NuVasive, Inc. (the “Company” or “NuVasive”) was incorporated in Delaware on July 21, 1997, and began commercializing its products in 2001. The Company’s principal product offering includes a minimally disruptive surgical platform called Maximum Access Surgery, or MAS. The MAS platform combines three categories of solutions that collectively minimize soft tissue disruption during spine fusion surgery, provide maximum visualization and are designed to enable safe and reproducible outcomes for the surgeon and the patient. The platform includes the Company’s proprietary software-driven nerve detection and avoidance systems and Intraoperative Monitoring (“IOM”) services and support; MaXcess, an integrated split-blade retractor system; and a wide variety of specialized implants and biologics. To assist with surgical procedures, the Company offers a technology platform called Integrated Global Alignment (“iGA”); in which products and computer assisted technology under the MAS platform help achieve more precise spinal alignment. The individual components of the MAS platform, and many of the Company’s products, can also be used in open or traditional spine surgery. The Company continues to focus research and development efforts to expand its MAS product platform and advance the applications of its unique technology into procedurally integrated surgical solutions. The Company dedicates significant resources toward training spine surgeons on its unique technology and products.

The Company’s procedurally integrated solutions use innovative, technological advancements and the MAS platform to provide surgical efficiency, operative reliability, and procedural versatility. The Company offers a range of implants for spinal surgery, which include its porous titanium and polyetheretherketone (“PEEK”) implants under its Advanced Materials Science portfolio, fixation products such as customizable rods, plates and screws, bone allograft in patented saline packaging, allogeneic and synthetic biologics, and disposables used in IOM. The Company makes available MAS instrument sets, MaXcess and neuromonitoring systems to hospitals to facilitate surgeon access to the spine to perform restorative and fusion procedures using the Company’s implants and fixation products. The Company sells MAS instrument sets, MaXcess and neuromonitoring systems to hospitals, however, such sales are immaterial to the Company’s results of operations.

The Company also designs and sells expandable growing rod implant systems that can be non-invasively lengthened following implantation with precise, incremental adjustments via an external remote controller using magnetic technology called MAGnetic External Control, or MAGEC, which allows for the minimally invasive treatment of early-onset and adolescent scoliosis. This technology is also the basis for the Company’s Precice limb lengthening system, which allows for the correction of long bone limb length discrepancy, as well as enhanced bone healing in patients that have experienced traumatic injury.

The Company has developed a procedural solution for spine surgery that includes IOM services, iGA and hardware and software technology offerings. The Company has also invested in the development of capital equipment designed to further improve clinical and economic outcomes through proceduralization, including LessRay and Pulse. LessRay is an image enhancement platform designed to reduce radiation exposure in the operating room by allowing surgeons to take low-quality, low-dose images and improve them to look like conventional full-dose images. Pulse integrates multiple enabling technologies within a single, expandable platform and is engineered to improve workflow, reduce variability, and increase the reproducibility of surgical outcomes. Revenue from the sale or lease of capital equipment does not make up a material portion of the Company’s total revenue.

The accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned or controlled subsidiaries, collectively referred to as either NuVasive or the Company. The Company translates the financial statements of its foreign subsidiaries using end-of-period exchange rates for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations. When there is a portion of equity in an acquired subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the respective parent entity, the Company records the fair value of the non-controlling interest at the acquisition date and classifies the amounts attributable to non-controlling interest separately in equity in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Any subsequent changes in a parent's ownership interest while the parent retains its controlling financial interest in its subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Pursuant to these rules and regulations, the Company has condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures it normally includes in its annual Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. These Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. In the opinion of management, the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto include all adjustments that are of a normal and recurring nature that are necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and of the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management must make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which modifies Accounting Standard Codification 740 – Income Taxes, to simplify the accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions for intraperiod tax allocation, recognizing deferred taxes for investments and simplifies guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of determining the impact the adoption will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements as well as whether to early adopt the new guidance.

In January 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-01, Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815)—Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815 (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force), which clarifies the interaction of the accounting for equity securities, investments accounted for under the equity method, and certain forward contracts and purchased options. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of determining the impact the adoption will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements as well as whether to early adopt the new guidance.

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, which changes the accounting for recognizing impairments of financial assets. Under the new guidance, credit losses for certain types of financial instruments will be estimated based on expected losses. The new guidance also modifies the impairment models for available-for-sale debt securities and for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The amendments in this update were adopted using a modified retrospective transition method as of January 1, 2020, which had no cumulative impact to retained earnings. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The Company adopted the amendments in this update on January 1, 2020, which will be applied using a prospective transition method. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”), which adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Under the new guidance, entities will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, or valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. However, public companies will be required to disclose the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and related changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income. The Company adopted ASU 2018-13 as of January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 3 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on fair value measurements.

In September 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-15, Intangible – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (“ASU 2018-15”), which requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement to determine whether implementation costs should be capitalized as assets or expensed as incurred. Under the new guidance, capitalized implementation costs related to a hosting arrangement that is a service contract will be amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, beginning when the module or component of the hosting arrangement is ready for its intended use. The amendments in this update will be applied using a prospective transition method to each period presented. The Company adopted ASU 2018-15 as of January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”), which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This update is effective upon issuance. The relief is temporary and generally cannot be applied to contract modifications that occur after December 31, 2022 or hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after that date. The adoption of ASU 2020-04 did not have a material impact on the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the Company recognizes revenue upon the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the expected consideration to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The principles in ASC 606 are applied using the following five steps: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies its performance obligation(s). Specifically, revenue from the sale of implants, fixation products and disposables is generally recognized at an amount that reflects the expected consideration upon notice that the Company’s products have been used in a surgical procedure or upon shipment to a third-party customer assuming control of the products. Revenue from IOM services is recognized in the period the service is performed for the amount of consideration expected to be received. Revenue from the sale of surgical instrument sets is generally recognized upon receipt of a purchase order and the subsequent shipment to a customer who assumes control. In certain cases, the Company does offer the ability for customers to lease surgical instrumentation primarily on a non-sales type basis. Revenue from the sale or lease of capital equipment is generally recognized following the execution of a contract and upon the installation of the equipment and the acceptance by the customer. Revenue from sales and leases of surgical instrument sets and capital equipment represent an immaterial amount of the Company’s total revenue in all periods presented. Revenue associated with products holding rights of return or trade-in are recognized when the Company concludes there is not a risk of significant revenue reversal in future periods for the expected consideration in the transaction. Costs incurred by the Company associated with sales contracts with customers are deferred over the performance obligation period and recognized in the same period as the related revenue, with the exception of contracts that complete within one year or less, in which case the associated costs are expensed as incurred.

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers, including hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and distributors, to make required payments. The allowance for credit losses is calculated quarterly, and is estimated on a region-by-region basis considering a number of factors including age of account balances, collection history, historical account write-offs, third party credit reports, identified trends, current economic conditions, and supportable forecasted economic expectations. The allowance is adjusted on a specific identification basis for certain accounts as well as pooling of accounts with similar characteristics. An increase in the provision for credit losses may be required when the financial condition of the Company’s customers or its collection experience deteriorates. An increase to the allowance for credit losses results in a corresponding charge to sales, marketing and administrative expenses. The Company has a diverse customer base and no single customer represented greater than ten percent of sales or accounts receivable. Historically, the Company’s reserves have been adequate to cover credit losses.

The Company's exposure to credit losses may increase if its customers are adversely affected by changes in healthcare laws, coverage and reimbursement, economic pressures or uncertainty associated with local or global economic recessions, disruption associated with the current COVID-19 pandemic, or other customer-specific factors. It is possible that there could be a material adverse impact from potential adjustments of the carrying amount of trade receivables as customers’ cash flows are impacted by their response to the COVID-19 pandemic and deferral of elective surgical procedures.

(in thousands)	March 31, 2020
Allowance for credit losses at January 1, 2020	$	9,423
Current-period provision for expected losses		37
Write-offs charged against the allowance		(319	)
Recoveries of amounts previously written off		23
Changes resulting from foreign currency fluctuations		(95	)
Allowance for credit losses at end of period	$	9,069

Net inventory as of March 31, 2020 consisted of $313.5 million of finished goods, $4.5 million of work in progress and $6.7 million of raw materials. Net inventory as of December 31, 2019 consisted of $298.7 million of finished goods, $6.4 million of work in progress and $7.3 million of raw materials.

Finished goods primarily consists of specialized implants, fixation products and disposables and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value determined by utilizing a standard cost method, which includes capitalized variances, which approximates the weighted average cost. Work in progress and raw materials represent the underlying material, and labor for work in progress, that ultimately yield finished goods upon completion and are subject to lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company reviews the components of its inventory on a periodic basis for excess and obsolescence and adjusts inventory to its net realizable value as necessary.

Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Comprehensive income includes net of tax, unrealized gains or losses on the Company’s marketable securities and foreign currency translation adjustments. The cumulative translation adjustments included in accumulated other comprehensive loss were $13.2 million and $9.4 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Product shipment costs, included in sales, marketing and administrative expense in the accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations, were $6.4 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019. The majority of the Company’s shipping costs are associated with providing instrument sets to hospitals for use in individual surgical procedures. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling of products are reflected in revenues and are not material for any period presented.

The Company incurs certain costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which include severance, relocation, consulting, leasehold exit costs, third-party merger and acquisition costs, contingent consideration fair value adjustments and other costs directly associated with such activities. Contingent consideration is accrued based on the fair value of the expected payment, and such accruals are subject to increase or decrease based on the assessment of the likelihood that the contingent milestones will be achieved resulting in payment. If an accrual for contingent consideration decreases during a particular period, it results in a reduction of costs during such period.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recorded $(1.4) million of costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which included $(2.1) million of fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities primarily associated with the Company’s 2017 and 2016 acquisitions.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company incurred $3.8 million of costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which included $0.4 million of fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated with the Company’s 2017 and 2016 acquisitions.