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INCOME TAXES
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES
INCOME TAXES
 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company calculated its effective tax rate based on year-to-date results, pursuant to the Income Taxes Topic of the FASB ASC, as opposed to estimating its annual effective tax rate. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company estimated its annual effective tax rate and applied that rate to year-to-date results. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was negative 3.6% and negative 135.5%, respectively, including the impact of discrete items. Excluding discrete items, the Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was a negative 7.0% and 2.6%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily impacted by international and state taxes while the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily impacted by the additional valuation allowance, impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles, and international and state taxes.
In the second quarter of 2019, management assessed the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the Company's existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended June 30, 2019. On the basis of this evaluation, an additional valuation allowance of $36.0 million was recorded ($35.8 million of which was recorded as income tax expense and $0.2 million as a reduction of other comprehensive income) to reduce the portion of the deferred tax asset that is not more likely than not to be realized.
The Company intends to maintain a valuation allowance until sufficient positive evidence exists to support its reversal. As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had valuation allowances of $37.7 million and $1.2 million, respectively. The September 30, 2019 valuation allowance applied to all domestic deferred tax assets other than certain deferred tax assets expected to be realized. The December 31, 2018 valuation allowance applied to the uncertainty of the realization of certain state net operating losses.
As of September 30, 2019, the Company had approximately $0.7 million of unrecognized tax benefits included in other long-term liabilities ($5.7 million, net of deferred taxes, which would affect the effective tax rate if recognized). During the three months ended September 30, 2019, the Company reduced its unrecognized tax benefits by $0.9 million related to statute of limit expirations and a change in expected tax resolutions, the majority of which was offset by valuation allowance. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company had gross decreases of $0.1 million to its current year unrecognized tax benefits related to federal and state tax provisions.

The tax years 2012 through 2018 remain open to examination by certain taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject to tax.