia Pacific		1,686		409		—		2,095
Total	$	279,205	$	108,453	$	486	$	388,144

	September 30,		December 31,
	2019		2018
Long lived assets, net
North America	$	273,608	$	275,367
Europe and other		97,234		99,978
Total	$	370,842	$	375,345

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Description of the business and recent developments: Basic and diluted net income per common share (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Diluted weighted average shares
Weighted-average common shares - basic (in shares)	45,438,656	45,105,830	45,428,305	45,096,472
Weighted average common shares-diluted	46,019,691	45,699,635	45,948,331	45,591,217
Stock options
Diluted weighted average shares
Dilutive effect (options or restricted stock)	34,593	39,488	32,179	34,644
Anti-dilutive effects
Anti-dilutive (options or restricted stock)	37,606	30,836	50,928	47,422
Restricted stock
Diluted weighted average shares
Dilutive effect (options or restricted stock)	546,442	554,317	487,847	460,101
Anti-dilutive effects
Unvested shares of restricted common stock	1,379,446	1,350,320	1,379,446	1,350,320
Anti-dilutive (options or restricted stock)			50,292	1,348

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Property and equipment: (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Property and equipment:
Depreciation and amortization	$ 20,006	$ 20,276	$ 60,246	$ 60,280
Capitalized salaries and related benefits of employees	$ 2,700	$ 2,600	$ 8,000	$ 7,900

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 396,271	$ 276,093
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,758 and $1,263, respectively	41,292	41,709
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	36,810	32,535
Total current assets	474,373	350,337
Property and equipment, net	370,825	375,325
Right-of-use leased assets	72,591
Deferred tax assets	613	2,733
Deposits and other assets	13,942	11,455
Total assets	932,344	739,850
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	9,849	8,519
Accrued and other current liabilities	49,115	51,431
Installment payment agreement, current portion, net of discount of $391 and $395, respectively	9,078	8,283
Current maturities, operating lease liabilities	10,299
Current maturities, finance lease obligations	7,884	7,074
Total current liabilities	86,225	75,307
Senior secured 2022 notes, net of unamortized debt costs of $2,101 and $2,695, respectively and including premium of $1,092 and $1,405, respectively	443,991	443,710
Operating lease liabilities, net of current maturities	85,331
Finance lease obligations, net of current maturities	160,178	156,706
Other long term liabilities	13,014	25,380
Total liabilities	1,122,845	888,852
Commitments and contingencies:
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 75,000,000 shares authorized; 46,821,586 and 46,336,499 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	47	46
Additional paid-in capital	487,396	471,331
Accumulated other comprehensive income-foreign currency translation	(15,676)	(10,928)
Accumulated deficit	(662,268)	(609,451)
Total stockholders' deficit	(190,501)	(149,002)
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	932,344	739,850
Senior unsecured 2024 notes
Current liabilities:
Senior unsecured 2024 Euro and 2021 notes, net of unamortized debt costs of $1,483 and $1,015 and $1,476, respectively	145,896
Senior unsecured 2021 notes
Current liabilities:
Senior unsecured 2024 Euro and 2021 notes, net of unamortized debt costs of $1,483 and $1,015 and $1,476, respectively	$ 188,210	$ 187,749

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 30,054	$ 21,567
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	60,246	60,280
Amortization of debt costs and premium	1,328	1,126
Equity-based compensation expense (net of amounts capitalized)	13,520	13,300
Gains - equipment transactions and other, net	(131)	(727)
Unrealized foreign currency exchange gain on 2024 Euro notes	(6,305)
Deferred income taxes	9,285	7,527
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(43)	(2,280)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(4,862)	(663)
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities	1,350	(5,473)
Deposits and other assets	(1,730)	(1,462)
Net cash provided by operating activities	102,712	93,195
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(37,059)	(39,000)
Net cash used in investing activities	(37,059)	(39,000)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(82,871)	(71,371)
Net proceeds from issuance of 2022 secured notes - net of debt costs of $1,363		69,862
Net proceeds from issuance of senior unsecured 2024 Euro Notes - net of debt costs of $1,556	152,128
Proceeds from exercises of common stock options	1,270	1,520
Principal payments of installment payment agreement	(7,348)	(6,888)
Principal payments of finance lease obligations	(7,035)	(8,158)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	56,144	(15,035)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(1,619)	(1,613)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	120,178	37,547
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	276,093	247,011
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	396,271	284,558
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Non-cash component of network equipment obtained in exchange transactions	771	876
PP&E obtained for installment payment agreement	8,945	8,609
Finance lease obligations incurred	11,342	$ 15,074
Fair value of equipment acquired in leases	$ 1,207

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Income taxes:

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Income taxes:

Income taxes:

5. Income taxes:

The components of income before income taxes consist of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Domestic	$	24,452	$	16,652	$	59,537	$	46,234
Foreign		(5,497)		(5,227)		(17,632)		(15,714)
Total	$	18,955	$	11,425	$	41,905	$	30,520

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Segment information:

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Segment information:

Segment information:

9. Segment information:

The Company operates as one operating segment. The Company’s service revenue by geographic region and product class and long lived assets by geographic region are as follows (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	80,176	$	33,172	$	104	$	113,452
Europe		17,921		4,053		4		21,978
Latin America		139		5		—		144
Asia Pacific		1,180		188		—		1,368
Total	$	99,416	$	37,418	$	108	$	136,942

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	75,245	$	32,111	$	131	$	107,487
Europe		17,869		3,945		16		21,830
Asia Pacific		676		146		—		822
Total	$	93,790	$	36,202	$	147	$	130,139

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	236,636	$	98,670	$	300	$	335,606
Europe		53,889		12,192		45		66,126
Latin America		244		8		—		252
Asia Pacific		3,300		582		—		3,882
Total	$	294,069	$	111,452	$	345	$	405,866

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Revenues	On net		Off-net		Non-core		Total
North America	$	222,391	$	96,131	$	444	$	318,966
Europe		55,128		11,913		42		67,083
Asia Pacific		1,686		409		—		2,095
Total	$	279,205	$	108,453	$	486	$	388,144

	September 30,		December 31,
	2019		2018
Long lived assets, net
North America	$	273,608	$	275,367
Europe and other		97,234		99,978
Total	$	370,842	$	375,345

The majority of North American revenue consists of services delivered within the United States.

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Common stock buyback program stock option and award plan: (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Common stock buyback program:
Remaining authorized amount for common stock repurchases	$ 34.9		$ 34.9
Repurchase of common stock (in shares)	0	0	0	0

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Long-term debt: Limitations under the Indentures (Details) € in Millions, $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 EUR (€)	Jun. 25, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 25, 2019 EUR (€)
Long-term debt
Amount permitted for investment payments	$ 139.2
Minimum
Long-term debt
Consolidated leverage ratio	4.25	4.25
Senior unsecured 2021 notes
Long-term debt
Senior notes outstanding	$ 189.2
Interest rate (as a percent)	5.625%	5.625%
Senior secured 2022 notes
Long-term debt
Senior notes outstanding	$ 445.0
Interest rate (as a percent)	5.375%	5.375%
Senior unsecured 2024 notes
Long-term debt
Senior notes outstanding	$ 147.4	€ 135.0	$ 153.7	€ 135.0
Interest rate (as a percent)	4.375%	4.375%	4.375%	4.375%
Restriction on incurring additional indebtedness | Minimum
Long-term debt
Consolidated secured leverage ratio	4.0	4.0
Restriction on incurring additional indebtedness | Senior unsecured 2024 notes | Minimum
Long-term debt
Consolidated leverage ratio	6.0	6.0
Restriction on incurring additional indebtedness | Senior secured 2022 Notes and 2021 Notes | Minimum
Long-term debt
Consolidated leverage ratio	5.0	5.0
Consolidated secured leverage ratio	3.5	3.5
Restriction on certain payments | Minimum
Long-term debt
Consolidated leverage ratio	4.25	4.25
Increase in unrestricted payment amount | Maximum
Long-term debt
Consolidated leverage ratio	4.25	4.25

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Description of the business and recent developments - Financial instruments (Details) € in Millions, $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 EUR (€)	Jun. 25, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 25, 2019 EUR (€)
Senior unsecured 2021 notes
Financial instruments
Senior notes	$ 189.2
Senior unsecured 2021 notes | Level 2
Financial instruments
Senior notes, fair value	191.4
Senior secured 2022 notes
Financial instruments
Senior notes	445.0
Senior secured 2022 notes | Level 2
Financial instruments
Senior notes, fair value	461.7
Senior unsecured 2024 notes
Financial instruments
Senior notes	147.4	€ 135.0	$ 153.7	€ 135.0
Senior unsecured 2024 notes | Level 2
Financial instruments
Senior notes, fair value	$ 149.8

XML

Description of the business and recent developments: Revenue recognition (Details) - Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Recent accounting pronouncements- adopted
Maximum contract lengths for billing due upon receipts (in months)			60 months
Service revenue recognized	$ 1.7	$ 1.9	$ 5.1	$ 5.8
Amortization expense for contract costs	$ 4.3	$ 4.2	$ 13.0	$ 12.5

XML

Description of the business and recent developments:

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Description of the business and recent developments:

Description of the business and recent developments:

1.  Description of the business and recent developments:

Reorganization and merger

On May 15, 2014, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Reorganization by and among Cogent Communications Group, Inc. (“Group”), a Delaware corporation, Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Holdings”) and Cogent Communications Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation, Group adopted a new holding company organizational structure whereby Group is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Holdings. Holdings is a “successor issuer” to Group pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

References to the “Company” for events that occurred prior to May 15, 2014 refer to Cogent Communications Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries and on and after May 15, 2014 the “Company” refers to Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Description of business

The Company is a Delaware corporation and is headquartered in Washington, DC. The Company is a facilities-based provider of low-cost, high-speed Internet access services, private network services and data center colocation space. The Company’s network is specifically designed and optimized to transmit packet routed data. The Company delivers its services primarily to small and medium-sized businesses, communications service providers and other bandwidth-intensive organizations in North America, Europe, and Asia and recently in Australia and Brazil.

The Company offers on-net Internet access and private network services exclusively through its own facilities, which run from its network to its customers’ premises. The Company is not dependent on local telephone companies or cable TV companies to serve its customers for its on-net Internet access and private network services because of its integrated network architecture. The Company offers its on-net services to customers located in buildings that are physically connected to its network. The Company’s on-net service consists of high-speed Internet access and private network services offered at speeds ranging from 100 Megabits per second to 100 Gigabits per second of bandwidth. The Company provides its on-net Internet access services and private network services to its corporate and net-centric customers. The Company’s corporate customers are located in multi-tenant office buildings and typically include law firms, financial services firms, advertising and marketing firms and other professional services businesses. The Company’s net-centric customers include bandwidth-intensive users such as other Internet access providers, telephone companies, cable television companies, web hosting companies, content delivery network companies and commercial content and application service providers. These net-centric customers obtain the Company’s services in carrier neutral data centers and in the Company’s data centers. The Company operates data centers throughout North America and Europe that allow its customers to collocate their equipment and access the Company’s network.

In addition to providing its on-net services, the Company provides Internet connectivity and private network services to customers that are not located in buildings directly connected to its network. The Company provides this off-net service primarily to corporate customers using other carriers’ circuits to provide the “last mile” portion of the link from the customers’ premises to the Company’s network. The Company also provides certain non-core services that resulted from acquisitions. The Company continues to support but does not actively sell these non-core services.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments that the Company considers necessary for the fair presentation of its results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods covered, and of the financial position of the Company at the date of the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the entire year. While the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to not make the information

misleading, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in its annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts and activity have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Financial instruments

At September 30, 2019, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company measures its cash equivalents at amortized cost, which approximates fair value based upon quoted market prices (Level 1). Based upon recent trading prices (Level 2 — market approach) at September 30, 2019 the fair value of the Company’s $189.2 million senior unsecured notes was $191.4 million, the fair value of the Company’s $445.0 million senior secured notes was $461.7 million and the fair value of the Company’s €135 million senior unsecured notes was $149.8 million.

Gross receipts taxes, universal service fund and other surcharges

Revenue recognition standards include guidance relating to taxes or surcharges assessed by a governmental authority that are directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer and may include, but are not limited to, gross receipts taxes, excise taxes, Universal Service Fund fees and certain state regulatory fees. Such charges may be presented gross or net based upon the Company’s accounting policy election. The Company records certain excise taxes and surcharges on a gross basis and includes them in its revenues and costs of network operations. Excise taxes and surcharges billed to customers and recorded on a gross basis (as service revenue and network operations expense) were $4.0 million and $3.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively, and $10.6 million and $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively.

Basic and diluted net income per common share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution for common stock equivalents and is computed by dividing net income or (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period, adjusted for the effect of dilutive common stock equivalents. Shares of restricted stock are included in the computation of basic EPS as they vest and are included in diluted EPS, to the extent they are dilutive, determined using the treasury stock method.

The following details the determination of diluted weighted average shares:

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended	Nine Months Ended	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018
Weighted average common shares - basic	45,438,656	45,105,830	45,428,305	45,096,472
Dilutive effect of stock options	34,593	39,488	32,179	34,644
Dilutive effect of restricted stock	546,442	554,317	487,847	460,101
Weighted average common shares - diluted	46,019,691	45,699,635	45,948,331	45,591,217

The following details unvested shares of restricted common stock as well as the anti-dilutive effects of stock options and restricted stock awards outstanding:

	Three Months	Three Months	Nine Months	Nine Months
	Ended	Ended	Ended	Ended
	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018
Unvested shares of restricted common stock	1,379,446	1,350,320	1,379,446	1,350,320
Anti-dilutive options for common stock	37,606	30,836	50,928	47,422
Anti-dilutive shares of restricted common stock	—	—	50,292	1,348

Stockholder’s Deficit

The following details the changes in stockholder’s deficit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018 (in thousands except share amounts):

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder’s
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at June 30, 2019	46,806,370	$	47	$	481,734	$	(10,967)	$	(647,404)	$	(176,590)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(4,508)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		5,311		—		—		5,311
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,709)		—		(4,709)
Issuances of common stock	10,572		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	9,152		—		351		—		—		351
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(28,565)		(28,565)
Net income	—		—		—		—		13,701		13,701
Balance at September 30, 2019	46,821,586	$	47	$	487,396	$	(15,676)	$	(662,268)	$	(190,501)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder’s
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at June 30, 2018	46,443,945	$	46	$	467,007	$	(8,187)	$	(573,502)	$	(114,636)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(9,381)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		5,292		—		—		5,292
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(485)		—		(485)
Issuances of common stock	12,750		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	14,057		—		518		—		—		518
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(24,764)		(24,764)
Net income	—		—		—		—		8,231		8,231
Balance at September 30, 2018	46,461,371	$	46	$	472,817	$	(8,672)	$	(590,035)	$	(125,844)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder's
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2018	46,336,499	$	46	$	471,331	$	(10,928)	$	(609,451)	$	(149,002)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(8,394)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,796		—		—		14,796
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,748)		—		(4,748)
Issuances of common stock	459,550		1		—		—		—		1
Exercises of options	33,931		—		1,269		—		—		1,269
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(82,871)		(82,871)
Net income	—		—		—		—		30,054		30,054
Balance at September 30, 2019	46,821,586	$	47	$	487,396	$	(15,676)	$	(662,268)	$	(190,501)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder's
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2017	45,960,799	$	46	$	456,696	$	(4,600)	$	(554,686)	$	(102,544)
Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption of ASC 606	—		—		—		—		14,455		14,455
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(20,909)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,601		—		—		14,601
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,072)		—		(4,072)
Issuances of common stock	476,728		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	44,753		—		1,520		—		—		1,520
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(71,371)		(71,371)
Net income	—		—		—		—		21,567		21,567
Balance at September 30, 2018	46,461,371	$	46	$	472,817	$	(8,672)	$	(590,035)	$	(125,844)

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue under ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. Under ASC 606 installation fees for contracts with terms longer than month-to-month are recognized over the contract term. The Company believes that the installation fee does not give rise to a material right as defined by ASC 606 for contracts with terms longer than month-to-month. The Company recognizes revenue over the estimated average customer life for installation fees associated with month-to-month contracts, because the fee represents a material right as defined by ASC 606. The Company capitalizes certain contract acquisition costs that relate directly to a customer contract, including commissions paid to its sales team and sales agents and amortizes these costs on straight-line basis over the period the services are transferred to the customer for commissions paid to its sales team (estimated customer life) and over the remaining original contract term for agent commissions. Management assesses these costs for impairment at least quarterly and as "triggering" events occur that indicate it is more likely than not that an impairment exists.

The Company’s service offerings consist of on-net and off-net telecommunications services. Fixed fees are billed monthly in advance and usage fees are billed monthly in arrears. Amounts billed are due upon receipt and contract lengths range from month to month to 60 months. The Company satisfies its performance obligations to provide services to customers over time as the services are rendered. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains the promised service. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these services. The Company has adopted the practical expedient related to certain performance obligation disclosures since it has a right to consideration from its customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s performance completed to date.

To achieve this core principle, the Company follows the following five steps:

1) Identification of the contract, or contracts with a customer

2) Identification of the performance obligations in the contract

3) Determination of the transaction price

4) Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

5) Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation

Fees billed in connection with customer installations are deferred (as deferred revenue) and recognized as noted above. To the extent a customer contract is terminated prior to its contractual end the customer is subject to termination fees. The Company vigorously seeks payment of these amounts. The Company recognizes revenue for these amounts as they are collected.

Service revenue recognized from amounts in deferred revenue (contract liabilities) at the beginning of the period during the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $1.7 million and during the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $1.9 million. Service revenue recognized from amounts in deferred revenue (contract liabilities) at the beginning of the period during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $5.1 million and during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $5.8 million. Amortization expense for contract costs was $4.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $4.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Amortization expense for contract costs was $13.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $12.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements— Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 replaced most existing lease accounting guidance. In July 2018 the FASB approved an Accounting Standards Update which, among other changes, allowed a company to elect to adopt ASU 2016-02 using the modified retrospective method applying the transition provisions at the beginning of the period of adoption, rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in these financial statements. ASU 2016-02 was effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2019 and required the Company to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for most of its facilities leases. Leases that were previously treated as operating leases. The effect of ASU 2016-02 was to record a cumulative-effect adjustment on January 1, 2019 as a right-of-use asset and an operating lease liability totaling $97.3 million. The operating lease liability is not considered a liability under the consolidated leverage ratio calculations in the indentures governing the Company’s senior unsecured and senior secured note obligations. The Company has made an accounting policy election to not apply the recognition requirements of ASU 2016-02 to its short-term leases - leases with a term of one year or less. The Company has also elected to apply certain practical expedients under ASU2016-02 including not separating lease and nonlease components on its finance and operating leases, not reassessing whether any existing contracts contained leases, not reconsidering lease classification, not reassessing initial direct costs and using hindsight in determining the lease reasonably certain term of its leases.

	Three Months
	Ended
	September 30, 2019
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	4,963
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities		4,414
Operating lease cost		1,662
Total lease costs		11,039

	Nine Months
	Ended
	September 30, 2019
Finance lease cost Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	14,851
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities		13,230
Operating lease cost		8,443
Total lease costs		36,524
Other lease information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from finance leases		(12,957)
Operating cash flows from operating leases		(8,443)
Financing cash flows from finance leases		(7,035)
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities		11,342
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		6,912
Weighted-average remaining lease term — finance leases (in years)		14.5
Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases (in years)		21.7
Weighted average discount rate — finance leases		10.5	%
Weighted average discount rate — operating leases		5.7	%

Finance leases—fiber lease agreements

The Company has entered into lease agreements with numerous providers of dark fiber under indefeasible-right-of use agreements (“IRUs). These IRUs typically have initial terms of 15-20 years and include renewal options after the initial lease term. The Company establishes the number of renewal option periods used in determining the lease term based upon its assessment at the inception of the lease of the number of option periods for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably certain. The option to renew may be automatic, at the option of the Company or mutually agreed to between the dark fiber provider and the Company. Once the Company has accepted the related fiber route, leases that meet the criteria for treatment as finance leases are recorded as a finance lease obligation and an IRU asset. The interest rate used in determining the present value of the aggregate future minimum lease payments is the Company’s incremental borrowing rate for the reasonably certain lease term. Finance lease assets are included in property and equipment in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had committed to additional dark fiber IRU lease agreements totaling $15.8 million in future payments to be paid over periods of up to 20 years. These obligations begin when the related fiber is accepted, which is generally expected to occur in the next 12 months.

The future minimum payments (principal and interest) under these finance leases are as follows (in thousands):

For the Twelve Months Ending September 30,
2020	$	25,012
2021		24,728
2022		23,574
2023		22,365
2024		22,319
Thereafter		221,608
Total minimum finance lease obligations		339,606
Less—amounts representing interest		(171,544)
Present value of minimum finance lease obligations		168,062
Current maturities		(7,884)
Finance lease obligations, net of current maturities	$	160,178

Operating leases

The Company leases office space and certain data center facilities under operating leases. In certain cases the Company also enters into short term operating leases for dark fiber. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments under the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the reasonably certain lease term. The implicit rates within the Company’s operating leases are generally not determinable and the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of its lease payments. The determination of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate requires judgment. The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate for each lease using its current borrowing rate, adjusted for various factors including level of collateralization and term to align with the term of the lease. Certain of the Company’s leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. The Company establishes the number of renewal option periods used in determining the operating lease term based upon its assessment at the inception of the operating lease of the number of option periods for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably certain. The option to renew may be automatic, at the option of the Company or mutually agreed to between the landlord or dark fiber provider and the Company. Once the Company has accepted the related fiber route or the facility lease term has begun, the present value of the aggregate future minimum operating lease payments are recorded as an operating lease liability and a right-of-use leased asset. Lease incentives and deferred rent liabilities for facilities operating leases are presented with the right-of-use leased asset. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

The future minimum payments under these operating lease agreements are as follows (in thousands):

For the Twelve Months Ending September 30,
2020	$	15,268
2021		13,641
2022		12,249
2023		11,286
2024		9,830
Thereafter		96,432
Total minimum operating lease obligations		158,706
Less—amounts representing interest		(63,076)
Present value of minimum operating lease obligations		95,630
Current maturities		(10,299)
Lease obligations, net of current maturities	$	85,331

Recent Accounting Pronouncements— to be Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance is intended to introduce a revised approach to the recognition and measurement of credit losses, emphasizing an updated model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. This new standard is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this guidance may have on its financial statements and related disclosures.

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Service revenue	$ 136,942	$ 130,139	$ 405,866	$ 388,144
Operating expenses:
Network operations	55,253	54,615	163,811	163,868
Selling, general, and administrative	35,971	33,409	110,396	100,637
Depreciation and amortization	20,006	20,276	60,246	60,280
Total operating expenses	111,230	108,300	334,453	324,785
Gains on equipment transactions	87	416	808	891
Operating income	25,799	22,255	72,221	64,250
Interest income and other, net	8,347	1,937	11,927	3,817
Interest expense	(15,191)	(12,767)	(42,243)	(37,547)
Income before income taxes	18,955	11,425	41,905	30,520
Income tax provision	(5,254)	(3,194)	(11,851)	(8,953)
Net income	13,701	8,231	30,054	21,567
Comprehensive income:
Net income	13,701	8,231	30,054	21,567
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(4,709)	(485)	(4,748)	(4,072)
Comprehensive income	$ 8,992	$ 7,746	$ 25,306	$ 17,495
Net income per common share:
Basic net income per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.30	$ 0.18	$ 0.66	$ 0.48
Diluted net income per common share (in dollars per share)	0.30	0.18	0.65	0.47
Dividends declared per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.62	$ 0.54	$ 1.80	$ 1.56
Weighted-average common shares - basic (in shares)	45,438,656	45,105,830	45,428,305	45,096,472
Weighted-average common shares - diluted (in shares)	46,019,691	45,699,635	45,948,331	45,591,217

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Related party transactions: (Details) - CEO - Lease - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	May 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Office lease
Fixed annual rent				$ 1.0
Lease term (in years)	5 years
Notice period for cancellation of lease	60 days
Payment for rent and related costs (in dollars)		$ 0.3	$ 0.5	$ 1.2	$ 1.3

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Commitments and contingencies: Current and potential litigation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2015
Commitments and contingencies
Estimate of possible loss in excess of accrual	$ 3.0
Spain
Commitments and contingencies
Estimate of possible loss		$ 9.0

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Description of the business and recent developments: (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Description of the business and recent developments:

Schedule of diluted weighted average shares

	Three Months Ended	Three Months Ended	Nine Months Ended	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018
Weighted average common shares - basic	45,438,656	45,105,830	45,428,305	45,096,472
Dilutive effect of stock options	34,593	39,488	32,179	34,644
Dilutive effect of restricted stock	546,442	554,317	487,847	460,101
Weighted average common shares - diluted	46,019,691	45,699,635	45,948,331	45,591,217

Schedule of unvested and anti-dilutive shares

	Three Months	Three Months	Nine Months	Nine Months
	Ended	Ended	Ended	Ended
	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018	September 30, 2019	September 30, 2018
Unvested shares of restricted common stock	1,379,446	1,350,320	1,379,446	1,350,320
Anti-dilutive options for common stock	37,606	30,836	50,928	47,422
Anti-dilutive shares of restricted common stock	—	—	50,292	1,348

Schedule of Stockholder's Deficit

The following details the changes in stockholder’s deficit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018 (in thousands except share amounts):

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder’s
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at June 30, 2019	46,806,370	$	47	$	481,734	$	(10,967)	$	(647,404)	$	(176,590)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(4,508)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		5,311		—		—		5,311
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,709)		—		(4,709)
Issuances of common stock	10,572		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	9,152		—		351		—		—		351
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(28,565)		(28,565)
Net income	—		—		—		—		13,701		13,701
Balance at September 30, 2019	46,821,586	$	47	$	487,396	$	(15,676)	$	(662,268)	$	(190,501)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder’s
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at June 30, 2018	46,443,945	$	46	$	467,007	$	(8,187)	$	(573,502)	$	(114,636)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(9,381)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		5,292		—		—		5,292
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(485)		—		(485)
Issuances of common stock	12,750		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	14,057		—		518		—		—		518
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(24,764)		(24,764)
Net income	—		—		—		—		8,231		8,231
Balance at September 30, 2018	46,461,371	$	46	$	472,817	$	(8,672)	$	(590,035)	$	(125,844)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder's
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2018	46,336,499	$	46	$	471,331	$	(10,928)	$	(609,451)	$	(149,002)
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(8,394)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,796		—		—		14,796
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,748)		—		(4,748)
Issuances of common stock	459,550		1		—		—		—		1
Exercises of options	33,931		—		1,269		—		—		1,269
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(82,871)		(82,871)
Net income	—		—		—		—		30,054		30,054
Balance at September 30, 2019	46,821,586	$	47	$	487,396	$	(15,676)	$	(662,268)	$	(190,501)

						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholder's
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2017	45,960,799	$	46	$	456,696	$	(4,600)	$	(554,686)	$	(102,544)
Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption of ASC 606	—		—		—		—		14,455		14,455
Forfeitures of shares granted to employees	(20,909)		—		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,601		—		—		14,601
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(4,072)		—		(4,072)
Issuances of common stock	476,728		—		—		—		—		—
Exercises of options	44,753		—		1,520		—		—		1,520
Dividends paid	—		—		—		—		(71,371)		(71,371)
Net income	—		—		—		—		21,567		21,567
Balance at September 30, 2018	46,461,371	$	46	$	472,817	$	(8,672)	$	(590,035)	$	(125,844)

Schedule of lease cost

	Three Months
	Ended
	September 30, 2019
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	4,963
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities		4,414
Operating lease cost		1,662
Total lease costs		11,039

	Nine Months
	Ended
	September 30, 2019
Finance lease cost Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	14,851
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities		13,230
Operating lease cost		8,443
Total lease costs		36,524
Other lease information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from finance leases		(12,957)
Operating cash flows from operating leases		(8,443)
Financing cash flows from finance leases		(7,035)
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities		11,342
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		6,912
Weighted-average remaining lease term — finance leases (in years)		14.5
Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases (in years)		21.7
Weighted average discount rate — finance leases		10.5	%
Weighted average discount rate — operating leases		5.7	%

Schedule of future minimum payments under finance leases

The future minimum payments (principal and interest) under these finance leases are as follows (in thousands):

For the Twelve Months Ending September 30,
2020	$	25,012
2021		24,728
2022		23,574
2023		22,365
2024		22,319
Thereafter		221,608
Total minimum finance lease obligations		339,606
Less—amounts representing interest		(171,544)
Present value of minimum finance lease obligations		168,062
Current maturities		(7,884)
Finance lease obligations, net of current maturities	$	160,178

Schedule of future minimum payments under operating lease agreements

The future minimum payments under these operating lease agreements are as follows (in thousands):

For the Twelve Months Ending September 30,
2020	$	15,268
2021		13,641
2022		12,249
2023		11,286
2024		9,830
Thereafter		96,432
Total minimum operating lease obligations		158,706
Less—amounts representing interest		(63,076)
Present value of minimum operating lease obligations		95,630
Current maturities		(10,299)
Lease obligations, net of current maturities	$	85,331

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Long-term debt:

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Long-term debt:

Long-term debt:

3. Long-term debt:

Limitations under the indentures

The Company has $189.2 million of senior unsecured notes, $445.0 million of senior secured notes and €135.0 million ($147.4 million) of senior unsecured notes outstanding. The $189.2 million of senior unsecured notes are due on April 15, 2021 (the “2021 Notes”) and bear interest at a rate of 5.625% per year. Interest is paid semi-annually on April 15 and October 15. The $445.0 million of senior secured notes are due on March 1, 2022 (the “2022 Notes”) and bear interest at a rate of 5.375% per year. Interest is paid semi-annually on March 1 and September 1. The €135.0 million ($147.4 million) of senior unsecured notes are due on June 30, 2024 (the “2024 Notes”) and bear interest at a rate of 4.375% per year. Interest is paid semi-annually on June 30 and December 30.

The indentures governing the 2024 Notes, 2022 Notes and 2021 Notes, among other things, limit the Company’s ability to incur indebtedness; to pay dividends or make other distributions; to make certain investments and other restricted payments; to create liens; consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its assets; to incur restrictions on the ability of a subsidiary to pay dividends or make other payments; and to enter into certain transactions with its affiliates. Limitations on the ability to incur additional indebtedness (excluding IRU agreements incurred in the normal course of business) include a restriction on incurring additional indebtedness if the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio, as defined in the indentures, is greater than 6.0 for the 2024 Notes and greater than 5.0 for the 2022 Notes and 2021 Notes. Limitations on the ability to incur additional secured indebtedness include a restriction on incurring additional secured indebtedness if the Company’s consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the indentures, is greater than 4.0 for the 2024 Notes and greater than 3.5 for the 2022 Notes and 2021 Notes. The indentures prohibit certain payments, such as dividends and stock purchases, when the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio, as defined by the indentures, is greater than 4.25. A certain amount of such unrestricted payments is permitted notwithstanding this prohibition. The unrestricted payment amount may be increased by the Company’s consolidated cash flow, as defined in the indentures, as long as the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio is less than 4.25. The Company’s consolidated leverage ratio was above 4.25 as of September 30, 2019. As of September 30, 2019, a total of $139.2 million (primarily held by Holdings in cash and cash equivalents) was permitted for investment payments including dividends and stock purchases.

Issuance of 2024 Notes

On June 25, 2019, Group completed an offering of €135.0 million ($153.7 million) aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior unsecured notes due 2024. The net proceeds from the offering, after deducting offering expenses, were approximately $152.1 million. The Company expects to use the proceeds for general corporate purposes and/or to repurchase the Company’s common stock or for special or recurring dividends to the Company’s stockholders. The 2024 Notes are guaranteed (the “Guarantees”) on a senior unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions, and by the

Company (collectively, the “Guarantors”). Under certain circumstances, the Guarantors may be released from these Guarantees without the consent of the holders of the 2024 Notes.

The 2024 Notes and the Guarantees are Group’s and the Guarantors’ senior unsecured obligations. The 2024 Notes and the Guarantees are effectively subordinated to all of Groups’ and the Guarantors’ existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness, and are structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of subsidiaries that are not Guarantors. Without giving effect to collateral arrangements, the 2024 Notes and the Guarantees rank pari passu in right of payment with Group’s and the Guarantors’ existing and future senior indebtedness. The 2024 Notes and the Guarantees rank contractually senior in right of payment to all of Group’s and the Guarantors’ existing and future subordinated indebtedness.

The 2024 Notes were offered and sold only to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in an unregistered offering pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”), and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States in compliance with Regulation S under the Act. The 2024 Notes have not been registered under the Act, and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements. Application will be made for the 2024 Notes to be listed on the Official List of The International Stock Exchange; however, there can be no assurance that the application will be successful or that any such listing will be granted or maintained.

The 2024 Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.375% per annum. Interest began to accrue on the 2024 Notes on June 25, 2019 and will be paid semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each year, commencing on December 30, 2019. Unless earlier redeemed, the 2024 Notes will mature on June 30, 2024. The 2024 Notes were issued at par for €135.0 million ($153.7 million) on June 25, 2019. The 2024 Notes were issued in Euros and are reported in the Company’s reporting currency – US Dollars. As of September 30, 2019 the 2024 Notes were valued at $147.4 million resulting in an unrealized gain of $6.1 million recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and an unrealized gain of $6.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Group may redeem some or all of the 2024 Notes at any time prior to June 30, 2021 at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes, plus a “make-whole” premium as set forth in the indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption. Thereafter, Group may redeem the 2024 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price ranging from 102.188% to par (depending on the year), as set forth in the indenture. Group may also redeem up to 35% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes using proceeds of certain equity offerings completed prior to June 30, 2021 at a redemption price equal to 104.375%, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption, subject to certain exceptions. Group may also redeem the 2024 Notes, in whole but not in part, in the event of certain changes in the tax laws of the United States (or any taxing authority in the United States). This redemption would be at 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes to be redeemed (plus any accrued interest and additional amounts then payable with respect to the 2024 Notes to, but not including, the redemption date).

If Group undergoes specific kinds of change in control accompanied by certain ratings events, it will be required to offer to repurchase the 2024 Notes from holders at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of repurchase. Additionally, if Group or any of its restricted subsidiaries sells assets and does not apply the proceeds from such sale in a certain manner or certain other events have not occurred, under certain circumstances, Group will be required to use the excess net proceeds to make an offer to purchase the 2024 Notes at an offer price in cash equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the repurchase date.

In connection with any offer to purchase all or any of the 2024 Notes (including a change of control offer, asset sale offer or any tender offer), if holders of no less than 90% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes validly tender their 2024 Notes, Group or a third party is entitled to redeem any remaining 2024 Notes at the price offered to each holder.

The 2024 notes indenture includes covenants that restrict Group and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things: incur indebtedness; issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities; pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, capital stock; make certain investments and other restricted payments, such as prepayment, redemption or repurchase of certain indebtedness; create liens; consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the assets of Group and its restricted subsidiaries taken as a whole; incur restrictions on the ability of a subsidiary to pay dividends or make other payments; and enter into transactions with affiliates. However, the covenants provide for certain exceptions to these restrictions and the Company is not subject to the covenants under the 2024 Notes indenture. Certain covenants will cease to apply to the 2024 Notes

if, and for so long as, the 2024 Notes have investment grade ratings from any two of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., Fitch Ratings, Inc. and S&P Global Ratings and so long as no default or event of default under the Indenture has occurred and is continuing.

The principal amount of the 2024 Notes would become immediately due and payable upon the occurrence of certain bankruptcy or insolvency events involving Group or certain of its subsidiaries, and may be declared immediately due and payable by the trustee or the holders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of the then-outstanding 2024 Notes upon the occurrence of certain events of default under the indenture.

XML

Dividends on common stock:

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Dividends on common stock:

Dividends on common stock:

7. Dividends on common stock:

On November 5, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the payment of a quarterly dividend of $0.64 per common share. This estimated $29.1 million dividend payment is expected to be made on December 9, 2019.

The payment of any future dividends and any other returns of capital, including stock buybacks will be at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and may be reduced, eliminated or increased and will be dependent upon the Company’s financial position, results of operations, available cash, cash flow, capital requirements, limitations under the Company’s debt indentures and other factors deemed relevant by the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company is a Delaware Corporation and under the General Corporate Law of the State of Delaware distributions may be restricted including a restriction that distributions, including stock purchases and dividends, do not result in an impairment of a corporation’s capital, as defined under Delaware Law. The indentures governing the Company’s notes limit the Company’s ability to return cash to its stockholders.

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Oct. 31, 2019
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2019
Entity File Number	000-51829
Entity Registrant Name	COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	46-5706863
Entity Address, Address Line One	2450 N Street N.W.
Entity Address, Country	US
Entity Address, City or Town	Washington, D.C
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	20037
City Area Code	(202)
Local Phone Number	295-4200
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock
Trading Symbol	CCOI
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		46,832,086
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2019
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Entity Central Index Key	0001158324
Amendment Flag	false

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Equity-based compensation expense			$ 13,520	$ 13,300
Network operations
Equity-based compensation expense	$ 282	$ 250	688	671
Selling, general and administrative
Equity-based compensation expense	$ 4,515	$ 4,571	$ 12,832	$ 12,629

XML

Property and equipment:

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Property and equipment:

Property and equipment:

2. Property and equipment:

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment and finance leases was $20.0 million and $20.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, and 2018 respectively, and $60.2 million and $60.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company capitalized salaries and related benefits of employees working directly on the construction and build-out of its network of $2.7 million and $2.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $8.0 million and $7.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Exchange agreement

In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company exchanged certain used network equipment and cash consideration for new network equipment. The fair value of the equipment received was estimated to be $0.3 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $2.6 million and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively and after considering the cash component of the transactions. These transactions resulted in gains of $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $0.8 million and $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The estimated fair value of the equipment received was based upon the cash consideration price the Company pays for the new network equipment on a standalone basis (Level 3).

Installment payment agreement

In March 2015, the Company entered into an installment payment agreement (“IPA”) with a vendor. Under the IPA the Company may purchase network equipment in exchange for interest free note obligations each with a twenty-four month term. There are no payments under each note obligation for the first six months followed by eighteen equal installment payments for the remaining eighteen month term. As of September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018 there was $12.8 million and $11.2 million, respectively, of note obligations outstanding under the IPA, secured by the related equipment. The Company recorded the assets purchased and the net present value of the note obligation utilizing an imputed interest rate. The resulting discount was $0.4 million and $0.4 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is being amortized over the note term using the effective interest rate method.

XML

Dividends on common stock: (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			9 Months Ended
	Dec. 09, 2019	Nov. 05, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Dividends on common stock and return of capital program
Quarterly dividend payment approved (per share)		$ 0.64
Dividends paid	$ 29,100		$ 82,871	$ 71,371

XML

Long-term debt: Issuance of 2024 Notes (Details) $ in Thousands, € in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 EUR (€)	Jun. 25, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 25, 2019 EUR (€)
Long-term debt
Net proceeds from issuance of senior unsecured 2024 Euro Notes		$ 152,128
Senior unsecured 2024 notes
Long-term debt
Senior notes	$ 147,400	$ 147,400	€ 135.0	$ 153,700	€ 135.0
Interest rate (as a percent)	4.375%	4.375%	4.375%	4.375%	4.375%
Net proceeds from issuance of senior unsecured 2024 Euro Notes		$ 152,100
Unrealized gain	$ 6,100	$ 6,300
Redemption price ranging, (as a percent)		102.188%
Principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest (as a percent)		100.00%
Redemption Price, Additional Percentage		35.00%
Redemption price percentage of principal amount redeemed		104.375%
Redemption Price, Percentage		101.00%
Redemption Price, Minimum Percentage for Redemption		90.00%
Percentage of Principal Amount Redeemable under Insolvency		25.00%

XML

Commitments and contingencies:

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Commitments and contingencies:

Commitments and contingencies:

4. Commitments and contingencies:

Current and potential litigation

In accordance with the accounting guidance for contingencies, the Company accrues its estimate of a contingent liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Where it is probable that a liability has been incurred and there is a range of expected loss for which no amount in the range is more likely than any other amount, the Company accrues at the low end of the range. The Company reviews its accruals at least quarterly and adjusts them to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. The Company has taken certain positions related to its obligations for leased circuits for which it is reasonably possible could result in a loss of up to $3.0 million in excess of the amount accrued at September 30, 2019.

The Company is engaged in an arbitration proceeding in Spain in which a former provider of optical fiber to the Company is seeking approximately $9 million for the Company’s early termination of the optical fiber leases, which amount the Company has accrued in 2015. The Company has counterclaimed for damages and is contesting its obligation to pay the termination liability in an arbitration proceeding in Spain. The arbitration is being conducted by the Civil and Commercial Arbitration Court (CIMA) in Madrid, Spain.

In the ordinary course of business the Company is involved in other legal activities and claims. Because such matters are subject to many uncertainties and the outcomes are not predictable with assurance, the liability related to these legal actions and claims cannot be determined with certainty. Management does not believe that such claims and actions will have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. Judgment is required in estimating the ultimate outcome of any dispute resolution process, as well as any other amounts that may be incurred to conclude the negotiations or settle any litigation. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and such differences could be material.

XML

Related party transactions:

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Related party transactions:

Related party transactions:

8. Related party transactions:

Office leases

The Company’s headquarters is located in an office building owned by Sodium LLC whose owner is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. The fixed annual rent for the headquarters building is $1.0 million per year plus an allocation of taxes and utilities. The lease began in May 2015 and the lease term is for five years which is cancellable by the Company upon 60 days’ notice. The Company’s audit committee reviews and approves all transactions with related parties. The Company paid $0.3 million and $0.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $1.2 million and $1.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for rent and related costs (including taxes and utilities) to Sodium LLC for this lease.

XML

Income taxes: (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Income taxes:

Schedule of components of income before income taxes

The components of income before income taxes consist of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Domestic	$	24,452	$	16,652	$	59,537	$	46,234
Foreign		(5,497)		(5,227)		(17,632)		(15,714)
Total	$	18,955	$	11,425	$	41,905	$	30,520

XML

Description of the business and recent developments: Gross receipts taxes, universal service fund and other surcharges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Description of the business and recent developments:
Excise taxes and surcharge	$ 4.0	$ 3.0	$ 10.6	$ 9.3

XML

Description of the business and recent developments: Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Finance leases-fiber lease agreements
Additional finance lease future payments due	$ 15,800	$ 15,800
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from finance leases		(12,957)
Operating cash flows from operating leases		(8,443)
Financing cash flows from finance leases		(7,035)	$ (8,158)
Future minimum payments (principal and interest) under these finance leases
2020	25,012	25,012
2021	24,728	24,728
2022	23,574	23,574
2023	22,365	22,365
2024	22,319	22,319
Thereafter	221,608	221,608
Total minimum finance lease obligations	339,606	339,606
Less-amounts representing interest	(171,544)	(171,544)
Present value of minimum finance lease obligations	168,062	168,062
Current maturities, finance lease obligations	(7,884)	(7,884)			$ (7,074)
Finance lease obligations, net of current maturities	160,178	160,178			$ 156,706
Future minimum payments under these operating lease agreements
2020	15,268	15,268
2021	13,641	13,641
2022	12,249	12,249
2023	11,286	11,286
2024	9,830	9,830
Thereafter	96,432	96,432
Total minimum operating lease obligations	158,706	158,706
Less-amounts representing interest	(63,076)	(63,076)
Present value of minimum operating lease obligations	95,630	95,630
Current maturities, operating lease liabilities	(10,299)	(10,299)
Lease obligations, net of current maturities	85,331	85,331
Asset and lease liability				$ 97,300
Finance lease cost Amortization of right-of-use assets	4,963	14,851
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities	4,414	13,230
Operating lease cost	1,662	8,443
Total lease costs	$ 11,039	36,524
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities		11,342
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		$ 6,912
Weighted-average remaining lease term - finance leases (in years)	14 years 6 months	14 years 6 months
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (in years)	21 years 8 months 12 days	21 years 8 months 12 days
Weighted average discount rate - finance leases	10.50%	10.50%
Weighted average discount rate - operating leases	5.70%	5.70%
Minimum
Future minimum payments under these operating lease agreements
Initial terms	15 years	15 years
Maximum
Future minimum payments under these operating lease agreements
Initial terms	20 years	20 years