10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
Or
☐	TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission file number: 000-33123

China Automotive Systems, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	33-0885775
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
organization)

No. 1 Henglong Road, Yu Qiao Development Zone, Shashi District

Jing Zhou City, Hubei Province, the People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

(86) 716- 412- 7901

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value	CAAS	The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes           ☒           No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes           ☒           No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes           ☐           No           ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value	CAAS	The Nasdaq Capital Market

As of November 14, 2022, the Company had 30,195,826 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC.

INDEX

		Page
	Part I — Financial Information	4
Item 1.	Unaudited Financial Statements.	4
	Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021	4
	Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021	6
	Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021	7
	Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	22
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	37
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures.	37
	Part II — Other Information	38
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings.	38
Item 1A.	Risk Factors.	38
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.	42
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities.	42
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.	42
Item 5.	Other Information.	42
Item 6.	Exhibits.	43
Signatures		44

2

Cautionary Statement

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to future events or the Company’s future financial performance. The Company has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “can,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including the matters set forth in this Quarterly Report or other reports or documents the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, which could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those projected. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, the Company cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company’s expectations are as of the date this Form 10-Q is filed, and the Company does not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is filed to conform these statements to actual results, unless required by law. All of the forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the factors discussed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

3

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.     FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Net product sales ($11,181 and $14,691 sold to related parties for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021)	$	137,207	$	108,231
Cost of products sold ($7,689 and $6,505 purchased from related parties for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021)		116,289		91,439
Gross profit		20,918		16,792
Gain on other sales		2,290		487
Less: Operating expenses
Selling expenses		3,978		4,802
General and administrative expenses		4,893		6,174
Research and development expenses		9,450		5,712
Total operating expenses		18,321		16,688
Income from operations		4,887		591
Other income, net		744		2,407
Interest expense		(384)		(255)
Financial income/(expense), net		4,760		(821)
Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies		10,007		1,922
Less: Income taxes		899		2,441
Add: Equity in (loss)/earnings of affiliated companies		(1,101)		251
Net income/(loss)		8,007		(268)
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		529		42
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		(8)		(7)
Net income/(loss) attributable to parent company’s common shareholders	$	7,470	$	(317)
Comprehensive income:
Net income/(loss)	$	8,007	$	(268)
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation loss, net of tax		(18,705)		(1,338)
Comprehensive loss		(10,698)		(1,606)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests		(604)		(40)
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		(8)		(7)
Comprehensive loss attributable to parent company	$	(10,102)	$	(1,573)
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders per share -
Basic	$	0.24	$	(0.01)
Diluted	$	0.24	$	(0.01)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding -
Basic		30,637,876		30,851,776
Diluted		30,640,260		30,851,776

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

4

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Net product sales ($31,343 and $47,016 sold to related parties for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021)	$	400,764	$	359,176
Cost of products sold ($21,725 and $21,916 purchased from related parties for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021)		342,401		306,807
Gross profit		58,363		52,369
Gain on other sales		5,326		2,528
Less: Operating expenses
Selling expenses		12,358		14,857
General and administrative expenses		15,309		16,852
Research and development expenses		25,473		18,318
Total operating expenses		53,140		50,027
Income from operations		10,549		4,870
Other income, net		7,067		5,636
Interest expense		(1,156)		(892)
Financial income/(expense), net		9,318		(878)
Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies		25,778		8,736
Less: Income taxes expense		5,013		3,280
Add: Equity in (loss)/earnings of affiliated companies		(2,674)		435
Net income		18,091		5,891
Less: Net income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		1,229		(219)
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		(23)		(21)
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders	$	16,839	$	6,089
Comprehensive income:
Net income	$	18,091	$	5,891
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation (loss)/income, net of tax		(36,323)		1,977
Comprehensive (loss)/income		(18,232)		7,868
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests		(957)		(92)
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		(23)		(21)
Comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to parent company	$	(17,298)	$	7,939
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders per share -
Basic	$	0.55	$	0.20
Diluted	$	0.55	$	0.20
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding -
Basic		30,778,336		30,851,776
Diluted		30,779,883		30,855,967
Share-based compensation included in operating expense above is as follows:
General and administrative expenses		—		88

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

5

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	100,712	$	131,695
Pledged cash		31,033		27,804
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties		199,636		195,729
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties		8,919		14,607
Inventories		104,629		116,493
Other current assets		43,251		15,052
Total current assets		488,180		501,380
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net		104,877		127,721
Land use rights, net		9,439		10,732
Long-term investments		52,755		36,966
Other non-current assets		19,642		39,963
Total assets	$	674,893	$	716,762
LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Short-term loans	$	44,208	$	47,592
Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties		197,610		214,590
Accounts and notes payable - related parties		12,578		13,464
Accrued expenses and other payables		48,321		50,332
Other current liabilities		32,058		25,838
Total current liabilities		334,775		351,816
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term tax payable		15,805		21,075
Long term loans		532		—
Other non-current liabilities		6,140		6,430
Total liabilities	$	357,252	$	379,321
Commitments and Contingencies (See Note 22)
Mezzanine equity:
Redeemable non-controlling interests		575		553
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value - Authorized - 80,000,000 shares; Issued – 32,338,302 and 32,338,302 shares as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	$	3	$	3
Additional paid-in capital		63,731		63,731
Retained earnings-
Appropriated		11,481		11,481
Unappropriated		243,202		226,363
Accumulated other comprehensive income		(9,420)		24,717
Treasury stock – 1,938,129 and 1,486,526 shares as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		(6,828)		(5,261)
Total parent company stockholders’ equity		302,169		321,034
Non-controlling interests		14,897		15,854
Total stockholders’ equity		317,066		336,888
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and stockholders’ equity	$	674,893	$	716,762

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

6

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	18,091	$	5,891
Adjustments to reconcile net income from operations to net cash provided by operating activities:
Share-based compensation		—		88
Depreciation and amortization		17,402		19,686
Provision of credit losses		602		1,644
Deferred income taxes		2,880		2,573
Equity in loss/(earnings) of affiliated companies		2,674		(435)
Loss on fixed assets disposals		35		71
(Increase)/decrease in:
Accounts and notes receivable		(21,616)		6,631
Inventories		115		(17,500)
Other current assets		(3,748)		(129)
Increase/(decrease) in:
Accounts and notes payable		5,795		(11,506)
Accrued expenses and other payables		3,004		(2,325)
Long-term taxes payable		(2,809)		(2,809)
Other current liabilities		9,252		(7,462)
Other non-current liabilities		—		(285)
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities		31,677		(5,867)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Decrease/(increase) in demand loans included in other non-current assets		288		(357)
Repayment of loan from a related party		—		154
Cash received from property, plant and equipment sales		1,143		252
Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment (including $2,632 and $929 paid to related parties for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively)		(11,842)		(5,344)
Payments to acquire intangible assets		(68)		(505)
Investment under the equity method		(12,802)		(308)
Purchase of short-term investments		(79,311)		(46,212)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments		55,944		40,016
Cash received from long-term investment		3,986		10,116
Net cash used in investing activities		(42,662)		(2,188)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from bank loans		43,616		42,700
Repayments of bank loans		(41,465)		(44,854)
Repayments of the borrowing for sale and leaseback transaction		(1,130)		(3,328)
Repurchase of common shares		(1,567)		—
Acquisition of non-controlling interest		—		(538)
Net cash used in financing activities		(546)		(6,020)
Effects of exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash		(16,223)		1,015
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash		(27,754)		(13,060)
Cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash at beginning of the period		159,499		128,061
Cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash at end of the period	$	131,745	$	115,001

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

7

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

1.           Organization and business

China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name Visions-In-Glass, Inc. China Automotive, including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components, as described below.

Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance in Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support accordingly.

The Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following subsidiaries organized in the People’s Republic of China, the “PRC,” and Brazil as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

	Percentage Interest
	September 30,		December 31,
Name of Entity	2022		2021
Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd., “Jiulong” 1	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Henglong” 2	100.00	%	100.00	%
Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Shenyang” 3	70.00	%	70.00	%
Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., “Jielong” 4	85.00	%	85.00	%
Wuhu Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Wuhu” 5	100.00	%	77.33	%
Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., “Hubei Henglong” 6	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, “Testing Center” 7	100.00	%	100.00	%
Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Chongqing Henglong” 8	70.00	%	70.00	%
CAAS Brazil’s Imports and Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong” 9	95.84	%	95.84	%
Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie” 10	85.00	%	85.00	%
Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong” 11	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Qingyan Intelligent Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Qingyan”12	—		60.00	%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”13	66.60	%	66.60	%
Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”14	51.00	%	51.00	%
Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”15	62.00	%	62.00	%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”16	100.00	%	100.00	%

1. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gears for heavy-duty vehicles.

2. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gears for cars and light duty vehicles.

3. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles.

4. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automotive steering columns.

5. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems. In April 2021, the Company obtained an additional 22.67% equity interest in Wuhu for total consideration of RMB 6.9 million, equivalent to approximately $1.1 million, from the other shareholder. The Company retained its controlling interest in Wuhu and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

8

6. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

7. In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products.

8. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts.

9. On August 21, 2012, Brazil Henglong was established as a Sino-foreign joint venture company by Hubei Henglong and two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

10. In May 2014, together with Hubei Wanlong, Jielong formed a subsidiary, Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie”, which mainly engages in research and development, manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts. Wuhan Chuguanjie is located in Wuhan, China.

11. In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong”, which mainly engages in the design and sales of automotive electronics.

12. In November 2017, Hubei Henglong formed Jingzhou Qingyan Intelligent Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Qingyan”, which mainly engages in the research and development of intelligent automotive technology. Jingzhou Qingyan deregistered from the local business administration on June 22, 2022.

13. In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

14. In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.

15. In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. Hubei Henglong owns 62.0% of the shares of Wuhu Hongrun and has consolidated it since its establishment.

16. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

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2.           Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

(a) Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. The details of subsidiaries are disclosed in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions in Regulation S-X. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by such accounting principles for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but in the opinion of the Company’s management, contain all necessary adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the interim periods presented.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 is derived from the Company’s audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The results of operations for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2022.

Estimation - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currencies - China Automotive, the parent company, and HLUSA maintain their books and records in United States Dollars, “USD,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries based in the PRC and Genesis maintain their books and records in Renminbi, “RMB,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiary based in Brazil maintains its books and records in Brazilian real, “BRL,” its functional currency. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 830, foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date for monetary items. Nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expenses are remeasured at the rate in effect on the transaction dates. Transaction gains and losses, if any, are included in the determination of net income for the period.

(b) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-10 Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021. ASU 2021-10 requires business entities to disclose information in the notes to the financial statements about certain types of government assistance. The annual disclosure requirements apply to transactions with a government that are accounted for by analogizing to either a grant model or a contribution model. We plan to adopt ASU 2020-10 when we issue our annual financial statements. We do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

(c) Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no updates to the significant accounting policies set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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3.           Accounts and notes receivable, net

The Company’s accounts and notes receivable, net as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts receivable - unrelated parties	$	142,344	$	146,362
Notes receivable - unrelated parties		67,886		61,328
Total accounts and notes receivable - unrelated parties		210,230		207,690
Less: allowance for credit losses - unrelated parties		(10,594)		(11,961)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties		199,636		195,729
Accounts and notes receivable - related parties		10,268		15,505
Less: allowance for credit losses - related parties		(1,349)		(898)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties		8,919		14,607
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$	208,555	$	210,336

Notes receivable represent accounts receivable in the form of bills of exchange for which acceptances are guaranteed and settlements are handled by banks.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company pledged its notes receivable in amounts of $10.6 million and $18.2 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity (See Note 8).

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable reversed, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of cash operations, amounted to $0.12 million for the three months ended September 30,2022.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $1.3 million and $1.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 41.9% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 17.8%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 43.6% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 21.6%. As of September 30, 2022, approximately 6.8% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer.

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 43.0% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 17.1%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 39.2% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 17.3%. As of September 30, 2021, approximately 9.0% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer and there was no individual customer with a receivables balance of more than 10% of total accounts receivable.

4.           Inventories

The Company’s inventories as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Raw materials	$	32,089	$	33,583
Work in process		9,105		9,415
Finished goods		63,435		73,495
Total	$	104,629	$	116,493

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The Company recorded $1.2 million and $0.7 million of inventory write-down to cost of products sold for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $3.8 million and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

5.           Long-term investments

The Company’s long-term investments as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Sentient AB(1)	$	21,387	$	—
Chongqing Venture Fund(2)		12,528		17,530
Hubei Venture Fund (3)		7,456		9,665
Suzhou Venture Fund (4)		5,272		7,413
Suzhou Qingshan (5)		4,132		—
Henglong Tianyu		772		913
Chongqing Jinghua		575		642
Jiangsu Intelligent		633		803
Total	$	52,755	$	36,966

(1) In June 2021, Hubei Henglong entered into a share purchase agreement with Jingzhou WiseDawn Electric Car Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou WiseDawn”. In accordance with the agreement, CAAS would purchase 200 shares (representing 40% of Sentient AB’s share capital) from Jingzhou WiseDawn for total consideration of RMB 155.2 million, equivalent to approximately $24.5 million at prevailing rate. The transaction was completed in March 2022. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, the Company has the right to appoint two directors to the board of directors, so it can exercise significant influence over Sentient AB. Therefore, the investment is accounted for using the equity method. As of September 30, 2022, the Company has paid RMB 141.0 million, equivalent to approximately $21.62 million, and the remaining consideration of RMB 14.2 million, equivalent to approximately $2.0 million, will be paid in the remaining period of 2022.

(2) In January, February and August 2022, Chongqing Venture Fund made distributions that were proportional to each owner’s allocated share of the fund, pursuant to which Hubei Henglong received $1.0 million in aggregate.

(3) In January 2022, Hubei Venture Fund made distributions that were proportional to each owner’s allocated share of the fund, pursuant to which Hubei Henglong received $1.2 million.

(4) In February and August 2022, Suzhou Venture Fund made distributions that were proportional to each owner’s allocated share of the fund, pursuant to which Hubei Henglong received $1.8 million.

(5) In January 2022, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Qingshan Zhiyuan Venture Capital Fund L.P., “Suzhou Qingshan”. As of September 30, 2022, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.7 million, to purchase 22.56% of Suzhou Qingshan’s equity. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has virtually no influence over Suzhou Qingshan’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method.

The condensed financial information of the Company’s significant equity investees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, including Chongqing Venture Fund, is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenue	$	—	$	3,811	$	—	$	5,937
Gross profit		—		3,811		—		5,937
(Loss)/income from continuing operations		(2,395)		3,805		(17,389)		5,318
Net (loss)/income	$	(2,395)		3,805	$	(17,389)		5,318

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6.           Property, plant and equipment, net

The Company’s property, plant and equipment, net as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Costs:
Buildings	$	64,353	$	69,554
Machinery and equipment		230,705		253,245
Electronic equipment		6,409		6,887
Motor vehicles		4,622		5,121
Construction in progress		4,435		6,583
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		310,523		341,390
Less: Accumulated depreciation (1)		(205,647)		(213,669)
Total amount of property, plant and equipment, net (2)(3)	$	104,877	$	127,721

(1) Depreciation charges were $5.2 million and $6.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $16.7 million and $19.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2) As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company pledged property, plant and equipment with net book value of approximately $44.2 million and $54.7 million, respectively, as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China.

(3) Interest costs capitalized for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were $0.03 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and $0.11 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

7.           Loans

Loans consist of the following as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Short-term bank loans (1)	$	44,208	$	47,592
Long-term bank loans (2)		532		—
Total bank loans		44,740		47,592

(1) The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. The total credit facility amount was $143.7 million and $116.8 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has drawn down loans with an aggregate amount of $44.2 million and $47.6 million, respectively. The weighted average interest rate was 3.1% and 3.6%, respectively.

(2) The Company borrowed a total of RMB 4.0 million from Chongqing Bank loans from April to September 2022, equivalent to approximately $0.6 million. These loans are due for repayment from March to April, 2025 with an interest rate of 3.85% per annum. In accordance with the loan agreement, the Company should repay the principal of RMB 100,000, equivalent to approximately $14,900, every six months starting on April 14, 2022.

The Company must use the loans for the purpose as prescribed in the loan contracts. If the Company fails to do so, it will be charged penalty interest and/or trigger early repayment. The Company complied with such financial covenants as of September 30, 2022.

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8.           Accounts and notes payable

The Company’s accounts and notes payable as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts payable - unrelated parties	$	129,709	$	132,593
Notes payable - unrelated parties (1)		67,901		81,997
Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties		197,610		214,590
Accounts and notes payable - related parties		12,578		13,464
Total	$	210,188	$	228,054

(1) Notes payable represent payables in the form of notes issued by the bank. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has pledged cash of $31.0 million and $27.8 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has pledged notes receivable of $10.6 million and $18.2 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity. The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has used $31.7 million and $33.6 million, respectively, for issuing bank notes.

9.           Accrued expenses and other payables

The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Warranty reserves(1)	$	34,526	$	36,572
Payable for the investment in Sentient AB (See Note 5)		2,004		—
Accrued expenses		8,024		5,596
Current portion of other long-term payable (See Note 10)		—		1,115
Payables for overseas transportation and custom clearance		—		4,548
Dividends payable to holders of non-controlling interests		423		471
Accrued interest		287		507
Other payables		3,057		1,523
Balance at end of year/period	$	48,321	$	50,332

(1) The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties when the products are sold. Such estimates of product warranties are based on, among other things, historical experience, product changes, material expenses, services and transportation expenses arising from the manufactured products. Estimates will be adjusted on the basis of actual claims and circumstances.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	35,028	$	36,537	$	36,572	$	36,215
Additions during the period		4,712		4,551		11,685		12,249
Settlement within the period		(3,255)		(4,022)		(9,909)		(11,752)
Foreign currency translation gain		(1,959)		(145)		(3,822)		209
Balance at end of the period	$	34,526	$	36,921	$	34,526	$	36,921

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10.         Other long-term payable

On January 31, 2018, the Company entered into an equipment sales agreement with a third party (the “buyer-lessor”) and simultaneously entered into a four-year contract to lease back the equipment from the buyer-lessor. The carrying value of the equipment was RMB 91.3 million (equivalent to $12.9 million as of September 30, 2022) and the sales price was RMB 100.0 million (equivalent to $14.1 million as of September 30, 2022). Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the Company is required to pay to the buyer-lessor lease payments over four years with a quarterly lease payment of approximately $1.1 million and is entitled to obtain the ownership of this equipment at a nominal price upon the expiration of the lease. The Company is of the view that the transaction does not qualify as a sale. Therefore, the transaction was accounted for as a financing transaction by the Company. As of September 30, 2022, the payables have been fully paid.

11.         Redeemable non-controlling interests

In September 2020, one of the Company’s subsidiaries issued shares to Hubei Venture Fund amounting to $0.7 million. The shares will be transferred to the Company and the other shareholder of the subsidiary on a pro rata basis at the holder’s option if the subsidiary fails to complete a qualified IPO in a pre-agreed period of time after their issuance with a transfer price of par plus 6% per year. $0.5 million of the shares are subject to purchase by the Company and are therefore accounted for as redeemable non-controlling interests in mezzanine equity and are accreted to the redemption value over the period starting from the issuance date.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized accretion of $0.008 million and $0.023 million, respectively, to the redemption value of the shares over the period starting from the issuance date with a corresponding reduction to retained earnings.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized accretion of $0.007 million and $0.021 million, respectively, to the redemption value of the shares over the period starting from the issuance date with a corresponding reduction to retained earnings.

12.         Additional paid-in capital

The Company’s positions in respect of the amounts of additional paid-in capital for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	64,273
Share-based compensation		—		—		—		88
Acquisition of the non-controlling interest in Wuhu		—		—		—		(630)
Balance at end of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731

13.         Retained earnings

Appropriated

Pursuant to the relevant PRC laws, the profits distribution of the Company’s subsidiaries, which are based on their PRC statutory financial statements, are available for distribution in the form of cash dividends after these subsidiaries have paid all relevant PRC tax liabilities, provided for losses in previous years, and made appropriations to statutory surplus at 10% of their respective after-tax profits each year. When the statutory surplus reserve reaches 50% of the registered capital of a company, no additional reserve is required. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, no statutory reserve was appropriated by the subsidiaries in China.

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of appropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	11,481	$	11,303	$	11,481	$	11,303
Balance at end of the period	$	11,481	$	11,303	$	11,481	$	11,303

15

Unappropriated

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the unappropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	235,732	$	221,897	$	226,363	$	215,491
Net income attributable to parent company		7,478		(310)		16,862		6,110
Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interests		(8)		(7)		(23)		(21)
Balance at end of the period	$	243,202	$	221,580	$	243,202	$	221,580

14.         Accumulated other comprehensive income

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	8,152	$	20,519	$	24,717	$	17,413
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company		(17,572)		(1,256)		(34,137)		1,850
Balance at end of the period	$	(9,420)	$	19,263	$	(9,420)	$	19,263

15.         Treasury stock

Treasury stock represents shares repurchased by the Company that are no longer outstanding and are held by the Company. Treasury stock is accounted for under the cost method. On March 29, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company was permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing market prices not to exceed $4.00 per share through March 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had repurchased 451,603 shares of the Company’s common stock under the program. The repurchased shares are presented as “treasury stock” on the balance sheet.

16.         Non-controlling interests

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the non-controlling interests’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	15,501	$	15,674	$	15,854	$	16,170
Net income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		529		42		1,229		(219)
Acquisition of the non-controlling interest in Wuhu		—		—		—		(444)
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interests		(1,133)		(82)		(2,186)		127
Balance at end of the period	$	14,897	$	15,634	$	14,897	$	15,634

17.         Net product sales

Revenue Disaggregation

Management has concluded that the disaggregation level is the same under both the revenue standard and the segment reporting standard. Please refer to Note 24.

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Payment to customer

The Company accounts for consideration payable to a customer as a reduction of revenue at the later of revenue recognition and the Company’s promise to pay the consideration.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets, such as costs to obtain or fulfill contracts, are an insignificant component of the Company’s revenue recognition process. The majority of the Company’s cost of fulfillment as a manufacturer of products is classified as inventory, fixed assets and intangible assets, which are accounted for under the respective guidance for those asset types. Other costs of contract fulfillment are immaterial due to the nature of the Company’s products and their respective manufacturing processes.

Contract liabilities are mainly customer deposits. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has customer deposits of $3.7 million and $2.4 million, respectively, which were included in other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, $4.3 million was received and $3.0 million (including $2.4 million from the beginning balance of customer deposits) was recognized as net product sales revenue. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, $1.5 million was received and $0.2 million (including $0.2 million from the beginning balance of customer deposits) was recognized as net product sales revenue. Customer deposits represent non-refundable cash deposits for customers to secure rights to an amount of products produced by the Company under supply agreements. When the products are shipped to customers, the Company will recognize revenue and bill the customers to reduce the amount of the customer deposit liability.

18.         Financial income/(expense), net

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded financial income/(expense), net which is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Interest income	$	340	$	227	$	903	$	748
Foreign exchange gain/(loss), net		4,453		(1,015)		8,688		(1,293)
Bank charges		(33)		(33)		(273)		(333)
Total financial income/(expense), net	$	4,760	$	(821)	$	9,318	$	(878)

19.         Income per share

Basic income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and dilutive ordinary share equivalents outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options is determined based on the treasury stock method.

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	7,470	$	(317)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,637,876		30,851,776
Dilutive effects of stock options		2,384		—
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,640,260		30,851,776
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Basic	$	0.24	$	(0.01)
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.24	$	(0.01)

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The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	16,839	$	6,089
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,778,336		30,851,776
Dilutive effects of stock options		1,547		4,191
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,779,883		30,855,967
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Basic	$	0.55	$	0.20
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.55	$	0.20

As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the exercise prices for 30,000 and 37,500 outstanding stock options were above the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Therefore, these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented.

As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the exercise prices for 30,000 and 30,000 outstanding stock options were above the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Therefore, these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented.

20.         Significant concentrations

A significant portion of the Company’s business is conducted in China where the currency is the RMB. Regulations in China permit foreign owned entities to freely convert the RMB into foreign currency for transactions that fall under the “current account”, which includes trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Accordingly, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries may use RMB to purchase foreign currency for settlement of such “current account” transactions without pre-approval.

China Automotive, the parent company, may depend on dividend payments from Genesis and HLUSA, which are generated from their subsidiaries in China, “China-based Subsidiaries,” after they receive payments from the China-based Subsidiaries. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Under PRC law China-based Subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to their general reserves until the cumulative amount reaches 50% of their paid-in capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, or as loans or advances. These foreign-invested enterprises may also allocate a portion of their after-tax profits, at the discretion of their boards of directors, to their staff welfare and bonus funds. Any amounts so allocated may not be distributed and, accordingly, would not be available for distribution to Genesis and HLUSA.

The PRC government also imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currencies out of China. The China-based Subsidiaries may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currencies. If China Automotive is unable to receive dividend payments from its subsidiaries, including the China-based subsidiaries, China Automotive may be unable to effectively finance its operations or pay dividends on its shares.

Transactions other than those that fall under the “current account” and that involve conversion of RMB into foreign currency are classified as “capital account” transactions; examples of “capital account” transactions include repatriations of investment by or loans to foreign owners, or direct equity investments in a foreign entity by a China domiciled entity. “Capital account” transactions require prior approval from China’s State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its provincial branch to convert a remittance into a foreign currency, such as U.S. Dollars, and transmit the foreign currency outside of China.

18

This system could be changed at any time and any such change may affect the ability of the Company or its subsidiaries in China to repatriate capital or profits, if any, outside China. Furthermore, SAFE has a significant degree of administrative discretion in implementing the laws and has used this discretion to limit convertibility of current account payments out of China. Whether as a result of a deterioration in the Chinese balance of payments, a shift in the Chinese macroeconomic prospects or any number of other reasons, China could impose additional restrictions on capital remittances abroad. As a result of these and other restrictions under the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, or the PRC, the Company’s China subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the parent. The Company has no assurance that the relevant Chinese governmental authorities in the future will not limit further or eliminate the ability of the Company’s China subsidiaries to purchase foreign currencies and transfer such funds to the Company to meet its liquidity or other business needs. Any inability to access funds in China, if and when needed for use by the Company outside of China, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and its business.

21.         Related party transactions and balances

Related party transactions are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Related party sales

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	11,181	$	14,691
Materials and others sold to related parties		646		365
Rental income obtained from related parties		114		132
Total	$	11,941	$	15,188

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	31,343	$	47,016
Materials and others sold to related parties		2,222		1,313
Rental income obtained from related parties		359		373
Total	$	33,924	$	48,702

Related party purchases

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Materials purchased from related parties	$	7,689	$	6,505
Equipment purchased from related parties		831		537
Service purchased from related parties		330		831
Total	$	8,850	$	7,873

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Materials purchased from related parties	$	21,725	$	21,916
Equipment purchased from related parties		1,951		1,917
Service purchased from related parties		487		831
Others purchased from related parties		—		11
Total	$	24,163	$	24,675

Related party investment transaction

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Equity interest purchase from related parties	$	23,618	$	—

19

Related party receivables

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts and notes receivable, net from related parties	$	8,919	$	14,607
Other receivables, net from related parties		16		—
Total	$	8,935	$	14,607

Related party advance payments

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment to related parties	$	1,560	$	810
Advance payments and others to related parties		682		600
Total	$	2,242	$	1,410

Related party payables

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts and notes payable to related parties	$	12,578	$	13,464
Accrued expenses and other payables to related parties		2,004		—
Total	$	14,582	$	13,464

These transactions were consummated under similar terms as those with the Company’s third-party customers and suppliers.

As of November 14, 2022, Hanlin Chen, the chairman of the board of directors of the Company, owns 59.1% of the common stock of the Company and has the effective power to control the vote on substantially all significant matters without the approval of other stockholders.

22.         Commitments and contingencies

Legal proceedings

The Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings and no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation.

Other commitments and contingencies

In addition to the bank loans, notes payables, the related interest and other payables, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of September 30, 2022 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Payment obligations by period
	2022		2023		2024		Thereafter		Total
Obligations for investment contracts (1)	$	—	$	4,225	$	—	$	—	$	4,225
Obligations for purchasing and service agreements		10,335		19,435		—		—		29,770
Total	$	10,335	$	23,660	$	—	$	—	$	33,995

(1) In January 2022, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties and committed to purchase 27.78% of the shares of Suzhou Qingshan for total consideration of RMB 60.0 million, equivalent to approximately $9.5 million at prevailing rate. As of September 30, 2022, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.7 million. According to the agreement, the remaining consideration of RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.2 million, will be paid in 2023.

23.         Off-balance sheet arrangements

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any significant transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

20

24.         Segment reporting

The accounting policies of the product sectors (each entity manufactures and sells different products and represents a different product sector) are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies disclosed in the Company’s 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K except that the disaggregated financial results for the product sectors have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for the purposes of assisting them in making internal operating decisions. Generally, the Company evaluates performance based on stand-alone product sector operating income and accounts for inter-segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties, at current market prices. Each product sector is considered a reporting segment.

As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company had 15 product sectors, seven of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Wuhu, Henglong KYB, Hubei Henglong and Brazil Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other eight sectors were engaged in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials (Wuhu Hongrun), R&D services (Changchun Hualong), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after-sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong), manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts (Wuhan Chuguanjie), research and development of intelligent automotive technology (Jingzhou Qingyan) and manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems (Wuhan Hyoseong).

The Company’s product sector information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Henglong	$	62,590	$	39,937	$	1,996	$	(1,820)
Jiulong		16,986		17,127		196		126
Shenyang		2,930		3,659		(300)		(251)
Wuhu		11,831		7,878		16		6
Hubei Henglong		29,525		31,023		3,116		563
Henglong KYB		36,995		19,095		1,760		485
Brazil Henglong		11,510		7,576		188		566
Other Entities		20,061		16,880		1,637		461
Total Segments		192,428		143,175		8,609		136
Corporate		—		—		(211)		(172)
Eliminations		(55,221)		(34,944)		(391)		(232)
Total	$	137,207	$	108,231	$	8,007	$	(268)

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Nine Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Henglong	$	177,401	$	138,151	$	5,680	$	(877)
Jiulong		53,071		76,248		(3,219)		650
Shenyang		8,998		11,988		(625)		186
Wuhu		30,695		17,598		70		117
Hubei Henglong		100,744		98,338		7,939		1,893
Henglong KYB		87,815		53,961		3,927		(72)
Brazil Henglong		30,471		19,660		1,741		2,900
Other Entities		58,669		47,587		4,431		2,570
Total Segments		547,864		463,531		19,944		7,367
Corporate		—		—		(632)		(1,221)
Eliminations		(147,100)		(104,355)		(1,221)		(255)
Total	$	400,764	$	359,176	$	18,091	$	5,891

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ITEM 2.        MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and the other financial information contained elsewhere in this Report.

General Overview

China Automotive Systems, Inc. is a leading power steering systems supplier for the China automobile industry. The Company has business relationships with more than sixty vehicle manufacturers, including China’s top ranking domestic automobile manufacturers such as JAC motors, Changan Automobile Group, BAIC Group, Dongfeng Group, Brilliance Jinbei, Chery, BYD and Zhejiang Geely as well as Sino-foreign or foreign automobile manufacturer such as General Motors, Citroen, Fiat Chrysler North America and Ford. Starting in 2008, the Company has supplied power steering gears to the Sino-foreign joint ventures established by GM, Citroen and Volkswagen in China. The Company has supplied power steering gear to Fiat Chrysler North America since 2009 and to Ford Motor Company since 2016.

Most of the Company’s production and research and development institutes are located in China. As of September 30, 2022, the Company has approximately 4,288 employees dedicated to design, development, manufacture and sales of its products. By leveraging its extensive experience, innovative technology and geographic strengths, the Company aims to grow leading positions in automotive power steering systems and to further improve overall margins, long-term operating profitability and cash flows. To achieve these goals and to respond to industry factors and trends, the Company is continuing its work to improve its operations and business structure and achieve profitable growth.

In addition, as a result of COVID-19, the Company’s businesses, results of operations, financial position and cash flows had been affected in the first three quarters of 2022, with the Company commencing its 2022 operations in March of 2022. However, because of the significant uncertainties surrounding COVID-19, which are still evolving, the extent of the business disruption, including the duration and the related financial impact on subsequent periods cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Our business operations have been and may continue to be materially and adversely affected by the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Corporate Structure

The Company, through its subsidiaries, engages in the manufacture and sales of automotive systems and components. Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the holding company of the Company’s joint ventures in the PRC. Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support. CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong,” was established by Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Hubei Henglong,” as a Sino-foreign joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens in Brazil in August 2012. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction. Fujian Qiaolong was acquired by the Company in the second quarter of 2014, as a joint venture company that mainly manufactures and distributes drainage and rescue vehicles with mass flow, drainage vehicles with vertical downhole operation, crawler-type mobile pump stations,high-altitude water supply and discharge drainage vehicles, long-range control crawler-type mobile pump stations and other vehicles, which was disposed of by the Company in the second quarter of 2016. USAI was established in 2005, and the Company and Hubei Wanlong owned 83.34% and 16.66%, respectively. In May 2020, USAI merged with and into Wuhan Chuguanjie, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wuhan Jielong, and it deregistered from the local business administration on April 28, 2020. Following the merger, 85.0% of Wuhan Chuguanjie was owned by the Company and 15.0% was owned by Hubei Wanlong. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.00% of the shares of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.20 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts. Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun” was formed in December 2019, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. In April 2021, the Company obtained an additional 22.67% equity interest in Wuhu, for total consideration of RMB 6.9 million, equivalent to approximately $1.1 million, from the other shareholder. Following the acquisition, the Company owned 100% of the equity interests of Wuhu Henglong. Jingzhou Qingyan deregistered from the local business administration on June 22, 2022.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

The Company prepares its condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management periodically evaluates the estimates and judgments made. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates as a result of different assumptions or conditions. The following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company considers an accounting estimate to be critical if:

● It requires the Company to make assumptions about matters that were uncertain at the time it was making the estimate, and

● Changes in the estimate or different estimates that the Company could have selected would have had a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

The table below presents information about the nature and rationale for the Company’s critical accounting estimates:

Balance Sheet Caption	Critical Estimate Item	Nature of Estimates Required	Assumptions/Approaches Used	Key Factors
Accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities	Warranty obligations	Estimating warranty requires the Company to forecast the resolution of existing claims and expected future claims on products sold. OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) are increasingly seeking to hold suppliers responsible for product warranties, which may impact the Company’s exposure to these costs.	The Company bases its estimate on historical trends of units sold and payment amounts, combined with its current understanding of the status of existing claims and discussions with its customers.	OEM sourcing OEM policy decisions regarding warranty claims
Property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and other long-term assets	Valuation of long- lived assets and investments	The Company is required from time to time to review the recoverability of certain of its assets based on projections of anticipated future cash flows, including future profitability assessments of various product lines.	The Company estimates cash flows using internal budgets based on recent sales data, independent automotive production volume estimates and customer commitments.	Future production estimates Customer preferences and decisions
Accounts receivable	Allowance for doubtful accounts	The Company is required from time to time to review the credit of customers and make timely provision of allowance for doubtful accounts.	The Company estimates the collectability of the receivables based on the future cash flows using historical experiences.	Customer credit
Inventory	Write-down of inventory	The Company is required from time to time to review the cash ability of inventory based on projections of anticipated future cash flows, including write-down of inventory for prices that are higher than market price and undesirable inventories.	The Company estimates cash flows using internal budgets based on recent sales data, independent automotive production volume estimates and customer commitments.	Future production estimates Customer preferences and decisions
Deferred income taxes	Recoverability of deferred tax assets	The Company is required to estimate whether recoverability of its deferred tax assets is more likely than not based on forecasts of taxable earnings in the related tax jurisdiction.	The Company uses historical and projected future operating results, based upon approved business plans, including a review of the eligible carry forward period, tax planning opportunities and other relevant considerations.	Tax law changes Variances in future projected profitability, including by taxing entity

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of Part I of this report.

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Results of Operations - Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

Selected highlights from our results of operations are as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars):

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		Change		Change %
Net product sales	$	137,207	$	108,231	$	28,976	26.8	%
Cost of products sold		116,289		91,439		24,850	27.2
Gain on other sales		2,290		487		1,803	370.2
Selling expenses		3,978		4,802		(824)	(17.2)
General and administrative expenses		4,893		6,174		(1,281)	(20.7)
Research and development expenses		9,450		5,712		3,738	65.4
Other income		744		2,407		(1,663)	(69.1)
Interest expense		(384)		(255)		(129)	50.6
Financial income/(expense), net		4,760		(821)		5,581	679.8
Income taxes		899		2,441		(1,542)	(63.2)
Net income/(loss)		8,007		(268)		8,275	3,087.7
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		529		42		487	1,159.5
Net income/(loss) attributable to parent company’s common shareholders		7,470		(317)		7,787	(2,456.5)	%

Net Product Sales and Cost of Products Sold

	Net Product Sales								Cost of Products Sold
	(in thousands of USD,								(in thousands of USD,
	except percentages)								except percentages)
	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change
Henglong	$	62,590	$	39,937		22,653	56.7	%		59,006	$	37,800		21,206	56.1	%
Jiulong		16,986		17,127		(141)	(0.8)			14,584		15,483		(899)	(5.8)
Shenyang		2,930		3,659		(729)	(19.9)			2,765		3,095		(330)	(10.7)
Wuhu		11,831		7,878		3,953	50.2			11,121		7,436		3,685	49.6
Hubei Henglong		29,525		31,023		(1,498)	(4.8)			24,384		25,111		(727)	(2.9)
Henglong KYB		36,995		19,095		17,900	93.7			32,669		17,163		15,506	90.3
Brazil Henglong		11,510		7,576		3,934	51.9			9,948		6,419		3,529	55.0
Other Entities		20,061		16,880		3,181	18.8			15,557		13,405		2,152	16.0
Total Segments		192,428		143,175		49,253	34.4			170,034		125,912		44,122	35.0
Elimination		(55,221)		(34,944)		(20,277)	58.0			(53,745)		(34,473)		(19,272)	55.9
Total	$	137,207	$	108,231		28,976	26.8	%	$	116,289	$	91,439		24,850	27.2	%

Net Product Sales

Net product sales were $137.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $108.2 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $29.0 million, or 26.8%, mainly due to the Company’s increased sales of electric power steering.

Net sales of traditional steering products and parts were $92.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $78.8 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $13.6 million, or 17.3%. Net sales of electric power steering (“EPS”) were $44.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and $29.4 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $15.4 million, or 52.4%. As a percentage of net sales, sales of EPS were 32.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 27.2% for the same period in 2021.

The increase in net product sales was due to the effects of three major factors: i) the increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $27.2 million; ii) the increase in average selling price of steering gears led to a sales increase of $8.8 million; and iii) the depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar in this quarter compared to the same quarter last year resulted in a sales decrease of $7.0 million.

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Further analysis by segment (before elimination) is as follows:

● Henglong mainly engages in providing passenger vehicle steering systems. Net product sales for Henglong were $62.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared with $39.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase of $22.7 million, or 56.7%. An increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $22.3 million, an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $2.4 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $2.0 million.

● Jiulong mainly engages in providing commercial vehicle steering systems. Net product sales for Jiulong were $17.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared with $17.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, representing a decrease of $0.1 million. A decrease in sales volume led to a sales decrease of $2.5 million, an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $3.2 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $0.8 million.

● Shenyang mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Automobile Co., Ltd. (“Jinbei”), one of the major automotive manufacturers in China. Net product sales for Shenyang were $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $3.7 million for the same period in 2021, representing a decrease of $0.7 million, or 19.9%. A decrease in sales volume led to a sales decrease of $1.5 million, an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $0.9 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $0.1 million.

● Wuhu mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Chery Automobile Co., Ltd. (“Chery”), one of the major automotive manufacturers in China. Net product sales for Wuhu were $11.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $7.9 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $4.0 million, or 50.2%. An increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $3.8 million, an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $0.5 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $0.3 million.

● Hubei Henglong mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Chrysler and Ford. Net product sales for Hubei Henglong were $29.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared with $31.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, representing a decrease of $1.5 million, or 4.8%. An increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $0.1 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $1.6 million.

● Henglong KYB mainly engages in providing passenger EPS products. Net product sales for Henglong KYB were $37.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared with $19.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase of $17.9 million, or 93.7%. An increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $15.6 million, an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $3.3 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $1.0 million.

● Net product sales for Brazil Henglong were $11.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $7.6 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $3.9 million, or 51.9%, mainly caused by increases in sales volume.

● Net product sales for other entities were $20.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $16.9 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $3.2 million, or 18.8%, mainly caused by increases in sales of Jielong.

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Cost of Products Sold

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the cost of products sold was $116.3 million, compared to $91.4 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $24.9 million, or 27.2%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to the effect of the following major factors: i) the increase in sales volume led to a cost of sales increase of $22.4 million; ii) an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $8.6 million; and iii) the depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulted in a cost of sales decrease of $6.1 million. Further analysis is as follows:

● Cost of products sold for Henglong was $59.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $37.8 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $21.2 million, or 56.1%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $19.6 million, an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $3.6 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $2.0 million.

● Cost of products sold for Jiulong was $14.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $15.5 million for the same period of 2021, representing a decrease of $0.9 million, or 5.8%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to a decrease in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $2.2 million, an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $2.1 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.8 million.

● Cost of products sold for Shenyang was $2.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $3.1 million for the same period of 2021, representing a decrease of $0.3 million, or 10.7%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to a decrease in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $1.5 million, and an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sale increase of $1.3 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.1 million.

● Cost of products sold for Wuhu was $11.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $7.4 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $3.7 million, or 49.6%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $3.6 million, and an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.5 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.4 million.

● Cost of products sold for Hubei Henglong was $24.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $25.1 million for the same period of 2021, representing a decrease of $0.7 million, or 2.9%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.1 million, an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.5 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $1.3 million.

● Cost of products sold for Henglong KYB was $32.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $17.2 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $15.5 million, or 90.3%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $14.3 million, an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $2.1 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.9 million.

Cost of products sold for Brazil Henglong was $9.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $6.4 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $3.5 million, or 55.0%.  The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $3.5 million.

● Cost of products sold for other entities was $15.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $13.4 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $2.2 million, or 16.0%.

Gross margin was 15.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to 15.5% for the same period of 2021, representing a decrease of 0.3%, mainly due to the change in product mix and the price adjustment.

26

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $4.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $4.8 million for the same period of 2021, representing a decrease of $0.8 million, or 17.2%, which was primarily due to a decrease in transportation expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $4.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $6.2 million for the same period of 2021, representing a decrease of $1.3 million, or 20.7%, which was primarily due to the decrease in provision for credit losses provided for accounts receivable.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $9.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $5.7 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $3.8 million, or 65.4%, which was mainly due to increased expenditures for R&D activities for new projects.

Other Income, net

Other income, net was $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, representing a decrease of $1.7 million, which was mainly due to the various government subsidies of only $0.6 million received for the three months ended September 30, 2022, whereas $1.8 million was received in the same period of last year.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which is generally consistent with $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021.

Financial Income, net

Financial income, net was $4.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to financial expense, net of $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase in financial income of $5.6 million, which was primarily due to an increase in the foreign exchange gains due to the sharp appreciation of the US dollar against the RMB and the Brazilian Real.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to income tax expense of $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, which was primarily due to the valuation allowance provided in the three months ended September 30, 2021.

Net Income Attributable to Non-controlling Interests

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to net income attributable to non-controlling interests of $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021.

Net Income/(Loss) Attributable to Parent Company’s Common Shareholders

Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders was $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to net loss attributable to parent company’s common shareholders of $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase in net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders of $7.2 million.

27

Results of Operations - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

Selected highlights from our results of operations are as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		Change		Change%
Net product sales	$	400,764	$	359,176	$	41,588	11.6	%
Cost of products sold		342,401		306,807		35,594	11.6
Gain on other sales		5,326		2,528		2,798	110.7
Selling expenses		12,358		14,857		(2,499)	(16.8)
General and administrative expenses		15,309		16,852		(1,543)	(9.2)
Research and development expenses		25,473		18,318		7,155	39.1
Other income, net		7,067		5,636		1,431	25.4
Interest expense		(1,156)		(892)		(264)	29.6
Financial income/(expense), net		9,318		(878)		10,196	1,161.3
Income taxes		5,013		3,280		1,733	52.8
Net income		18,091		5,891		12,200	207.1
Net income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		1,229		(219)		1,448	661.2
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders		16,839		6,089		10,750	176.5	%

Net Product Sales and Cost of Products Sold

	Net Product Sales								Cost of Products Sold
	(in thousands of USD,								(in thousands of USD,
	except percentages)								except percentages)
	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change
Henglong	$	177,401		138,151		39,250	28.4	%	$	164,794		128,793		36,001	28.0	%
Jiulong		53,071		76,248		(23,177)	(30.4)			47,953		69,782		(21,829)	(31.3)
Shenyang		8,998		11,988		(2,990)	(24.9)			7,846		9,843		(1,997)	(20.3)
Wuhu		30,695		17,598		13,097	74.4			28,841		16,170		12,671	78.4
Hubei Henglong		100,744		98,338		2,406	2.4			85,521		80,396		5,125	6.4
Henglong KYB		87,815		53,961		33,854	62.7			77,788		49,954		27,834	55.7
Brazil Henglong		30,471		19,660		10,811	55.0			26,940		16,468		10,472	63.6
Other Entities		58,669		47,587		11,082	23.3			45,868		39,118		6,750	17.3
Total Segments		547,864		463,531		84,333	18.2			485,551		410,524		75,027	18.3
Elimination		(147,100)		(104,355)		(42,745)	41.0			(143,150)		(103,717)		(39,433)	38.0
Total	$	400,764		359,176		41,588	11.6	%	$	342,401		306,807		35,594	11.6	%

Net Product Sales

Net product sales were $400.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $359.2 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $41.6 million, or 11.6%, mainly due to the Company’s increased sales of electric power steering.

Net sales of traditional steering products and parts were $282.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which is substantially consistent with $281.9 million for the same period in 2021. Net sales of electric power steering (“EPS”) were $118.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and $77.3 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $40.8 million, or 52.8%. As a percentage of net sales, sales of EPS were 29.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to 21.5% for the same period in 2021.

The increase in net product sales was due to the effects of three major factors: i) the increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $32.9 million; ii) the increase in average selling price of steering gears led to a sales increase of $15.1 million; and iii) the depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulted in a sales decrease of $6.3 million.

28

Further analysis by segment (before elimination) is as follows:

● Henglong mainly engages in providing passenger vehicle steering systems. Net product sales for Henglong were $177.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with $138.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase of $39.3 million, or 28.4%. An increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $31.5 million, an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $9.3 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $1.6 million.

● Jiulong mainly engages in providing commercial vehicle steering systems. Net product sales for Jiulong were $53.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with $76.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing a decrease of $23.2 million, or 30.4%. A decrease in sales volume led to a sales decrease of $26.9 million, an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $4.4 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $0.7 million.

● Shenyang mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Automobile Co., Ltd., “Jinbei”, one of the major automotive manufacturers in China. Net product sales for Shenyang were $9.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $12.0 million for the same period in 2021, representing a decrease of $3.0 million, or 24.9%. A decrease in sales volumes led to a sales decrease of $3.1 million, and an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $0.3 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $0.2 million.

● Wuhu mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., “Chery”, one of the major automotive manufacturers in China. Net product sales for Wuhu were $30.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $17.6 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $13.1 million, or 74.4%. An increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $10.9 million, and an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $2.5 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $0.3 million.

● Hubei Henglong mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Chrysler and Ford. Net product sales for Hubei Henglong were $100.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $98.3 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $2.4 million, or 2.4%. An increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $1.7 million, an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $2.2 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $1.5 million.

● Henglong KYB mainly engages in providing passenger EPS products. Net product sales for Henglong KYB were $87.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with $54.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase of $33.9 million, or 62.7%. An increase in sales volume led to a sales increase of $24.4 million, an increase in selling price led to a sales increase of $10.2 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar led to a sales decrease of $0.8 million.

● Net product sales for Brazil Henglong were $30.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $19.7 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $10.8 million, or 55.0%, mainly caused by increases in sales volume.

● Net product sales for other entities were $58.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $47.6 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $11.1 million, or 23.3%, mainly caused by increases in sales of Jielong.

29

Cost of Products Sold

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the cost of products sold was $342.4 million, compared to $306.8 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $35.6 million, or 11.6%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to the effect of the following major factors: i) the increase in sales volumes led to a cost of sales increase of $27.9 million; ii) the increase in unit cost led to a cost of sales increase of $12.9 million; and iii) the depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulted in a cost of sales decrease of $5.2 million. Further analysis is as follows:

● Cost of products sold for Henglong was $164.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $128.8 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $36.0 million, or 28%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $28.3 million, an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $9.4 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $1.7 million.

● Cost of products sold for Jiulong was $48.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $69.8 million for the same period of 2021, representing a decrease of $21.8 million, or 31.3%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to a decrease in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $24.3 million, an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $3.2 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.7 million.

● Cost of products sold for Shenyang was $7.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $9.8 million for the same period of 2021, representing a decrease of $2.0 million, or 20.3%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to a decrease in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $2.6 million, an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.7 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.1 million.

● Cost of products sold for Wuhu was $28.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $16.1 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $12.7 million, or 78.6%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $10.1 million, an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $2.9 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.3 million.

● Cost of products sold for Hubei Henglong was $85.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $80.4 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $5.1 million, or 6.4%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $3.5 million, a decrease in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $2.7 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $1.1 million.

● Cost of products sold for Henglong KYB was $77.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $50.0 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase of $27.8 million, or 55.7%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $21.8 million, an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $6.7 million, and the depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.7 million.

● Cost of products sold for Brazil Henglong was $26.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $16.4 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $10.5 million, or 63.6%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $10.5 million.

● Cost of products sold for other entities was $45.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $39.1 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $6.8 million, or 17.3%.

Gross margin was 14.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which is stable compared to 14.6% for the same period of 2021.

30

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $12.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $14.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing a decrease of $2.5 million, or 16.8%, which was mainly due to decrease in transportation expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $15.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $16.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing a decrease of $1.6 million, or 9.2%, which was mainly due to the decrease in provision for credit losses provided for accounts receivable.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $25.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $18.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase of $7.2 million, or 39.1%, which was mainly due to increased R&D activities for new projects.

Other Income, net

Other income, net was $7.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was comprised of government subsidies, as compared to $5.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase of $1.5 million, which was mainly due to the various government subsidies of $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, whereas only $4.2 million was received in the same period of last year.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Financial Income/(expense), net

Financial income, net was $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to financial expense, net of $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase in financial income of $10.2 million, which was primarily due to an increase in the foreign exchange gains due to the sharp fluctuations of the US dollar against the RMB and the Brazilian Real.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $5.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $3.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, which was primarily due to the valuation allowance provided in the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Net Income/(loss) Attributable to Non-controlling Interests

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to net loss attributable to non-controlling interests of $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Net Income Attributable to Parent Company’s Common Shareholders

Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders was $16.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders of $6.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing an increase in net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders of $10.7 million.

31

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Capital Resources and Use of Cash

The Company has historically financed its liquidity requirements from a variety of sources, including short-term borrowings under bank credit agreements, bankers’ acceptances, issuances of capital stock and notes and internally generated cash. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $128.5 million, compared to $133.5 million as of December 31, 2021, representing a decrease of $5.0 million, or 3.7%.

The Company had working capital (total current assets less total current liabilities) of $153.5 million as of September 30, 2022, compared to $149.6 million as of December 31, 2021, representing an increase of $3.9 million, or 2.6%.

Except for the expected distribution of dividends from the Company’s PRC subsidiaries to the Company in order to fund the payment of the one-time transition tax due to the U.S. Tax Reform, the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the funds in subsidiaries established in the PRC.

We cannot predict the impact COVID-19 may have on our cash flow for the rest of 2022. However, based on our liquidity assessment, we believe that our cash flow from operations and proceeds from our financing activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs, including our cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures, for the foreseeable future and for at least twelve months subsequent to the filing of this report.

Capital Source

The Company’s capital source is multifaceted, such as bank loans and banks’ acceptance facilities. In financing activities and operating activities, the Company’s banks require the Company to sign line of credit agreements and repay such facilities within one to two years. On the condition that the Company can provide adequate mortgage security and has not violated the terms of the line of credit agreement, such facilities can be extended for another one to two years.

The Company had short-term loans of $44.2 million, long-term loans of $0.5 million (See Note 7) and bankers’ acceptances of $72.3 million (See Note 8) as of September 30, 2022.

The Company currently expects to be able to obtain similar bank loans, i.e., RMB loans, and bankers’ acceptance facilities in the future if it can provide adequate mortgage security following the termination of the above-mentioned agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. If the Company is not able to do so, it will have to refinance such debt as it becomes due or repay that debt to the extent it has cash available from operations or from the proceeds of additional issuances of capital stock. Due to a depreciation of assets, the value of the mortgages securing the above-mentioned bank loans and banker's acceptances is expected to be reduced by approximately $16.4 million over the next 12 months. If the Company wishes to maintain the same amount of bank loans and banker's acceptances in the future, it may be required by the banks to provide additional mortgages of $16.4 million as of the maturity date of such line of credit agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. The Company can still obtain a reduced line of credit with a reduction of $10.6 million, which is 64.6%, the mortgage ratio, of $16.4 million, if it cannot provide additional mortgages. The Company expects that the reduction in bank loans will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity. 

32

Bank Arrangements

As of September 30, 2022, the principal outstanding under the Company’s credit facilities and lines of credit was as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

					Assessed
		Due	Amount	Amount	Mortgage
	Bank	Date	Available(2)	Used(3)	Value(4)
1. Comprehensive credit facilities	China CITIC Bank (1)	Aug 2024	68,312	40,292	20,551
2. Comprehensive credit facilities	Hankou Bank	Nov 2022	14,085	4,795	—
3. Comprehensive credit facilities	China Industrial Bank	Nov 2022	986	986	2,784
4. Comprehensive credit facilities	Shanghai Pudong Development Bank	Jan 2023	18,310	1,948	16,411
5. Comprehensive credit facilities	Hubei Bank	Mar 2024	23,944	10,426	72,960
6. Comprehensive credit facilities	Chongqing Bank	Mar 2025	986	560	1,798
7. Comprehensive credit facilities	China Constitution Bank	Sep 2025	2,958	1,408	6,392
8. Comprehensive credit facilities	China Merchants Bank(1)	Jun 2024	14,085	4,249	—
Total			143,666	64,664	120,896

(1) The comprehensive credit facilities with China CITIC Bank are guaranteed by Henglong and Hubei Henglong in addition to the above pledged assets. The comprehensive credit facilities with Hankou Bank are guaranteed by Henglong. The comprehensive credit facilities with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank are guaranteed by Henglong in addition to the above pledged assets. The comprehensive credit facilities with Hubei Bank are guaranteed by Chen Hanlin in addition to the above pledged assets. The comprehensive credit facilities with Merchants Bank are guaranteed by Hubei Henglong and Chen Hanlin in addition to the above pledged assets.

(2) “Amount available” is used for the drawdown of bank loans and issuance of bank notes at the Company’s discretion. If the Company elects to utilize the facility by issuance of bank notes, additional collateral is requested to be pledged to the bank.

(3) “Amount used” represents the credit facilities used by the Company for the purpose of bank loans or notes payable during the facility contract period. The loans or notes payable under the credit facilities will remain outstanding regardless of the expiration of the relevant credit facilities until the separate loans or notes payable expire. The amount used includes bank loans of $33.0 million and notes payable of $31.7 million as of September 30, 2022.

(4) In order to obtain lines of credit, the Company needs to pledge certain assets to banks. As of September 30, 2022, the pledged assets included property, plant and equipment and land use rights with an aggregate assessed value of $120.9 million.

The Company may request the banks to issue notes payable or bank loans within its credit line using a 365-day revolving line.

The Company’s bank loan terms range from 4 months to 35 months. Pursuant to the comprehensive credit line arrangement, the Company pledged and guaranteed:

1. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $20.6 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China CITIC Bank Wuhan Branch.

2. Buildings with an assessed value of approximately $2.8 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China Industrial Bank.

3. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $16.4 million as security for its revolving comprehensive credit facility with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank.

33

4. Equipment with an assessed value of approximately $73.0 million as security for its revolving comprehensive credit facility with Hubei Bank.

5. Buildings with an assessed value of approximately $1.8 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Chongqing Bank.

6. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $6.4 million as security for its revolving comprehensive credit facility with China Constitution Bank.

34

Short-term and Long-term Loans

The following table summarizes the contract information of short-term borrowings between the banks and the Company as of September 30, 2022 (figures are in thousands of USD).

			Borrowing		Annual		Date of
Bank		Borrowing	Term		Interest		Interest
Government	Purpose	Date	(Months)	Principal	Rate		Payment	Due Date
Bank of China	Working Capital	Nov 24, 2021	12	3,662	3.80	%	Pay monthly	Nov 24, 2022
		​						​
Bank of China	Working Capital	Sep 28, 2022	12	2,817	3.00	%	Pay monthly	Sep 27, 2023
		​						​
Bank of China (1)	Working Capital	Oct 27, 2021	12	2,817	3.80	%	Pay monthly	Oct 26, 2022
		​						​
China Industrial Bank	Working Capital	Dec 22, 2021	12	986	3.85	%	Pay quarterly	Dec 21, 2022
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Apr 27, 2022	9	1,408	3.90	%	Pay monthly	Jan 27, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	May 20, 2022	8	1,408	3.90	%	Pay monthly	Jan 20, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Sep 26, 2022	12	704	3.65	%	Pay monthly	Sep 25, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Sep 26, 2022	12	704	3.65	%	Pay monthly	Sep 25, 2023
		​						​
China Constitution Bank	Working Capital	Sep 28, 2022	12	1,408	3.50	%	Pay monthly	Sep 26, 2023
		​						​
Chongqing Bank (1)	Working Capital	Apr 14, 2022	6	14	3.85	%	Pay semiannually	Oct 14, 2022
		​						​
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Apr 14, 2022	12	14	3.85	%	Pay semiannually	Apr 14, 2023
		​						​
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Apr 14, 2022	35	52	3.85	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
		​						​
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Apr 27, 2022	35	118	3.85	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
		​						​
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	May 12, 2022	34	73	3.85	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
		​						​
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	May 24, 2022	34	53	3.85	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
		​						​
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Jun 16, 2022	33	42	3.85	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
		​						​
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Jun 29, 2022	33	114	3.85	%	Pay semiannually	Mar 20, 2025
		​						​
Chongqing Bank	Working Capital	Jul 28, 2022	33	79	3.85	%	Pay semiannually	Apr 13, 2025
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 16, 2022	12	6,741	2.30	%	Pay in arrear	Jun 15, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Mar 21, 2022	12	1,366	3.00	%	Pay in arrear	Mar 21, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Mar 23, 2022	12	4,370	3.00	%	Pay in arrear	Mar 23, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Jun 16, 2022	12	4,815	2.30	%	Pay in arrear	Jun 15, 2023
		​						​
Hankou Bank	Working Capital	Mar 18, 2022	12	2,763	1.90	%	Pay in arrear	Mar 13, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Mar 21, 2022	12	5,053	3.00	%	Pay in arrear	Mar 21, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank (1)	Working Capital	May 17, 2022	5	349	2.20	%	Pay in arrear	Oct 8, 2022
		​						​

35

China CITIC Bank (1)	Working Capital	May 17, 2022	5	431	2.20	%	Pay in arrear	Oct 28, 2022
		​						​
China CITIC Bank (1)	Working Capital	May 17, 2022	5	237	2.20	%	Pay in arrear	Oct 24, 2022
		​						​
China CITIC Bank (1)	Working Capital	May 17, 2022	5	4	2.20	%	Pay in arrear	Oct 31, 2022
		​						​
China CITIC Bank (1)	Working Capital	Jul 13, 2022	4	189	1.80	%	Pay in arrear	Nov 7, 2022
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Sep 5, 2022	6	494	1.70	%	Pay in arrear	Feb 28, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Sep 21, 2022	5	280	1.70	%	Pay in arrear	Feb 20, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Sep 21, 2022	4	280	1.70	%	Pay in arrear	Jan 18, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Sep 21, 2022	5	332	1.70	%	Pay in arrear	Feb 9, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Sep 21, 2022	5	280	1.70		Pay in arrear	Feb 13, 2023
		​						​
China CITIC Bank	Working Capital	Sep 21, 2022	5	280	1.70		Pay in arrear	Mar 2, 2023
				44,740

(1) These bank loans were repaid in October and November 2022 when they became due.

The Company must use the loans for the purpose described and repay the principal outstanding on the specified date in the table. If it fails to do so, it will be charged additional 30% to 100% penalty interest.

The Company had complied with such financial covenants as of September 30, 2022.

Notes Payable

The following table summarizes the contract information of issuing notes payable between the banks and the Company as of September 30, 2022 (figures are in thousands of USD):

			Amount
			Payable on
Purpose	Term (Months)	Due Date	Due Date
Working Capital(1)	6	Oct. 2022		11,342
Working Capital(1)	6	Nov. 2022		11,384
Working Capital	6	Dec. 2022		12,587
Working Capital	6	Jan. 2023		12,922
Working Capital	6	Feb. 2023		10,528
Working Capital	6	Mar. 2023		13,533
Total (See Note 8)			$	72,296

(1) The notes payable were repaid in full on their respective due dates.

The Company must use notes payable for the purpose described in the table. If it fails to do so, the banks will no longer issue the notes payable, and it may have an adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and capital resources. The Company has to deposit a sufficient amount of cash on the due date of notes payable for payment to the suppliers. If the bank has advanced payment for the Company, it will be charged an additional 50% penalty interest. The Company complied with such financial covenants as of September 30, 2022. 

36

Cash Flows

(a) Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $31.7 million, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $5.9 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase in net cash inflows by $37.6 million, which was mainly due to (1) the increase in net income excluding non-cash items by $12.2 million, (2) the increase in the cash inflows from movements of inventory by $17.6 million, (3) the decrease in the cash inflows from movements of accounts and notes receivable by $28.2 million, (4) the increase in the cash inflows from movements of other current liabilities by $16.7 million, 5) the increase in the cash inflows from movements of accounts and notes payable by $17.3 million and (6) a combination of other factors contributing an increase of cash inflows by $2.0 million.

(b) Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $42.7 million, as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $2.2 million for the same period of 2021, representing an increase in net cash outflows by $40.5 million, which was mainly due to the net effect of (1) an increase in purchase of short-term investments of $15.9 million, (2) an increase in proceeds from maturities of short-term investments by $33.1 million, (3) an increase in investment under the equity method by $12.5 million, and (4) a combination of other factors contributing a decrease of cash inflows by $10.8 million, primarily including a decrease in cash received from long-term investment by $6.1 million.

(c) Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $0.5 million, compared to net cash used in financing activities of $6.0 million for the same period of 2021, representing a decrease in net cash outflows by $5.5 million, which was mainly due to the net effect of (1) a decrease in repayment of bank loan by $3.4 million, and (2) a decrease in proceeds from bank loan by $0.9 million.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any significant transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

ITEM 3.          QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

There were no material changes to the disclosure made in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 regarding this matter.

ITEM 4.          CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, under the supervision and with the participation of its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, Messrs. Wu Qizhou and Li Jie, respectively, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2022, the end of the period covered by this Report. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports, such as this Form 10-Q, that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, Messrs. Wu and Li concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2022.

37

The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of its disclosure control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected.

B. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.          LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

The Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings and no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation.

ITEM 1A.        RISK FACTORS.

Other than as set forth below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in Item 1A of the Company’s 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as supplemented by the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.

Because a majority of our operations are in China, our business is subject to the complex and rapidly evolving laws and regulations there. The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities.

As a business operating in China, we are subject to the laws and regulations of the PRC, which can be complex and which evolve rapidly. The PRC government has the power to exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and the regulations to which we are subject may change rapidly and with little notice to us or our shareholders. As a result, there remain uncertainties regarding the application, interpretation, and enforcement of new and existing laws and regulations in the PRC. Compliance with the complex and evolving PRC laws, regulations, and regulatory statements may be costly, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may:

● Delay or impede our development,

● Result in negative publicity or increase our operating costs,

● Require significant management time and attention, and

● Subject us to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our business, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations, or demands or orders that we modify or even cease our business practices.

The promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact the ability or manner in which we conduct our business and could require us to change certain aspects of our business to ensure compliance, could decrease demand for our products, reduce revenues, increase costs, require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject us to additional liabilities. To the extent any new or more stringent measures are required to be implemented, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected as well as materially decrease the value of our securities.

38

The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of the business of our PRC subsidiaries; such oversight could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities or could significantly limit our ability to offer or continue to offer securities and/or other securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline.

The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of the business of our PRC subsidiaries and may intervene or influence our operations in mainland China, which may potentially result in a material adverse effect on our operations. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affect certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On December 24, 2021, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”) released the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Domestic Companies Offering Securities for Overseas Listing (Revision Draft for Comments) (the “Draft Provisions”) and the Administrative Measures for the Filing of Domestic Companies Seeking Overseas Securities Offering and Listing (the Filing Measures, or collectively, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations) for public comment. The Draft Provisions provide for a general filing regulatory framework, and the Filing Measures set out more detailed terms and procedures of the filing requirements. Pursuant to the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, domestic companies that apply for direct offerings and listings in an overseas market or an indirect offerings and listings in the name of an offshore entity are required to, among others, file and report to the CSRC, if: (i) the total assets, net assets, revenues or profits of the PRC operating entity of the issuer in the most recent accounting year account for more than 50% of the corresponding figure in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period and (2) the senior managers in charge of business operation and management of the issuer are mostly PRC citizens or have habitual residence in the PRC, and its main places of business are located in the PRC or main business activities are conducted in the PRC. Based on our global assets, operations and management outside of the PRC, we believe that we would be subject to the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations if we were to conduct an offering in the future in the United States.

According to questions and answers published by the CSRC on December 24, 2021, the record-filing requirement would be imposed starting from the new listing and new financing activities and the sufficient transition period would be given for the existing public companies offering their securities on overseas stock exchanges before the effectiveness of these regulations. If we are deemed to be subject to the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations and we fail to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC for any of our follow-on offerings in an overseas stock market, such as Nasdaq, or fall within any of the circumstances where our follow-on offering is prohibited by the State Council, our offering application may be discontinued and we may be subject to penalties, sanctions and fines imposed by the CSRC and relevant departments of the State Council. In severe circumstances, the business of our PRC subsidiaries may be suspended and their business qualifications and licenses may be revoked. However, uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation of the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, as well as interpretation of the final form of these regulations and implementation thereof after promulgation.

Recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Intensifying Crack Down on Illegal Securities Activities, which call for strengthened regulation over illegal securities activities and supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and propose to take effective measures, such as promoting the development of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. The PRC government has indicated that it may exert more control or influence over offerings of securities conducted overseas. If the PRC authorities attempt to exercise such control or influence through regulation over our PRC subsidiaries, we could be required to restructure our operations to comply with such regulations or potentially cease operations in the PRC entirely, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, any such action could significantly limit our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline.

Currently, these statements and regulatory actions have had no impact on our daily business operations, the ability to accept foreign investments and list our securities on a U.S. or other foreign exchange. Since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, and the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operations, the ability to accept foreign investments and list our securities on a U.S., Hong Kong, or other stock exchange.

39

The approval of, or filing or other procedures with, the CSRC or other Chinese regulatory authorities may be required in connection with issuing our equity securities to foreign investors under Chinese law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able, or how long it will take us, to obtain such approval or complete such filing or other procedures. We are also required to obtain business licenses from Chinese authorities in connection with our general business activities currently conducted in China.

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council jointly promulgated the Opinions on Intensifying Crack Down on Illegal Securities Activities, pursuant to which Chinese regulators are required to accelerate rulemaking related to the overseas issuance and listing of securities, and update the existing laws and regulations related to data security, cross-border data flow, and administration of classified information. As there are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of such regulatory guidance, we cannot assure investors that we will be able to comply with new regulatory requirements relating to our future overseas capital-raising activities and we may become subject to more stringent requirements with respect to matters including data privacy and cross-border investigation and enforcement of legal claims.

Furthermore, on December 24, 2021, the CSRC promulgated the Draft Overseas Listing Rules, which, among others, require certain companies to fulfill a filing procedure in respect of its offering and listing in the stock markets outside of China if such companies meet the criteria set forth in the Draft Overseas Listing Rules. As the Draft Overseas Listing Rules were released only for public comment, the final version and the effective date thereof may be subject to change with substantial uncertainty.

As of the date of this report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning or sanction regarding obtaining approval, completing filing or other procedures in connection with offering our equity securities to foreign investors in foreign stock markets from the CSRC or any other Chinese regulatory authorities that have jurisdiction over our operations. However, there remains significant uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. If it is determined in the future that the approval of, filing or other procedure with the CSRC or any other regulatory authority is required for issuing our equity securities in foreign stock markets, it is uncertain whether we will be able to and how long it would take for us to obtain the approval or complete the filing or other procedure, despite our best efforts. If we, for any reason, are unable to obtain or complete, or experience significant delays in obtaining or completing, the requisite relevant approval(s), filing or other procedure(s), we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other Chinese regulatory authorities. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of funds into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals or complete filing or other procedures for any future public offerings in foreign stock markets, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such a requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities.

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of the business operations of our PRC subsidiaries or to exert control over any offering of securities conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, and may intervene with or influence our operations, may limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless, as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals.

The PRC government may intervene or influence the operations of our PRC subsidiaries at any time with little to no advanced notice, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. For example, the PRC government recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding any industry that could adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of our company. For example, on December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”) adopted rules mandating that an issuer who is a “critical information infrastructure operator” or a “data processing operator” as defined therein and who possesses personal information of more than one million users, and intends to have its securities listed for trading in a foreign country must complete a cybersecurity review by the CAC. Alternatively, relevant governmental authorities in the PRC may initiate cyber security review if such governmental authorities determine an operator’s cyber products or services, data processing or potential listing in a foreign country affect or may affect national security. The rules became effective on February 15, 2022. Moreover, on July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transmission, which will come into effect on September 1, 2022, and will regulate the security assessment on the cross-border data transfer by data processor of important data and personal information collected and generated during operations within the PRC. According to these measures, personal data processors will be subject to security assessment conducted by the Cyberspace Administration of China prior to any cross-border transfer of data if the transfer involves (i) important data; (ii) personal information transferred overseas by operators

40

of critical information infrastructure or a data processor that has processed personal data of more than one million persons; (iii) personal information transferred overseas by a data processor that has already provided personal data of 100,000 persons or sensitive personal data of 10,000 persons overseas since January 1 of the prior year; or (iv) other circumstances as requested by the Cyberspace Administration of China.

The new CAC rules do not appear to apply to the Company or its subsidiaries at this time. As advised by our PRC counsel, Zhong Lun Law Firm, as of the date of this report, (i) the Company does not hold personal information of over one million users; (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries have not been informed by any PRC governmental authority of any requirement that it file for a cybersecurity review; (iii) data processed in the Company’s business does not have a bearing on national security and may not be classified as core or important data by the PRC governmental authorities; and (iv) none of the Company and its subsidiaries provides any important data, personal information or sensitive personal data outside the territory of PRC, therefore, the Company believes it is not required to pass cybersecurity review of CAC. If the Chinese government’s interference expands, our operations may be negatively impacted in a significant way, although, presently, there is no discernible immediate impact.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in policies, laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us.

Our operations in China are governed by the PRC laws and regulations. We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC laws and regulations regarding foreign investment and manufacturing, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to operate our business in China.

For example, two draft regulations relating to overseas offerings by domestic companies of equity shares, depository receipts, convertible corporate bonds, or other equity-like securities, and overseas listing of the securities for trading — namely the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) and the Administrative Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) — were recently released in December 2021 for public comments. Pursuant to such draft regulations, a filing-based regulatory system would be implemented covering both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing, among which, (i) if an issuer listed in other overseas markets after overseas offerings, the issuer shall submit to the CSRC filing documents within three working days after such application is submitted; (ii) if an issuer issues overseas listed securities after listing abroad and issues such securities aiming at purchasing assets, the issuer shall submit to the CSRC filing documents within three working days after the issue is completed, however, if the assets purchased are domestic assets, the filing procedure shall be performed within three working days from the date of the first announcement of the transaction; and (iii) if the significant events, such as change of control and delisting, occur after the issuer’s overseas listing, it should report the details to CSRC within three working days from the date of occurrence. Uncertainties exist regarding the final form of these regulations as well as the interpretation and implementation thereof after promulgation. If those two rules were adopted in the current form, we may be required to file documents regarding the events listed in the regulations with the CRSC before or after the events occurred.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have some discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy, than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce contracts in China and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis, or at all, and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property and procedural rights could adversely affect our business, and impede our ability to continue our operations and proceed with our future business plans.

41

ITEM 2.          UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

(c) Purchase of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

The following table provides information about the Company’s share repurchase activity for the three months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands of USD):

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
					Approximate
					dollar value of
				Total number of	shares that may
				shares purchased	yet be purchased
				as part of publicly	as part of publicly
	Total number of	Average price		announced	announced
Period	shares purchased	paid per share (1)		programs (2)	program
July 1, 2022 to July 31, 2022	85,633	$	2.8705	154,818	$	4,559
August 1, 2022 to August 31, 2022	128,525	$	3.4589	283,343	$	4,114
September 1, 2022 to September 30, 2022	168,260		4.0479	451,603		3,433
Total	382,418	$	3.5863	451,603	$	3,433

(1) “Average price paid per share” refers to the price paid per share before deducting the commission fee paid to the broker. The purchase price of the shares purchased from September 1, 2022 to September 30, 2022 was not exceed below $4.00 per share.

(2) On March 29, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company was permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing market prices not to exceed $4.00 per share through March 30, 2023.

ITEM 3.          DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.

None.

ITEM 4.          MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.          OTHER INFORMATION.

None.

42

ITEM 6.          EXHIBITS.

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1(i)	Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference from the filing on Form 10SB12G File No. 000-33123).
3.1(ii)	Bylaws (incorporated by reference from the Form 10SB12G File No. 000-33123).
10.1	Joint-venture Agreement, dated March 31, 2006, as amended on May 2, 2006, between Great Genesis Holdings Limited and Wuhu Chery Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report on May 10, 2006).
10.2	Stock Exchange Agreement dated August 11, 2014 by and among Jingzhou City Jiulong Machinery Electricity Manufacturing Co., Ltd., China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report on August 13, 2014).
10.3	English translation of Joint Venture Contract, dated as of April 27, 2018, by and between Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 27, 2018).
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification*
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification*
32.1	Section 1350 Certification*
32.2	Section 1350 Certification*
101.INS*	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

*filed herewith

43

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC.
	(Registrant)
Date: November 14, 2022	By:	/ s/ Qizhou Wu
		Qizhou Wu
		President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: November 14, 2022	By:	/s/ Jie Li
		Jie Li
		Chief Financial Officer

44

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

RULE 13a-14(a) CERTIFICATION FOR FORM 10-Q

I, Qizhou Wu, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of China Automotive Systems, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2022	By:	/s/ Qizhou Wu
	Qizhou Wu
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

RULE 13a-14(a) CERTIFICATION FOR FORM 10-Q

I, Jie Li, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of China Automotive Systems, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2022	By:	/s/ Jie Li
	Jie Li
	Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of China Automotive Systems, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Qizhou Wu, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 14, 2022	By:	/s/ Qizhou Wu
	Qizhou Wu
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of China Automotive Systems, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jie Li, the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 14, 2022	By:	/s/ Jie Li
	Jie Li
	Chief Financial Officer

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	Sep. 30, 2022	Nov. 14, 2022
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2022
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	000-33123
Entity Registrant Name	China Automotive Systems, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	33-0885775
Entity Address, Address Line One	No. 1 Henglong Road, Yu Qiao Development Zone
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Shashi District
Entity Address, Address Line Three	Jing Zhou City
Entity Address, City or Town	Hubei Province
Entity Address, Country	CN
City Area Code	86
Local Phone Number	716- 412- 7901
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.0001 par value
Trading Symbol	CAAS
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		30,195,826
Entity Central Index Key	0001157762
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

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Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Net product sales	$ 137,207	$ 108,231	$ 400,764	$ 359,176
Cost of products sold	116,289	91,439	342,401	306,807
Gross profit	20,918	16,792	58,363	52,369
Gain on other sales	2,290	487	5,326	2,528
Less: Operating expenses
Selling expenses	3,978	4,802	12,358	14,857
General and administrative expenses	4,893	6,174	15,309	16,852
Research and development expenses	9,450	5,712	25,473	18,318
Total operating expenses	18,321	16,688	53,140	50,027
Income from operations	4,887	591	10,549	4,870
Other income, net	744	2,407	7,067	5,636
Interest expense	(384)	(255)	(1,156)	(892)
Financial income/(expense), net	4,760	(821)	9,318	(878)
Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies	10,007	1,922	25,778	8,736
Less: Income taxes expense	899	2,441	5,013	3,280
Add: Equity in (loss)/earnings of affiliated companies	(1,101)	251	(2,674)	435
Net income/(loss)	8,007	(268)	18,091	5,891
Less: Net income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	529	42	1,229	(219)
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests	(8)	(7)	(23)	(21)
Net income/(loss) attributable to parent company's common shareholders	7,470	(317)	16,839	6,089
Comprehensive income:
Net income/(loss)	8,007	(268)	18,091	5,891
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation (loss)/income, net of tax	(18,705)	(1,338)	(36,323)	1,977
Comprehensive (loss)/income	(10,698)	(1,606)	(18,232)	7,868
Less: Comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to non-controlling interests	(604)	(40)	(957)	(92)
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests	(8)	(7)	(23)	(21)
Comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to parent company	$ (10,102)	$ (1,573)	$ (17,298)	$ 7,939
Net income attributable to parent company's common shareholders per share -
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.24	$ (0.01)	$ 0.55	$ 0.20
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.24	$ (0.01)	$ 0.55	$ 0.20
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding -
Basic (in shares)	30,637,876	30,851,776	30,778,336	30,851,776
Diluted (in shares)	30,640,260	30,851,776	30,779,883	30,855,967
General and administrative expense
Share-based compensation included in operating expense above is as follows:
Share-based compensation				$ 88

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Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income
Revenue from Related Parties	$ 11,181	$ 14,691	$ 31,343	$ 47,016
Related Party Costs	$ 7,689	$ 6,505	$ 21,725	$ 21,916

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Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$ 100,712	$ 131,695
Pledged cash		31,033	27,804
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties		199,636	195,729
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties		8,919	14,607
Inventories		104,629	116,493
Other current assets		43,251	15,052
Total current assets		488,180	501,380
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net	[1],[2]	104,877	127,721
Land use rights, net		9,439	10,732
Long-term investments		52,755	36,966
Other non-current assets		19,642	39,963
Total assets		674,893	716,762
Current liabilities:
Short-term loans		44,208	47,592
Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties		197,610	214,590
Accounts and notes payable - related parties		12,578	13,464
Accrued expenses and other payables		48,321	50,332
Other current liabilities		32,058	25,838
Total current liabilities		334,775	351,816
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term tax payable		15,805	21,075
Long term loans		532
Other non-current liabilities		6,140	6,430
Total liabilities		357,252	379,321
Commitments and Contingencies
Mezzanine equity:
Redeemable non-controlling interests		575	553
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value - Authorized - 80,000,000 shares; Issued - 32,338,302 and 32,338,302 shares as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		3	3
Additional paid-in capital		63,731	63,731
Retained earnings-
Appropriated		11,481	11,481
Unappropriated		243,202	226,363
Accumulated other comprehensive income		(9,420)	24,717
Treasury stock - 1,938,129 and 1,486,526 shares as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		(6,828)	(5,261)
Total parent company stockholders' equity		302,169	321,034
Non-controlling interests		14,897	15,854
Total stockholders' equity		317,066	336,888
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and stockholders' equity		$ 674,893	$ 716,762

[1] As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company pledged property, plant and equipment with net book value of approximately $44.2 million and $54.7 million, respectively, as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China.

[2] Interest costs capitalized for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were $0.03 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and $0.11 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized	80,000,000	80,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	32,338,302	32,338,302
Treasury stock, shares	1,938,129	1,486,526

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Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 18,091	$ 5,891
Adjustments to reconcile net income from operations to net cash provided by operating activities:
Share-based compensation	0	88
Depreciation and amortization	17,402	19,686
Provision of credit losses	602	1,644
Deferred income taxes	2,880	2,573
Equity in loss/(earnings) of affiliated companies	2,674	(435)
Loss on fixed assets disposals	35	71
(Increase)/decrease in:
Accounts and notes receivable	(21,616)	6,631
Inventories	115	(17,500)
Other current assets	(3,748)	(129)
Increase/(decrease) in:
Accounts and notes payable	5,795	(11,506)
Accrued expenses and other payables	3,004	(2,325)
Long-term taxes payable	(2,809)	(2,809)
Other current liabilities	9,252	(7,462)
Other non-current liabilities		(285)
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities	31,677	(5,867)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Decrease/(increase) in demand loans included in other non-current assets	288	(357)
Repayment of loan from a related party	0	154
Cash received from property, plant and equipment sales	1,143	252
Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment (including $2,632 and $929 paid to related parties for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively)	(11,842)	(5,344)
Payments to acquire intangible assets	(68)	(505)
Investment under the equity method	(12,802)	(308)
Purchase of short-term investments	(79,311)	(46,212)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments	55,944	40,016
Cash received from long-term investment	3,986	10,116
Net cash used in investing activities	(42,662)	(2,188)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from bank loans	43,616	42,700
Repayments of bank loans	(41,465)	(44,854)
Repayments of the borrowing for sale and leaseback transaction	(1,130)	(3,328)
Repurchase of common shares	(1,567)
Acquisition of non-controlling interest		(538)
Net cash (used in) financing activities	(546)	(6,020)
Effects of exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash	(16,223)	1,015
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash	(27,754)	(13,060)
Cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash at beginning of the period	159,499	128,061
Cash, cash equivalents and pledged cash at end of the period	$ 131,745	$ 115,001

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Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Payments to acquire property plant and equipment	$ 11,842	$ 5,344
Related Party [Member]
Payments to acquire property plant and equipment	$ 2,632	$ 929

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Organization and business

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Organization and business

Organization and business

1.           Organization and business

China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name Visions-In-Glass, Inc. China Automotive, including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components, as described below.

Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance in Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support accordingly.

The Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following subsidiaries organized in the People’s Republic of China, the “PRC,” and Brazil as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

	Percentage Interest
	September 30,		December 31,
Name of Entity	2022		2021
Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd., “Jiulong” 1	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Henglong” 2	100.00	%	100.00	%
Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Shenyang” 3	70.00	%	70.00	%
Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., “Jielong” 4	85.00	%	85.00	%
Wuhu Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Wuhu” 5	100.00	%	77.33	%
Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., “Hubei Henglong” 6	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, “Testing Center” 7	100.00	%	100.00	%
Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Chongqing Henglong” 8	70.00	%	70.00	%
CAAS Brazil’s Imports and Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong” 9	95.84	%	95.84	%
Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie” 10	85.00	%	85.00	%
Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong” 11	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Qingyan Intelligent Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Qingyan”12	—		60.00	%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”13	66.60	%	66.60	%
Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”14	51.00	%	51.00	%
Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”15	62.00	%	62.00	%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”16	100.00	%	100.00	%

1. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gears for heavy-duty vehicles.

2. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gears for cars and light duty vehicles.

3. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles.

4. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automotive steering columns.

5. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems. In April 2021, the Company obtained an additional 22.67% equity interest in Wuhu for total consideration of RMB 6.9 million, equivalent to approximately $1.1 million, from the other shareholder. The Company retained its controlling interest in Wuhu and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

6. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

7. In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products.

8. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts.

9. On August 21, 2012, Brazil Henglong was established as a Sino-foreign joint venture company by Hubei Henglong and two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

10. In May 2014, together with Hubei Wanlong, Jielong formed a subsidiary, Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie”, which mainly engages in research and development, manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts. Wuhan Chuguanjie is located in Wuhan, China.

11. In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong”, which mainly engages in the design and sales of automotive electronics.

12. In November 2017, Hubei Henglong formed Jingzhou Qingyan Intelligent Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Qingyan”, which mainly engages in the research and development of intelligent automotive technology. Jingzhou Qingyan deregistered from the local business administration on June 22, 2022.

13. In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

14. In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.

15. In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. Hubei Henglong owns 62.0% of the shares of Wuhu Hongrun and has consolidated it since its establishment.

16. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

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Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

2.           Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

(a) Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. The details of subsidiaries are disclosed in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions in Regulation S-X. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by such accounting principles for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but in the opinion of the Company’s management, contain all necessary adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the interim periods presented.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 is derived from the Company’s audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The results of operations for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2022.

Estimation - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currencies - China Automotive, the parent company, and HLUSA maintain their books and records in United States Dollars, “USD,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries based in the PRC and Genesis maintain their books and records in Renminbi, “RMB,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiary based in Brazil maintains its books and records in Brazilian real, “BRL,” its functional currency. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 830, foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date for monetary items. Nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expenses are remeasured at the rate in effect on the transaction dates. Transaction gains and losses, if any, are included in the determination of net income for the period.

(b) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-10 Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021. ASU 2021-10 requires business entities to disclose information in the notes to the financial statements about certain types of government assistance. The annual disclosure requirements apply to transactions with a government that are accounted for by analogizing to either a grant model or a contribution model. We plan to adopt ASU 2020-10 when we issue our annual financial statements. We do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

(c) Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no updates to the significant accounting policies set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Accounts and notes receivable, net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Accounts and notes receivable, net

Accounts and notes receivable, net

3.           Accounts and notes receivable, net

The Company’s accounts and notes receivable, net as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts receivable - unrelated parties	$	142,344	$	146,362
Notes receivable - unrelated parties		67,886		61,328
Total accounts and notes receivable - unrelated parties		210,230		207,690
Less: allowance for credit losses - unrelated parties		(10,594)		(11,961)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties		199,636		195,729
Accounts and notes receivable - related parties		10,268		15,505
Less: allowance for credit losses - related parties		(1,349)		(898)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties		8,919		14,607
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$	208,555	$	210,336

Notes receivable represent accounts receivable in the form of bills of exchange for which acceptances are guaranteed and settlements are handled by banks.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company pledged its notes receivable in amounts of $10.6 million and $18.2 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity (See Note 8).

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable reversed, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of cash operations, amounted to $0.12 million for the three months ended September 30,2022.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, as provided in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations, amounted to $1.3 million and $1.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 41.9% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 17.8%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 43.6% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 21.6%. As of September 30, 2022, approximately 6.8% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer.

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 43.0% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 17.1%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company’s five largest customers accounted for 39.2% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 17.3%. As of September 30, 2021, approximately 9.0% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer and there was no individual customer with a receivables balance of more than 10% of total accounts receivable.

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Inventories

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Inventories

Inventories

4.           Inventories

The Company’s inventories as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Raw materials	$	32,089	$	33,583
Work in process		9,105		9,415
Finished goods		63,435		73,495
Total	$	104,629	$	116,493

The Company recorded $1.2 million and $0.7 million of inventory write-down to cost of products sold for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $3.8 million and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Long-term Investments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Long-term Investments

Long-term Investments

5.           Long-term investments

The Company’s long-term investments as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Sentient AB(1)	$	21,387	$	—
Chongqing Venture Fund(2)		12,528		17,530
Hubei Venture Fund (3)		7,456		9,665
Suzhou Venture Fund (4)		5,272		7,413
Suzhou Qingshan (5)		4,132		—
Henglong Tianyu		772		913
Chongqing Jinghua		575		642
Jiangsu Intelligent		633		803
Total	$	52,755	$	36,966

(1) In June 2021, Hubei Henglong entered into a share purchase agreement with Jingzhou WiseDawn Electric Car Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou WiseDawn”. In accordance with the agreement, CAAS would purchase 200 shares (representing 40% of Sentient AB’s share capital) from Jingzhou WiseDawn for total consideration of RMB 155.2 million, equivalent to approximately $24.5 million at prevailing rate. The transaction was completed in March 2022. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, the Company has the right to appoint two directors to the board of directors, so it can exercise significant influence over Sentient AB. Therefore, the investment is accounted for using the equity method. As of September 30, 2022, the Company has paid RMB 141.0 million, equivalent to approximately $21.62 million, and the remaining consideration of RMB 14.2 million, equivalent to approximately $2.0 million, will be paid in the remaining period of 2022.

(2) In January, February and August 2022, Chongqing Venture Fund made distributions that were proportional to each owner’s allocated share of the fund, pursuant to which Hubei Henglong received $1.0 million in aggregate.

(3) In January 2022, Hubei Venture Fund made distributions that were proportional to each owner’s allocated share of the fund, pursuant to which Hubei Henglong received $1.2 million.

(4) In February and August 2022, Suzhou Venture Fund made distributions that were proportional to each owner’s allocated share of the fund, pursuant to which Hubei Henglong received $1.8 million.

(5) In January 2022, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Qingshan Zhiyuan Venture Capital Fund L.P., “Suzhou Qingshan”. As of September 30, 2022, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.7 million, to purchase 22.56% of Suzhou Qingshan’s equity. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has virtually no influence over Suzhou Qingshan’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method.

The condensed financial information of the Company’s significant equity investees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, including Chongqing Venture Fund, is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenue	$	—	$	3,811	$	—	$	5,937
Gross profit		—		3,811		—		5,937
(Loss)/income from continuing operations		(2,395)		3,805		(17,389)		5,318
Net (loss)/income	$	(2,395)		3,805	$	(17,389)		5,318

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Property, plant and equipment, net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net

6.           Property, plant and equipment, net

The Company’s property, plant and equipment, net as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Costs:
Buildings	$	64,353	$	69,554
Machinery and equipment		230,705		253,245
Electronic equipment		6,409		6,887
Motor vehicles		4,622		5,121
Construction in progress		4,435		6,583
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		310,523		341,390
Less: Accumulated depreciation (1)		(205,647)		(213,669)
Total amount of property, plant and equipment, net (2)(3)	$	104,877	$	127,721

(1) Depreciation charges were $5.2 million and $6.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $16.7 million and $19.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2) As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company pledged property, plant and equipment with net book value of approximately $44.2 million and $54.7 million, respectively, as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China.

(3) Interest costs capitalized for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were $0.03 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and $0.11 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Loans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Loans

Loans

7.           Loans

Loans consist of the following as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Short-term bank loans (1)	$	44,208	$	47,592
Long-term bank loans (2)		532		—
Total bank loans		44,740		47,592

(1) The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. The total credit facility amount was $143.7 million and $116.8 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has drawn down loans with an aggregate amount of $44.2 million and $47.6 million, respectively. The weighted average interest rate was 3.1% and 3.6%, respectively.

(2) The Company borrowed a total of RMB 4.0 million from Chongqing Bank loans from April to September 2022, equivalent to approximately $0.6 million. These loans are due for repayment from March to April, 2025 with an interest rate of 3.85% per annum. In accordance with the loan agreement, the Company should repay the principal of RMB 100,000, equivalent to approximately $14,900, every six months starting on April 14, 2022.

The Company must use the loans for the purpose as prescribed in the loan contracts. If the Company fails to do so, it will be charged penalty interest and/or trigger early repayment. The Company complied with such financial covenants as of September 30, 2022.

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Accounts and notes payable

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Accounts and notes payable

Accounts and notes payable

8.           Accounts and notes payable

The Company’s accounts and notes payable as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts payable - unrelated parties	$	129,709	$	132,593
Notes payable - unrelated parties (1)		67,901		81,997
Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties		197,610		214,590
Accounts and notes payable - related parties		12,578		13,464
Total	$	210,188	$	228,054

(1) Notes payable represent payables in the form of notes issued by the bank. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has pledged cash of $31.0 million and $27.8 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has pledged notes receivable of $10.6 million and $18.2 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity. The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has used $31.7 million and $33.6 million, respectively, for issuing bank notes.

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Accrued expenses and other payables

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Accrued expenses and other payables

Accrued expenses and other payables

9.           Accrued expenses and other payables

The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Warranty reserves(1)	$	34,526	$	36,572
Payable for the investment in Sentient AB (See Note 5)		2,004		—
Accrued expenses		8,024		5,596
Current portion of other long-term payable (See Note 10)		—		1,115
Payables for overseas transportation and custom clearance		—		4,548
Dividends payable to holders of non-controlling interests		423		471
Accrued interest		287		507
Other payables		3,057		1,523
Balance at end of year/period	$	48,321	$	50,332

(1) The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties when the products are sold. Such estimates of product warranties are based on, among other things, historical experience, product changes, material expenses, services and transportation expenses arising from the manufactured products. Estimates will be adjusted on the basis of actual claims and circumstances.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	35,028	$	36,537	$	36,572	$	36,215
Additions during the period		4,712		4,551		11,685		12,249
Settlement within the period		(3,255)		(4,022)		(9,909)		(11,752)
Foreign currency translation gain		(1,959)		(145)		(3,822)		209
Balance at end of the period	$	34,526	$	36,921	$	34,526	$	36,921

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Other long-term payable

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Other long-term payable

Other long-term payable

10.         Other long-term payable

On January 31, 2018, the Company entered into an equipment sales agreement with a third party (the “buyer-lessor”) and simultaneously entered into a four-year contract to lease back the equipment from the buyer-lessor. The carrying value of the equipment was RMB 91.3 million (equivalent to $12.9 million as of September 30, 2022) and the sales price was RMB 100.0 million (equivalent to $14.1 million as of September 30, 2022). Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the Company is required to pay to the buyer-lessor lease payments over four years with a quarterly lease payment of approximately $1.1 million and is entitled to obtain the ownership of this equipment at a nominal price upon the expiration of the lease. The Company is of the view that the transaction does not qualify as a sale. Therefore, the transaction was accounted for as a financing transaction by the Company. As of September 30, 2022, the payables have been fully paid.

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Redeemable non-controlling interests

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Redeemable non-controlling interests

Redeemable non-controlling interests

11.         Redeemable non-controlling interests

In September 2020, one of the Company’s subsidiaries issued shares to Hubei Venture Fund amounting to $0.7 million. The shares will be transferred to the Company and the other shareholder of the subsidiary on a pro rata basis at the holder’s option if the subsidiary fails to complete a qualified IPO in a pre-agreed period of time after their issuance with a transfer price of par plus 6% per year. $0.5 million of the shares are subject to purchase by the Company and are therefore accounted for as redeemable non-controlling interests in mezzanine equity and are accreted to the redemption value over the period starting from the issuance date.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized accretion of $0.008 million and $0.023 million, respectively, to the redemption value of the shares over the period starting from the issuance date with a corresponding reduction to retained earnings.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized accretion of $0.007 million and $0.021 million, respectively, to the redemption value of the shares over the period starting from the issuance date with a corresponding reduction to retained earnings.

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Additional paid-in capital

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Additional paid-in capital

Additional paid-in capital

12.         Additional paid-in capital

The Company’s positions in respect of the amounts of additional paid-in capital for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	64,273
Share-based compensation		—		—		—		88
Acquisition of the non-controlling interest in Wuhu		—		—		—		(630)
Balance at end of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731

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Retained earnings

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Retained earnings

Retained earnings

13.         Retained earnings

Appropriated

Pursuant to the relevant PRC laws, the profits distribution of the Company’s subsidiaries, which are based on their PRC statutory financial statements, are available for distribution in the form of cash dividends after these subsidiaries have paid all relevant PRC tax liabilities, provided for losses in previous years, and made appropriations to statutory surplus at 10% of their respective after-tax profits each year. When the statutory surplus reserve reaches 50% of the registered capital of a company, no additional reserve is required. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, no statutory reserve was appropriated by the subsidiaries in China.

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of appropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	11,481	$	11,303	$	11,481	$	11,303
Balance at end of the period	$	11,481	$	11,303	$	11,481	$	11,303

Unappropriated

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the unappropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	235,732	$	221,897	$	226,363	$	215,491
Net income attributable to parent company		7,478		(310)		16,862		6,110
Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interests		(8)		(7)		(23)		(21)
Balance at end of the period	$	243,202	$	221,580	$	243,202	$	221,580

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Accumulated other comprehensive income

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Accumulated other comprehensive income

Accumulated other comprehensive income

14.         Accumulated other comprehensive income

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	8,152	$	20,519	$	24,717	$	17,413
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company		(17,572)		(1,256)		(34,137)		1,850
Balance at end of the period	$	(9,420)	$	19,263	$	(9,420)	$	19,263

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Treasury stock

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Treasury stock

Treasury stock

15.         Treasury stock

Treasury stock represents shares repurchased by the Company that are no longer outstanding and are held by the Company. Treasury stock is accounted for under the cost method. On March 29, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company was permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing market prices not to exceed $4.00 per share through March 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had repurchased 451,603 shares of the Company’s common stock under the program. The repurchased shares are presented as “treasury stock” on the balance sheet.

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Non-controlling interests

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests

16.         Non-controlling interests

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the non-controlling interests’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	15,501	$	15,674	$	15,854	$	16,170
Net income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		529		42		1,229		(219)
Acquisition of the non-controlling interest in Wuhu		—		—		—		(444)
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interests		(1,133)		(82)		(2,186)		127
Balance at end of the period	$	14,897	$	15,634	$	14,897	$	15,634

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Net product sales

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Net product sales

Net product sales

17.         Net product sales

Revenue Disaggregation

Management has concluded that the disaggregation level is the same under both the revenue standard and the segment reporting standard. Please refer to Note 24.

Payment to customer

The Company accounts for consideration payable to a customer as a reduction of revenue at the later of revenue recognition and the Company’s promise to pay the consideration.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets, such as costs to obtain or fulfill contracts, are an insignificant component of the Company’s revenue recognition process. The majority of the Company’s cost of fulfillment as a manufacturer of products is classified as inventory, fixed assets and intangible assets, which are accounted for under the respective guidance for those asset types. Other costs of contract fulfillment are immaterial due to the nature of the Company’s products and their respective manufacturing processes.

Contract liabilities are mainly customer deposits. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has customer deposits of $3.7 million and $2.4 million, respectively, which were included in other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, $4.3 million was received and $3.0 million (including $2.4 million from the beginning balance of customer deposits) was recognized as net product sales revenue. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, $1.5 million was received and $0.2 million (including $0.2 million from the beginning balance of customer deposits) was recognized as net product sales revenue. Customer deposits represent non-refundable cash deposits for customers to secure rights to an amount of products produced by the Company under supply agreements. When the products are shipped to customers, the Company will recognize revenue and bill the customers to reduce the amount of the customer deposit liability.

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Financial income/(expense), net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Financial income/(expense), net

Financial income/(expense), net

18.         Financial income/(expense), net

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded financial income/(expense), net which is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Interest income	$	340	$	227	$	903	$	748
Foreign exchange gain/(loss), net		4,453		(1,015)		8,688		(1,293)
Bank charges		(33)		(33)		(273)		(333)
Total financial income/(expense), net	$	4,760	$	(821)	$	9,318	$	(878)

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Income per share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Income per share

Income per share

19.         Income per share

Basic income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and dilutive ordinary share equivalents outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options is determined based on the treasury stock method.

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	7,470	$	(317)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,637,876		30,851,776
Dilutive effects of stock options		2,384		—
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,640,260		30,851,776
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Basic	$	0.24	$	(0.01)
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.24	$	(0.01)

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	16,839	$	6,089
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,778,336		30,851,776
Dilutive effects of stock options		1,547		4,191
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,779,883		30,855,967
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Basic	$	0.55	$	0.20
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.55	$	0.20

As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the exercise prices for 30,000 and 37,500 outstanding stock options were above the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Therefore, these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented.

As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the exercise prices for 30,000 and 30,000 outstanding stock options were above the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Therefore, these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented.

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Significant concentrations

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Significant concentrations

Significant concentrations

20.         Significant concentrations

A significant portion of the Company’s business is conducted in China where the currency is the RMB. Regulations in China permit foreign owned entities to freely convert the RMB into foreign currency for transactions that fall under the “current account”, which includes trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Accordingly, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries may use RMB to purchase foreign currency for settlement of such “current account” transactions without pre-approval.

China Automotive, the parent company, may depend on dividend payments from Genesis and HLUSA, which are generated from their subsidiaries in China, “China-based Subsidiaries,” after they receive payments from the China-based Subsidiaries. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Under PRC law China-based Subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to their general reserves until the cumulative amount reaches 50% of their paid-in capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, or as loans or advances. These foreign-invested enterprises may also allocate a portion of their after-tax profits, at the discretion of their boards of directors, to their staff welfare and bonus funds. Any amounts so allocated may not be distributed and, accordingly, would not be available for distribution to Genesis and HLUSA.

The PRC government also imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currencies out of China. The China-based Subsidiaries may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currencies. If China Automotive is unable to receive dividend payments from its subsidiaries, including the China-based subsidiaries, China Automotive may be unable to effectively finance its operations or pay dividends on its shares.

Transactions other than those that fall under the “current account” and that involve conversion of RMB into foreign currency are classified as “capital account” transactions; examples of “capital account” transactions include repatriations of investment by or loans to foreign owners, or direct equity investments in a foreign entity by a China domiciled entity. “Capital account” transactions require prior approval from China’s State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its provincial branch to convert a remittance into a foreign currency, such as U.S. Dollars, and transmit the foreign currency outside of China.

This system could be changed at any time and any such change may affect the ability of the Company or its subsidiaries in China to repatriate capital or profits, if any, outside China. Furthermore, SAFE has a significant degree of administrative discretion in implementing the laws and has used this discretion to limit convertibility of current account payments out of China. Whether as a result of a deterioration in the Chinese balance of payments, a shift in the Chinese macroeconomic prospects or any number of other reasons, China could impose additional restrictions on capital remittances abroad. As a result of these and other restrictions under the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, or the PRC, the Company’s China subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the parent. The Company has no assurance that the relevant Chinese governmental authorities in the future will not limit further or eliminate the ability of the Company’s China subsidiaries to purchase foreign currencies and transfer such funds to the Company to meet its liquidity or other business needs. Any inability to access funds in China, if and when needed for use by the Company outside of China, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and its business.

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Related party transactions and balances

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Related party transactions and balances

Related party transactions and balances

21.         Related party transactions and balances

Related party transactions are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Related party sales

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	11,181	$	14,691
Materials and others sold to related parties		646		365
Rental income obtained from related parties		114		132
Total	$	11,941	$	15,188

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	31,343	$	47,016
Materials and others sold to related parties		2,222		1,313
Rental income obtained from related parties		359		373
Total	$	33,924	$	48,702

Related party purchases

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Materials purchased from related parties	$	7,689	$	6,505
Equipment purchased from related parties		831		537
Service purchased from related parties		330		831
Total	$	8,850	$	7,873

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Materials purchased from related parties	$	21,725	$	21,916
Equipment purchased from related parties		1,951		1,917
Service purchased from related parties		487		831
Others purchased from related parties		—		11
Total	$	24,163	$	24,675

Related party investment transaction

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Equity interest purchase from related parties	$	23,618	$	—

Related party receivables

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts and notes receivable, net from related parties	$	8,919	$	14,607
Other receivables, net from related parties		16		—
Total	$	8,935	$	14,607

Related party advance payments

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment to related parties	$	1,560	$	810
Advance payments and others to related parties		682		600
Total	$	2,242	$	1,410

Related party payables

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts and notes payable to related parties	$	12,578	$	13,464
Accrued expenses and other payables to related parties		2,004		—
Total	$	14,582	$	13,464

These transactions were consummated under similar terms as those with the Company’s third-party customers and suppliers.

As of November 14, 2022, Hanlin Chen, the chairman of the board of directors of the Company, owns 59.1% of the common stock of the Company and has the effective power to control the vote on substantially all significant matters without the approval of other stockholders.

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Commitments and contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Commitments and contingencies

Commitments and contingencies

22.         Commitments and contingencies

Legal proceedings

The Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings and no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation.

Other commitments and contingencies

In addition to the bank loans, notes payables, the related interest and other payables, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of September 30, 2022 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Payment obligations by period
	2022		2023		2024		Thereafter		Total
Obligations for investment contracts (1)	$	—	$	4,225	$	—	$	—	$	4,225
Obligations for purchasing and service agreements		10,335		19,435		—		—		29,770
Total	$	10,335	$	23,660	$	—	$	—	$	33,995

(1) In January 2022, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties and committed to purchase 27.78% of the shares of Suzhou Qingshan for total consideration of RMB 60.0 million, equivalent to approximately $9.5 million at prevailing rate. As of September 30, 2022, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.7 million. According to the agreement, the remaining consideration of RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.2 million, will be paid in 2023.

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Off-balance sheet arrangements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Off-balance sheet arrangements

Off-balance sheet arrangements

23.         Off-balance sheet arrangements

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any significant transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

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Segment reporting

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Segment reporting

Segment reporting

24.         Segment reporting

The accounting policies of the product sectors (each entity manufactures and sells different products and represents a different product sector) are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies disclosed in the Company’s 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K except that the disaggregated financial results for the product sectors have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for the purposes of assisting them in making internal operating decisions. Generally, the Company evaluates performance based on stand-alone product sector operating income and accounts for inter-segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties, at current market prices. Each product sector is considered a reporting segment.

As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company had 15 product sectors, seven of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Wuhu, Henglong KYB, Hubei Henglong and Brazil Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other eight sectors were engaged in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials (Wuhu Hongrun), R&D services (Changchun Hualong), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after-sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong), manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts (Wuhan Chuguanjie), research and development of intelligent automotive technology (Jingzhou Qingyan) and manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems (Wuhan Hyoseong).

The Company’s product sector information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Henglong	$	62,590	$	39,937	$	1,996	$	(1,820)
Jiulong		16,986		17,127		196		126
Shenyang		2,930		3,659		(300)		(251)
Wuhu		11,831		7,878		16		6
Hubei Henglong		29,525		31,023		3,116		563
Henglong KYB		36,995		19,095		1,760		485
Brazil Henglong		11,510		7,576		188		566
Other Entities		20,061		16,880		1,637		461
Total Segments		192,428		143,175		8,609		136
Corporate		—		—		(211)		(172)
Eliminations		(55,221)		(34,944)		(391)		(232)
Total	$	137,207	$	108,231	$	8,007	$	(268)

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Nine Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Henglong	$	177,401	$	138,151	$	5,680	$	(877)
Jiulong		53,071		76,248		(3,219)		650
Shenyang		8,998		11,988		(625)		186
Wuhu		30,695		17,598		70		117
Hubei Henglong		100,744		98,338		7,939		1,893
Henglong KYB		87,815		53,961		3,927		(72)
Brazil Henglong		30,471		19,660		1,741		2,900
Other Entities		58,669		47,587		4,431		2,570
Total Segments		547,864		463,531		19,944		7,367
Corporate		—		—		(632)		(1,221)
Eliminations		(147,100)		(104,355)		(1,221)		(255)
Total	$	400,764	$	359,176	$	18,091	$	5,891

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Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies

Basis of Presentation

(a) Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. The details of subsidiaries are disclosed in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions in Regulation S-X. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by such accounting principles for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but in the opinion of the Company’s management, contain all necessary adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the interim periods presented.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 is derived from the Company’s audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The results of operations for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2022.

Estimation - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currencies - China Automotive, the parent company, and HLUSA maintain their books and records in United States Dollars, “USD,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries based in the PRC and Genesis maintain their books and records in Renminbi, “RMB,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiary based in Brazil maintains its books and records in Brazilian real, “BRL,” its functional currency. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 830, foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date for monetary items. Nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expenses are remeasured at the rate in effect on the transaction dates. Transaction gains and losses, if any, are included in the determination of net income for the period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

(b) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-10 Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021. ASU 2021-10 requires business entities to disclose information in the notes to the financial statements about certain types of government assistance. The annual disclosure requirements apply to transactions with a government that are accounted for by analogizing to either a grant model or a contribution model. We plan to adopt ASU 2020-10 when we issue our annual financial statements. We do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Significant Accounting Policies

(c) Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no updates to the significant accounting policies set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Organization and business (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Organization and business

Schedule of equity method investments

The Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following subsidiaries organized in the People’s Republic of China, the “PRC,” and Brazil as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

	Percentage Interest
	September 30,		December 31,
Name of Entity	2022		2021
Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd., “Jiulong” 1	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Henglong” 2	100.00	%	100.00	%
Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Shenyang” 3	70.00	%	70.00	%
Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., “Jielong” 4	85.00	%	85.00	%
Wuhu Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Wuhu” 5	100.00	%	77.33	%
Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., “Hubei Henglong” 6	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, “Testing Center” 7	100.00	%	100.00	%
Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Chongqing Henglong” 8	70.00	%	70.00	%
CAAS Brazil’s Imports and Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong” 9	95.84	%	95.84	%
Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie” 10	85.00	%	85.00	%
Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong” 11	100.00	%	100.00	%
Jingzhou Qingyan Intelligent Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Qingyan”12	—		60.00	%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”13	66.60	%	66.60	%
Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”14	51.00	%	51.00	%
Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”15	62.00	%	62.00	%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”16	100.00	%	100.00	%

1. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gears for heavy-duty vehicles.

2. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gears for cars and light duty vehicles.

3. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles.

4. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automotive steering columns.

5. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems. In April 2021, the Company obtained an additional 22.67% equity interest in Wuhu for total consideration of RMB 6.9 million, equivalent to approximately $1.1 million, from the other shareholder. The Company retained its controlling interest in Wuhu and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

6. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

7. In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products.

8. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts.

9. On August 21, 2012, Brazil Henglong was established as a Sino-foreign joint venture company by Hubei Henglong and two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

10. In May 2014, together with Hubei Wanlong, Jielong formed a subsidiary, Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie”, which mainly engages in research and development, manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts. Wuhan Chuguanjie is located in Wuhan, China.

11. In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong”, which mainly engages in the design and sales of automotive electronics.

12. In November 2017, Hubei Henglong formed Jingzhou Qingyan Intelligent Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Qingyan”, which mainly engages in the research and development of intelligent automotive technology. Jingzhou Qingyan deregistered from the local business administration on June 22, 2022.

13. In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

14. In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.

15. In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. Hubei Henglong owns 62.0% of the shares of Wuhu Hongrun and has consolidated it since its establishment.

16. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

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Accounts and notes receivable, net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Accounts and notes receivable, net

Schedule of accounts and notes receivable, net

The Company’s accounts and notes receivable, net as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts receivable - unrelated parties	$	142,344	$	146,362
Notes receivable - unrelated parties		67,886		61,328
Total accounts and notes receivable - unrelated parties		210,230		207,690
Less: allowance for credit losses - unrelated parties		(10,594)		(11,961)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties		199,636		195,729
Accounts and notes receivable - related parties		10,268		15,505
Less: allowance for credit losses - related parties		(1,349)		(898)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties		8,919		14,607
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$	208,555	$	210,336

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Inventories (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Inventories

Schedule of inventories

The Company’s inventories as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Raw materials	$	32,089	$	33,583
Work in process		9,105		9,415
Finished goods		63,435		73,495
Total	$	104,629	$	116,493

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Long-term Investments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Long-term Investments

Schedule of long-term investments

The Company’s long-term investments as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Sentient AB(1)	$	21,387	$	—
Chongqing Venture Fund(2)		12,528		17,530
Hubei Venture Fund (3)		7,456		9,665
Suzhou Venture Fund (4)		5,272		7,413
Suzhou Qingshan (5)		4,132		—
Henglong Tianyu		772		913
Chongqing Jinghua		575		642
Jiangsu Intelligent		633		803
Total	$	52,755	$	36,966

(1) In June 2021, Hubei Henglong entered into a share purchase agreement with Jingzhou WiseDawn Electric Car Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou WiseDawn”. In accordance with the agreement, CAAS would purchase 200 shares (representing 40% of Sentient AB’s share capital) from Jingzhou WiseDawn for total consideration of RMB 155.2 million, equivalent to approximately $24.5 million at prevailing rate. The transaction was completed in March 2022. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, the Company has the right to appoint two directors to the board of directors, so it can exercise significant influence over Sentient AB. Therefore, the investment is accounted for using the equity method. As of September 30, 2022, the Company has paid RMB 141.0 million, equivalent to approximately $21.62 million, and the remaining consideration of RMB 14.2 million, equivalent to approximately $2.0 million, will be paid in the remaining period of 2022.

(2) In January, February and August 2022, Chongqing Venture Fund made distributions that were proportional to each owner’s allocated share of the fund, pursuant to which Hubei Henglong received $1.0 million in aggregate.

(3) In January 2022, Hubei Venture Fund made distributions that were proportional to each owner’s allocated share of the fund, pursuant to which Hubei Henglong received $1.2 million.

(4) In February and August 2022, Suzhou Venture Fund made distributions that were proportional to each owner’s allocated share of the fund, pursuant to which Hubei Henglong received $1.8 million.

(5) In January 2022, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Qingshan Zhiyuan Venture Capital Fund L.P., “Suzhou Qingshan”. As of September 30, 2022, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.7 million, to purchase 22.56% of Suzhou Qingshan’s equity. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has virtually no influence over Suzhou Qingshan’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method.

Summary of condensed financial information of company's equity method investments

The condensed financial information of the Company’s significant equity investees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, including Chongqing Venture Fund, is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenue	$	—	$	3,811	$	—	$	5,937
Gross profit		—		3,811		—		5,937
(Loss)/income from continuing operations		(2,395)		3,805		(17,389)		5,318
Net (loss)/income	$	(2,395)		3,805	$	(17,389)		5,318

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Property, plant and equipment, net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Property, plant and equipment, net

Schedule of Property, plant and equipment, net

The Company’s property, plant and equipment, net as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Costs:
Buildings	$	64,353	$	69,554
Machinery and equipment		230,705		253,245
Electronic equipment		6,409		6,887
Motor vehicles		4,622		5,121
Construction in progress		4,435		6,583
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		310,523		341,390
Less: Accumulated depreciation (1)		(205,647)		(213,669)
Total amount of property, plant and equipment, net (2)(3)	$	104,877	$	127,721

(1) Depreciation charges were $5.2 million and $6.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $16.7 million and $19.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2) As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company pledged property, plant and equipment with net book value of approximately $44.2 million and $54.7 million, respectively, as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China.

(3) Interest costs capitalized for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were $0.03 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and $0.11 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Loans (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Loans

Schedule of loans

Loans consist of the following as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Short-term bank loans (1)	$	44,208	$	47,592
Long-term bank loans (2)		532		—
Total bank loans		44,740		47,592

(1) The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. The total credit facility amount was $143.7 million and $116.8 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has drawn down loans with an aggregate amount of $44.2 million and $47.6 million, respectively. The weighted average interest rate was 3.1% and 3.6%, respectively.

(2) The Company borrowed a total of RMB 4.0 million from Chongqing Bank loans from April to September 2022, equivalent to approximately $0.6 million. These loans are due for repayment from March to April, 2025 with an interest rate of 3.85% per annum. In accordance with the loan agreement, the Company should repay the principal of RMB 100,000, equivalent to approximately $14,900, every six months starting on April 14, 2022.

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Accounts and notes payable (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Accounts and notes payable

Schedule of accounts and notes payable

The Company’s accounts and notes payable as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts payable - unrelated parties	$	129,709	$	132,593
Notes payable - unrelated parties (1)		67,901		81,997
Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties		197,610		214,590
Accounts and notes payable - related parties		12,578		13,464
Total	$	210,188	$	228,054

(1) Notes payable represent payables in the form of notes issued by the bank. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has pledged cash of $31.0 million and $27.8 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has pledged notes receivable of $10.6 million and $18.2 million, respectively, as collateral for banks to endorse the payment of the Company’s notes payable to the noteholders upon maturity. The Company entered into credit facility agreements with various banks, which were secured by property, plant and equipment and land use rights of the Company. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company has used $31.7 million and $33.6 million, respectively, for issuing bank notes.

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Accrued expenses and other payables (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Accrued expenses and other payables

Schedule of accrued expenses and other payables

The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Warranty reserves(1)	$	34,526	$	36,572
Payable for the investment in Sentient AB (See Note 5)		2,004		—
Accrued expenses		8,024		5,596
Current portion of other long-term payable (See Note 10)		—		1,115
Payables for overseas transportation and custom clearance		—		4,548
Dividends payable to holders of non-controlling interests		423		471
Accrued interest		287		507
Other payables		3,057		1,523
Balance at end of year/period	$	48,321	$	50,332

(1) The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties when the products are sold. Such estimates of product warranties are based on, among other things, historical experience, product changes, material expenses, services and transportation expenses arising from the manufactured products. Estimates will be adjusted on the basis of actual claims and circumstances.

Schedule of product warranty liability

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	35,028	$	36,537	$	36,572	$	36,215
Additions during the period		4,712		4,551		11,685		12,249
Settlement within the period		(3,255)		(4,022)		(9,909)		(11,752)
Foreign currency translation gain		(1,959)		(145)		(3,822)		209
Balance at end of the period	$	34,526	$	36,921	$	34,526	$	36,921

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Additional paid-in capital (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Additional paid-in capital

Schedule of additional paid-in capital

The Company’s positions in respect of the amounts of additional paid-in capital for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	64,273
Share-based compensation		—		—		—		88
Acquisition of the non-controlling interest in Wuhu		—		—		—		(630)
Balance at end of the period	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731	$	63,731

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Retained earnings (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Retained earnings

Schedule of appropriated retained earnings

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of appropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	11,481	$	11,303	$	11,481	$	11,303
Balance at end of the period	$	11,481	$	11,303	$	11,481	$	11,303

Schedule of unappropriated retained earnings

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the unappropriated retained earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	235,732	$	221,897	$	226,363	$	215,491
Net income attributable to parent company		7,478		(310)		16,862		6,110
Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interests		(8)		(7)		(23)		(21)
Balance at end of the period	$	243,202	$	221,580	$	243,202	$	221,580

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Accumulated other comprehensive income (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Accumulated other comprehensive income

Schedule of accumulated other comprehensive income

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	8,152	$	20,519	$	24,717	$	17,413
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company		(17,572)		(1,256)		(34,137)		1,850
Balance at end of the period	$	(9,420)	$	19,263	$	(9,420)	$	19,263

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Non-controlling interests (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Non-controlling interests

Schedule of non-controlling interests

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the non-controlling interests’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of the period	$	15,501	$	15,674	$	15,854	$	16,170
Net income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		529		42		1,229		(219)
Acquisition of the non-controlling interest in Wuhu		—		—		—		(444)
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interests		(1,133)		(82)		(2,186)		127
Balance at end of the period	$	14,897	$	15,634	$	14,897	$	15,634

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Financial income/(expense), net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Financial income/(expense), net

Schedule of recorded financial expense, net

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded financial income/(expense), net which is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Interest income	$	340	$	227	$	903	$	748
Foreign exchange gain/(loss), net		4,453		(1,015)		8,688		(1,293)
Bank charges		(33)		(33)		(273)		(333)
Total financial income/(expense), net	$	4,760	$	(821)	$	9,318	$	(878)

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Income per share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Income per share

Schedule of basic and diluted income per share

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	7,470	$	(317)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,637,876		30,851,776
Dilutive effects of stock options		2,384		—
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,640,260		30,851,776
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Basic	$	0.24	$	(0.01)
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.24	$	(0.01)

The calculations of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$	16,839	$	6,089
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding		30,778,336		30,851,776
Dilutive effects of stock options		1,547		4,191
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted		30,779,883		30,855,967
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Basic	$	0.55	$	0.20
Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders - Diluted	$	0.55	$	0.20

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Related party transactions and balances (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Related party transactions and balances

Schedule of related party transactions

Related party transactions are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Related party sales

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	11,181	$	14,691
Materials and others sold to related parties		646		365
Rental income obtained from related parties		114		132
Total	$	11,941	$	15,188

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Merchandise sold to related parties	$	31,343	$	47,016
Materials and others sold to related parties		2,222		1,313
Rental income obtained from related parties		359		373
Total	$	33,924	$	48,702

Related party purchases

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Materials purchased from related parties	$	7,689	$	6,505
Equipment purchased from related parties		831		537
Service purchased from related parties		330		831
Total	$	8,850	$	7,873

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Materials purchased from related parties	$	21,725	$	21,916
Equipment purchased from related parties		1,951		1,917
Service purchased from related parties		487		831
Others purchased from related parties		—		11
Total	$	24,163	$	24,675

Related party investment transaction

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Equity interest purchase from related parties	$	23,618	$	—

Related party receivables

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts and notes receivable, net from related parties	$	8,919	$	14,607
Other receivables, net from related parties		16		—
Total	$	8,935	$	14,607

Related party advance payments

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment to related parties	$	1,560	$	810
Advance payments and others to related parties		682		600
Total	$	2,242	$	1,410

Related party payables

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts and notes payable to related parties	$	12,578	$	13,464
Accrued expenses and other payables to related parties		2,004		—
Total	$	14,582	$	13,464

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Commitments and contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Commitments and contingencies

Schedule of major commitments and contingencies

In addition to the bank loans, notes payables, the related interest and other payables, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of September 30, 2022 (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Payment obligations by period
	2022		2023		2024		Thereafter		Total
Obligations for investment contracts (1)	$	—	$	4,225	$	—	$	—	$	4,225
Obligations for purchasing and service agreements		10,335		19,435		—		—		29,770
Total	$	10,335	$	23,660	$	—	$	—	$	33,995

(1) In January 2022, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties and committed to purchase 27.78% of the shares of Suzhou Qingshan for total consideration of RMB 60.0 million, equivalent to approximately $9.5 million at prevailing rate. As of September 30, 2022, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.7 million. According to the agreement, the remaining consideration of RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.2 million, will be paid in 2023.

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Segment reporting (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Segment reporting

Schedule of product sector information by reporting segments

The Company’s product sector information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Henglong	$	62,590	$	39,937	$	1,996	$	(1,820)
Jiulong		16,986		17,127		196		126
Shenyang		2,930		3,659		(300)		(251)
Wuhu		11,831		7,878		16		6
Hubei Henglong		29,525		31,023		3,116		563
Henglong KYB		36,995		19,095		1,760		485
Brazil Henglong		11,510		7,576		188		566
Other Entities		20,061		16,880		1,637		461
Total Segments		192,428		143,175		8,609		136
Corporate		—		—		(211)		(172)
Eliminations		(55,221)		(34,944)		(391)		(232)
Total	$	137,207	$	108,231	$	8,007	$	(268)

	Net Product Sales				Net Income/(Loss)
	Nine Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Henglong	$	177,401	$	138,151	$	5,680	$	(877)
Jiulong		53,071		76,248		(3,219)		650
Shenyang		8,998		11,988		(625)		186
Wuhu		30,695		17,598		70		117
Hubei Henglong		100,744		98,338		7,939		1,893
Henglong KYB		87,815		53,961		3,927		(72)
Brazil Henglong		30,471		19,660		1,741		2,900
Other Entities		58,669		47,587		4,431		2,570
Total Segments		547,864		463,531		19,944		7,367
Corporate		—		—		(632)		(1,221)
Eliminations		(147,100)		(104,355)		(1,221)		(255)
Total	$	400,764	$	359,176	$	18,091	$	5,891

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Organization and business (Details)		Sep. 30, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021		Apr. 30, 2021	Apr. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Aug. 31, 2018
Jiulong
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[1]	100.00%		100.00%
Henglong
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[2]	100.00%		100.00%
Shenyang
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[3]	70.00%		70.00%
Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., "Jielong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[4]	85.00%		85.00%
Wuhu
Organization and business
Percentage Interest		100.00%	[5]	77.33%	[5]	22.67%
Hubei Henglong
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[6]	100.00%		100.00%
Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, "Testing Center"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[7]	100.00%		100.00%
Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd "Chongqing Henglong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[8]	70.00%		70.00%
CAAS Brazil's Imports and Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., "Brazil Henglong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[9]	95.84%		95.84%
Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., "Wuhan Chuguanjie"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[10]	85.00%		85.00%
Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., "Shanghai Henglong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[11]	100.00%		100.00%
Jingzhou Qingyan Intelligent Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., "Jingzhou Qingyan"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[12]			60.00%
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., "Henglong KYB"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest		66.60%	[13]	66.60%	[13]				66.60%
Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., "Wuhan Hyoseong"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest		51.00%	[14]	51.00%	[14]			51.00%
Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., "Wuhu Hongrun"
Organization and business
Percentage Interest	[15]	62.00%		62.00%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co Ltd Changchun Hualong
Organization and business
Percentage Interest		100.00%	[16]	100.00%	[16]		100.00%

[1] Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gears for heavy-duty vehicles.

[2] Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gears for cars and light duty vehicles.

[3] Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles.

[4] Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automotive steering columns.

[5] Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems.

[6] On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

[7] In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products.

[8] On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts.

[9] On August 21, 2012, Brazil Henglong was established as a Sino-foreign joint venture company by Hubei Henglong and two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.

[10] In May 2014, together with Hubei Wanlong, Jielong formed a subsidiary, Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie”, which mainly engages in research and development, manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts. Wuhan Chuguanjie is located in Wuhan, China.

[11] In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong”, which mainly engages in the design and sales of automotive electronics.

[12] In November 2017, Hubei Henglong formed Jingzhou Qingyan Intelligent Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Qingyan”, which mainly engages in the research and development of intelligent automotive technology.

[13] In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

[14] In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.

[15] In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. Hubei Henglong owns 62.0% of the shares of Wuhu Hongrun and has consolidated it since its establishment.

[16] In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

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Organization and business - Additional Information (Details) ¥ in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2021 CNY (¥)	Apr. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Apr. 30, 2020 CNY (¥)	Apr. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Nov. 14, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021		Dec. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Aug. 31, 2018	May 31, 2017
Wuhu
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage	22.67%	22.67%				100.00%	[1]	77.33%	[1]
Consideration for additional equity interest acquired	¥ 6.9	$ 1.1
Hubei Henglong & KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., "Henglong KYB"
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage						66.60%	[2]	66.60%	[2]			66.60%
Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., "Wuhan Hyoseong"
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage						51.00%	[3]	51.00%	[3]		51.00%
Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co Ltd Changchun Hualong
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage			100.00%	100.00%		100.00%	[4]	100.00%	[4]
Consideration for additional equity interest acquired			¥ 1.2	$ 0.2
Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd "Wuhu Hongrun"
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage										62.00%
Brazil Henglong
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage													15.84%
Hanlin Chen
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage			52.10%	52.10%	59.10%
Third Party
Organization and business
Equity method investment, ownership percentage			47.90%	47.90%

[1] Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems.

[2] In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (“KYB”) established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment.

[3] In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.

[4] In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.

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Accounts and notes receivable, net - Advance Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Accounts receivable - unrelated parties	$ 142,344	$ 146,362
Notes receivable - unrelated parties	67,886	61,328
Total accounts and notes receivable - unrelated parties	210,230	207,690
Less: allowance for credit losses - unrelated parties	(10,594)	(11,961)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties	199,636	195,729
Accounts and notes receivable - related parties	10,268	15,505
Less: allowance for credit losses - related parties	(1,349)	(898)
Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties	8,919	14,607
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$ 208,555	$ 210,336

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Accounts and notes receivable, net - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) customer	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($) customer	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) customer	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($) customer	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Notes receivable pledged as collateral	$ 10,600		$ 10,600		$ 18,200
Allowance for accounts and notes receivable	$ (120)	$ 1,300	$ 600	$ 1,700
Accounts receivable | Credit concentration risk | Five largest customers
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Concentration risk (as a percent)	6.80%			9.00%
Revenue | Product Concentration Risk | Customer One
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Concentration risk (as a percent)	17.80%	17.10%	21.60%	17.30%
Revenue | Product Concentration Risk | Five largest customers
Accounts and notes receivable, net
Number of customers | customer	5	5	5	5
Concentration risk (as a percent)	41.90%	43.00%	43.60%	39.20%

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Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Inventories
Raw materials	$ 32,089	$ 33,583
Work in process	9,105	9,415
Finished goods	63,435	73,495
Total	$ 104,629	$ 116,493

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Inventories - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Inventories
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Adjustments	$ 1.2	$ 0.7	$ 3.8	$ 3.0

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Long-term Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term investments	$ 52,755	$ 36,966
Sentient AB
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term investments	21,387
Chongqing Venture Fund
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term investments	12,528	17,530
Hubei Venture Fund
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term investments	7,456	9,665
Suzhou Venture Fund
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term investments	5,272	7,413
Suzhou Qingshan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term investments	4,132
Henglong Tianyu
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term investments	772	913
Chongqing Jinghua
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term investments	575	642
Jiangsu Intelligent
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term investments	$ 633	$ 803

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Long-term Investments - Summarizes of Condensed Financial Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 137,207	$ 108,231	$ 400,764	$ 359,176
Gross profit	20,918	16,792	58,363	52,369
Net (loss)/income	7,470	(317)	16,839	6,089
Equity Method Investments | Chongqing Venture Fund
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Revenue		3,811		5,937
Gross profit		3,811		5,937
(Loss)/income from continuing operations	(2,395)	3,805	(17,389)	5,318
Net (loss)/income	$ (2,395)	$ 3,805	$ (17,389)	$ 5,318

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Long-term Investments - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands, ¥ in Millions		1 Months Ended					9 Months Ended
		Aug. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2022 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2021 CNY (¥) shares	Jun. 30, 2021 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2022 CNY (¥) director	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) director	Dec. 31, 2021
Sentient AB
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Equity method investment, ownership percentage					40.00%	40.00%
Chongqing Venture Fund
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Proceeds from Partnership Contribution			$ 1,000	$ 1,000
Hubei Venture Fund
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Proceeds from Partnership Contribution				$ 1,200
Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., "Hubei Henglong" [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Purchase of common stock shares | shares					200	200
Equity method investment, ownership percentage	[1]						100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
Number of board of directors | director							2	2
Total consideration					¥ 155.2	$ 24,500	¥ 141.0	$ 21,620
Remaining consideration							¥ 14.2	$ 2,000
Suzhou Venture Fund
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Proceeds from Partnership Contribution		$ 1,800	$ 1,800
Suzhou Qingshan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Equity method investment, ownership percentage							22.56%	22.56%
Total consideration							¥ 30.0	$ 4,700

[1] On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.

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Property, plant and equipment, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		$ 310,523	$ 341,390
Less: Accumulated depreciation	[1]	(205,647)	(213,669)
Total amount of property, plant and equipment, net	[2],[3]	104,877	127,721
Buildings
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		64,353	69,554
Machinery and Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		230,705	253,245
Electronic equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		6,409	6,887
Motor vehicles
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		4,622	5,121
Construction in progress
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total amount of property, plant and equipment		$ 4,435	$ 6,583

[1] Depreciation charges were $5.2 million and $6.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $16.7 million and $19.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

[2] As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company pledged property, plant and equipment with net book value of approximately $44.2 million and $54.7 million, respectively, as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China.

[3] Interest costs capitalized for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, were $0.03 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and $0.11 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Property, plant and equipment, net - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, plant and equipment, net
Depreciation	$ 5,200	$ 6,400	$ 16,700	$ 19,100
Pledged property, plant and equipment with net book value	44,200		44,200		$ 54,700
Interest costs capitalized	$ 30	$ 100	$ 110	$ 500

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Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Loans
Short-term bank loans	$ 44,208	$ 47,592
Long-term bank loans	532
Total bank loans	$ 44,740	$ 47,592

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Loans - Additional Information (Details)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)
Loans
Line of credit facility, maximum borrowing capacity	$ 143,700,000	$ 116,800,000
Proceeds from credit facility	$ 44,200,000	$ 47,600,000
Weighted average interest rate	3.10%	3.60%	3.10%
Chongqing Bank loans
Loans
Total loans	$ 600,000		¥ 4,000,000.0
Line of credit facility, interest rate at period end	3.85%		3.85%
Loan amount	$ 14,900		¥ 100,000

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Accounts and notes payable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts and notes payable
Accounts payable - unrelated parties	$ 129,709	$ 132,593
Notes payable - unrelated parties	67,901	81,997
Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties	197,610	214,590
Accounts and notes payable - related parties	12,578	13,464
Total	210,188	228,054
Cash pledged as collateral	31,000	27,800
Notes receivable pledged as collateral	10,600	18,200
Property, plant and equipment and land use right pledged as collateral	$ 31,700	$ 33,600

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Accrued expenses and other payables (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accrued expenses and other payables
Warranty reserves	$ 34,526	$ 36,572
Payable for the investment in Sentient AB	2,004
Accrued expenses	8,024	5,596
Current portion of other long-term payable		1,115
Payables for overseas transportation and custom clearance		4,548
Dividends payable to holders of non-controlling interests	423	471
Accrued interest	287	507
Other payables	3,057	1,523
Balance at end of year/period	$ 48,321	$ 50,332

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Accrued expenses and other payables - Warranty (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Accrued expenses and other payables
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 35,028	$ 36,537	$ 36,572	$ 36,215
Additions during the period	4,712	4,551	11,685	12,249
Settlement within the period	(3,255)	(4,022)	(9,909)	(11,752)
Foreign currency translation gain	(1,959)	(145)	(3,822)	209
Balance at end of the period	$ 34,526	$ 36,921	$ 34,526	$ 36,921

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Other long-term payable (Details) ¥ in Millions, $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2018
Other long-term payable
Term of contract				4 years
Carrying value of the equipment		¥ 91.3	$ 12.9
Sale leaseback transaction, sales price		¥ 100.0	$ 14.1
Sale leaseback transaction, quarterly rental payments	$ 1.1

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Redeemable non-controlling interests (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Redeemable non-controlling interests
Percentage of interest, redemption price	6.00%
Accretion of temporary equity redemption value	$ 500
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		$ 8	$ 7	$ 23	$ 21
Hubei Venture Fund
Redeemable non-controlling interests
Issuance of shares by a subsidiary	$ 700

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Additional paid-in capital (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)
Additional paid-in capital
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 64,273
Share-based compensation	88
Acquisition of the non-controlling interest in Wuhu	(630)
Balance at end of the period	$ 63,731

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Retained earnings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Retained earnings
Statutory accounting practices statutory surplus required percentage			10.00%
Percentage of statutory surplus reserve			50.00%
Statutory accounting practices statutory capital and surplus required	$ 0		$ 0
Statutory accounting practices statutory capital and surplus reserve	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Retained earnings - Appropriated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2021
Retained earnings
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 11,481	$ 11,481	$ 11,303	$ 11,303	$ 11,303
Balance at end of the period	$ 11,481	$ 11,481	$ 11,481	$ 11,303	$ 11,303

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Retained earnings - Unappropriated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Retained earnings
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 235,732	$ 221,897	$ 226,363	$ 215,491
Net income attributable to parent company	7,478	(310)	16,862	6,110
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests	(8)	(7)	(23)	(21)
Balance at end of the period	$ 243,202	$ 221,580	$ 243,202	$ 221,580

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Accumulated other comprehensive income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 8,152	$ 20,519	$ 24,717	$ 17,413
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company	(17,572)	(1,256)	(34,137)	1,850
Balance at end of the period	$ (9,420)	$ 19,263	$ (9,420)	$ 19,263

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Treasury stock (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		9 Months Ended
	Mar. 29, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022
Treasury stock
Stock repurchased during period		451,603
Maximum
Treasury stock
Stock repurchased during period, value	$ 5.0
Share price per share through March 30, 2023	$ 4.00

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Non-controlling interests (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Non-controlling interests
Balance at beginning of the period	$ 15,501	$ 15,674	$ 15,854	$ 16,170
Net income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	529	42	1,229	(219)
Acquisition of the non-controlling interest in Wuhu				(444)
Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interests	(1,133)	(82)	(2,186)	127
Balance at end of the period	$ 14,897	$ 15,634	$ 14,897	$ 15,634

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Net product sales (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Net Product Sales
Contract with customer, deposits		$ 3.7	$ 2.4
Revenue from contract with customer, including assessed tax	$ 1.5	4.3
Customer deposits recognized as net product sales revenue	0.2	3.0
Customer deposits from the beginning balance recognized as net product sales revenue	$ 0.2	$ 2.4

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Financial income/(expense), net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Financial income/(expense), net
Interest income	$ 340	$ 227	$ 903	$ 748
Foreign exchange gain/(loss), net	4,453	(1,015)	8,688	(1,293)
Bank charges	(33)	(33)	(273)	(333)
Total financial income/(expense), net	$ 4,760	$ (821)	$ 9,318	$ (878)

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Income per share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Numerator:
Net income attributable to the parent company's common shareholders - Basic and Diluted	$ 7,470	$ (317)	$ 16,839	$ 6,089
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding	30,637,876	30,851,776	30,778,336	30,851,776
Dilutive effects of stock options	2,384		1,547	4,191
Denominator for dilutive income per share - Diluted	30,640,260	30,851,776	30,779,883	30,855,967
Net income per share attributable to parent company's common shareholders - Basic	$ 0.24	$ (0.01)	$ 0.55	$ 0.20
Net income per share attributable to parent company's common shareholders - Diluted	$ 0.24	$ (0.01)	$ 0.55	$ 0.20

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Income per share - Additional Information (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Equity Option
Income per share
Ordinary shares excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per ordinary share	30,000	37,500	30,000	30,000

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Significant concentrations (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022
Significant concentrations
Minimum percentage of profit allocated to foreign investment	10.00%
Registered capital percentage	50.00%

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Related party transactions and balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021
Related party investment transaction
Equity interest purchase from related parties	$ 23,618		$ 23,618
Related party receivables
Accounts and notes receivable, net from related parties	8,919		8,919		$ 14,607
Other receivables, net from related parties	16		16
Total	8,935		8,935		14,607
Related party advance payments
Advance payments for property, plant and equipment to related parties	1,560		1,560		810
Advance payments and others to related parties	682		682		600
Total	2,242		2,242		1,410
Related party payables
Accounts and notes payable to related parties	12,578		12,578		13,464
Accrued expenses and other payables to related parties	2,004		2,004
Total	14,582		14,582		$ 13,464
Related party
Related party sales
Related party sales	11,941	$ 15,188	33,924	$ 48,702
Related party purchases
Related party purchases	8,850	7,873	24,163	24,675
Related party | Raw Materials And Others
Related party sales
Related party sales	646	365	2,222	1,313
Related party | Rental income
Related party sales
Related party sales	114	132	359	373
Merchandise | Related party
Related party sales
Related party sales	11,181	14,691	31,343	47,016
Materials | Related party
Related party purchases
Related party purchases	7,689	6,505	21,725	21,916
Equipment | Related party
Related party purchases
Related party purchases	831	537	1,951	1,917
Others purchased | Related party
Related party purchases
Related party purchases				11
Service | Related party
Related party purchases
Related party purchases	$ 330	$ 831	$ 487	$ 831

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Related party transactions and balances - Additional Information (Details)	Nov. 14, 2022	Apr. 30, 2020
Hanlin Chen
Related party transactions and balances
Equity method investment, ownership percentage	59.10%	52.10%

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Commitments and contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Commitments and contingencies
2022	$ 10,335
2023	23,660
Total	33,995
Obligations for investment contracts
Commitments and contingencies
2023	4,225
Total	4,225
Obligations for purchasing and service agreements
Commitments and contingencies
2022	10,335
2023	19,435
Total	$ 29,770

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Commitments and contingencies - Additional Information (Details) - Suzhou Qingshan - Hubei Henglong - Hubei Henglong ¥ in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Jan. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Commitments and contingencies
Equity method investment, ownership percentage	27.78%	27.78%
Total consideration	¥ 60.0	$ 9.5
Equity method investments			¥ 30.0	$ 4.7
Remaining capital commitment | ¥			¥ 30.0
Remaining capital commitment paid in 2023 | $				$ 4.2

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Segment reporting - Additional Information (Details)	Sep. 30, 2022 item product	Sep. 30, 2021 item product
Segment reporting
Number of product sectors | product	15	15
Number of principal profit makers	7	7
Number of holding company	1	1
Number of sectors engaged in development, manufacturing and sale of products	8	8

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Segment reporting - Product sector information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2021
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	$ 137,207	$ 108,231	$ 400,764	$ 359,176
Net Income/(Loss)	8,007	(268)	18,091	5,891
Eliminations
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	(55,221)	(34,944)	(147,100)	(104,355)
Net Income/(Loss)	(391)	(232)	(1,221)	(255)
Corporate
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	0	0	0	0
Net Income/(Loss)	(211)	(172)	(632)	(1,221)
Henglong
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	62,590	39,937	177,401	138,151
Net Income/(Loss)	1,996	(1,820)	5,680	(877)
Jiulong
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	16,986	17,127	53,071	76,248
Net Income/(Loss)	196	126	(3,219)	650
Shenyang
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	2,930	3,659	8,998	11,988
Net Income/(Loss)	(300)	(251)	(625)	186
Wuhu
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	11,831	7,878	30,695	17,598
Net Income/(Loss)	16	6	70	117
Hubei Henglong
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	29,525	31,023	100,744	98,338
Net Income/(Loss)	3,116	563	7,939	1,893
Henglong KYB
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	36,995	19,095	87,815	53,961
Net Income/(Loss)	1,760	485	3,927	(72)
Brazil Henglong
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	11,510	7,576	30,471	19,660
Net Income/(Loss)	188	566	1,741	2,900
Other Entities
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	20,061	16,880	58,669	47,587
Net Income/(Loss)	1,637	461	4,431	2,570
Total Segments
Segment reporting
Net Product Sales	192,428	143,175	547,864	463,531
Net Income/(Loss)	$ 8,609	$ 136	$ 19,944	$ 7,367