10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023
Or
☐	TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                to

Commission file number: 000-33123

China Automotive Systems, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	33-0885775
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
organization)

No. 1 Henglong Road, Yu Qiao Development Zone, Shashi District

Jing Zhou City, Hubei Province, the People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

(86) 716- 412- 7901

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value	CAAS	The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes           ☒           No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes           ☒           No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes           ☐           No           ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value	CAAS	The Nasdaq Capital Market

As of November 13, 2023, the Company had 30,185,702 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC.

INDEX

		Page
	Part I — Financial Information	4
Item 1.	Unaudited Financial Statements.	4
	Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	4
	Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	6
	Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	7
	Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	22
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	36
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures.	37
	Part II — Other Information	38
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings.	38
Item 1A.	Risk Factors.	38
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.	38
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities.	38
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.	38
Item 5.	Other Information.	38
Item 6.	Exhibits.	39
Signatures		40

2

Cautionary Statement

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to future events or the Company’s future financial performance. The Company has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “can,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including the matters set forth in this Quarterly Report or other reports or documents the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, which could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those projected. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, the Company cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company’s expectations are as of the date this Form 10-Q is filed, and the Company does not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is filed to conform these statements to actual results, unless required by law. All of the forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the factors discussed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.     FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Net product sales ($8,407 and $11,181 sold to related parties for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022)	$	137,541	$	137,207
Cost of products sold ($6,266 and $7,689 purchased from related parties for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022)		112,784		116,289
Gross profit		24,757		20,918
Gain on other sales		2,177		2,290
Less: Operating expenses
Selling expenses		3,803		3,978
General and administrative expenses		6,108		4,893
Research and development expenses		6,870		9,450
Total operating expenses		16,781		18,321
Income from operations		10,153		4,887
Other income, net		1,155		744
Interest expense		(245)		(384)
Financial income, net		163		4,760
Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies		11,226		10,007
Less: Income taxes		688		899
Add: Equity in earnings/(loss) of affiliated companies		706		(1,101)
Net income		11,244		8,007
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		1,749		529
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		(7)		(8)
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders	$	9,488	$	7,470
Comprehensive income:
Net income	$	11,244	$	8,007
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation income/(loss), net of tax		3,580		(18,705)
Comprehensive income/(loss)		14,824		(10,698)
Less: Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		3,590		(604)
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		(7)		(8)
Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to parent company	$	11,227	$	(10,102)
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders per share -
Basic	$	0.31	$	0.24
Diluted	$	0.31	$	0.24
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding -
Basic		30,185,702		30,637,876
Diluted		30,189,363		30,640,260

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Net product sales ($35,177 and $31,343 sold to related parties for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022)	$	417,194	$	400,764
Cost of products sold ($20,592 and $21,725 purchased from related parties for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022)		348,101		342,401
Gross profit		69,093		58,363
Gain on other sales		3,572		5,326
Less: Operating expenses
Selling expenses		10,981		12,358
General and administrative expenses		16,132		15,309
Research and development expenses		19,866		25,473
Total operating expenses		46,979		53,140
Income from operations		25,686		10,549
Other income, net		4,620		7,067
Interest expense		(770)		(1,156)
Financial income, net		3,704		9,318
Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies		33,240		25,778
Less: Income taxes		3,004		5,013
Add: Equity in earnings/(loss) of affiliated companies		359		(2,674)
Net income		30,595		18,091
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		3,799		1,229
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		(22)		(23)
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders	$	26,774	$	16,839
Comprehensive income:
Net income	$	30,595	$	18,091
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation loss, net of tax		(8,752)		(36,323)
Comprehensive income/(loss)		21,843		(18,232)
Less: Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		4,831		(957)
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		(22)		(23)
Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to parent company	$	16,990	$	(17,298)
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders per share -
Basic	$	0.89	$	0.55
Diluted	$	0.89	$	0.55
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding -
Basic		30,185,702		30,778,336
Diluted		30,190,660		30,779,883

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

5

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	108,244	$	121,216
Pledged cash		26,877		37,735
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties		227,946		214,308
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties		13,571		10,016
Inventories		103,187		112,236
Other current assets		29,127		25,207
Total current assets		508,952		520,718
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net		100,598		106,606
Land use rights, net		9,073		9,555
Long-term investments		60,866		59,810
Other non-current assets		28,604		17,663
Total assets	$	708,093	$	714,352
LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Short-term loans	$	38,568	$	45,671
Accounts and notes payable-unrelated parties		211,788		218,412
Accounts and notes payable-related parties		10,283		16,695
Accrued expenses and other payables		47,573		48,311
Other current liabilities		34,439		35,106
Total current liabilities		342,651		364,195
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term tax payable		8,781		15,805
Other non-current liabilities		7,402		6,937
Total liabilities	$	358,834	$	386,937
Commitments and Contingencies (See Note 22)
Mezzanine equity:
Redeemable non-controlling interests		605		582
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value - Authorized - 80,000,000 shares; Issued – 32,338,302 and 32,338,302 shares as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	$	3	$	3
Additional paid-in capital		63,731		63,731
Retained earnings-
Appropriated		11,851		11,851
Unappropriated		273,948		247,174
Accumulated other comprehensive income		(13,197)		(3,413)
Treasury stock – 2,152,600 and 2,152,600 shares as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		(7,695)		(7,695)
Total parent company stockholders’ equity		328,641		311,651
Non-controlling interests		20,013		15,182
Total stockholders’ equity		348,654		326,833
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and stockholders’ equity	$	708,093	$	714,352

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

6

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	30,595	$	18,091
Adjustments to reconcile net income from operations to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		13,666		17,402
(Reversal)/provision of credit losses		(450)		602
Deferred income taxes		(1,017)		2,880
Equity in earnings of affiliated companies		(359)		2,674
Loss on fixed assets disposals		79		35
(Increase)/decrease in:
Accounts and notes receivable		(24,315)		(21,616)
Inventories		6,070		115
Other current assets		(1,391)		(3,748)
Other non-current assets		(517)		—
Increase/(decrease) in:
Accounts and notes payable		(6,198)		5,795
Accrued expenses and other payables		849		3,004
Long-term taxes payable		(5,268)		(2,809)
Other current liabilities		(1,004)		9,252
Net cash provided by operating activities		10,740		31,677
Cash flows from investing activities:
(Increase)/decrease in demand loans included in other non-current assets		—		288
Cash received from property, plant and equipment sales		664		1,143
Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment (including $6,414 and $2,632 paid to related parties for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively)		(12,184)		(11,842)
Payments to acquire intangible assets		(2,437)		(68)
Investment under the equity method		(7,729)		(12,802)
Purchase of short-term investments		(55,290)		(79,311)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments		48,281		55,944
Cash received from long-term investments		3,115		3,986
Net cash used in investing activities		(25,580)		(42,662)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from bank loans		42,828		43,616
Repayments of bank loans		(48,147)		(41,465)
Repayments of the borrowing for sale and leaseback transaction		—		(1,130)
Repurchase of common shares		—		(1,567)
Net cash used in financing activities		(5,319)		(546)
Effects of exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash		(3,671)		(16,223)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash		(23,830)		(27,754)
Cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash at beginning of the period		158,951		159,499
Cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash at end of the period	$	135,121	$	131,745

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

7

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

1.           Organization and business

China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name Visions-In-Glass, Inc. China Automotive, including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components, as described below.

Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance in Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support accordingly.

The Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following subsidiaries organized in the People’s Republic of China, the “PRC,” and Brazil as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	Percentage Interest
	September 30,		December 31,
Name of Entity	2023		2022
Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd., “Jiulong” 1	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Henglong” 2	100.00	%	100.00	%
Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Shenyang” 3	70.00	%	70.00	%
Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., “Jielong” 4	85.00	%	85.00	%
Wuhu Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Wuhu” 5	100.00	%	100.00	%
Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., “Hubei Henglong” 6	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, “Testing Center” 7	100.00	%	100.00	%
Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Chongqing Henglong” 8	70.00	%	70.00	%
CAAS Brazil’s Imports and Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong” 9	95.84	%	95.84	%
Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie” 10	85.00	%	85.00	%
Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong” 11	100.00	%	100.00	%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB” 12	66.60	%	66.60	%
Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong” 13	51.00	%	51.00	%
Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun” 14	62.00	%	62.00	%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong” 15	100.00	%	100.00	%
Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong” 16	100.00	%	—

1. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gears for heavy-duty vehicles.

2. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gears for cars and light duty vehicles.

3. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles.

4. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automotive steering columns.

5. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems.

6. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

8

7. In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products.

8. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts.

9. On August 21, 2012, Brazil Henglong was established as a Sino-foreign joint venture company by Hubei Henglong and two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

10. In May 2014, together with Hubei Wanlong, Jielong formed a subsidiary, Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie”, which mainly engages in research and development, manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts. Wuhan Chuguanjie is located in Wuhan, China.

11. In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong”, which mainly engages in the design and sales of automotive electronics.

12. In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

13. In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.

14. In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. Hubei Henglong owns 62.0% of the shares of Wuhu Hongrun and has consolidated it since its establishment.

15. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

16. In June 2023, Hubei Henglong contributed certain equipment and intangible assets to Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong”, representing 100% of Zhirong’s paid-up capital. Zhirong mainly engages in inspection and testing of automotive products.

2.           Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

(a) Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. The details of subsidiaries are disclosed in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions in Regulation S-X. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by such accounting principles for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

9

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but in the opinion of the Company’s management, contain all necessary adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the interim periods presented.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is derived from the Company’s audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The results of operations for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2023.

Estimation - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currencies - China Automotive and HLUSA maintain their books and records in United States Dollars, “USD,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries based in the PRC and Genesis maintain their books and records in Renminbi, “RMB,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiary based in Brazil maintains its books and records in Brazilian real, “BRL,” its functional currency. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 830, foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date for monetary items. Nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expenses are remeasured at the rate in effect on the transaction dates. Transaction gains and losses, if any, are included in the determination of net income for the period.

(b) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

No accounting standards newly issued during the three months ended September 30, 2023 had a material impact on the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.

(c) Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no updates to the significant accounting policies set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.

3.           Accounts and notes receivable, net

The Company’s accounts and notes receivable, net as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable - unrelated parties	$	146,598	$	139,533
Notes receivable - unrelated parties		94,782		89,134
Total accounts and notes receivable - unrelated parties		241,380		228,667
Less: allowance for credit losses - unrelated parties		(13,434)		(14,359)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties		227,946		214,308
Accounts and notes receivable - related parties		15,336		11,779
Less: allowance for credit losses - related parties		(1,765)		(1,763)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties		13,571		10,016
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$	241,517	$	224,324

Notes receivable represent accounts receivable in the form of bills of exchange for which acceptances are guaranteed and settlements are handled by banks.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company pledged its notes receivable in amounts of $17.7 million and $13.7 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity (See Note 8).

10

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.01 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as reversed in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.12 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as reversed in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 42.2% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net product sales, i.e., 18.3%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 40.9% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net product sales, i.e., 19.4%. As of September 30, 2023, approximately 5.3% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 41.9% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 17.8%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 43.6% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 21.6%. As of September 30, 2022, approximately 6.8% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer.

4.           Inventories

The Company’s inventories as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	23,509	$	24,502
Work in process		16,298		16,001
Finished goods		60,638		71,371
Cost of R&D service		2,742		362
Total	$	103,187	$	112,236

The Company recorded $2.1 million and $1.2 million of inventory write-down to cost of products sold for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $7.0 million and $3.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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5.           Long-term investments

The Company’s long-term investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Sentient AB (1)	$	20,550	$	21,831
Chongqing Venture Fund		13,632		14,435
Hubei Venture Fund		11,352		11,738
Suzhou Qingshan (2)		8,212		4,179
Suzhou Venture Fund		3,862		5,473
Suzhou Mingzhi (3)		1,254		—
Henglong Tianyu		713		774
Chongqing Jinghua		658		695
Jiangsu Intelligent		633		685
Total	$	60,866	$	59,810

(1) In June 2021, Hubei Henglong entered into a share purchase agreement with Jingzhou WiseDawn Electric Car Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou WiseDawn”. In accordance with the agreement, CAAS would purchase 200 shares (representing 40% of Sentient AB’s share capital) from Jingzhou WiseDawn for total consideration of RMB 155.2 million, equivalent to approximately $24.5 million at prevailing rate. The transaction was completed in March 2022. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, Hubei Henglong has the right to appoint two directors to the board of directors, and it can exercise significant influence over Sentient AB. Therefore, the investment is accounted for using the equity method. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has paid the total consideration.

(2) In January 2022, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Qingshan Zhiyuan Venture Capital Fund L.P., “Suzhou Qingshan”. As of September 30, 2023, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 60.0 million, equivalent to approximately $9.1 million, to purchase 22.56% of Suzhou Qingshan’s equity. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has more than virtually no influence over Suzhou Qingshan’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method.

(3) In June 2023, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Mingzhi Intelligent Manufacturing Industry Investment Fund L.P., “Suzhou Mingzhi”. As of September 30, 2023, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 9.0 million, equivalent to approximately $1.2 million, representing 19.74% of Suzhou Mingzhi’s equity. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has more than virtually no influence over Suzhou Mingzhi’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method.

The condensed financial information of the Company’s significant equity investee for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, Chongqing Venture Fund, is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Gross profit		—		—		—		—
(Loss) from continuing operations		(3,729)		(2,395)		(2,342)		(17,389)
Net (loss)	$	(3,729)		(2,395)	$	(2,342)		(17,389)

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6.           Property, plant and equipment, net

The Company’s property, plant and equipment, net as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Costs:
Buildings	$	63,139	$	64,928
Machinery and equipment		237,652		239,385
Electronic equipment		5,802		6,242
Motor vehicles		4,462		4,308
Construction in progress		8,442		8,238
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		319,497		323,101
Less: Accumulated depreciation (1)		(218,899)		(216,495)
Total amount of property, plant and equipment, net (2)	$	100,598	$	106,606

(1) Depreciation charges were $3.9 million and $5.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $12.7 million and $16.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(2) As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company pledged property, plant and equipment and land use rights with net book value of approximately $44.8 million and $51.6 million, respectively, as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China.

7.           Loans

Loans consist of the following as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Short-term bank loans	$	38,568	$	45,671
Long-term bank loans		1,295		528
Total	$	39,863	$	46,199

The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. The total credit facility amount was $173.0 million and $148.3 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has drawn down loans under these facilities with an aggregate amount of $39.9 million and $46.2 million, respectively. The weighted average interest rate was 2.9% and 2.9% per annum, for the three months ending September 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively.

The Company must use the loans for the purpose as prescribed in the loan contracts. If the Company fails to do so, it will be charged penalty interest and/or trigger early repayment. The Company complied with such financial covenants during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

8.           Accounts and notes payable

The Company’s accounts and notes payable as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts payable - unrelated parties	$	138,790	$	133,882
Notes payable - unrelated parties (1)		72,998		84,530
Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties		211,788		218,412
Accounts and notes payable - related parties		10,283		16,695
Total	$	222,071	$	235,107

(1) Notes payable represent payables in the form of notes issued by the bank. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has pledged cash of $26.8 million and $37.6 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022,

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the Company has pledged notes receivable of $17.7 million and $13.7 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity. The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has used credit facilities for issue of bank notes with amount of $31.6 million and $39.6 million.

9.           Accrued expenses and other payables

The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Warranty reserves (1)	$	34,989	$	32,435
Accrued expenses		9,200		9,652
Payables for overseas transportation and custom clearance		303		294
Dividends payable to holders of non-controlling interests		418		431
Accrued interest		238		465
Payable for the investment in Sentient AB (See Note 5)		—		2,043
Other payables		2,425		2,991
Balance at end of year/period	$	47,573	$	48,311

(1) The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties when the products are sold. Such estimates of product warranties are based on, among other things, historical experience, product changes, material expenses, services and transportation expenses arising from the manufactured products. Estimates will be adjusted on the basis of actual claims and circumstances.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	33,948	$	35,028	$	32,435	$	36,572
Additions during the period		4,164		4,712		13,592		11,685
Settlement within the period		(3,340)		(3,255)		(9,973)		(9,909)
Foreign currency translation gain		217		(1,959)		(1,065)		(3,822)
Balance at end of the period	$	34,989	$	34,526	$	34,989	$	34,526

10. Fair value measurement

The Company has entered into foreign exchange forward contracts with a local bank to reduce the exposure of significant changes in exchange rates between RMB and USD. Authoritative guidance requires companies to recognize all of the derivative financial instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets based upon quoted market prices for comparable instruments. The Company’s forward contracts have not met the criteria for hedge accounting within authoritative guidance. Therefore, the foreign exchange forward contracts have been recorded at fair value, with the gain or loss on these transactions recorded in the consolidated statements of operations within “other income, net” in the period in which they occur. The Company held foreign exchange forward contracts with a total notional value of $1.0 million and nil as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. These foreign exchange forward contracts will mature within 12 months. The Company used a discounted cash-flow methodology to measure fair value, which requires inputs such as interest yield curves and foreign exchange rates. The significant inputs used in the aforementioned model can be corroborated with market observable data and therefore the fair value measurements are classified as level 2. Typically, any losses or gains on the forward exchange contracts are offset by re-measurement losses or gains on the underlying balances denominated in non-functional currencies. The Company’s foreign currency exchange contracts are an over-the-counter instrument. The Company recorded loss from change in fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts of $0.04 million and nil during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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11.         Redeemable non-controlling interests

In September 2020, one of the Company’s subsidiaries issued shares to Hubei Venture Fund amounting to RMB5.0 million, equivalent to approximately $0.7 million translated at spot rate of transaction date. The shares will be transferred to the Company and the other shareholder of the subsidiary on a pro rata basis at the holder’s option if the subsidiary fails to complete a qualified IPO in a pre-agreed period of time after their issuance with a transfer price of par plus 6.0% per year. As of September 30, 2023, $0.6 million of the shares are subject to purchase by the Company and are therefore accounted for as redeemable non-controlling interests in mezzanine equity.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized accretion of $0.007 million and $0.022 million, respectively, to the redemption value of the shares over the period starting from the issuance date with a corresponding reduction to retained earnings.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized accretion of $0.008 million and $0.023 million, respectively, to the redemption value of the shares over the period starting from the issuance date with a corresponding reduction to retained earnings.

12.         Additional paid-in capital

The Company’s positions in respect of the amounts of additional paid-in capital for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731
Balance at end of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731

13.         Retained earnings

Appropriated

Pursuant to the relevant PRC laws, the profits distribution of the Company’s subsidiaries, which are based on their PRC statutory financial statements, are available for distribution in the form of cash dividends after these subsidiaries have paid all relevant PRC tax liabilities, provided for losses in previous years, and made appropriations to statutory surplus at 10% of their respective after-tax profits each year. When the statutory surplus reserve reaches 50% of the registered capital of a company, no additional reserve is required. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, no statutory reserve was appropriated by the subsidiaries in China.

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of appropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	11,851	$	11,481	$	11,851	$	11,481
Balance at end of the period	$	11,851	$	11,481	$	11,851	$	11,481

Unappropriated

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the unappropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	264,460	$	235,732	$	247,174	$	226,363
Net income attributable to parent company		9,495		7,478		26,796		16,862
Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interests		(7)		(8)		(22)		(23)
Balance at end of the period	$	273,948	$	243,202	$	273,948	$	243,202

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14.         Accumulated other comprehensive income

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	(14,936)	$	8,152	$	(3,413)	$	24,717
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company		1,739		(17,572)		(9,784)		(34,137)
Balance at end of the period	$	(13,197)	$	(9,420)	$	(13,197)	$	(9,420)

15.         Treasury stock

Treasury stock represents shares repurchased by the Company that are no longer outstanding and are held by the Company. Treasury stock is accounted for under the cost method. On March 29, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company was permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing market prices not to exceed $4.00 per share through March 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had repurchased 666,074 shares of the Company’s common stock under the program and the total number of shares held in treasury was 2,152,600. The repurchased shares are presented as “treasury stock” on the balance sheet.

16.         Non-controlling interests

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the non-controlling interests’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	16,423	$	15,501	$	15,182	$	15,854
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		1,749		529		3,799		1,229
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interests		1,841		(1,133)		1,032		(2,186)
Balance at end of the period	$	20,013	$	14,897	$	20,013	$	14,897

17.         Net product sales

Revenue Disaggregation

Management has concluded that the disaggregation level is the same under both the revenue standard and the segment reporting standard. Please refer to Note 24.

Payment to Customer

The Company accounts for consideration payable to a customer as a reduction of revenue at the later of revenue recognition and the Company’s promise to pay the consideration.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets, such as costs to obtain or fulfill contracts, are an insignificant component of the Company’s revenue recognition process. The majority of the Company’s cost of fulfillment as a manufacturer of products is classified as inventory, fixed assets and intangible assets, which are accounted for under the respective guidance for those asset types. Other costs of contract fulfillment are immaterial due to the nature of the Company’s products and their respective manufacturing processes.

Contract liabilities are mainly customer deposits. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has customer deposits of $8.5 million and $5.7 million, respectively, which were included in other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, $6.9 million was received and $4.1 million (including $2.6 million from the beginning

16

balance of customer deposits) was recognized as net product sales revenue. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, $4.3 million was received and $3.0 million (including $2.4 million from the beginning balance of customer deposits) was recognized as net product sales revenue. Customer deposits represent non-refundable cash deposits for customers to secure rights to an amount of products produced by the Company under supply agreements. When the products are shipped to customers, the Company will recognize revenue and bill the customers to reduce the amount of the customer deposit liability.

18.         Financial income, net

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded financial income, net which is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest income	$	322	$	340	$	886	$	903
Foreign exchange (loss)/gain, net		(130)		4,453		2,978		8,688
Bank charges		(29)		(33)		(160)		(273)
Total financial income, net	$	163	$	4,760	$	3,704	$	9,318

19.         Income per share

Basic income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and dilutive ordinary share equivalents outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options is determined based on the treasury stock method.

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	9,488	$	7,470
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,185,702		30,637,876
Dilutive effects of stock options		3,661		2,384
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,189,363		30,640,260
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders – Basic	$	0.31	$	0.24
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.31	$	0.24

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	26,774	$	16,839
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,185,702		30,778,336
Dilutive effects of stock options		4,958		1,547
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,190,660		30,779,883
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Basic	$	0.89	$	0.55
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.89	$	0.55

As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the exercise prices for 22,500 and 30,000 outstanding stock options exceeded the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Therefore, these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented.

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20.         Significant concentrations

A significant portion of the Company’s business is conducted in China where the currency is the RMB. Regulations in China permit foreign owned entities to freely convert the RMB into foreign currency for transactions that fall under the “current account”, which includes trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Accordingly, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries may use RMB to purchase foreign currency for settlement of such “current account” transactions without pre-approval.

China Automotive, the parent company, may depend on dividend payments from Genesis and HLUSA, which are generated from their subsidiaries in China, “China-based Subsidiaries,” after they receive payments from the China-based Subsidiaries. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Under PRC law China-based Subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to their general reserves until the cumulative amount reaches 50% of their paid-in capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, or as loans or advances. These foreign-invested enterprises may also allocate a portion of their after-tax profits, at the discretion of their boards of directors, to their staff welfare and bonus funds. Any amounts so allocated may not be distributed and, accordingly, would not be available for distribution to Genesis and HLUSA.

The PRC government also imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currencies out of China. The China-based Subsidiaries may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currencies. If China Automotive is unable to receive dividend payments from its subsidiaries, including the China-based subsidiaries, China Automotive may be unable to effectively finance its operations or pay dividends on its shares.

Transactions other than those that fall under the “current account” and that involve conversion of RMB into foreign currency are classified as “capital account” transactions; examples of “capital account” transactions include repatriations of investment by or loans to foreign owners, or direct equity investments in a foreign entity by a China domiciled entity. “Capital account” transactions require prior approval from China’s State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its provincial branch to convert a remittance into a foreign currency, such as U.S. Dollars, and transmit the foreign currency outside of China.

This system could be changed at any time and any such change may affect the ability of the Company or its subsidiaries in China to repatriate capital or profits, if any, outside China. Furthermore, SAFE has a significant degree of administrative discretion in implementing the laws and has used this discretion to limit convertibility of current account payments out of China. Whether as a result of a deterioration in the Chinese balance of payments, a shift in the Chinese macroeconomic prospects or any number of other reasons, China could impose additional restrictions on capital remittances abroad. As a result of these and other restrictions under the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, or the PRC, the Company’s China subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the parent. The Company has no assurance that the relevant Chinese governmental authorities in the future will not limit further or eliminate the ability of the Company’s China subsidiaries to purchase foreign currencies and transfer such funds to the Company to meet its liquidity or other business needs. Any inability to access funds in China, if and when needed for use by the Company outside of China, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and its business.

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21.         Related party transactions and balances

Related party transactions are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Related party sales

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	8,407	$	11,181
Materials and others sold to related parties		233		646
Rental income obtained from related parties		82		114
Total	$	8,722	$	11,941

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	35,177	$	31,343
Materials and others sold to related parties		1,560		2,222
Rental income obtained from related parties		221		359
Total	$	36,958	$	33,924

Related party purchases

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Materials purchased from related parties	$	6,266	$	7,689
Equipment purchased from related parties		2,820		831
Others purchased from related parties		20		330
Total	$	9,106	$	8,850

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Materials purchased from related parties	$	20,592	$	21,725
Equipment purchased from related parties		3,453		1,951
Others purchased from related parties		44		487
Total	$	24,089	$	24,163

Related party investment transaction

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Equity interest purchase from related parties	$	—	$	23,618

Related party receivables

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts and notes receivable, net from related parties	$	13,571	$	10,016

Related party advance payments

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment to related parties	$	4,806	$	1,884
Advance payments and others to related parties		1,970		1,439
Total	$	6,776	$	3,323

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Related party payables

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts and notes payable	$	10,283	$	16,695

These transactions were consummated under similar terms as those with the Company’s third-party customers and suppliers.

As of November 13, 2023, Hanlin Chen, the chairman of the board of directors of the Company, owns 59.13% of the common stock of the Company and has the effective power to control the vote on substantially all significant matters without the approval of other stockholders.

22.         Commitments and contingencies

Legal proceedings

The Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings and no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation.

Other commitments and contingencies

In addition to the bank loans, notes payables and the related interest and other payables, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of September 30, 2023 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Payment obligations by period
	2023		2024		2025		Thereafter		Total
Obligations for investment contracts	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,925	$	2,925
Obligations for purchasing and service agreements		26,939		8,308		—		—		35,247
Total	$	26,939	$	8,308	$	—	$	2,925	$	38,172

23.         Off-balance sheet arrangements

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any significant transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

24.         Segment reporting

The accounting policies of the product sectors (each entity manufactures and sells different products and represents a different product sector) are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies disclosed in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K except that the disaggregated financial results for the product sectors have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for the purposes of assisting them in making internal operating decisions. Generally, the Company evaluates performance based on stand-alone product sector operating income and accounts for inter-segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties, at current market prices. Each product sector is considered a reporting segment.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 15 product sectors, six of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Wuhu, Henglong KYB, Hubei Henglong and Brazil Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other nine sectors were engaged in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials (Wuhu Hongrun), power steering parts (Shenyang), R&D services (Changchun Hualong), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after-sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong), manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts (Wuhan Chuguanjie), manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems (Wuhan Hyoseong) and inspection and testing of automotive products (Zhirong).

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had 15 product sectors, six of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Wuhu, Henglong KYB, Hubei Henglong and Brazil Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other nine sectors were engaged in the development, manufacturing and

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sale of high polymer materials (Wuhu Hongrun), power steering parts (Shenyang), R&D services (Changchun Hualong), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after-sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong), manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts (Wuhan Chuguanjie), research and development of intelligent automotive technology (Jingzhou Qingyan) and manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems (Wuhan Hyoseong).

The Company’s product sector information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Henglong	$	63,580	$	62,590	$	2,715	$	1,996
Jiulong		15,605		16,986		302		196
Wuhu		11,841		11,831		(175)		16
Hubei Henglong		27,602		29,525		2,572		3,116
Henglong KYB		33,491		36,995		4,619		1,760
Brazil Henglong		13,335		11,510		422		188
Other Entities		28,483		22,991		1,464		1,337
Total Segments		193,937		192,428		11,919		8,609
Corporate		—		—		(633)		(211)
Eliminations		(56,396)		(55,221)		(42)		(391)
Total	$	137,541	$	137,207	$	11,244	$	8,007

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Nine Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Henglong	$	192,503	$	177,401	$	6,755	$	5,680
Jiulong		52,106		53,071		1,360		(3,219)
Wuhu		26,726		30,695		471		70
Hubei Henglong		91,165		100,744		5,106		7,939
Henglong KYB		100,846		87,815		9,243		3,927
Brazil Henglong		36,264		30,471		3,459		1,741
Other Entities		75,057		67,667		4,497		3,806
Total Segments		574,667		547,864		30,891		19,944
Corporate		—		—		(1,489)		(632)
Eliminations		(157,473)		(147,100)		1,193		(1,221)
Total	$	417,194	$	400,764	$	30,595	$	18,091

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ITEM 2.        MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and the other financial information contained elsewhere in this Report.

General Overview

China Automotive Systems, Inc. is a leading power steering systems supplier for the China automobile industry. The Company has business relationships with more than sixty vehicle manufacturers, including China’s top ranking domestic automobile manufacturers such as JAC motors, Changan Automobile Group, BAIC Group, Dongfeng Group, Brilliance Jinbei, Chery, BYD and Zhejiang Geely as well as Sino-foreign or foreign automobile manufacturer such as General Motors, Citroen, Fiat Chrysler North America and Ford. Starting in 2008, the Company has supplied power steering gears to the Sino-foreign joint ventures established by GM, Citroen and Volkswagen in China. The Company has supplied power steering gear to Fiat Chrysler North America since 2009 and to Ford Motor Company since 2016.

Most of the Company’s production and research and development institutes are located in China. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has approximately 4,070 employees dedicated to design, development, manufacture and sales of its products. By leveraging its extensive experience, innovative technology and geographic strengths, the Company aims to grow leading positions in automotive power steering systems and to further improve overall margins, long-term operating profitability and cash flows. To achieve these goals and to respond to industry factors and trends, the Company is continuing its work to improve its operations and business structure and achieve profitable growth.

In addition, as a result of COVID-19, the Company’s businesses, results of operations, financial position and cash flows had been affected and may continue to be affected. However, because of the significant uncertainties surrounding COVID-19, which are still evolving, the extent of the business disruption, including the duration and the related financial impact on subsequent periods cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Our business operations have been and may continue to be materially and adversely affected by the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Corporate Structure

The Company, through its subsidiaries, engages in the manufacture and sales of automotive systems and components. Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the holding company of the Company’s joint ventures in the PRC. Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support. CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong,” was established by Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Hubei Henglong,” as a Sino-foreign joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens in Brazil in August 2012. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction. Fujian Qiaolong was acquired by the Company in the second quarter of 2014, as a joint venture company that mainly manufactures and distributes drainage and rescue vehicles with mass flow, drainage vehicles with vertical downhole operation, crawler-type mobile pump stations,high-altitude water supply and discharge drainage vehicles, long-range control crawler-type mobile pump stations and other vehicles, which was disposed of by the Company in the second quarter of 2016. USAI was established in 2005, and the Company and Hubei Wanlong owned 83.34% and 16.66%, respectively. In May 2020, USAI merged with and into Wuhan Chuguanjie, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wuhan Jielong, and it deregistered from the local business administration on April 28, 2020. Following the merger, 85.0% of Wuhan Chuguanjie was owned by the Company and 15.0% was owned by Hubei Wanlong. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.00% of the shares of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.20 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts. Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun” was formed in December 2019, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. In April 2021, the Company obtained an additional 22.67% equity interest in Wuhu, for total consideration of RMB 6.9 million, equivalent to approximately $1.1 million, from the other shareholder. Following the acquisition, the Company owned 100% of the equity interests of Wuhu Henglong. Jingzhou Qingyan deregistered from the local business administration on June 22, 2022. In June 2023, Hubei Henglong contributed certain equipment and intangible assets to Hubei Zhirong Automobile

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Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong”, representing 100% of Zhirong’s paid-up capital. Zhirong mainly engages in inspection and testing of automotive products.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The Company prepares its condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management periodically evaluates the estimates and judgments made. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates as a result of different assumptions or conditions. The following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company considers an accounting estimate to be critical if:

● It requires the Company to make assumptions about matters that were uncertain at the time it was making the estimate, and

● Changes in the estimate or different estimates that the Company could have selected would have had a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

The table below presents information about the nature and rationale for the Company’s critical accounting estimates:

Balance Sheet Caption	Critical Estimate Item	Nature of Estimates Required	Assumptions/Approaches Used	Key Factors
Accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities	Warranty obligations	Estimating warranty requires the Company to forecast the resolution of existing claims and expected future claims on products sold. OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) are increasingly seeking to hold suppliers responsible for product warranties, which may impact the Company’s exposure to these costs.	The Company bases its estimate on historical trends of units sold and payment amounts, combined with its current understanding of the status of existing claims and discussions with its customers.	OEM sourcing OEM policy decisions regarding warranty claims
Property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and other long-term assets	Valuation of long- lived assets and investments	The Company is required from time to time to review the recoverability of certain of its assets based on projections of anticipated future cash flows, including future profitability assessments of various product lines.	The Company estimates cash flows using internal budgets based on recent sales data, independent automotive production volume estimates and customer commitments.	Future production estimates Customer preferences and decisions
Accounts receivable	Allowance for doubtful accounts	The Company is required from time to time to review the credit of customers and make timely provision of allowance for doubtful accounts.	The Company estimates the collectability of the receivables based on the future cash flows using historical experiences.	Customer credit
Inventory	Write-down of inventory	The Company is required from time to time to review the cash ability of inventory based on projections of anticipated future cash flows, including write-down of inventory for prices that are higher than market price and undesirable inventories.	The Company estimates cash flows using internal budgets based on recent sales data, independent automotive production volume estimates and customer commitments.	Future production estimates Customer preferences and decisions
Deferred income taxes	Recoverability of deferred tax assets	The Company is required to estimate whether recoverability of its deferred tax assets is more likely than not based on forecasts of taxable earnings in the related tax jurisdiction.	The Company uses historical and projected future operating results, based upon approved business plans, including a review of the eligible carry forward period, tax planning opportunities and other relevant considerations.	Tax law changes Variances in future projected profitability, including by taxing entity

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of Part I of this report.

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Results of Operations - Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

Selected highlights from our results of operations are as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars):

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change		Change%
Net product sales	$	137,541	$	137,207	$	334	0.2	%
Cost of products sold		112,784		116,289		(3,505)	(3.0)
Gain on other sales		2,177		2,290		(113)	(4.9)
Selling expenses		3,803		3,978		(175)	(4.4)
General and administrative expenses		6,108		4,893		1,215	24.8
Research and development expenses		6,870		9,450		(2,580)	(27.3)
Other income		1,155		744		411	55.2
Interest expense		(245)		(384)		139	(36.2)
Financial income, net		163		4,760		(4,597)	(96.6)
Income taxes		688		899		(211)	(23.5)
Net income		11,244		8,007		3,237	40.4
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		1,749		529		1,220	230.6
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders		9,488		7,470		2,018	27.0	%

Net Product Sales and Cost of Products Sold

	Net Product Sales								Cost of Products Sold
	(in thousands of USD,								(in thousands of USD,
	except percentages)								except percentages)
	2023		2022		Change					2023	2022		Change
Henglong	$	63,580	$	62,590		990	1.6	%		57,217	$	59,006		(1,789)	(3.0)	%
Jiulong		15,605		16,986		(1,381)	(8.1)			13,637		14,584		(947)	(6.5)
Wuhu		11,841		11,831		10	0.1			11,494		11,121		373	3.4
Hubei Henglong		27,602		29,525		(1,923)	(6.5)			23,201		24,384		(1,183)	(4.9)
Henglong KYB		33,491		36,995		(3,504)	(9.5)			28,339		32,669		(4,330)	(13.3)
Brazil Henglong		13,335		11,510		1,825	15.9			11,203		9,948		1,255	12.6
Other Entities		28,483		22,991		5,492	23.9			23,396		18,322		5,074	27.7
Total Segments		193,937		192,428		1,509	0.8			168,487		170,034		(1,547)	(0.9)
Elimination		(56,396)		(55,221)		(1,175)	2.1			(55,703)		(53,745)		(1,958)	3.6
Total	$	137,541	$	137,207		334	0.2	%		112,784	$	116,289		(3,505)	(3.0)	%

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Net Product Sales

Net product sales were $137.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $137.2 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $0.3 million, or 0.2%, mainly due to the Company’s increased sales of electric power steering (“EPS”) systems and parts and partially offset by the appreciation of the USD against the RMB.

Net sales of traditional steering products and parts were $91.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $92.4 million for the same period in 2022, representing a decrease of $0.4 million, or 0.4%. Net sales of EPS systems and parts were $45.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and $44.8 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $0.9 million, or 2.0%. As a percentage of net sales, sales of EPS were 33.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared with 32.6% for the same period in 2022.

Further analysis by segment (before elimination) is as follows:

● Henglong mainly engages in providing passenger vehicle steering systems. Net product sales for Henglong were $63.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared with $62.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, representing an increase of $1.0 million, or 1.6%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volume of products used in passenger vehicles.

● Jiulong mainly engages in providing commercial vehicle steering systems. Net product sales for Jiulong were $15.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared with $17.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $1.4 million, or 8.2%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volume of products.

● Wuhu mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Chery Automobile Co., Ltd. (“Chery”), one of the major automotive manufacturers in China. Net product sales for Wuhu were $11.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, which is stable compared to $11.8 million for the same period of 2022.

● Hubei Henglong mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Chrysler and Ford. Net product sales for Hubei Henglong were $27.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared with $29.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $1.9 million, or 6.4%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volume of products used in passenger vehicles from Ford.

● Henglong KYB mainly engages in providing passenger EPS products. Net product sales for Henglong KYB were $33.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared with $37.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $3.5 million, or 9.5%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volume of EPS products used in passenger vehicles.

● Net product sales for Brazil Henglong were $13.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $11.5 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $1.8 million, or 15.7%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in demand of Fiat in Brazil.

● Net product sales for other entities were $28.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $23.0 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $5.5 million, or 23.9%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales of Wuhan Jielong.

Cost of Products Sold

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the cost of products sold was $112.8 million, compared to $116.3 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease of $3.5 million, or 3.0%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to the decrease in sales unit cost as a result of reduced raw material costs. Further analysis is as follows:

● Cost of products sold for Henglong was $57.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $59.0 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease of $1.8 million, or 3.1%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales unit cost as a result of reduced raw material costs.

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● Cost of products sold for Jiulong was $13.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $14.6 million for the same period in 2022, representing a decrease of $1.0 million, or 6.8%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volumes.

● Cost of products sold for Wuhu was $11.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $11.1 million for the same period of 2022, representing an increase of $0.4 million, or 3.6%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volumes.

● Cost of products sold for Hubei Henglong was $23.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $24.4 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease of $1.2 million, or 4.9%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volumes.

● Cost of products sold for Henglong KYB was $28.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $32.7 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease of $4.4 million, or 13.5%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volume of EPS products used in passenger vehicles.

● Cost of products sold for Brazil Henglong was $11.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $9.9 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $1.3 million, or 13.1%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volume, offset by the decrease in sales unit cost as a result of reduced overseas transportation costs.

● Cost of products sold for other entities was $23.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $18.3 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $5.1 million, or 27.9%.

Gross margin was 18.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 15.2% for the same period of 2022, representing an increase of 2.8%. The increase was mainly due to the change in product mix and the decrease in sales unit cost for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $3.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, which is substantially consistent with $4.0 million for the same period of 2022.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $6.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $4.9 million for the same period of 2022, representing an increase of $1.2 million, or 24.5%, which was primarily due to higher marketing and office expenses, a one-time expense for the Company’s 30th anniversary celebrations and the impact of the appreciation of the USD against the RMB.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $6.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $9.5 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease of $2.6 million, or 27.4%, which was mainly due to higher R&D expenditures in the third quarter of 2022 for the development of iRCB, eRCB and REPS new products.

Other Income, net

Other income, net was $1.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, representing an increase of $0.5 million, which was mainly due to the government subsidies received for the three months ended September 30, 2023 being more than the amount received for the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $0.2 million, which is mainly due to the decrease in short-term loans and borrowing rates.

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Financial Income, net

Financial income, net was $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to financial income, net of $4.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease in financial income of $4.6 million, which was primarily due to a decrease in the foreign exchange gain due to the foreign exchange volatility.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was primarily due to the valuation allowance provided in the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Net Income Attributable to Non-controlling Interests

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $1.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, representing an increase of $1.2 million.

Net Income Attributable to Parent Company’s Common Shareholders

Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders was $9.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders of $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, representing an increase of $2.0 million.

Results of Operations - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

Selected highlights from our results of operations are as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change		Change%
Net product sales	$	417,194	$	400,764	$	16,430	4.1	%
Cost of products sold		348,101		342,401		5,700	1.7
Gain on other sales		3,572		5,326		(1,754)	(32.9)
Selling expenses		10,981		12,358		(1,377)	(11.1)
General and administrative expenses		16,132		15,309		823	5.4
Research and development expenses		19,866		25,473		(5,607)	(22.0)
Other income, net		4,620		7,067		(2,447)	(34.6)
Interest expense		(770)		(1,156)		386	(33.4)
Financial income, net		3,704		9,318		(5,614)	(60.2)
Income taxes		3,004		5,013		(2,009)	(40.1)
Net income		30,595		18,091		12,504	69.1
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		3,799		1,229		2,570	209.1
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders		26,774		16,839		9,935	59.0	%

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Net Product Sales and Cost of Products Sold

	Net Product Sales						Cost of Products Sold
	(in thousands of USD,						(in thousands of USD,
	except percentages)						except percentages)
	2023		2022	Change			2023		2022	Change
Henglong	$	192,503	177,401	15,102	8.5	%	$	175,803	164,794	11,009	6.7	%
Jiulong		52,106	53,071	(965)	(1.8)			45,436	47,953	(2,517)	(5.2)
Wuhu		26,726	30,695	(3,969)	(12.9)			24,945	28,841	(3,896)	(13.5)
Hubei Henglong		91,165	100,744	(9,579)	(9.5)			78,990	85,521	(6,531)	(7.6)
Henglong KYB		100,846	87,815	13,031	14.8			88,075	77,788	10,287	13.2
Brazil Henglong		36,264	30,471	5,793	19.0			30,418	26,940	3,478	12.9
Other Entities		75,057	67,667	7,390	10.9			60,347	53,714	6,633	12.3
Total Segments		574,667	547,864	26,803	4.9			504,014	485,551	18,463	3.8
Elimination		(157,473)	(147,100)	(10,373)	7.1			(155,913)	(143,150)	(12,763)	8.9
Total	$	417,194	400,764	16,430	4.1	%	$	348,101	342,401	5,700	1.7	%

Net Product Sales

Net product sales were $417.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $400.8 million for the same period of 2022, representing an increase of $16.4 million, or 4.1%, mainly due to the Company’s increased sales of EPS systems and parts and partially offset by the appreciation of the USD against the RMB.

Net sales of traditional steering products and parts were $282.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which is stable compared to $282.7 million for the same period in 2022. Net sales of EPS systems and parts were $135.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $118.1 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $17.0 million, or 14.4%. As a percentage of net sales, sales of EPS were 32.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 29.5% for the same period in 2022.

Further analysis by segment (before elimination) is as follows:

●Henglong mainly engages in providing passenger vehicle steering systems. Net product sales for Henglong were $192.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $177.4 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $15.1 million, or 8.5%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volume of products used in passenger vehicles.

●Jiulong mainly engages in providing commercial vehicle steering systems. Net product sales for Jiulong were $52.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which is stable compared to $53.1 million for the same period of 2022.

●Wuhu mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., “Chery”, one of the major automotive manufacturers in China. Net product sales for Wuhu were $26.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $30.7 million for the same period in 2022, representing a decrease of $4.0 million, or 13.0%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volume of products used in passenger vehicles from Chery.

●Hubei Henglong mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Chrysler and Ford. Net product sales for Hubei Henglong were $91.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $100.7 million for the same period in 2022, representing a decrease of $9.5 million, or 9.4%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volume of products used in passenger vehicles from Chrysler and Ford.

●Henglong KYB mainly engages in providing passenger EPS products. Net product sales for Henglong KYB were $100.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with $87.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, representing an increase of $13.0 million, or 14.8%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volume of EPS products used in passenger vehicles and the increase in average selling prices.

●Net product sales for Brazil Henglong were $36.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $30.5 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $5.8 million, or 19.0%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in demand of Fiat in Brazil.

28

●Net product sales for other entities were $75.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $67.7 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $7.4 million, or 10.9%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales of Wuhan Jielong.

Cost of Products Sold

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the cost of products sold was $348.1 million, compared to $342.4 million for the same period of 2022, representing an increase of $5.7 million, or 1.7%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to the increase in sales volume and offset by the decrease in sales unit cost. Further analysis is as follows:

●Cost of products sold for Henglong was $175.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $164.8 million for the same period of 2022, representing an increase of $11.0 million, or 6.7%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volume of products used in passenger vehicles, offset by the decrease in sales unit cost as a result of reduced raw material costs.

●Cost of products sold for Jiulong was $45.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $48.0 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease of $2.6 million, or 5.4%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volumes and sales unit cost.

●Cost of products sold for Wuhu was $24.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $28.8 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease of $3.9 million, or 13.5%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volumes.

●Cost of products sold for Hubei Henglong was $79.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $85.5 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease of $6.5 million, or 7.6%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volumes.

●Cost of products sold for Henglong KYB was $88.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $77.8 million for the same period of 2022, representing an increase of $10.3 million, or 13.2%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volume of EPS products used in passenger vehicles and the increase in sales unit costs.

●Cost of products sold for Brazil Henglong was $30.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $26.9 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $3.5 million, or 13.0%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volume, offset by the decrease in sales unit cost as a result of reduced overseas transportation costs.

●Cost of products sold for other entities was $60.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $53.7 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of $6.6 million, or 12.3%.

Gross margin was 16.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 14.6% for the same period of 2022, representing an increase of 2.0%. The increase was mainly due to the change in product mix and the decrease in sales unit cost for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $11.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $12.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $1.4 million, or 11.3%, which was mainly due to a decrease in marketing and office expense and the impact of appreciation of the USD against the RMB.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $16.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $15.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, representing an increase of $0.8 million, or 5.2%, which was primarily due to an increase in marketing and office expense and the impact of the appreciation of the USD against the RMB.

29

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $19.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $25.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $5.6 million, or 22.0%, which was mainly due to decreased R&D activities for new projects.

Other Income, net

Other income, net was $4.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which was mainly comprised of government subsidies, as compared to $7.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $2.5 million, which was mainly due to the government subsidies received for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 being less than the amount received for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $0.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease of $0.4 million, which is mainly due to the decrease in short-term loans and borrowing rates.

Financial Income, net

Financial income, net was $3.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to financial income, net of $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, representing a decrease in financial income of $5.6 million, which was primarily due to a decrease in the foreign exchange gain due to the foreign exchange volatility.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $5.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was primarily due to the valuation allowance provided in the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Net Income Attributable to Non-controlling Interests

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $3.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, representing an increase of $2.6 million.

Net Income Attributable to Parent Company’s Common Shareholders

Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders was $26.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders of $16.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, representing an increase of $10.0 million.

30

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Capital Resources and Use of Cash

The Company has historically financed its liquidity requirements from a variety of sources, including short-term borrowings under bank credit agreements, bankers’ acceptances, issuances of capital stock and notes and internally generated cash. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $124.0 million, compared to $134.1 million as of December 31, 2022, representing a decrease of $10.1 million, or 7.5%.

The Company had working capital (total current assets less total current liabilities) of $166.3 million as of September 30, 2023, compared to $156.5 million as of December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $9.8 million, or 6.3%.

Except for the expected distribution of dividends from the Company’s PRC subsidiaries to the Company in order to fund the payment of the one-time transition tax due to the U.S. Tax Reform, the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the funds in subsidiaries established in the PRC.

We cannot predict the impact COVID-19 may have on our cash flow for the rest of 2023. However, based on our liquidity assessment, we believe that our cash flow from operations and proceeds from our financing activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs, including our cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures, for the foreseeable future and for at least twelve months subsequent to the filing of this report.

Capital Source

The Company’s capital source is multifaceted, such as bank loans and banks’ acceptance facilities. In financing activities and operating activities, the Company’s banks require the Company to sign line of credit agreements and repay such facilities within one to two years. On the condition that the Company can provide adequate mortgage security and has not violated the terms of the line of credit agreement, such facilities can be extended for another one to two years.

The Company had short-term loans of $38.6 million, long-term loans of $1.3 million (See Note 7) and bankers’ acceptances of $76.1 million (See Note 8) as of September 30, 2023.

The Company currently expects to be able to obtain similar bank loans, i.e., RMB loans, and bankers’ acceptance facilities in the future if it can provide adequate mortgage security following the termination of the above-mentioned agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. If the Company is not able to do so, it will have to refinance such debt as it becomes due or repay that debt to the extent it has cash available from operations or from the proceeds of additional issuances of capital stock. Due to a depreciation of assets, the value of the mortgages securing the above-mentioned bank loans and banker’s acceptances is expected to be reduced by approximately $16.7 million over the next 12 months. If the Company wishes to maintain the same amount of bank loans and banker’s acceptances in the future, it may be required by the banks to provide additional mortgages of $16.7 million as of the maturity date of such line of credit agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. The Company can still obtain a reduced line of credit with a reduction of $9.9 million, which is 59.1%, the mortgage ratio, of $16.7 million, if it cannot provide additional mortgages. The Company expects that the reduction in bank loans will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity.

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Bank Arrangements

As of September 30, 2023, the principal outstanding under the Company’s credit facilities and lines of credit was as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

							Assessed
		Due	Amount		Amount		Mortgage
	Bank	Date	Available(2)		Used(3)		Value(4)
1. Comprehensive credit facilities	China CITIC Bank (1)	Aug-2024		67,551		35,216		22,871
2. Comprehensive credit facilities	China CITIC Bank (1)	Jan-2024		2,786		975		—
3. Comprehensive credit facilities	Hankou Bank (1)	Mar-2024		13,928		5,599		—
4. Comprehensive credit facilities	Hubei Bank (1)	Mar-2024		23,678		3,501		28,859
5. Comprehensive credit facilities	Chongqing Bank	Mar-2025		975		767		975
6. Comprehensive credit facilities	China Constitution Bank	Sep-2025		2,786		—		2,925
7. Comprehensive credit facilities	China Merchants Bank (1)	June-2024		13,928		4,198		—
8. Comprehensive credit facilities	China Everbright Bank	Dec-2025		4,178		2,431		4,178
9. Comprehensive credit facilities	China Industrial Bank	Mar-2024		696		—		696
10. Comprehensive credit facilities	Bank of China	Jun-2024		696		696		696
11. Comprehensive credit facilities	Shanghai Pudong Development Bank (1)	Sep-2024		27,856		5,007		19,884
12. Comprehensive credit facilities	Bank of China (1)	Sep-2024		6,964		—		—
13. Comprehensive credit facilities	Bank of China (1)	Sep-2024		6,964		6,964		—
Total				172,986		65,354		81,084

(1) The comprehensive credit facilities with China CITIC Bank are guaranteed by Henglong and Hubei Henglong in addition to the above pledged assets. The comprehensive credit facilities with Hankou Bank are guaranteed by Henglong. The comprehensive credit facilities with Hubei Bank are guaranteed by Chen Hanlin in addition to the above pledged assets. The comprehensive credit facilities with Merchants Bank are guaranteed by Hubei Henglong and Chen Hanlin. The comprehensive credit facilities with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank are guaranteed by Henglong and Hubei Henglong in addition to the above pledged assets. The comprehensive credit facilities with Bank of China are guaranteed by Hubei Henglong.

(2) “Amount available” is used for the drawdown of bank loans and issuance of bank notes at the Company’s discretion. If the Company elects to utilize the facility by issuance of bank notes, additional collateral is requested to be pledged to the bank.

(3) “Amount used” represents the credit facilities used by the Company for the purpose of bank loans or notes payable during the facility contract period. The loans or notes payable under the credit facilities will remain outstanding regardless of the expiration of the relevant credit facilities until the separate loans or notes payable expire. The amount used includes bank loans of $33.7 million and notes payable of $31.6 million and derivatives of $ 0.03 million as of September 30, 2023.

(4) In order to obtain lines of credit, the Company needs to pledge certain assets to banks. As of September 30, 2023, the pledged assets included property, plant and equipment and land use rights with an aggregate assessed value of $137.2 million.

The Company may request the banks to issue notes payable or bank loans within its credit line using a 365-day revolving line.

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The Company’s bank loan terms range from 4 months to 36 months. Pursuant to the comprehensive credit line arrangement, the Company pledged and guaranteed:

1. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $26.6 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China CITIC Bank Wuhan Branch.

2. Equipment with an assessed value of approximately $72.1 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Hubei Bank.

3. Buildings with an assessed value of approximately $1.8 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Chongqing Bank.

4. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $6.3 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China Constitution Bank.

5. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $8.8 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China Everbright Bank.

6. Buildings with an assessed value of approximately $2.8 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China Industrial Bank.

7. Buildings with an assessed value of approximately $3.5 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Bank of China.

8. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $15.3 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank.

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Short-term and Long-term Loans

The following table summarizes the contract information of short-term borrowings between the banks and the Company as of September 30, 2023 (figures are in thousands of USD).

			Borrowing			Annual		Date of
Bank		Borrowing	Term			Interest		Interest
Government	Purpose	Date	(Months)	Principal		Rate		Payment	Due Date
Bank of China(1)	Working Capital	Oct 28, 2022	12		2,786	3.00	%	Pay monthly	Oct 28, 2023
Bank of China	Working Capital	Sep 27, 2023	12		4,178	2.78	%	Pay monthly	Sep 27, 2024
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Mar 2, 2023	12		1,393	3.65	%	Pay monthly	Mar 1, 2024
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Mar 23, 2023	12		696	3.65	%	Pay monthly	Mar 23, 2024
Bank of China	Working Capital	Jun 8, 2023	12		376	3.50	%	Pay quarterly	Jun 8, 2024
Bank of China	Working Capital	Jun 8, 2023	12		320	3.50	%	Pay quarterly	Jun 8, 2024
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Apr 14, 2022	24		14	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Apr 14, 2024
Chongqing Bank(1)	Working Capital	Apr 14, 2022	18		14	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Oct 14, 2023
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Apr 14, 2022	35		24	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Apr 27, 2022	35		117	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	May 12, 2022	34		72	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	May 24, 2022	34		53	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Jun 16, 2022	33		42	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2022	33		113	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Jul 28, 2022	33		78	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Jan 16, 2023	27		157	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Feb 20, 2023	26		19	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Mar 21, 2023	25		22	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Jul 19, 2023	22		15	3.80	%	Pay semiannually	Apr 13, 2025
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 26, 2023	7		6,315	2.35	%	Pay in arrear	Feb 1, 2024
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Mar 28, 2023	12		5,378	2.70	%	Pay in arrear	Mar 27, 2024
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 20, 2023	7		3,900	2.34	%	Pay in arrear	Jan 26, 2024
Hankou Bank	Working Capital	Mar 30, 2023	9		2,669	2.30	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 25, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Mar 28, 2023	12		4,471	2.70	%	Pay in arrear	Mar 26, 2024
China Merchants Bank(1)	Working Capital	May 30, 2023	4		249	1.88	%	Pay in arrear	Oct 5, 2023
China Merchants Bank(1)	Working Capital	May 30, 2023	5		124	1.88	%	Pay in arrear	Oct 20, 2023
China CITIC Bank(1)	Working Capital	Jun 19, 2023	5		277	2.00	%	Pay in arrear	Nov 4, 2023
China Merchants Bank(1)	Working Capital	Jun 26, 2023	5		208	1.85	%	Pay in arrear	Nov 10, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 5, 2023	5		276	1.90	%	Pay in arrear	Nov 15, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 5, 2023	5		276	1.90	%	Pay in arrear	Nov 15, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 5, 2023	5		276	1.90	%	Pay in arrear	Nov 15, 2023
China Merchants Bank	Working Capital	Jun 26, 2023	5		138	1.85	%	Pay in arrear	Nov 15, 2023
China Merchants Bank	Working Capital	Jun 26, 2023	5		159	1.85	%	Pay in arrear	Nov 15, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 5, 2023	6		64	1.90	%	Pay in arrear	Nov 30, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 19, 2023	5		8	2.00	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 2, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 19, 2023	5		12	2.00	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 2, 2023
China Merchants Bank	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	6		144	1.60	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 28, 2023
China Merchants Bank	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	5		114	1.60	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 1, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jul 25, 2023	5		166	1.50	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 28, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jul 25, 2023	5		210	1.50	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 11, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jul 25, 2023	4		277	1.50	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 1, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jul 25, 2023	4		277	1.50	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 1, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jul 25, 2023	4		319	1.50	%	Pay in arrear	Dec 7, 2023
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Aug 24, 2023	5		416	1.10	%	Pay in arrear	Jan 11, 2024
China Merchants Bank	Working Capital	Sep 14, 2023	5		277	1.45	%	Pay in arrear	Jan 31, 2024
China Merchants Bank	Working Capital	Sep 14, 2023	6		498	1.45	%	Pay in arrear	Feb 29, 2024
China Merchants Bank	Working Capital	Sep 14, 2023	5		692	1.45	%	Pay in arrear	Feb 25, 2024

34

China Merchants Bank	Working Capital	Sep 14, 2023	5		374	1.45	%	Pay in arrear	Feb 3, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	7		17	7.31	%	Pay monthly	Feb 8, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	8		17	7.31	%	Pay monthly	Mar 6, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	9		17	7.31	%	Pay monthly	Apr 8, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	10		17	7.31	%	Pay monthly	May 6, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	11		17	7.31	%	Pay monthly	Jun 6, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	12		17	7.31	%	Pay monthly	Jul 8, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	13		17	7.31	%	Pay monthly	Aug 6, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	14		17	7.31	%	Pay monthly	Sep 6, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	8		10	7.44	%	Pay monthly	Feb 1, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	9		10	7.44	%	Pay monthly	Feb 29, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	10		10	7.44	%	Pay monthly	Apr 1, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	10		10	7.44	%	Pay monthly	Apr 29, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	11		10	7.44	%	Pay monthly	May 29, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	12		10	7.44	%	Pay monthly	Jul 1, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	13		10	7.44	%	Pay monthly	Jul 29, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	14		10	7.44	%	Pay monthly	Aug 29, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	15		10	7.44	%	Pay monthly	Sep 29, 2024
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jul 6, 2023	36		371	7.31	%	Pay monthly	Jul 6, 2026
Banco Safra	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2023	36		213	7.44	%	Pay monthly	Jun 29, 2026
Total				$	39,863

(1) These bank loans were repaid in October and November 2023 when they became due.

The Company must use the loans for the purpose described and repay the principal outstanding on the specified date in the table. If it fails to do so, it will be charged a penalty interest payment of 30% to 100%. The Company had complied with such financial covenants as of September 30, 2023.

Notes Payable

The following table summarizes the contract information of issuing notes payable between the banks and the Company as of September 30, 2023 (figures are in thousands of USD):

			Amount
			Payable on
Purpose	Term (Months)	Due Date	Due Date
Working Capital(1)	6	Oct. 2023		12,998
Working Capital(1)	6	Nov.2023		14,130
Working Capital	6	Dec. 2023		9,632
Working Capital	6	Jan. 2024		12,232
Working Capital	6	Feb. 2024		14,201
Working Capital	6	Mar. 2024		12,889
Total (See Note 8)			$	76,082

(1) The notes payable were repaid in full on their respective due dates.

The Company must use notes payable for the purpose described in the table. If it fails to do so, the banks will no longer issue the notes payable, and it may have an adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and capital resources. The Company has to deposit a sufficient amount of cash on the due date of notes payable for payment to the suppliers. If the bank has advanced payment for the Company, it will be charged an additional 50% penalty interest. The Company complied with such financial covenants as of September 30, 2023. 

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Cash Flows

(a) Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $10.7 million, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $31.7 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease in net cash inflows by $21.0 million, which was mainly due to (1) the increase in net income excluding non-cash items by $0.8 million, (2) the increase in the cash inflows from movements of inventory by $6.0 million, (3) the increase in the cash outflows from movements of accounts and notes receivable by $2.7 million, (4) the increase in the cash outflows from movements of accounts and notes payable by $12.0 million, and (5) a combination of other factors contributing an increase of cash outflows by $13.1 million.

(b) Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $25.6 million, as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $42.7 million for the same period of 2022, representing a decrease in net cash outflows by $17.1 million, which was mainly due to the net effect of (1) a decrease in purchase of short-term investments of $24.0 million, (2) a decrease in proceeds from maturities of short-term investments by $7.7 million, (3) an increase in payments to acquire investments under the equity method by $5.1 million, and (4) a combination of other factors contributing an increase of cash outflows by $4.3 million, primarily including a decrease in cash received from long-term investment by $0.9 million and an increase in payments to acquire intangible assets by $2.4 million.

(c) Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $5.3 million, compared to net cash used in financing activities of $0.5 million for the same period of 2022, representing an increase in net cash outflows by $4.8 million, which was mainly due to the net effect of (1) an increase in repayment of bank loan by $6.7 million, (2) a decrease in proceeds from bank loan by $0.8 million, (3) a decrease in repayments of the borrowing for sale and leaseback transaction by $1.1 million, and (4) a combination of other factors contributing an increase of cash inflows by $1.6 million.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any significant transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

ITEM 3.          QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

There were no material changes to the disclosure made in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 regarding this matter.

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ITEM 4.          CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, under the supervision and with the participation of its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, Messrs. Wu Qizhou and Li Jie, respectively, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2023, the end of the period covered by this Report. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports, such as this Form 10-Q, that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, Messrs. Wu and Li concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023.

The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of its disclosure control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected.

B. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.          LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

The Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings and no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation.

ITEM 1A.        RISK FACTORS.

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in Item 1A of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 2.          UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

None.

ITEM 3.          DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.

None.

ITEM 4.          MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.          OTHER INFORMATION.

None.

38

ITEM 6.          EXHIBITS.

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1(i)	Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference from the filing on Form 10SB12G File No. 000-33123).
3.1(ii)	Bylaws (incorporated by reference from the Form 10SB12G File No. 000-33123).
10.1	Joint-venture Agreement, dated March 31, 2006, as amended on May 2, 2006, between Great Genesis Holdings Limited and Wuhu Chery Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report on May 10, 2006).
10.2	Stock Exchange Agreement dated August 11, 2014 by and among Jingzhou City Jiulong Machinery Electricity Manufacturing Co., Ltd., China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report on August 13, 2014).
10.3	English translation of Joint Venture Contract, dated as of April 27, 2018, by and between Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 27, 2018).
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification*
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification*
32.1	Section 1350 Certification*
32.2	Section 1350 Certification*
101.INS*	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

*filed herewith

39

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC.
	(Registrant)
Date: November 13, 2023	By:	/s/ Qizhou Wu
		Qizhou Wu
		President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: November 13, 2023	By:	/s/ Jie Li
		Jie Li
		Chief Financial Officer

40

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

RULE 13a-14(a) CERTIFICATION FOR FORM 10-Q

I, Qizhou Wu, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of China Automotive Systems, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 13, 2023	By:	/s/ Qizhou Wu
	Qizhou Wu
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

RULE 13a-14(a) CERTIFICATION FOR FORM 10-Q

I, Jie Li, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of China Automotive Systems, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 13, 2023	By:	/s/ Jie Li
	Jie Li
	Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of China Automotive Systems, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Qizhou Wu, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 13, 2023	By:	/s/ Qizhou Wu
	Qizhou Wu
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of China Automotive Systems, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jie Li, the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 13, 2023	By:	/s/ Jie Li
	Jie Li
	Chief Financial Officer

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Nov. 13, 2023
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	000-33123
Entity Registrant Name	China Automotive Systems, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	33-0885775
Entity Address, Address Line One	No. 1 Henglong Road, Yu Qiao Development Zone
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Shashi District
Entity Address, Address Line Three	Jing Zhou City
Entity Address, City or Town	Hubei Province
Entity Address, Country	CN
City Area Code	86
Local Phone Number	716- 412- 7901
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.0001 par value
Trading Symbol	CAAS
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		30,185,702
Entity Central Index Key	0001157762
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income
Net product sales	$ 137,541	$ 137,207	$ 417,194	$ 400,764
Cost of products sold	112,784	116,289	348,101	342,401
Gross profit	24,757	20,918	69,093	58,363
Gain on other sales	2,177	2,290	3,572	5,326
Less: Operating expenses
Selling expenses	3,803	3,978	10,981	12,358
General and administrative expenses	6,108	4,893	16,132	15,309
Research and development expenses	6,870	9,450	19,866	25,473
Total operating expenses	16,781	18,321	46,979	53,140
Income from operations	10,153	4,887	25,686	10,549
Other income, net	1,155	744	4,620	7,067
Interest expense	(245)	(384)	(770)	(1,156)
Financial income, net	163	4,760	3,704	9,318
Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies	11,226	10,007	33,240	25,778
Less: Income taxes	688	899	3,004	5,013
Add: Equity in earnings/(loss) of affiliated companies	706	(1,101)	359	(2,674)
Net income	11,244	8,007	30,595	18,091
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	1,749	529	3,799	1,229
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests	(7)	(8)	(22)	(23)
Net income attributable to parent company's common shareholders	9,488	7,470	26,774	16,839
Comprehensive income:
Net income	11,244	8,007	30,595	18,091
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation income/(loss), net of tax	3,580	(18,705)	(8,752)	(36,323)
Comprehensive income/(loss)	14,824	(10,698)	21,843	(18,232)
Less: Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	3,590	(604)	4,831	(957)
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests	(7)	(8)	(22)	(23)
Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to parent company	$ 11,227	$ (10,102)	$ 16,990	$ (17,298)
Net income attributable to parent company's common shareholders per share -
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.31	$ 0.24	$ 0.89	$ 0.55
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.31	$ 0.24	$ 0.89	$ 0.55
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding -
Basic (in shares)	30,185,702	30,637,876	30,185,702	30,778,336
Diluted (in shares)	30,189,363	30,640,260	30,190,660	30,779,883

XML

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Net product sales	$ 137,541	$ 137,207	$ 417,194	$ 400,764
Cost of products sold	112,784	116,289	348,101	342,401
Related parties
Net product sales	8,407	11,181	35,177	31,343
Cost of products sold	$ 6,266	$ 7,689	$ 20,592	$ 21,725

XML

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 108,244	$ 121,216
Pledged cash	26,877	37,735
Inventories	103,187	112,236
Other current assets	29,127	25,207
Total current assets	508,952	520,718
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net	100,598	106,606
Land use rights, net	9,073	9,555
Long-term investments	60,866	59,810
Other non-current assets	28,604	17,663
Total assets	708,093	714,352
Current liabilities:
Short-term loans	38,568	45,671
Accounts and notes payable	222,071	235,107
Accrued expenses and other payables	47,573	48,311
Other current liabilities	34,439	35,106
Total current liabilities	342,651	364,195
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term tax payable	8,781	15,805
Other non-current liabilities	7,402	6,937
Total liabilities	358,834	386,937
Commitments and Contingencies (See Note 22)
Mezzanine equity:
Redeemable non-controlling interests	605	582
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value - Authorized - 80,000,000 shares; Issued - 32,338,302 and 32,338,302 shares as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	3	3
Additional paid-in capital	63,731	63,731
Retained earnings-
Appropriated	11,851	11,851
Unappropriated	273,948	247,174
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(13,197)	(3,413)
Treasury stock - 2,152,600 and 2,152,600 shares as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	(7,695)	(7,695)
Total parent company stockholders' equity	328,641	311,651
Non-controlling interests	20,013	15,182
Total stockholders' equity	348,654	326,833
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and stockholders' equity	708,093	714,352
Unrelated parties
Current assets:
Accounts and notes receivable, net	227,946	214,308
Current liabilities:
Accounts and notes payable	211,788	218,412
Related parties
Current assets:
Accounts and notes receivable, net	13,571	10,016
Current liabilities:
Accounts and notes payable	$ 10,283	$ 16,695

XML

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized	80,000,000	80,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	32,338,302	32,338,302
Treasury stock, shares	2,152,600	2,152,600

XML

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 30,595	$ 18,091
Adjustments to reconcile net income from operations to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	13,666	17,402
(Reversal)/provision of credit losses	(450)	602
Deferred income taxes	(1,017)	2,880
Equity in earnings of affiliated companies	(359)	2,674
Loss on fixed assets disposals	79	35
(Increase)/decrease in:
Accounts and notes receivable	(24,315)	(21,616)
Inventories	6,070	115
Other current assets	(1,391)	(3,748)
Other non-current assets	(517)
Increase/(decrease) in:
Accounts and notes payable	(6,198)	5,795
Accrued expenses and other payables	849	3,004
Long-term taxes payable	(5,268)	(2,809)
Other current liabilities	(1,004)	9,252
Net cash provided by operating activities	10,740	31,677
Cash flows from investing activities:
(Increase)/decrease in demand loans included in other non-current assets		288
Cash received from property, plant and equipment sales	664	1,143
Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment (including $6,414 and $2,632 paid to related parties for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	(12,184)	(11,842)
Payments to acquire intangible assets	(2,437)	(68)
Investment under the equity method	(7,729)	(12,802)
Purchase of short-term investments	(55,290)	(79,311)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments	48,281	55,944
Cash received from long-term investments	3,115	3,986
Net cash used in investing activities	(25,580)	(42,662)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from bank loans	42,828	43,616
Repayments of bank loans	(48,147)	(41,465)
Repayments of the borrowing for sale and leaseback transaction		(1,130)
Repurchase of common shares		(1,567)
Net cash used in financing activities	(5,319)	(546)
Effects of exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash	(3,671)	(16,223)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash	(23,830)	(27,754)
Cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash at beginning of the period	158,951	159,499
Cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash at end of the period	$ 135,121	$ 131,745

XML

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment	$ 12,184	$ 11,842
Related parties
Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment	$ 6,414	$ 2,632

XML

Organization and business

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization and business

Organization and business

1.           Organization and business

China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name Visions-In-Glass, Inc. China Automotive, including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components, as described below.

Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance in Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support accordingly.

The Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following subsidiaries organized in the People’s Republic of China, the “PRC,” and Brazil as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	Percentage Interest
	September 30,		December 31,
Name of Entity	2023		2022
Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd., “Jiulong” 1	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Henglong” 2	100.00	%	100.00	%
Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Shenyang” 3	70.00	%	70.00	%
Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., “Jielong” 4	85.00	%	85.00	%
Wuhu Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Wuhu” 5	100.00	%	100.00	%
Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., “Hubei Henglong” 6	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, “Testing Center” 7	100.00	%	100.00	%
Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Chongqing Henglong” 8	70.00	%	70.00	%
CAAS Brazil’s Imports and Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong” 9	95.84	%	95.84	%
Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie” 10	85.00	%	85.00	%
Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong” 11	100.00	%	100.00	%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB” 12	66.60	%	66.60	%
Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong” 13	51.00	%	51.00	%
Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun” 14	62.00	%	62.00	%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong” 15	100.00	%	100.00	%
Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong” 16	100.00	%	—

1. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gears for heavy-duty vehicles.

2. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gears for cars and light duty vehicles.

3. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles.

4. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automotive steering columns.

5. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems.

6. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

7. In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products.

8. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts.

9. On August 21, 2012, Brazil Henglong was established as a Sino-foreign joint venture company by Hubei Henglong and two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

10. In May 2014, together with Hubei Wanlong, Jielong formed a subsidiary, Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie”, which mainly engages in research and development, manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts. Wuhan Chuguanjie is located in Wuhan, China.

11. In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong”, which mainly engages in the design and sales of automotive electronics.

12. In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

13. In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.

14. In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. Hubei Henglong owns 62.0% of the shares of Wuhu Hongrun and has consolidated it since its establishment.

15. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

16. In June 2023, Hubei Henglong contributed certain equipment and intangible assets to Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong”, representing 100% of Zhirong’s paid-up capital. Zhirong mainly engages in inspection and testing of automotive products.

XML

Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

2.           Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

(a) Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. The details of subsidiaries are disclosed in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions in Regulation S-X. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by such accounting principles for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but in the opinion of the Company’s management, contain all necessary adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the interim periods presented.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is derived from the Company’s audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The results of operations for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2023.

Estimation - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currencies - China Automotive and HLUSA maintain their books and records in United States Dollars, “USD,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries based in the PRC and Genesis maintain their books and records in Renminbi, “RMB,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiary based in Brazil maintains its books and records in Brazilian real, “BRL,” its functional currency. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 830, foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date for monetary items. Nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expenses are remeasured at the rate in effect on the transaction dates. Transaction gains and losses, if any, are included in the determination of net income for the period.

(b) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

No accounting standards newly issued during the three months ended September 30, 2023 had a material impact on the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.

(c) Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no updates to the significant accounting policies set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Accounts and notes receivable, net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounts and notes receivable, net

Accounts and notes receivable, net

3.           Accounts and notes receivable, net

The Company’s accounts and notes receivable, net as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable - unrelated parties	$	146,598	$	139,533
Notes receivable - unrelated parties		94,782		89,134
Total accounts and notes receivable - unrelated parties		241,380		228,667
Less: allowance for credit losses - unrelated parties		(13,434)		(14,359)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties		227,946		214,308
Accounts and notes receivable - related parties		15,336		11,779
Less: allowance for credit losses - related parties		(1,765)		(1,763)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties		13,571		10,016
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$	241,517	$	224,324

Notes receivable represent accounts receivable in the form of bills of exchange for which acceptances are guaranteed and settlements are handled by banks.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company pledged its notes receivable in amounts of $17.7 million and $13.7 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity (See Note 8).

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.01 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as reversed in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.12 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as reversed in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 42.2% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net product sales, i.e., 18.3%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 40.9% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net product sales, i.e., 19.4%. As of September 30, 2023, approximately 5.3% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 41.9% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 17.8%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 43.6% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 21.6%. As of September 30, 2022, approximately 6.8% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer.

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Inventories

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventories

Inventories

4.           Inventories

The Company’s inventories as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	23,509	$	24,502
Work in process		16,298		16,001
Finished goods		60,638		71,371
Cost of R&D service		2,742		362
Total	$	103,187	$	112,236

The Company recorded $2.1 million and $1.2 million of inventory write-down to cost of products sold for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $7.0 million and $3.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Long-term investments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Long-term investments

Long-term Investments

5.           Long-term investments

The Company’s long-term investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Sentient AB (1)	$	20,550	$	21,831
Chongqing Venture Fund		13,632		14,435
Hubei Venture Fund		11,352		11,738
Suzhou Qingshan (2)		8,212		4,179
Suzhou Venture Fund		3,862		5,473
Suzhou Mingzhi (3)		1,254		—
Henglong Tianyu		713		774
Chongqing Jinghua		658		695
Jiangsu Intelligent		633		685
Total	$	60,866	$	59,810

(1) In June 2021, Hubei Henglong entered into a share purchase agreement with Jingzhou WiseDawn Electric Car Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou WiseDawn”. In accordance with the agreement, CAAS would purchase 200 shares (representing 40% of Sentient AB’s share capital) from Jingzhou WiseDawn for total consideration of RMB 155.2 million, equivalent to approximately $24.5 million at prevailing rate. The transaction was completed in March 2022. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, Hubei Henglong has the right to appoint two directors to the board of directors, and it can exercise significant influence over Sentient AB. Therefore, the investment is accounted for using the equity method. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has paid the total consideration.

(2) In January 2022, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Qingshan Zhiyuan Venture Capital Fund L.P., “Suzhou Qingshan”. As of September 30, 2023, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 60.0 million, equivalent to approximately $9.1 million, to purchase 22.56% of Suzhou Qingshan’s equity. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has more than virtually no influence over Suzhou Qingshan’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method.

(3) In June 2023, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Mingzhi Intelligent Manufacturing Industry Investment Fund L.P., “Suzhou Mingzhi”. As of September 30, 2023, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 9.0 million, equivalent to approximately $1.2 million, representing 19.74% of Suzhou Mingzhi’s equity. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has more than virtually no influence over Suzhou Mingzhi’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method.

The condensed financial information of the Company’s significant equity investee for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, Chongqing Venture Fund, is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Gross profit		—		—		—		—
(Loss) from continuing operations		(3,729)		(2,395)		(2,342)		(17,389)
Net (loss)	$	(3,729)		(2,395)	$	(2,342)		(17,389)

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Property, plant and equipment, net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net

6.           Property, plant and equipment, net

The Company’s property, plant and equipment, net as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Costs:
Buildings	$	63,139	$	64,928
Machinery and equipment		237,652		239,385
Electronic equipment		5,802		6,242
Motor vehicles		4,462		4,308
Construction in progress		8,442		8,238
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		319,497		323,101
Less: Accumulated depreciation (1)		(218,899)		(216,495)
Total amount of property, plant and equipment, net (2)	$	100,598	$	106,606

(1) Depreciation charges were $3.9 million and $5.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $12.7 million and $16.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(2) As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company pledged property, plant and equipment and land use rights with net book value of approximately $44.8 million and $51.6 million, respectively, as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China.

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Loans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Loans

Loans

7.           Loans

Loans consist of the following as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Short-term bank loans	$	38,568	$	45,671
Long-term bank loans		1,295		528
Total	$	39,863	$	46,199

The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. The total credit facility amount was $173.0 million and $148.3 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has drawn down loans under these facilities with an aggregate amount of $39.9 million and $46.2 million, respectively. The weighted average interest rate was 2.9% and 2.9% per annum, for the three months ending September 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively.

The Company must use the loans for the purpose as prescribed in the loan contracts. If the Company fails to do so, it will be charged penalty interest and/or trigger early repayment. The Company complied with such financial covenants during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

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Accounts and notes payable

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounts and notes payable.

Accounts and notes payable

8.           Accounts and notes payable

The Company’s accounts and notes payable as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts payable - unrelated parties	$	138,790	$	133,882
Notes payable - unrelated parties (1)		72,998		84,530
Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties		211,788		218,412
Accounts and notes payable - related parties		10,283		16,695
Total	$	222,071	$	235,107

(1) Notes payable represent payables in the form of notes issued by the bank. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has pledged cash of $26.8 million and $37.6 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022,

the Company has pledged notes receivable of $17.7 million and $13.7 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity. The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has used credit facilities for issue of bank notes with amount of $31.6 million and $39.6 million.

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Accrued expenses and other payables

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accrued expenses and other payables

Accrued expenses and other payables

9.           Accrued expenses and other payables

The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Warranty reserves (1)	$	34,989	$	32,435
Accrued expenses		9,200		9,652
Payables for overseas transportation and custom clearance		303		294
Dividends payable to holders of non-controlling interests		418		431
Accrued interest		238		465
Payable for the investment in Sentient AB (See Note 5)		—		2,043
Other payables		2,425		2,991
Balance at end of year/period	$	47,573	$	48,311

(1) The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties when the products are sold. Such estimates of product warranties are based on, among other things, historical experience, product changes, material expenses, services and transportation expenses arising from the manufactured products. Estimates will be adjusted on the basis of actual claims and circumstances.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	33,948	$	35,028	$	32,435	$	36,572
Additions during the period		4,164		4,712		13,592		11,685
Settlement within the period		(3,340)		(3,255)		(9,973)		(9,909)
Foreign currency translation gain		217		(1,959)		(1,065)		(3,822)
Balance at end of the period	$	34,989	$	34,526	$	34,989	$	34,526

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Fair value measurement

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair value measurement

Fair value measurement

10. Fair value measurement

The Company has entered into foreign exchange forward contracts with a local bank to reduce the exposure of significant changes in exchange rates between RMB and USD. Authoritative guidance requires companies to recognize all of the derivative financial instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets based upon quoted market prices for comparable instruments. The Company’s forward contracts have not met the criteria for hedge accounting within authoritative guidance. Therefore, the foreign exchange forward contracts have been recorded at fair value, with the gain or loss on these transactions recorded in the consolidated statements of operations within “other income, net” in the period in which they occur. The Company held foreign exchange forward contracts with a total notional value of $1.0 million and nil as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. These foreign exchange forward contracts will mature within 12 months. The Company used a discounted cash-flow methodology to measure fair value, which requires inputs such as interest yield curves and foreign exchange rates. The significant inputs used in the aforementioned model can be corroborated with market observable data and therefore the fair value measurements are classified as level 2. Typically, any losses or gains on the forward exchange contracts are offset by re-measurement losses or gains on the underlying balances denominated in non-functional currencies. The Company’s foreign currency exchange contracts are an over-the-counter instrument. The Company recorded loss from change in fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts of $0.04 million and nil during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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Redeemable non-controlling interests

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Redeemable non-controlling interests

Redeemable non-controlling interests

11.         Redeemable non-controlling interests

In September 2020, one of the Company’s subsidiaries issued shares to Hubei Venture Fund amounting to RMB5.0 million, equivalent to approximately $0.7 million translated at spot rate of transaction date. The shares will be transferred to the Company and the other shareholder of the subsidiary on a pro rata basis at the holder’s option if the subsidiary fails to complete a qualified IPO in a pre-agreed period of time after their issuance with a transfer price of par plus 6.0% per year. As of September 30, 2023, $0.6 million of the shares are subject to purchase by the Company and are therefore accounted for as redeemable non-controlling interests in mezzanine equity.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized accretion of $0.007 million and $0.022 million, respectively, to the redemption value of the shares over the period starting from the issuance date with a corresponding reduction to retained earnings.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized accretion of $0.008 million and $0.023 million, respectively, to the redemption value of the shares over the period starting from the issuance date with a corresponding reduction to retained earnings.

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Additional paid-in capital

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Additional paid-in capital

Additional paid-in capital

12.         Additional paid-in capital

The Company’s positions in respect of the amounts of additional paid-in capital for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731
Balance at end of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731

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Retained earnings

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Retained earnings

Retained earnings

13.         Retained earnings

Appropriated

Pursuant to the relevant PRC laws, the profits distribution of the Company’s subsidiaries, which are based on their PRC statutory financial statements, are available for distribution in the form of cash dividends after these subsidiaries have paid all relevant PRC tax liabilities, provided for losses in previous years, and made appropriations to statutory surplus at 10% of their respective after-tax profits each year. When the statutory surplus reserve reaches 50% of the registered capital of a company, no additional reserve is required. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, no statutory reserve was appropriated by the subsidiaries in China.

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of appropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	11,851	$	11,481	$	11,851	$	11,481
Balance at end of the period	$	11,851	$	11,481	$	11,851	$	11,481

Unappropriated

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the unappropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	264,460	$	235,732	$	247,174	$	226,363
Net income attributable to parent company		9,495		7,478		26,796		16,862
Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interests		(7)		(8)		(22)		(23)
Balance at end of the period	$	273,948	$	243,202	$	273,948	$	243,202

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Accumulated other comprehensive income

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accumulated other comprehensive income

Accumulated other comprehensive income

14.         Accumulated other comprehensive income

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	(14,936)	$	8,152	$	(3,413)	$	24,717
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company		1,739		(17,572)		(9,784)		(34,137)
Balance at end of the period	$	(13,197)	$	(9,420)	$	(13,197)	$	(9,420)

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Treasury stock

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Treasury stock

Treasury stock

15.         Treasury stock

Treasury stock represents shares repurchased by the Company that are no longer outstanding and are held by the Company. Treasury stock is accounted for under the cost method. On March 29, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company was permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing market prices not to exceed $4.00 per share through March 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had repurchased 666,074 shares of the Company’s common stock under the program and the total number of shares held in treasury was 2,152,600. The repurchased shares are presented as “treasury stock” on the balance sheet.

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Non-controlling interests

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests

16.         Non-controlling interests

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the non-controlling interests’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	16,423	$	15,501	$	15,182	$	15,854
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		1,749		529		3,799		1,229
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interests		1,841		(1,133)		1,032		(2,186)
Balance at end of the period	$	20,013	$	14,897	$	20,013	$	14,897

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Net product sales

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Net product sales

Net product sales

17.         Net product sales

Revenue Disaggregation

Management has concluded that the disaggregation level is the same under both the revenue standard and the segment reporting standard. Please refer to Note 24.

Payment to Customer

The Company accounts for consideration payable to a customer as a reduction of revenue at the later of revenue recognition and the Company’s promise to pay the consideration.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets, such as costs to obtain or fulfill contracts, are an insignificant component of the Company’s revenue recognition process. The majority of the Company’s cost of fulfillment as a manufacturer of products is classified as inventory, fixed assets and intangible assets, which are accounted for under the respective guidance for those asset types. Other costs of contract fulfillment are immaterial due to the nature of the Company’s products and their respective manufacturing processes.

Contract liabilities are mainly customer deposits. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has customer deposits of $8.5 million and $5.7 million, respectively, which were included in other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, $6.9 million was received and $4.1 million (including $2.6 million from the beginning

balance of customer deposits) was recognized as net product sales revenue. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, $4.3 million was received and $3.0 million (including $2.4 million from the beginning balance of customer deposits) was recognized as net product sales revenue. Customer deposits represent non-refundable cash deposits for customers to secure rights to an amount of products produced by the Company under supply agreements. When the products are shipped to customers, the Company will recognize revenue and bill the customers to reduce the amount of the customer deposit liability.

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Financial income, net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Financial income, net

Financial income, net

18.         Financial income, net

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded financial income, net which is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest income	$	322	$	340	$	886	$	903
Foreign exchange (loss)/gain, net		(130)		4,453		2,978		8,688
Bank charges		(29)		(33)		(160)		(273)
Total financial income, net	$	163	$	4,760	$	3,704	$	9,318

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Income per share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income per share

Income per share

19.         Income per share

Basic income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and dilutive ordinary share equivalents outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options is determined based on the treasury stock method.

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	9,488	$	7,470
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,185,702		30,637,876
Dilutive effects of stock options		3,661		2,384
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,189,363		30,640,260
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders – Basic	$	0.31	$	0.24
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.31	$	0.24

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	26,774	$	16,839
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,185,702		30,778,336
Dilutive effects of stock options		4,958		1,547
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,190,660		30,779,883
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Basic	$	0.89	$	0.55
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.89	$	0.55

As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the exercise prices for 22,500 and 30,000 outstanding stock options exceeded the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Therefore, these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented.

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Significant concentrations

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Significant concentrations

Significant concentrations

20.         Significant concentrations

A significant portion of the Company’s business is conducted in China where the currency is the RMB. Regulations in China permit foreign owned entities to freely convert the RMB into foreign currency for transactions that fall under the “current account”, which includes trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Accordingly, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries may use RMB to purchase foreign currency for settlement of such “current account” transactions without pre-approval.

China Automotive, the parent company, may depend on dividend payments from Genesis and HLUSA, which are generated from their subsidiaries in China, “China-based Subsidiaries,” after they receive payments from the China-based Subsidiaries. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Under PRC law China-based Subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to their general reserves until the cumulative amount reaches 50% of their paid-in capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, or as loans or advances. These foreign-invested enterprises may also allocate a portion of their after-tax profits, at the discretion of their boards of directors, to their staff welfare and bonus funds. Any amounts so allocated may not be distributed and, accordingly, would not be available for distribution to Genesis and HLUSA.

The PRC government also imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currencies out of China. The China-based Subsidiaries may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currencies. If China Automotive is unable to receive dividend payments from its subsidiaries, including the China-based subsidiaries, China Automotive may be unable to effectively finance its operations or pay dividends on its shares.

Transactions other than those that fall under the “current account” and that involve conversion of RMB into foreign currency are classified as “capital account” transactions; examples of “capital account” transactions include repatriations of investment by or loans to foreign owners, or direct equity investments in a foreign entity by a China domiciled entity. “Capital account” transactions require prior approval from China’s State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its provincial branch to convert a remittance into a foreign currency, such as U.S. Dollars, and transmit the foreign currency outside of China.

This system could be changed at any time and any such change may affect the ability of the Company or its subsidiaries in China to repatriate capital or profits, if any, outside China. Furthermore, SAFE has a significant degree of administrative discretion in implementing the laws and has used this discretion to limit convertibility of current account payments out of China. Whether as a result of a deterioration in the Chinese balance of payments, a shift in the Chinese macroeconomic prospects or any number of other reasons, China could impose additional restrictions on capital remittances abroad. As a result of these and other restrictions under the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, or the PRC, the Company’s China subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the parent. The Company has no assurance that the relevant Chinese governmental authorities in the future will not limit further or eliminate the ability of the Company’s China subsidiaries to purchase foreign currencies and transfer such funds to the Company to meet its liquidity or other business needs. Any inability to access funds in China, if and when needed for use by the Company outside of China, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and its business.

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Related party transactions and balances

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Related party transactions and balances

Related party transactions and balances

21.         Related party transactions and balances

Related party transactions are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Related party sales

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	8,407	$	11,181
Materials and others sold to related parties		233		646
Rental income obtained from related parties		82		114
Total	$	8,722	$	11,941

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	35,177	$	31,343
Materials and others sold to related parties		1,560		2,222
Rental income obtained from related parties		221		359
Total	$	36,958	$	33,924

Related party purchases

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Materials purchased from related parties	$	6,266	$	7,689
Equipment purchased from related parties		2,820		831
Others purchased from related parties		20		330
Total	$	9,106	$	8,850

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Materials purchased from related parties	$	20,592	$	21,725
Equipment purchased from related parties		3,453		1,951
Others purchased from related parties		44		487
Total	$	24,089	$	24,163

Related party investment transaction

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Equity interest purchase from related parties	$	—	$	23,618

Related party receivables

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts and notes receivable, net from related parties	$	13,571	$	10,016

Related party advance payments

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment to related parties	$	4,806	$	1,884
Advance payments and others to related parties		1,970		1,439
Total	$	6,776	$	3,323

Related party payables

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts and notes payable	$	10,283	$	16,695

These transactions were consummated under similar terms as those with the Company’s third-party customers and suppliers.

As of November 13, 2023, Hanlin Chen, the chairman of the board of directors of the Company, owns 59.13% of the common stock of the Company and has the effective power to control the vote on substantially all significant matters without the approval of other stockholders.

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Commitments and contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and contingencies

Commitments and contingencies

22.         Commitments and contingencies

Legal proceedings

The Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings and no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation.

Other commitments and contingencies

In addition to the bank loans, notes payables and the related interest and other payables, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of September 30, 2023 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Payment obligations by period
	2023		2024		2025		Thereafter		Total
Obligations for investment contracts	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,925	$	2,925
Obligations for purchasing and service agreements		26,939		8,308		—		—		35,247
Total	$	26,939	$	8,308	$	—	$	2,925	$	38,172

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Off-balance sheet arrangements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Off-balance sheet arrangements

Off-balance sheet arrangements

23.         Off-balance sheet arrangements

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any significant transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

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Segment reporting

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment reporting

Segment reporting

24.         Segment reporting

The accounting policies of the product sectors (each entity manufactures and sells different products and represents a different product sector) are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies disclosed in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K except that the disaggregated financial results for the product sectors have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for the purposes of assisting them in making internal operating decisions. Generally, the Company evaluates performance based on stand-alone product sector operating income and accounts for inter-segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties, at current market prices. Each product sector is considered a reporting segment.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 15 product sectors, six of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Wuhu, Henglong KYB, Hubei Henglong and Brazil Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other nine sectors were engaged in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials (Wuhu Hongrun), power steering parts (Shenyang), R&D services (Changchun Hualong), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after-sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong), manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts (Wuhan Chuguanjie), manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems (Wuhan Hyoseong) and inspection and testing of automotive products (Zhirong).

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had 15 product sectors, six of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Wuhu, Henglong KYB, Hubei Henglong and Brazil Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other nine sectors were engaged in the development, manufacturing and

sale of high polymer materials (Wuhu Hongrun), power steering parts (Shenyang), R&D services (Changchun Hualong), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after-sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong), manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts (Wuhan Chuguanjie), research and development of intelligent automotive technology (Jingzhou Qingyan) and manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems (Wuhan Hyoseong).

The Company’s product sector information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Henglong	$	63,580	$	62,590	$	2,715	$	1,996
Jiulong		15,605		16,986		302		196
Wuhu		11,841		11,831		(175)		16
Hubei Henglong		27,602		29,525		2,572		3,116
Henglong KYB		33,491		36,995		4,619		1,760
Brazil Henglong		13,335		11,510		422		188
Other Entities		28,483		22,991		1,464		1,337
Total Segments		193,937		192,428		11,919		8,609
Corporate		—		—		(633)		(211)
Eliminations		(56,396)		(55,221)		(42)		(391)
Total	$	137,541	$	137,207	$	11,244	$	8,007

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Nine Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Henglong	$	192,503	$	177,401	$	6,755	$	5,680
Jiulong		52,106		53,071		1,360		(3,219)
Wuhu		26,726		30,695		471		70
Hubei Henglong		91,165		100,744		5,106		7,939
Henglong KYB		100,846		87,815		9,243		3,927
Brazil Henglong		36,264		30,471		3,459		1,741
Other Entities		75,057		67,667		4,497		3,806
Total Segments		574,667		547,864		30,891		19,944
Corporate		—		—		(1,489)		(632)
Eliminations		(157,473)		(147,100)		1,193		(1,221)
Total	$	417,194	$	400,764	$	30,595	$	18,091

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Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

Basis of Presentation

(a) Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. The details of subsidiaries are disclosed in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions in Regulation S-X. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by such accounting principles for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but in the opinion of the Company’s management, contain all necessary adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the interim periods presented.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is derived from the Company’s audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The results of operations for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2023.

Estimation - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currencies - China Automotive and HLUSA maintain their books and records in United States Dollars, “USD,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries based in the PRC and Genesis maintain their books and records in Renminbi, “RMB,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiary based in Brazil maintains its books and records in Brazilian real, “BRL,” its functional currency. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 830, foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date for monetary items. Nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expenses are remeasured at the rate in effect on the transaction dates. Transaction gains and losses, if any, are included in the determination of net income for the period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

(b) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

No accounting standards newly issued during the three months ended September 30, 2023 had a material impact on the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.

Significant Accounting Policies

(c) Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no updates to the significant accounting policies set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Organization and business (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization and business

Schedule of equity method investments

	Percentage Interest
	September 30,		December 31,
Name of Entity	2023		2022
Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd., “Jiulong” 1	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Henglong” 2	100.00	%	100.00	%
Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Shenyang” 3	70.00	%	70.00	%
Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., “Jielong” 4	85.00	%	85.00	%
Wuhu Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Wuhu” 5	100.00	%	100.00	%
Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., “Hubei Henglong” 6	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, “Testing Center” 7	100.00	%	100.00	%
Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Chongqing Henglong” 8	70.00	%	70.00	%
CAAS Brazil’s Imports and Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong” 9	95.84	%	95.84	%
Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie” 10	85.00	%	85.00	%
Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong” 11	100.00	%	100.00	%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB” 12	66.60	%	66.60	%
Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong” 13	51.00	%	51.00	%
Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun” 14	62.00	%	62.00	%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong” 15	100.00	%	100.00	%
Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong” 16	100.00	%	—

1. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gears for heavy-duty vehicles.

2. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gears for cars and light duty vehicles.

3. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles.

4. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automotive steering columns.

5. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems.

6. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

7. In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products.

8. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts.

9. On August 21, 2012, Brazil Henglong was established as a Sino-foreign joint venture company by Hubei Henglong and two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

10. In May 2014, together with Hubei Wanlong, Jielong formed a subsidiary, Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie”, which mainly engages in research and development, manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts. Wuhan Chuguanjie is located in Wuhan, China.

11. In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong”, which mainly engages in the design and sales of automotive electronics.

12. In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

13. In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.

14. In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. Hubei Henglong owns 62.0% of the shares of Wuhu Hongrun and has consolidated it since its establishment.

15. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

16. In June 2023, Hubei Henglong contributed certain equipment and intangible assets to Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong”, representing 100% of Zhirong’s paid-up capital. Zhirong mainly engages in inspection and testing of automotive products.

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Accounts and notes receivable, net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounts and notes receivable, net

Summary of accounts and notes receivable, net

The Company’s accounts and notes receivable, net as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable - unrelated parties	$	146,598	$	139,533
Notes receivable - unrelated parties		94,782		89,134
Total accounts and notes receivable - unrelated parties		241,380		228,667
Less: allowance for credit losses - unrelated parties		(13,434)		(14,359)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties		227,946		214,308
Accounts and notes receivable - related parties		15,336		11,779
Less: allowance for credit losses - related parties		(1,765)		(1,763)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties		13,571		10,016
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$	241,517	$	224,324

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Inventories (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventories

Schedule of inventories

The Company’s inventories as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	23,509	$	24,502
Work in process		16,298		16,001
Finished goods		60,638		71,371
Cost of R&D service		2,742		362
Total	$	103,187	$	112,236

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Long-term investments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Long-term investments

Summary of long-term investments

The Company’s long-term investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Sentient AB (1)	$	20,550	$	21,831
Chongqing Venture Fund		13,632		14,435
Hubei Venture Fund		11,352		11,738
Suzhou Qingshan (2)		8,212		4,179
Suzhou Venture Fund		3,862		5,473
Suzhou Mingzhi (3)		1,254		—
Henglong Tianyu		713		774
Chongqing Jinghua		658		695
Jiangsu Intelligent		633		685
Total	$	60,866	$	59,810

(1) In June 2021, Hubei Henglong entered into a share purchase agreement with Jingzhou WiseDawn Electric Car Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou WiseDawn”. In accordance with the agreement, CAAS would purchase 200 shares (representing 40% of Sentient AB’s share capital) from Jingzhou WiseDawn for total consideration of RMB 155.2 million, equivalent to approximately $24.5 million at prevailing rate. The transaction was completed in March 2022. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, Hubei Henglong has the right to appoint two directors to the board of directors, and it can exercise significant influence over Sentient AB. Therefore, the investment is accounted for using the equity method. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has paid the total consideration.

(2) In January 2022, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Qingshan Zhiyuan Venture Capital Fund L.P., “Suzhou Qingshan”. As of September 30, 2023, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 60.0 million, equivalent to approximately $9.1 million, to purchase 22.56% of Suzhou Qingshan’s equity. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has more than virtually no influence over Suzhou Qingshan’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method.

(3) In June 2023, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Mingzhi Intelligent Manufacturing Industry Investment Fund L.P., “Suzhou Mingzhi”. As of September 30, 2023, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 9.0 million, equivalent to approximately $1.2 million, representing 19.74% of Suzhou Mingzhi’s equity. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has more than virtually no influence over Suzhou Mingzhi’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method.

Schedule of condensed financial information of company's equity method investments

The condensed financial information of the Company’s significant equity investee for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, Chongqing Venture Fund, is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Gross profit		—		—		—		—
(Loss) from continuing operations		(3,729)		(2,395)		(2,342)		(17,389)
Net (loss)	$	(3,729)		(2,395)	$	(2,342)		(17,389)

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Property, plant and equipment, net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property, plant and equipment, net

Summary of property, plant and equipment, net

The Company’s property, plant and equipment, net as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Costs:
Buildings	$	63,139	$	64,928
Machinery and equipment		237,652		239,385
Electronic equipment		5,802		6,242
Motor vehicles		4,462		4,308
Construction in progress		8,442		8,238
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		319,497		323,101
Less: Accumulated depreciation (1)		(218,899)		(216,495)
Total amount of property, plant and equipment, net (2)	$	100,598	$	106,606

(1) Depreciation charges were $3.9 million and $5.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $12.7 million and $16.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(2) As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company pledged property, plant and equipment and land use rights with net book value of approximately $44.8 million and $51.6 million, respectively, as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China.

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Loans (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Loans

Schedule of loans

Loans consist of the following as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Short-term bank loans	$	38,568	$	45,671
Long-term bank loans		1,295		528
Total	$	39,863	$	46,199

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Accounts and notes payable (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounts and notes payable.

Summary of accounts and notes payable

The Company’s accounts and notes payable as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts payable - unrelated parties	$	138,790	$	133,882
Notes payable - unrelated parties (1)		72,998		84,530
Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties		211,788		218,412
Accounts and notes payable - related parties		10,283		16,695
Total	$	222,071	$	235,107

(1) Notes payable represent payables in the form of notes issued by the bank. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has pledged cash of $26.8 million and $37.6 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022,

the Company has pledged notes receivable of $17.7 million and $13.7 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity. The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has used credit facilities for issue of bank notes with amount of $31.6 million and $39.6 million.

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Accrued expenses and other payables (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accrued expenses and other payables

Summary of accrued expenses and other payables

The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Warranty reserves (1)	$	34,989	$	32,435
Accrued expenses		9,200		9,652
Payables for overseas transportation and custom clearance		303		294
Dividends payable to holders of non-controlling interests		418		431
Accrued interest		238		465
Payable for the investment in Sentient AB (See Note 5)		—		2,043
Other payables		2,425		2,991
Balance at end of year/period	$	47,573	$	48,311

(1) The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties when the products are sold. Such estimates of product warranties are based on, among other things, historical experience, product changes, material expenses, services and transportation expenses arising from the manufactured products. Estimates will be adjusted on the basis of actual claims and circumstances.

Summary of product warranty liability

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	33,948	$	35,028	$	32,435	$	36,572
Additions during the period		4,164		4,712		13,592		11,685
Settlement within the period		(3,340)		(3,255)		(9,973)		(9,909)
Foreign currency translation gain		217		(1,959)		(1,065)		(3,822)
Balance at end of the period	$	34,989	$	34,526	$	34,989	$	34,526

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Additional paid-in capital (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Additional paid-in capital

Summary of additional paid-in capital

The Company’s positions in respect of the amounts of additional paid-in capital for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731
Balance at end of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731

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Retained earnings (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Retained earnings

Summary of appropriated retained earnings

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of appropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	11,851	$	11,481	$	11,851	$	11,481
Balance at end of the period	$	11,851	$	11,481	$	11,851	$	11,481

Summary of unappropriated retained earnings

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the unappropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	264,460	$	235,732	$	247,174	$	226,363
Net income attributable to parent company		9,495		7,478		26,796		16,862
Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interests		(7)		(8)		(22)		(23)
Balance at end of the period	$	273,948	$	243,202	$	273,948	$	243,202

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Accumulated other comprehensive income (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accumulated other comprehensive income

Summary of accumulated other comprehensive income

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	(14,936)	$	8,152	$	(3,413)	$	24,717
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company		1,739		(17,572)		(9,784)		(34,137)
Balance at end of the period	$	(13,197)	$	(9,420)	$	(13,197)	$	(9,420)

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Non-controlling interests (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Non-controlling interests

Summary of non-controlling interests

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the non-controlling interests’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of the period	$	16,423	$	15,501	$	15,182	$	15,854
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		1,749		529		3,799		1,229
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interests		1,841		(1,133)		1,032		(2,186)
Balance at end of the period	$	20,013	$	14,897	$	20,013	$	14,897

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Financial income, net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Financial income, net

Summary of recorded financial income, net

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded financial income, net which is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest income	$	322	$	340	$	886	$	903
Foreign exchange (loss)/gain, net		(130)		4,453		2,978		8,688
Bank charges		(29)		(33)		(160)		(273)
Total financial income, net	$	163	$	4,760	$	3,704	$	9,318

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Income per share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income per share

Schedule of basic and diluted income per share

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	9,488	$	7,470
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,185,702		30,637,876
Dilutive effects of stock options		3,661		2,384
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,189,363		30,640,260
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders – Basic	$	0.31	$	0.24
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.31	$	0.24

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	26,774	$	16,839
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,185,702		30,778,336
Dilutive effects of stock options		4,958		1,547
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,190,660		30,779,883
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Basic	$	0.89	$	0.55
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.89	$	0.55

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Related party transactions and balances (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Related party transactions and balances

Schedule of related party transactions

Related party transactions are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Related party sales

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	8,407	$	11,181
Materials and others sold to related parties		233		646
Rental income obtained from related parties		82		114
Total	$	8,722	$	11,941

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	35,177	$	31,343
Materials and others sold to related parties		1,560		2,222
Rental income obtained from related parties		221		359
Total	$	36,958	$	33,924

Related party purchases

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Materials purchased from related parties	$	6,266	$	7,689
Equipment purchased from related parties		2,820		831
Others purchased from related parties		20		330
Total	$	9,106	$	8,850

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Materials purchased from related parties	$	20,592	$	21,725
Equipment purchased from related parties		3,453		1,951
Others purchased from related parties		44		487
Total	$	24,089	$	24,163

Related party investment transaction

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Equity interest purchase from related parties	$	—	$	23,618

Related party receivables

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts and notes receivable, net from related parties	$	13,571	$	10,016

Related party advance payments

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment to related parties	$	4,806	$	1,884
Advance payments and others to related parties		1,970		1,439
Total	$	6,776	$	3,323

Related party payables

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accounts and notes payable	$	10,283	$	16,695

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Commitments and contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and contingencies

Summary of major commitments and contingencies

In addition to the bank loans, notes payables and the related interest and other payables, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of September 30, 2023 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Payment obligations by period
	2023		2024		2025		Thereafter		Total
Obligations for investment contracts	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,925	$	2,925
Obligations for purchasing and service agreements		26,939		8,308		—		—		35,247
Total	$	26,939	$	8,308	$	—	$	2,925	$	38,172

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Segment reporting (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment reporting

Schedule of product sector information by segment reporting

The Company’s product sector information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Henglong	$	63,580	$	62,590	$	2,715	$	1,996
Jiulong		15,605		16,986		302		196
Wuhu		11,841		11,831		(175)		16
Hubei Henglong		27,602		29,525		2,572		3,116
Henglong KYB		33,491		36,995		4,619		1,760
Brazil Henglong		13,335		11,510		422		188
Other Entities		28,483		22,991		1,464		1,337
Total Segments		193,937		192,428		11,919		8,609
Corporate		—		—		(633)		(211)
Eliminations		(56,396)		(55,221)		(42)		(391)
Total	$	137,541	$	137,207	$	11,244	$	8,007

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Nine Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Henglong	$	192,503	$	177,401	$	6,755	$	5,680
Jiulong		52,106		53,071		1,360		(3,219)
Wuhu		26,726		30,695		471		70
Hubei Henglong		91,165		100,744		5,106		7,939
Henglong KYB		100,846		87,815		9,243		3,927
Brazil Henglong		36,264		30,471		3,459		1,741
Other Entities		75,057		67,667		4,497		3,806
Total Segments		574,667		547,864		30,891		19,944
Corporate		—		—		(1,489)		(632)
Eliminations		(157,473)		(147,100)		1,193		(1,221)
Total	$	417,194	$	400,764	$	30,595	$	18,091

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Organization and business (Details)		Sep. 30, 2023		Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022		Apr. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Aug. 31, 2018	May 31, 2017
Jiulong
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[1]	100.00%			100.00%
Henglong
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[2]	100.00%			100.00%
Shenyang
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[3]	70.00%			70.00%
Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., "Jielong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[4]	85.00%			85.00%
Wuhu
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[5]	100.00%			100.00%
Hubei Henglong
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[6]	100.00%			100.00%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, "Testing Center"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[7]	100.00%			100.00%
Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd "Chongqing Henglong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[8]	70.00%			70.00%
CAAS Brazil's Imports and Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., "Brazil Henglong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[9]	95.84%			95.84%
Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., "Wuhan Chuguanjie"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[10]	85.00%			85.00%
Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., "Shanghai Henglong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[11]	100.00%			100.00%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., "Henglong KYB"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest		66.60%	[12]		66.60%	[12]				66.60%
Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., "Wuhan Hyoseong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest		51.00%	[13]		51.00%	[13]			51.00%
Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., "Wuhu Hongrun"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[14]	62.00%			62.00%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co Ltd Changchun Hualong
Organization and business
Percentage Interest		100.00%	[15]		100.00%	[15]	100.00%
Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., "Zhirong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest		100.00%	[16]	100.00%
Brazil Henglong
Organization and business
Percentage Interest											15.84%
Brazil Henglong | Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., "Henglong KYB"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest											0.00%
Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd "Wuhu Hongrun"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest								62.00%

[1] Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gears for heavy-duty vehicles.

[2] Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gears for cars and light duty vehicles.

[3] Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles.

[4] Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automotive steering columns.

[5] Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems.

[6] On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

[7] In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products.

[8] On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts.

[9] On August 21, 2012, Brazil Henglong was established as a Sino-foreign joint venture company by Hubei Henglong and two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

[10] In May 2014, together with Hubei Wanlong, Jielong formed a subsidiary, Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie”, which mainly engages in research and development, manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts. Wuhan Chuguanjie is located in Wuhan, China.

[11] In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong”, which mainly engages in the design and sales of automotive electronics.

[12] In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

[13] In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.

[14] In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. Hubei Henglong owns 62.0% of the shares of Wuhu Hongrun and has consolidated it since its establishment.

[15] In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

[16] In June 2023, Hubei Henglong contributed certain equipment and intangible assets to Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong”, representing 100% of Zhirong’s paid-up capital. Zhirong mainly engages in inspection and testing of automotive products.

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Organization and business - Additional Information (Details) ¥ in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2020 CNY (¥)	Apr. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023		Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022		Aug. 31, 2018	May 31, 2017
Brazil Henglong
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)									15.84%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., "Henglong KYB"
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)			66.60%	[1]		66.60%	[1]	66.60%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co Ltd Changchun Hualong
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	[2]		100.00%	[2]
Consideration for additional equity interest acquired	¥ 1.2	$ 0.2
Third Party
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)	47.90%	47.90%
Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., "Zhirong"
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)			100.00%	[3]	100.00%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., "Henglong KYB" | Brazil Henglong
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)									0.00%

[1] In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

[2] In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

[3] In June 2023, Hubei Henglong contributed certain equipment and intangible assets to Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong”, representing 100% of Zhirong’s paid-up capital. Zhirong mainly engages in inspection and testing of automotive products.

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Accounts and notes receivable, net - Advance Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$ 241,517	$ 224,324
Unrelated parties
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Accounts receivable - unrelated parties	146,598	139,533
Notes receivable - unrelated parties	94,782	89,134
Total accounts and notes receivable	241,380	228,667
Less: allowance for credit losses	(13,434)	(14,359)
Accounts and notes receivable, net	227,946	214,308
Related parties
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Total accounts and notes receivable	15,336	11,779
Less: allowance for credit losses	(1,765)	(1,763)
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$ 13,571	$ 10,016

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Accounts and notes receivable, net - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) customer	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) customer	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) customer	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) customer	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Notes receivable pledged as collateral	$ 17,700		$ 17,700		$ 13,700
Allowance for accounts and notes receivable	$ (10)	$ 120	$ 500	$ 600
Five largest customers | Revenue | Product Concentration Risk
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Number of customers | customer	5	5	5	5
Concentration risk (as a percent)	42.20%	41.90%	40.90%	43.60%
Five largest customers | Accounts receivable | Credit concentration risk
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Concentration risk (as a percent)			5.30%	6.80%
Customer One | Revenue | Product Concentration Risk
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Concentration risk (as a percent)	18.30%	17.80%	19.40%	21.60%

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Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventories
Raw materials	$ 23,509	$ 24,502
Work in process	16,298	16,001
Finished goods	60,638	71,371
Cost of R&D service	2,742	362
Total	$ 103,187	$ 112,236

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Inventories - Additional information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Inventories
Inventory write-down to cost of product sold	$ 2.1	$ 1.2	$ 7.0	$ 3.8

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Long-term investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	$ 60,866	$ 59,810
Chongqing Venture Fund
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	13,632	14,435
Hubei Venture Fund
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	11,352	11,738
Suzhou Qingshan
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	8,212	4,179
Suzhou Venture Fund
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	3,862	5,473
Suzhou Mingzhi
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	1,254
Sentient AB
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	20,550	21,831
Henglong Tianyu
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	713	774
Chongqing Jinghua
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	658	695
Jiangsu Intelligent
Long-term investments
Long-term investments	$ 633	$ 685

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Long-term investments - Summarizes of Condensed Financial Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Long-term investments
Revenue	$ 137,541	$ 137,207	$ 417,194	$ 400,764
Gross profit	24,757	20,918	69,093	58,363
Net (loss)	9,488	7,470	26,774	16,839
Equity Method Investments | Chongqing Venture Fund
Long-term investments
(Loss) from continuing operations	(3,729)	(2,395)	(2,342)	(17,389)
Net (loss)	$ (3,729)	$ (2,395)	$ (2,342)	$ (17,389)

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Long-term investments - Additional information (Details) ¥ in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021 CNY (¥) shares	Jun. 30, 2021 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2023 CNY (¥) director		Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) director		Dec. 31, 2022	[1]
Hubei Henglong
Long-term investments
Purchase of common stock shares | shares	200	200
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)			100.00%	[1]	100.00%	[1]	100.00%
Consideration for additional equity interest acquired	¥ 155.2	$ 24.5
Number of board of directors | director			2		2
Suzhou Qingshan
Long-term investments
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)			22.56%		22.56%
Consideration for additional equity interest acquired			¥ 60.0		$ 9.1
Sentient AB
Long-term investments
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)	40.00%	40.00%
Suzhou Mingzhi
Long-term investments
Equity method investment, ownership percentage (as a percent)			19.74%		19.74%
Consideration for additional equity interest acquired			¥ 9.0		$ 1.2

[1] On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

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Property, plant and equipment, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Property, plant and equipment, net
Total amount of property, plant and equipment	$ 319,497	$ 323,101
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(218,899)	(216,495)
Total amount of property, plant and equipment, net	100,598	106,606
Buildings
Property, plant and equipment, net
Total amount of property, plant and equipment	63,139	64,928
Machinery and equipment
Property, plant and equipment, net
Total amount of property, plant and equipment	237,652	239,385
Electronic equipment
Property, plant and equipment, net
Total amount of property, plant and equipment	5,802	6,242
Motor vehicles
Property, plant and equipment, net
Total amount of property, plant and equipment	4,462	4,308
Construction in progress
Property, plant and equipment, net
Total amount of property, plant and equipment	$ 8,442	$ 8,238

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Property, plant and equipment, net - Additional information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Property, plant and equipment, net
Depreciation	$ 3.9	$ 5.2	$ 12.7	$ 16.7
Pledged property, plant and equipment and land use rights with net book value	$ 44.8		$ 44.8		$ 51.6

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Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Loans
Short-term bank loans	$ 38,568	$ 45,671
Long-term bank loans	1,295	528
Total	$ 39,863	$ 46,199

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Loans - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Loans
Total credit facility	$ 173.0	$ 148.3
Loan drawn on aggregate amount	$ 39.9	$ 46.2
Weighted average interest rate	2.90%	2.90%

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Accounts and notes payable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts and notes payable
Accounts and notes payable	$ 222,071	$ 235,107
Unrelated parties
Accounts and notes payable
Accounts payable - unrelated parties	138,790	133,882
Notes payable - unrelated parties	72,998	84,530
Accounts and notes payable	211,788	218,412
Related parties
Accounts and notes payable
Accounts and notes payable	$ 10,283	$ 16,695

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Accounts and notes payable - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts and notes payable.
Cash pledged as collateral	$ 26.8	$ 37.6
Notes receivable pledged as collateral	17.7	13.7
Property, plant and equipment and land use right pledged as collateral	$ 31.6	$ 39.6

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Accrued expenses and other payables (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accrued expenses and other payables
Warranty reserves	$ 34,989	$ 32,435
Accrued expenses	9,200	9,652
Payables for overseas transportation and custom clearance	303	294
Dividends payable to holders of non-controlling interests	418	431
Accrued interest	238	465
Payable for the investment in Sentient AB (See Note 5)		2,043
Other payables	2,425	2,991
Balance at end of year/period	$ 47,573	$ 48,311

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Accrued expenses and other payables - Warranty (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Accrued expenses and other payables
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 33,948	$ 35,028	$ 32,435	$ 36,572
Additions during the period	4,164	4,712	13,592	11,685
Settlement within the period	(3,340)	(3,255)	(9,973)	(9,909)
Foreign currency translation gain	217	(1,959)	(1,065)	(3,822)
Balance at end of the period	$ 34,989	$ 34,526	$ 34,989	$ 34,526

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Fair value measurement (Details) - Foreign exchange forward contracts - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair value measurement
Foreign exchange forward contracts with total notional value	$ 1,000		$ 0
Foreign exchange forward contracts mature	12 months
Loss from change in fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts	$ (40)	$ 0

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Redeemable non-controlling interests (Details) $ in Thousands, ¥ in Millions	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 CNY (¥)	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Redeemable non-controlling interests
Percentage of interest, redemption price	6.00%	6.00%
Accretion of temporary equity redemption value					$ 600
Temporary equity accretion to redemption value, adjustment			$ 7	$ 8	$ 22	$ 23
Hubei Venture Fund
Redeemable non-controlling interests
Issuance of shares by a subsidiary	¥ 5.0	$ 700

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Additional paid-in capital (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022
Additional paid-in capital
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 63,731	$ 63,731	$ 63,731	$ 63,731	$ 63,731
Balance at end of the period	$ 63,731	$ 63,731	$ 63,731	$ 63,731	$ 63,731

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Retained earnings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Retained earnings
Statutory accounting practices statutory surplus required percentage			10.00%
Percentage of statutory surplus reserve			50.00%
Statutory accounting practices statutory capital and surplus required	$ 0		$ 0
Statutory accounting practices statutory capital and surplus reserve	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Retained earnings - Appropriated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022
Retained earnings
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 11,851	$ 11,851	$ 11,481	$ 11,481	$ 11,481
Balance at end of the period	$ 11,851	$ 11,851	$ 11,851	$ 11,481	$ 11,481

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Retained earnings - Unappropriated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Retained earnings
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 264,460	$ 235,732	$ 247,174	$ 226,363
Net income attributable to parent company	9,495	7,478	26,796	16,862
Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interests	(7)	(8)	(22)	(23)
Balance at end of the period	$ 273,948	$ 243,202	$ 273,948	$ 243,202

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Accumulated other comprehensive income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Balance at beginning of the period	$ (14,936)	$ 8,152	$ (3,413)	$ 24,717
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company	1,739	(17,572)	(9,784)	(34,137)
Balance at end of the period	$ (13,197)	$ (9,420)	$ (13,197)	$ (9,420)

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Treasury stock (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 29, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 30, 2023
Treasury stock
Stock repurchased during period		666,074	666,074
Treasury stock, shares		2,152,600	2,152,600
Maximum
Treasury stock
Stock repurchased during period, value	$ 5.0
Share price per share through March 30, 2023				$ 4.00

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Non-controlling interests (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Non-controlling interests
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 16,423	$ 15,501	$ 15,182	$ 15,854
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	1,749	529	3,799	1,229
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interests	1,841	(1,133)	1,032	(2,186)
Balance at end of the period	$ 20,013	$ 14,897	$ 20,013	$ 14,897

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Net product sales (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Net product sales
Contract with customer, deposits	$ 8.5		$ 5.7
Revenue from contract with customer, including assessed tax	6.9	$ 4.3
Customer deposits recognized as net product sales revenue	4.1	3.0
Customer deposits from the beginning balance recognized as net product sales revenue	$ 2.6	$ 2.4

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Financial income, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Financial income, net
Interest income	$ 322	$ 340	$ 886	$ 903
Foreign exchange (loss)/gain, net	(130)	4,453	2,978	8,688
Bank charges	(29)	(33)	(160)	(273)
Total financial income, net	$ 163	$ 4,760	$ 3,704	$ 9,318

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Income per share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company's common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$ 9,488	$ 7,470	$ 26,774	$ 16,839
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	30,185,702	30,637,876	30,185,702	30,778,336
Dilutive effects of stock options	3,661	2,384	4,958	1,547
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted (in shares)	30,189,363	30,640,260	30,190,660	30,779,883
Net income per share attributable to parent company's common shareholders - Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.31	$ 0.24	$ 0.89	$ 0.55
Net income per share attributable to parent company's common shareholders - Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.31	$ 0.24	$ 0.89	$ 0.55

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Income per share - Additional information (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Equity Option
Income per share
Ordinary shares excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per ordinary share	22,500	30,000	22,500	30,000

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Significant concentrations (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Significant concentrations
Minimum percentage of profit allocated to foreign investment	10.00%
Registered capital percentage	50.00%

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Related party transactions and balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Related party sales
Net product sales	$ 137,541	$ 137,207	$ 417,194	$ 400,764
Related party investment transaction
Equity interest purchase from related parties		23,618		23,618
Related party advance payments
Total	6,776		6,776		$ 3,323
Related party payables
Accounts and notes payable	222,071		222,071		235,107
Related parties
Related party sales
Net product sales	8,407	11,181	35,177	31,343
Related party purchases
Related party purchases	9,106	8,850	24,089	24,163
Related party receivables
Accounts and notes receivable, net from related parties	13,571		13,571		10,016
Related party advance payments
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment to related parties	4,806		4,806		1,884
Advance payments and others to related parties	1,970		1,970		1,439
Related party payables
Accounts and notes payable	10,283		10,283		$ 16,695
Merchandise sales | Related parties
Related party sales
Net product sales	8,407	11,181	35,177	31,343
Material and other sales | Related parties
Related party sales
Net product sales	233	646	1,560	2,222
Rental income | Related parties
Related party sales
Net product sales	82	114	221	359
Related party sales | Related parties
Related party sales
Net product sales	8,722	11,941	36,958	33,924
Materials | Related parties
Related party purchases
Related party purchases	6,266	7,689	20,592	21,725
Equipment | Related parties
Related party purchases
Related party purchases	2,820	831	3,453	1,951
Others purchased | Related parties
Related party purchases
Related party purchases	$ 20	$ 330	$ 44	$ 487

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Related party transactions and balances - Additional information (Details)	Nov. 13, 2023	Apr. 30, 2020
Hanlin Chen
Related party transactions and balances
Percentage Interest	59.13%	52.10%

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Commitments and contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Commitments and contingencies
2023	$ 26,939
2024	8,308
Thereafter	2,925
Total	38,172
Obligations for investment contracts
Commitments and contingencies
Thereafter	2,925
Total	2,925
Obligations for purchasing and service agreements
Commitments and contingencies
2023	26,939
2024	8,308
Total	$ 35,247

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Segment reporting - Additional information (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023 item product	Sep. 30, 2022 item product
Segment reporting
Number of product sectors | product	15	15
Number of principal profit makers	6	6
Number of holding company	1	1
Number of sectors engaged in development, manufacturing and sale of products	9	9

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Segment reporting - Product sector information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Segment reporting
Revenue	$ 137,541	$ 137,207	$ 417,194	$ 400,764
Net income	11,244	8,007	30,595	18,091
Eliminations
Segment reporting
Revenue	(56,396)	(55,221)	(157,473)	(147,100)
Net income	(42)	(391)	1,193	(1,221)
Corporate | Operating segments
Segment reporting
Revenue	0	0	0	0
Net income	(633)	(211)	(1,489)	(632)
Henglong | Operating segments
Segment reporting
Revenue	63,580	62,590	192,503	177,401
Net income	2,715	1,996	6,755	5,680
Jiulong | Operating segments
Segment reporting
Revenue	15,605	16,986	52,106	53,071
Net income	302	196	1,360	(3,219)
Wuhu | Operating segments
Segment reporting
Revenue	11,841	11,831	26,726	30,695
Net income	(175)	16	471	70
Hubei Henglong | Operating segments
Segment reporting
Revenue	27,602	29,525	91,165	100,744
Net income	2,572	3,116	5,106	7,939
Henglong KYB | Operating segments
Segment reporting
Revenue	33,491	36,995	100,846	87,815
Net income	4,619	1,760	9,243	3,927
Brazil Henglong | Operating segments
Segment reporting
Revenue	13,335	11,510	36,264	30,471
Net income	422	188	3,459	1,741
Other Entities | Operating segments
Segment reporting
Revenue	28,483	22,991	75,057	67,667
Net income	1,464	1,337	4,497	3,806
Total Segments | Operating segments
Segment reporting
Revenue	193,937	192,428	574,667	547,864
Net income	$ 11,919	$ 8,609	$ 30,891	$ 19,944