EXHIBIT 2:

                        JOINT FILING AGREEMENT (RESTATED)

      WHEREAS, the undersigned (collectively, the "Reporting Persons") from time
to time make filings with the  Securities  and Exchange  Commission  pursuant to
Regulation 13D-G under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

      WHEREAS,  the Reporting  Persons prefer to make joint filings on behalf of
all Reporting  Persons rather than  individual  filings on behalf of each of the
Reporting Persons;

      NOW,  THEREFORE,  the undersigned hereby agree as follows with each of the
other Reporting Persons:

      1. Each of the Reporting  Persons is  individually  eligible to make joint
filings.

      2. Each of the Reporting  Persons is  responsible  for timely making joint
filings and any amendments thereto.

      3. Each of the Reporting  Persons is responsible for the  completeness and
accuracy of the information concerning such person contained in joint filings.

      4. None of the Reporting  Persons is responsible  for the  completeness or
accuracy of the information  concerning the other Reporting Persons contained in
joint  filings,  unless  such  person  knows or has reason to believe  that such
information is inaccurate.

      5. This Joint Filing Agreement  amends,  restates and supersedes the Joint
Filing  Agreement  (Restated)  dated August 3, 2007 by and among  certain of the
undersigned, but only as to those filings to be made by all Reporting Persons.


                                       13


      6. The undersigned  agree that each joint filing made on or after the date
hereof will be, and any amendment thereto will be, made on behalf of each of the
Reporting Persons.

                                         D3 Family Fund, L.P., D3 Bulldog Fund,
                                         L.P. and D3 Family Canadian Fund, L.P.


                                         By: Nierenberg Investment Management
                                              Company, Inc.

                                         Its: General Partner

March 5, 2008                            By:
                                            ------------------------------------
                                               David Nierenberg, President


                                         DIII Offshore Fund, L.P.

                                         By: Nierenberg Investment Management
                                              Offshore, Inc.

                                         Its: General Partner

March 5, 2008                            By:
                                            ------------------------------------
                                               David Nierenberg, President


                                         Nierenberg Investment Management
                                              Company, Inc.

March 5, 2008                            By:
                                            ------------------------------------
                                               David Nierenberg, President


                                         Nierenberg Investment Management
                                              Offshore, Inc.

March 5, 2008                            By:
                                            ------------------------------------
                                               David Nierenberg, President