UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022.

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM              TO             .

Commission file number: 000-32987

UNITED SECURITY BANCSHARES

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

CALIFORNIA	91-2112732
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

2126 Inyo Street, Fresno, California	93721
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code    (559) 248-4943

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:  Common Stock, no par value    UBFO        Nasdaq

                             (Title of Class)     (Trading Symbol) (Exchange)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:   NONE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐  No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No  ☒ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒  No ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrants knowledge, in the definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a small reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☒
Small reporting company ☒		Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No  ☒ 

Aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter - June 30, 2022: $104,165,322

Shares outstanding as of February 28, 2023:   17,148,023

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be found in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and such information is incorporated herein by this reference.

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UNITED SECURITY BANCSHARES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I:
	Item 1 - Business	4
	Item 1A - Risk Factors	17
	Item 1B – Unresolved Staff Comments	17
	Item 2 - Properties	17
	Item 3 - Legal Proceedings	17
	Item 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures	17
PART II:
	Item 5 - Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	17
	Item 6 - [Reserved]	19
	Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
	Item 7A - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
	Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	43
	Item 9 - Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	90
	Item 9A – Controls and Procedures	90
	Item 9B – Other Information
	Item 9C – Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	91
PART III:
	Item 10 – Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance	91
	Item 11 - Executive Compensation	91
	Item 12 - Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	91
	Item 13 - Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	91
	Item 14 – Principal Accounting Fees and Services	91
PART IV:
	Item 15 – Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	92

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 PART 1

Certain matters discussed or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Report”) including, but not limited to, those described in “Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” are forward-looking statements as defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements contained in this Report that are not clearly historical in nature are forward-looking, and the words “anticipate,” “assume,” “intend,” “believe,” “forecast,” “expect,” “estimate,” “plan,” “continue,” “will,” “should,” “look forward” and similar expressions are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these statements as they involve risks, uncertainties, and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, which may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those expressed in them. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of risks and uncertainties. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

•the impacts on the Company’s markets and customers of severe weather or natural disasters, such as wildfires, earthquakes, drought, or flood;

•the impacts of supply chain disruption and inflation on our customers, employees, and suppliers;

•asset/liability matching risks and liquidity risks;

•volatility and devaluation in the securities markets;

•our ability to compete effectively against other financial service providers in our markets;

•the effect of the current interest rate environment or impact of changes in interest rates or levels of market activity, especially on the fair value of our loan and investment portfolio;

•economic deterioration or a recession that may affect the ability of borrowers to make contractual payments on loans and may affect the value of real property or other property held as collateral for such loans, including the value of other real estate owned;

•changes in credit quality and the effect of credit quality on our allowance for loan and lease losses;

•our ability to attract and retain deposits and other sources of funding or liquidity;

•the need to retain capital for strategic or regulatory reasons;

•the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on our business, business strategies, and cost of operations;

•compression of the net interest margin due to changes in the interest rate environment, forward yield curves, loan products offered, spreads on newly originated loans, and leases and/or asset mix;

•reduced demand for our services due to strategic or regulatory reasons;

•our ability to successfully execute on initiatives relating to enhancements of our technology infrastructure, including client-facing systems and applications;

•information security breaches;

•legislative or regulatory requirements or changes, including an increase to capital requirements, change in tax policy, and increased political and regulatory uncertainty;

•the impact on our reputation and business from our interactions with business partners, counterparties, service providers, and other third parties;

•higher than anticipated increases in operating expenses;

•inability for the Bank to pay dividends to the Holding Company;

•a deterioration in the overall macroeconomic conditions or the state of the banking industry that could warrant further analysis of the carrying value of goodwill and could result in an adjustment to its carrying value resulting in a non-cash charge;

•the effectiveness of our risk management framework and quantitative models;

•the costs and effects of legal, compliance, and regulatory actions, changes, and developments, including the impact of adverse judgments or settlements in litigation, the initiation and resolution of regulatory or other governmental inquiries or investigations, and/or the results of regulatory examinations or reviews;

•the impact of the changes in tax laws or regulations on our business and business strategies, or if other changes are made to tax laws or regulations affecting our business, including the disallowance of tax benefits by tax authorities and/or changes in tax filing jurisdictions or entity classifications; and

•our success at managing risks involved in the foregoing items and all other risk factors described in our audited consolidated financial statements, and other risk factors described in this Report and other documents filed or furnished by the Company with the SEC.

Therefore, the information set forth therein should be carefully considered when evaluating the business prospects of the Company.

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Item 1 - Business

General

United Security Bancshares is a California corporation incorporated in March 2001 and is registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”) as a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”). The stock of United Security Bancshares is listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “UBFO.”

United Security Bank was chartered under the laws of the State of California in 1987 as a commercial bank. On June 12, 2001, United Security Bank reorganized into the bank holding company form of ownership and thereby became the wholly-owned subsidiary of United Security Bancshares and each share of United Security Bank stock was exchanged for a share of United Security Bancshares stock on a one-for-one basis. The principal business of United Security Bancshares is to serve as the holding company for United Security Bank.

References to the “Bank” refer to United Security Bank together with its wholly-owned subsidiary, York Monterey Properties. References to “we,” “us,” or the “Company” refer to United Security Bancshares together with its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. References to the “Holding Company,” refer to United Security Bancshares, the parent company, on a stand-alone basis.

United Security Bank

The Bank is a California state-chartered bank headquartered in Fresno, California. At December 31, 2022, the Bank operates three branches (including its main office), one construction lending office, and one commercial lending office in Fresno, California and one branch each in Oakhurst, Caruthers, San Joaquin, Firebaugh, Coalinga, Bakersfield, Taft, Campbell, and Mendota California. The Bank has Interactive Teller Machines (ITMs) at all branch locations and four off-site ITMs and five off-site ATMs at nine different non-branch locations. In addition, the Holding Company and the Bank have administrative headquarters located at 2126 Inyo Street, Fresno, California, 93721.

York Monterey Properties, Inc.

York Monterey Properties, Inc. (“YMP”) was incorporated in California on April 17, 2019, for the purpose of holding specific parcels of real estate acquired by the Bank through, or in lieu of, foreclosures in Monterey County. These properties exceeded the 10-year regulatory holding period for other real estate owned, or “OREO.” YMP was funded with a $250,000 cash investment and the transfer of those parcels by the Bank to YMP. In December 2021 $805,000 in additional funding was transferred to YMP to fund estimated expenses over a five-year period. As of December 31, 2022, these properties are included within the consolidated balance sheets as part of “other real estate owned.”

USB Capital Trust II

During July 2007, the Company formed USB Capital Trust II as a wholly-owned special purpose entity for the purpose of issuing Trust Preferred Securities. USB Capital Trust II is a Variable Interest Entity (VIE) and a deconsolidated entity pursuant to current accounting standards related to variable interest entities. On July 23, 2007, USB Capital Trust II issued $15 million in Trust Preferred Securities. These securities have a thirty-year maturity and bear a floating rate of interest (repricing quarterly) of 1.29% over the three-month LIBOR rate. Interest is payable quarterly. Concurrent with the issuance of the Trust Preferred Securities, USB Capital Trust II used the proceeds of the Trust Preferred Securities offering to purchase a like amount of junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company. The Company pays interest on the junior subordinated debentures to USB Capital Trust II, which represents the sole source of dividend distributions to the holders of the Trust Preferred Securities. During 2015, $3.0 million of the $15.0 million principal balance of the subordinated debentures related to the Trust Preferred Securities was purchased by the Bank and subsequently purchased by the Company from the Bank. The Company redeemed the $3.0 million in par value of the subordinated debentures, resulting in a remaining contractual principal balance of $12.0 million since year-end 2015. The Company may redeem the junior subordinated debentures at any time at par.

The following discussion of services should be read in conjunction with Item 7 - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Bank Services

The Bank offers a full range of commercial banking services primarily to the business and professional community and individuals located in Fresno, Madera, Kern, and Santa Clara Counties, including a variety of deposit instruments including

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personal and business checking accounts and savings accounts, interest-bearing negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts, money market accounts, and time certificates of deposit. Most deposits are comprised of accounts from individuals and from small- and medium-sized business-related sources. Time deposits represent 5.0% and 5.7% of total deposits at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Bank also offers a full complement of lending activities, including real estate mortgage (68.5% and 64.2% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively), commercial and industrial (6.1% and 5.2% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021), real estate construction (15.5% and 17.7% of total loans at December 31, 2022, respectively), agricultural (5.4% and 6.9% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively), and installment loans (4.5% and 5.9% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021, resp). Approximately 84.0% of the Bank’s loans are secured by real estate at December 31, 2022 and 2021. A loan may be secured (in whole or in part) by real estate even though the purpose of the loan is not to facilitate the purchase or development of real estate. At December 31, 2022, the Bank had total loans (net of unearned fees) outstanding of $980.2 million, which represented approximately 84.1% of total deposits and approximately 75.4% of total assets. At December 31, 2021, the Bank had total loans (net of unearned fees) outstanding of $871.5 million, representing approximately 73.4% of total deposits and 65.5% of total assets.

Real estate mortgage loans are secured by deeds of trust primarily on commercial property. The repayment of real estate mortgage loans generally is from the cash flow of the borrower. Commercial and industrial loans are diversified by industry. Loans may be originated in the Bank’s market area, purchased, or participated with other financial institutions outside the market area. A substantial portion of commercial and industrial loans are secured by accounts receivable, inventory, leases, or other collateral. The remainder are unsecured. However, extensions of credit are predicated on the financial capacity of the borrower to repay. Repayment of commercial loans is generally from the cash flow of the borrower. Real estate construction loans consist of loans to residential and commercial contractors, which are secured by single-family residential or multi-family properties. All real estate loans have established equity requirements. The repayment of real estate construction loans is generally from long-term mortgages with other lending institutions. Agricultural loans are generally secured by land, equipment, inventory, and receivables. Repayment of agricultural loans is generally from the expected cash flow of the borrower.

While the Bank has a high concentration of commercial real estate loans, it is not in the business of making residential mortgage loans to individuals. Residential mortgage loans totaled $273.4 million, or 27.9% of the portfolio at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2021, mortgage loans totaled $226.9 million and represented 26.1% of the portfolio. The residential mortgage loan portfolio is primarily comprised of purchased fixed-rate 30-year residential mortgage pools. The Bank does not originate, or have in the loan portfolio, any subprime, Alt-A, or option adjustable-rate loans. The Bank does originate interest-only loans which are generally revolving lines of credit to commercial and agricultural businesses or for real estate development where the borrowers business may be seasonal or cash flows may be restricted until the completion of the project. In addition, the Bank has restructured certain loans to allow the borrower to continue to perform on the loan under a troubled debt restructuring plan.

Loan participations are purchased from and sold to other financial institutions. The underwriting standards for loan participations and purchases are the same as non-participated loans, and are subject to the same limitations, collateral requirements, and borrower requirements. As of December 31, 2022, purchased participation loans totaled $9.4 million. There were $9.6 million purchased loan participations held at December 31, 2021. Loan participations sold comprised 1.0% and 0.6% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In the normal course of business, the Bank makes various loan commitments, including granting customers collateralized and uncollateralized lines of credit, and incurs certain contingent liabilities. Due to the nature of the business of the Bank’s customers, there is no absolute predictability to the utilization of unused loan commitments, including collateralized and uncollateralized lines of credit, and, therefore, it is not possible to forecast the extent to which these commitments will be exercised within the current year. While no assurance can be provided, it is not believed that any such utilization will constitute a material liquidity demand.

In addition to the loan and deposit services discussed above, the Bank also offers a wide range of specialized services designed to attract and service the needs of commercial customers and account holders. These services include online banking, mobile banking, safe deposit boxes, wire transfers, ITM services, ATM services, payroll direct deposit, cashier’s checks, and cash management services. While the Bank does not operate a trust department, arrangements with correspondent banks for trust services can be requested.

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Competition and Market Share

The banking business in California as well as the Bank’s market area is highly competitive with respect to both loans and deposits. The Bank competes for loans and deposits with other commercial banks, savings and loan associations, money market funds, credit unions, and other financial institutions. The Bank competes for loans and deposits by offering competitive interest rates and by seeking to provide a higher level of personalized service than is generally offered by larger competitors. Regulatory restrictions on interstate bank branching and acquisitions and on the provision of certain financial services, such as securities underwriting and insurance, have been reduced or eliminated. The availability of online and mobile banking services continues to expand. Changes in laws and regulations governing the financial services industry cannot be predicted; however, past legislation has served to intensify the competitive environment. Many of the major commercial banks operating in the Bank’s market areas offer certain services, such as trust and wealth management services, which the Bank does not offer directly. In addition, banks with larger capitalization have larger lending limits and are thereby able to serve larger customers.

The Bank’s primary market areas are Fresno, Madera, Santa Clara, and Kern County, California. There are 58 FDIC-insured financial institutions competing for business in those areas. The following table sets forth information regarding deposit market share and ranking by county as of June 30, 2022, which is the most current information available.

	Rank	Share
Fresno County	9th	4.57%
Madera County	6th	7.05%
Kern County	13th	0.80%
Santa Clara County	41st	0.01%
Total of Fresno, Madera, Kern, and Santa Clara Counties	20th	0.33%

Supervision and Regulation

Banking is a complex, highly regulated industry. Federal and state laws and the regulations of the federal and state bank regulatory agencies govern most aspects of a bank’s business, including capital adequacy ratios, reserves against deposits, limitations on the nature and amount of loans which may be made, the location of branch offices, borrowings, and dividends. The primary goals of banking laws and regulations are to maintain a safe and sound banking system, to protect depositors and the FDIC’s insurance fund, and to facilitate the conduct of sound monetary policy. In furtherance of these goals, Congress and the States have created several largely autonomous regulatory agencies and enacted numerous laws that govern banks, bank holding companies, and the financial services industry. Consequently, the growth and earnings performance of the Company and the Bank can be affected not only by management decisions and general economic conditions, but also by the requirements of applicable state and federal statutes, regulations, and the policies of various governmental regulatory authorities, including:

•The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC

•The California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, or DFPI

•The Federal Reserve Board, or FRB

Changes in applicable law or regulations, and in their application by the regulatory agencies, whether as the result of changes in the political climate or otherwise, cannot be predicted and may have a material effect on the business, operations, and financial results of the Company or the Bank.

Described below are elements of selected laws and regulations applicable to the Company and/or the Bank. The descriptions are not intended to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes and regulations described.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”),which was enacted in 2010, significantly revised and expanded the rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement authority of the federal bank regulatory agencies. The numerous rules and regulations being promulgated pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act are impacting banks’ operations and compliance costs. Provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act include: revisions in the deposit insurance assessment base for FDIC insurance and the permanent increase in deposit insurance coverage to $250,000; reduced interchange fees on debit card transactions; interest payments on business checking accounts; the removal of barriers to interstate branching; and required disclosure and shareholder advisory votes on executive compensation. Other provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act include:

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•Capital Requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act: increased the minimum Tier 1 capital ratio from 4.00% to 6.00% of risk-weighted assets; created a new category and required 4.50% of risk-weighted assets ratio for “common equity Tier 1” as a subset of Tier 1 capital limited to common equity; established a minimum non-risk-based leverage ratio set at 4.00%, eliminating a 3.00% exception for higher rated banks; changed the permitted composition of Tier 1 capital to exclude trust preferred securities (unless issued prior to May 19, 2010 by a bank holding company with less than $15 billion in assets), mortgage servicing rights and certain deferred tax assets and included unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt and equity securities; added an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets over each of the required capital ratios, which must be met to avoid limitations on the ability to pay dividends, repurchase shares or pay discretionary bonuses; changed the risk weights of certain assets for purposes of calculating the risk-based capital ratios for high volatility commercial real estate acquisition, development and construction loans, certain past due non-residential mortgage loans and certain mortgage-backed and other securities exposures.

•Deposit Insurance. The Dodd-Frank Act broadened the base for FDIC insurance assessments. Assessments are now based on the average consolidated total assets less tangible equity capital of a financial institution. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the FDIC to increase the reserve ratio of the Deposit Insurance Fund to 1.35% of insured deposits and eliminates the requirement that the FDIC pay dividends to insured depository institutions when the reserve ratio exceeds certain thresholds.

•Corporate Governance. The Dodd-Frank Act directed the federal banking regulators to promulgate rules prohibiting excessive compensation paid to executives of depository institutions and their holding companies with assets in excess of $1.0 billion.

•Interstate Branching. The Dodd-Frank Act authorized national and state banks to establish branches in other states to the same extent as a bank chartered by that state would be permitted to branch.

•Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The Dodd-Frank Act created an independent federal agency called the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”), which has been granted broad rulemaking, supervisory, and enforcement powers under various federal consumer financial protection laws, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Truth in Lending Act, Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act, Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Consumer Financial Privacy provisions of the GLBA, and certain other statutes. The CFPB has examination and primary enforcement authority with respect to depository institutions with $10 billion or more in assets. Smaller institutions are subject to rules promulgated by the CFPB but are still examined and supervised by their federal banking regulators for consumer compliance purposes. The CFPB has authority to prevent unfair, deceptive or abusive practices in connection with the offering of consumer financial products. The Dodd-Frank Act authorized the CFPB to establish certain minimum standards for the origination of residential mortgages including a determination of the borrower’s ability to repay. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act allows borrowers to raise certain defenses to foreclosure if they receive any loan other than a “qualified mortgage” as defined by the CFPB. The Dodd- Frank Act permits states to adopt consumer protection laws and standards that are more stringent than those adopted at the federal level and, in certain circumstances, permits state attorneys general to enforce compliance with both the state and federal laws and regulations.

•Final Volcker Rule. In December 2013, the federal bank regulatory agencies adopted final rules that implemented a part of the Dodd-Frank Act commonly referred to as the “Volcker Rule.” The final rules were amended in October 2019. Under these rules and subject to certain exceptions, banking entities, including the Bank, are restricted from engaging in activities that are considered proprietary trading and from sponsoring or investing in certain entities, including hedge or private equity funds that are considered “covered funds.” Banks that do not have significant trading activities, such as the Bank, will be assumed to operate under a presumption of compliance.

The Dodd-Frank Act also resulted in the creation of a new systemic risk oversight body, the Financial Stability Oversight Council (the “FSOC”) to oversee and coordinate the efforts of the primary U.S financial regulatory agencies in establishing regulations to address financial stability matters.

The Dodd-Frank Act was enacted under the administration of former President Barack Obama and many of the rules and regulations implementing the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act were enacted during that administration. The subsequent administration under President Donald Trump sought to roll-back key pieces of the Dodd-Frank Act in an effort to loosen regulatory restrictions on financial institutions including, but not limited to, easing the “Volker Rule,” stress tests, and other constraints on financial institutions. The Biden administration has expressed a commitment to reemphasize restrictions on financial institutions which were loosened during the previous administration. The Company cannot predict which provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act will be repealed, put in to effect, delayed, or enforced and, therefore, cannot predict the effect, if any, that the Dodd-Frank Act and regulations promulgated thereunder or actions initiated by the Biden administration will have on its future results of operations and financial condition.

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The Company

    General

The Company is a bank holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and is registered with, and regulated and examined by, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or FRB. The Company is subject to regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and to the disclosure and regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In addition, as the Company lists its common stock on Nasdaq, it is subject to the listing standards and rules of Nasdaq.

    Source of Strength

The Dodd-Frank Act codified existing FRB policy requiring the Company to act as a source of financial strength to the Bank, and to commit resources to support the Bank in circumstances where it might not otherwise do so. However, because the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) provides for functional regulation of financial holding company activities by various regulators, the GLBA prohibits the FRB from requiring payment by a holding company to a depository institution if the functional regulator of the depository institution objects to the payment. In those cases, the FRB could instead require the divestiture of the depository institution and impose operating restrictions pending the divestiture. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, non-bank subsidiaries of a holding company that engage in activities permissible for an insured depository institution must be examined and regulated in a manner that are at least as stringent as if the activities were conducted by the lead depository institution of the holding company.

    Bank Holding Company Liquidity

As a legal entity, separate and distinct from the Bank, the Company must rely on its own resources to pay its operating expenses and dividends to its shareholders. In addition to raising capital on its own behalf or borrowing from external sources, the Company may also obtain funds from dividends paid by, and fees charged for services provided to, the Bank. However, statutory and regulatory constraints on the Bank may restrict or totally preclude the payment of dividends by the Bank to the Company.

    Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

The Company and any subsidiaries it may purchase or organize are deemed to be affiliates of the Bank within the meaning of Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act, and the FRB’s Regulation W. Under Sections 23A and 23B and Regulation W, loans by the Bank to affiliates, investments by them in affiliates’ stock, and taking affiliates’ stock as collateral for loans to any borrower is limited to 10% of the Bank’s capital, in the case of any one affiliate, and is limited to 20% of the Bank’s capital, in the case of all affiliates. In addition, transactions between the Bank and any affiliates must be on terms and conditions that are consistent with safe and sound banking practices and substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the Bank, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with or involving non-affiliates. In particular, a bank and its subsidiaries generally may not purchase from an affiliate a low-quality asset, as defined in the Federal Reserve Act. These restrictions also prevent a bank holding company and a bank subsidiary’s other affiliates from borrowing from the bank subsidiary unless the loans are secured by marketable collateral of designated amounts.

The Company and the Bank are also subject to certain restrictions with respect to engaging in the underwriting, public sale and distribution of securities.

The Federal Reserve Act and FRB Regulation O place limitations and conditions on loans or extensions of credit to a bank or bank holding company’s executive officers, directors and principal shareholders; any company controlled by any such executive officer, director or shareholder; or any political or campaign committee controlled by such executive officer, director or principal shareholder. Additionally, such loans or extensions of credit must comply with loan-to-one-borrower limits; require prior full board approval when aggregate extensions of credit to the person exceed specified amounts; must be made on substantially the same and follow credit-underwriting procedures no less stringent than those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with non-insiders; must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment, or present other unfavorable features; and must not exceed the bank’s unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus in the aggregate.

    Limitations on Business and Investment Activities

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Under the BHCA, a bank holding company must obtain the FRB’s approval before: (i) directly or indirectly acquiring more than 5% ownership or control of any voting shares of another bank or bank holding company; (ii) acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of another bank; (iii) or merging or consolidating with another bank holding company.

The FRB may allow a bank holding company to acquire banks located in any state of the United States without regard to whether the acquisition is prohibited by the law of the state in which the target bank is located. In approving interstate acquisitions however, the FRB must give effect to applicable state laws limiting the aggregate amount of deposits that may be held by the acquiring bank holding company and its insured depository institutions in the state in which the target bank is located, provided that those limits do not discriminate against out-of-state depository institutions or their holding companies, and state laws which require that the target bank have been in existence for a minimum period of time, not to exceed five years, before being acquired by an out-of-state bank holding company.

In addition to owning or managing banks, bank holding companies may own subsidiaries engaged in certain businesses that the FRB has determined to be “so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto.” The Holding Company, therefore, is permitted to engage in a variety of banking-related businesses.

Additionally, qualifying bank holding companies making an appropriate election to the FRB may engage in a full range of financial activities, including insurance, securities, and merchant banking. The Company has not elected to qualify for these financial services.

Federal law prohibits a bank holding company and any subsidiary banks from engaging in certain tie-in arrangements in connection with the extension of credit. Thus, for example, the Bank may not extend credit, lease or sell property, or furnish any services, or fix or vary the consideration for any of the foregoing on the condition that:

•the customer must obtain or provide some additional credit, property, or services from or to the Bank other than a loan, discount, deposit or trust services;

•the customer must obtain or provide some additional credit, property, or service from or to the Company or any subsidiaries; or

•the customer must not obtain some other credit, property, or services from competitors, except reasonable requirements to assure soundness of credit extended.

    Capital Adequacy

Bank holding companies must maintain minimum levels of capital under the FRB’s risk-based capital adequacy guidelines. If capital falls below minimum guideline levels, a bank holding company, among other things, may be denied approval to acquire or establish additional banks or non-bank businesses.

The FRB’s risk-based capital adequacy guidelines, discussed in more detail below in the section entitled “The Bank - Capital Standards,” assign various risk percentages or weights to different categories of assets and capital is measured as a percentage of risk-weighted assets. Under the terms of the guidelines, bank holding companies are expected to meet capital adequacy guidelines based both on total risk-weighted assets and on total assets, without regard to risk weights.

The risk-based guidelines are minimum requirements. Higher capital levels will be required if warranted by the particular circumstances or risk profiles of individual organizations. For example, the FRB’s capital guidelines contemplate that additional capital may be required to take adequate account of, among other things, interest rate risk, or the risks posed by concentrations of credit, nontraditional activities or securities trading activities. Moreover, any banking organization experiencing or anticipating significant growth or expansion into new activities, particularly under the expanded powers under the GLBA, would be expected to maintain capital ratios, including tangible capital positions, well above the minimum levels.

    Limitations on Dividend Payments

As applicable to the Company, California Corporations Code Section 500 provides that neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries shall make a distribution to the Company’s shareholders unless the board of directors has determined in good faith that either:

•The amount of retained earnings of the Company immediately prior to the distribution equals or exceeds the sum of (A) the amount of the proposed distribution plus (B) the preferential dividends arrears amount; or

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•Immediately after the distribution, the value of the Company’s assets would equal or exceed the sum of its total liabilities plus the preferential rights amount.

Additionally, the FRB’s policy regarding dividends provides that a bank holding company should not pay cash dividends exceeding its net income for the past year or which can only be funded in ways that weaken the bank holding company’s financial health, such as by borrowing. The FRB also possesses enforcement powers over bank holding companies and their non-bank subsidiaries to prevent or remedy actions that represent unsafe or unsound practices or violations of applicable statutes and regulations.

    Securities Registration and Listing

The Company’s common stock is registered with the SEC under the Exchange Act and, as a result, is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading, corporate governance, and other disclosure requirements and restrictions of the Exchange Act, as well as the Securities Act, both administered by the SEC. The Company is required to file annual, quarterly and other current reports with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site, http://www.sec.gov, where SEC filings may be accessed. The SEC filings are also available on the Bank’s website at http://investors.unitedsecuritybank.com/Docs.

The Company’s common stock is listed on Nasdaq and trades under the symbol “UBFO.” The Company is subject to Nasdaq standards for listed companies. Nasdaq has adopted corporate governance rules, which are intended to allow shareholders and investors to more easily and efficiently monitor the performance of companies and their directors.

The Bank

General

As a California state-chartered bank and a member of the FRB, the Bank is subject to regulation, supervision and regular examination by the FRB and the DFPI. The Bank is subject to California laws insofar as they are not preempted by federal banking law. Deposits of the Bank are insured by the FDIC up to the applicable limits in an amount up to $250,000 per customer and, as such, the Bank is subject to the applicable provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations of the FDIC. As a consequence of the extensive regulation of commercial banking activities in California and the United States, the Bank’s business is particularly susceptible to changes in California and federal legislation and regulation, which may have the effect of increasing the cost of doing business, limiting permissible activities or increasing competition.

Capital Standards

Federal regulations require FDIC-insured depository institutions, including the Bank, to maintain adequate capital based on the size, asset composition, and complexity of the institution. Generally, FDIC-insured depository institutions must maintain several minimum capital ratios: a common equity tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio; a tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio; a total capital to risk-based assets; and a tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. These ratios involve complex calculations of various categories of capital and various categories of assets. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandates and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the institution’s financial condition and results of operations.

Effective January 1, 2020, pursuant to the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, enacted in May 2018, the Federal regulatory agencies adopted simplified capital requirements for certain qualifying “community” banking organizations. Depository institutions and depository institution holding companies that have less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and meet other qualifying criteria, including a leverage ratio (equal to tier 1 capital divided by average total consolidated assets) of greater than 9 percent, are eligible to opt into the community bank leverage ratio framework. Qualifying community banking organizations that elect to use the community bank leverage ratio framework and that maintain a leverage ratio of greater than 9 percent are considered to have satisfied the applicable risk-based and leverage capital requirements in the agencies’ capital rules and are considered to have met the “well capitalized” ratio requirements. Institutions that cease meeting the qualifying criteria have two calendar quarters within which to re-qualify, so long as the institution maintains a leverage ratio of greater than 8 percent during the grace period.

The Company and the Bank met the criteria and adopted the community bank leverage ratio framework in the third quarter of 2020.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company and the Bank were “well capitalized” under the applicable standards. The actual capitalization ratios for the Bank and the Company as of December 31, 2022 can be found at Note 21 - Regulatory Matters to

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the consolidated financial statements.

Prompt Corrective Action

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (“FDICIA”) requires each federal banking agency to take prompt corrective action to resolve the problems of insured depository institutions, including but not limited to those that fall below one or more prescribed minimum capital ratios. Pursuant to FDICIA, the FRB promulgated regulations defining the following five categories in which an insured depository institution will be placed, based on the level of its capital ratios:

Under the regulations, a bank shall be deemed to be:

•“well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% or more, has a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8% or more, has a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5% or more, has a Tier 1 leverage capital ratio of 5% or more, and is not subject to specified requirements to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure;

•“adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8% or more, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6% or more and a leverage capital ratio of 4% or more (3% under certain circumstances) and does not meet the definition of “well capitalized”;

•“undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio that is less than 8%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 4%, or a leverage capital ratio that is less than 4% (3% under certain circumstances);

•“significantly undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio that is less than 6%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 3% or a leverage capital ratio that is less than 3%; and

•“critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity to total assets that is equal to or less than 2%.

A bank’s category is determined solely for the purpose of applying prompt corrective action regulations, and the capital category may not constitute an accurate representation of the bank’s overall financial condition or prospects for other purposes.

While these benchmarks have not changed, due to market turbulence, the regulators have strongly encouraged and, in many instances, required, banks and bank holding companies to achieve and maintain higher ratios as a matter of safety and soundness.

Banks are prohibited from paying dividends or management fees to controlling persons or entities if, after making the payment, the bank would be “undercapitalized,” that is, the bank fails to meet the required minimum level for any relevant capital measure. Asset growth and branching restrictions apply to “undercapitalized” banks. Banks classified as “undercapitalized” are required to submit acceptable capital plans guaranteed by its holding company, if any. Broad regulatory authority was granted with respect to “significantly undercapitalized” banks, including forced mergers, growth restrictions, ordering new elections for directors, forcing divestiture by its holding company, if any, requiring management changes, and prohibiting the payment of bonuses to senior management. Even more severe restrictions are applicable to “critically undercapitalized” banks. Restrictions for these banks include the appointment of a receiver or conservator. All of the federal banking agencies have promulgated substantially similar regulations to implement this system of prompt corrective action.

A bank, based upon its capital levels, that is classified as “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized” or “undercapitalized” may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition, or an unsafe or unsound practice, warrants such treatment. Further, a bank that otherwise meets the capital levels to be categorized as “well capitalized,” will be deemed to be “adequately capitalized,” if the bank is subject to a written agreement requiring that the bank maintain specific capital levels. At each successive lower capital category, an insured bank is subject to more restrictions. The federal banking agencies, however, may not treat an institution as “critically undercapitalized” unless its capital ratios actually warrant such treatment.

Banking organizations that meet the criteria and have adopted the community bank leverage ratio framework, such as the Company and the Bank, are deemed to be “well capitalized” for “prompt corrective action” purposes.

In addition to measures taken under the prompt corrective action provisions, commercial banking organizations, such as the Bank, may be subject to potential enforcement actions by the federal or state banking agencies for unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their businesses or for violations of any law, rule, regulation or any condition imposed in writing by the agency or any written agreement with the agency. Enforcement actions may include the imposition of a conservator or receiver, the issuance of a cease‑and‑desist order that can be judicially enforced, the termination of insurance for deposits (in the case of a depository institution), the imposition of civil money penalties, the issuance of directives to increase capital, the issuance of formal and informal agreements, and the issuance of removal and prohibition orders against institution‑affiliated parties.

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Brokered Deposit Restrictions

Well-capitalized institutions are not subject to limitations on brokered deposits, while an adequately capitalized institution is able to accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits only with a waiver from the FDIC and subject to certain restrictions on the rate paid on such deposits. Undercapitalized institutions are generally not permitted to accept, renew, or roll over brokered deposits. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank was deemed to be “well-capitalized” and, therefore, eligible to accept brokered deposits.

Limitations on Dividend Payments

California law restricts the amount available for cash dividends the Bank may pay to the Company. Under California law, funds available for cash dividend payments by a bank are restricted to the lesser of: (1) retained earnings; or (2) the bank’s net income for its last three fiscal years (less any distributions to shareholders made during such period). Cash dividends may also be paid out of the greater of: (i) net income for a bank’s last preceding fiscal year; (ii) a bank’s retained earnings; or (iii) net income for a bank’s current fiscal year, upon the prior approval of the DFPI. If the DFPI finds that the stockholders’ equity of a bank is not adequate or that the payment of a dividend would be unsafe or unsound for the bank, the DFPI may order the bank not to pay any dividends.

Premiums for Deposit Insurance

The FDIC insures deposits up to $250,000 per qualified account. The FDIC utilizes a risk-based assessment system to set quarterly insurance premium assessments which categorizes banks into four risk categories based on capital levels and supervisory “CAMELS” ratings and names them Risk Categories I, II, III and IV. The CAMELS rating system is based upon an evaluation of the six critical elements of an institution’s operations: Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity, and Sensitivity to risk. This rating system is designed to take into account and reflect all significant financial and operational factors financial institution examiners assess in their evaluation of an institution’s performance.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act required the FDIC to maintain a reserve ratio of the FDIC’s deposit insurance fund at not less than 1.35% of insured deposits and to adopt a restoration plan to achieve the statutory minimum within 8 years if the ratio falls below 1.35%. During 2020 the reserve ratio fell below 1.35% to 1.30% due to extraordinary growth in insured deposits and, accordingly, in September 2020, the FDIC adopted a restoration plan providing for FDIC monitoring deposit balance trends, potential losses, and other factors that affect the reserve ratio, while maintaining the current schedule of assessment rates for all insured institutions. Under the restoration plan, the FDIC is to provide updates at least semi-annually. In setting the assessments, the FDIC is required to offset the effect of the higher reserve ratio against insured depository institutions with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion. Assessments are based on the average consolidated total assets less average tangible equity capital of a financial institution rather than on its insured deposits. The semi-annual update as of March 31, 2022, showed a decline of four basis points to 1.23%. As a result, on June 21, 2022, the FDIC adopted an amendment to the restoration plan resulting in a uniform increase in the base deposit insurance assessment of two basis points beginning with the first quarter of 2023 in order to meet the requirement of 1.35% by September 30, 2028.

The FDIC is authorized to terminate a depository institution’s deposit insurance upon a finding by the FDIC that the institution’s financial condition is unsafe or unsound or that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices or has violated any applicable rule, regulation, order or condition enacted or imposed by the institution’s regulatory agency. The termination of deposit insurance would result in the forced closure of the Bank which would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Safety and Soundness Standards

The federal banking agencies have adopted guidelines designed to assist the federal banking agencies in identifying and addressing potential safety and soundness concerns before capital becomes impaired. The guidelines set forth operational and managerial standards relating to: (i) internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems; (ii) loan documentation; (iii) credit underwriting; (iv) asset growth; (v) earnings; and (vi) compensation, fees and benefits. In addition, the federal banking agencies have also adopted safety and soundness guidelines with respect to asset quality and earnings standards. These guidelines provide nine standards for establishing and maintaining a system to identify problem assets and prevent those assets from deteriorating.

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Federal Home Loan Bank System

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (the “FHLB-SF”). Among other benefits, each Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) serves as a reserve or central bank for its members within its assigned region. Each FHLB is financed primarily from the sale of consolidated obligations of the FHLB system. Each FHLB makes available loans or advances to its members in compliance with the policies and procedures established by the Board of Directors of the individual FHLB. The FHLB-SF utilizes a single class of stock with a par value of $100 per share, which may be issued, exchanged, redeemed and repurchased only at par value. As an FHLB member, the Bank is required to own FHLB –SF capital stock in an amount equal to the greater of:

•a membership stock requirement with an initial cap of $25 million (100% of “membership asset value” as defined), or

•an activity-based stock requirement (based on percentage of outstanding advances).

The FHLB – SF capital stock is redeemable on five years’ written notice, subject to certain conditions. At December 31, 2022 the Bank owned 53,138 shares of the FHLB-SF capital stock.

Federal Reserve Bank

The FRB no longer requires depository institutions to maintain non-interest bearing reserves at specified levels against their transaction accounts and non-personal time deposits.

Consumer Regulation

The Company is subject to a number of federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern relationships with customers. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act, and these laws’ respective state-law counterparts, as well as state usury laws and laws regarding unfair and deceptive acts and practices. Violations of applicable consumer protection laws can result in significant potential liability from litigation brought by customers, including actual damages, restitution and attorneys’ fees. Federal bank regulators, state attorneys general and state and local consumer protection agencies may also seek to enforce consumer protection requirements and obtain these and other remedies, including regulatory sanctions, customer rescission rights, action by the state and local attorneys general in each jurisdiction in which we operate, and civil money penalties. Failure to comply with consumer protection regulations may result in the failure to obtain required bank regulatory approval for merger or acquisition transactions or other transactions where approval is not required.

The CFPB has broad rulemaking, supervisory, and enforcement powers under various federal consumer financial protection laws. The CFPB is also authorized to engage in consumer financial education, track consumer complaints, request data, and promote the availability of financial services to underserved consumers and communities. The CFPB has broad supervisory, examination, and enforcement authority over various consumer financial products and services, including the ability to require reimbursements and other payments to customers for alleged legal violations and to impose significant penalties, as well as injunctive relief that prohibits lenders from engaging in allegedly unlawful practices. The CFPB also has the authority to obtain cease and desist orders providing for affirmative relief or monetary penalties. State regulation of financial products and potential enforcement actions could also adversely affect business, financial condition, or results of operations. For example, on November 29, 2021 the DFPI proposed rules under the California Consumer Financial Protection Law to allow the DFPI to require businesses that provide financial products such as debt settlement, student debt relief, education financing, and wage-based advances to register with the DFPI and provide records to facilitate the oversight of the registrants in their interaction with consumers in California. The DFPI’s expanding its authority to have an increased emphasis on consumer protection that may be viewed as an effort to create a state-run equivalent of the CFPB.

USA PATRIOT Act

The PATRIOT Act, designed to deny terrorists and others the ability to obtain access to the United States financial system, has significant implications for depository institutions, brokers, dealers, and other businesses involved in the transfer of money. The PATRIOT Act, as implemented by various federal regulatory agencies, requires the Company and the Bank to establish and implement policies and procedures with respect to, among other matters, anti‑money laundering, compliance, suspicious activity and currency transaction reporting and due diligence on customers and prospective customers. The PATRIOT Act and its underlying regulations permit information sharing for counter‑terrorist purposes between federal law enforcement agencies and financial institutions, as well as among financial institutions, subject to certain conditions, and require the FRB, the FDIC

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and other federal banking agencies to evaluate the effectiveness of an applicant in combating money laundering activities when considering a bank holding company acquisition and/or a bank merger.

The Bank regularly evaluates and continues to enhance the systems and procedures to continue to comply with the PATRIOT Act and other anti‑money laundering initiatives. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal, strategic, and reputational consequences for the institution and result in material fines and sanctions.

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF 2020

The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (the “AML Act”) was enacted effective January 1, 2021 and presents the most comprehensive revisions and enhancements to anti-money laundering and counter terrorism laws since the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 and the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “BSA”). The impact of the new legislation will not be fully known until required regulations are adopted and implemented, but the AML Act represents significant changes and reaffirms and broadens the government’s oversight and commitment to addressing the illicit activities and financing of terrorism.

Many of the provisions of the AML Act deal with the operations of the federal agencies primarily responsible for addressing terrorism financing and the safeguarding of the national security of the United States, such as the U.S. Treasury and its Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), including the requirement for FinCEN to engage anti-money laundering (“AML”) and terrorist financing investigations experts and the requirement to facilitate information sharing with other federal and state and even foreign law enforcement agencies. On June 30, 2021, FinCEN issued the first government-wide priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism to encourage banks to incorporate the priorities into their risk-based BSA compliance programs. The priorities identified were: (i) corruption; (ii) cybercrime and cyber security; (iii) terrorist financing; (iv) fraud; (v) transnational crime organizations; (vi) drug trafficking; (vii) human trafficking; and (viii) proliferation financing through support networks.

The AML Act also expands the reach of federal AML laws by extending their applicability to a broader range of industries, such as entities involved in futures, precious metals, precious stones and jewels, antiquities, and cryptocurrency. On September 24, 2021, FinCEN issued proposed rules to include a person engaged in the trade of antiquities under the definition of “financial institution” subjecting such person to regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury.

The AML Act aims to balance the burdens imposed by reporting on financial institutions and the benefits derived by Federal law enforcement agencies. The AML Act requires a review of currency transaction and suspicious activity reports submitted by financial institutions to determine to what extent the reporting can be streamlined and made more useful. Included is the obligation to review the dollar thresholds for reporting currency transactions and to establish automated processes for filing simple, non-complex categories of reports. It calls for greater integration between financial institution systems and the electronic filing system to allow for automatic population of report fields and the submission of transaction data.

Other provisions of the AML Act enhance enforcement. One section provides protection for financial institutions keeping open a customer’s account or transaction at the request of a federal law enforcement agency or at the request of a state or local agency with the concurrence of FinCEN. Other sections increase civil penalties for financial institutions and persons violating the recordkeeping and reporting obligations. Persons found to have committed repeated “egregious violations” may be barred from serving on boards of directors of financial institutions and fined in an amount that is equal to the profit gained by such person by reason of such violation. If that person is a partner, director, officer or employee of a financial institution, that person may be ordered to repay any bonus paid to that person, irrespective of the amount of the bonus or how it was calculated. New criminal penalties have been created for concealing from or misrepresenting to a financial institution any material facts concerning: (i) the ownership or control of assets involved in a monetary transaction involving a senior foreign political figure in amounts exceeding $1 million; or (ii) the source of funds in a monetary transaction involving an entity found to be a primary money laundering concern. Other enforcement enhancement provisions in the AML Act authorize the Treasury to pay whistleblower awards leading to fines or forfeitures of at least $50,000 up to the lower of $150,000 or 25% of the fine or forfeiture and allows for the payment to whistleblowers of up to 30% of the fine or forfeiture.

One of the most significant portions of the AML Act is The Corporate Transparency Act (“CTA”), which will require the reporting of certain information regarding “beneficial owners” of “reporting companies” to a confidential database to be established by FinCEN. Reporting companies are defined as any corporation, limited liability company or other entity formed in the U.S. under the laws of a state or Indian Tribe or registered as a foreign entity to do business in the U.S., other than those specifically excluded, such as: (i) companies reporting or with a class of securities registered with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1934; (ii) banks, bank holding companies, and credit unions; (iii) money transmitters, registered broker‑dealers, registered investment advisors, and investment companies; (iv) public utilities and insurance companies; (v) 503(c)(3) entities;

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(vi) entities that employ more than 20 employees, have reported gross receipts or sales to the Internal Revenue Service in excess of $5.0 million in the prior year, and have an operating presence in the U.S.; and (vii) certain “inactive” entities.

A beneficial owner is any individual who directly, or indirectly exercises substantial control over an entity or owns or controls 25% or more of the ownership interest of an entity. The reporting company will be required to provide FinCEN with the legal name, date of birth, current resident or business address, and an acceptable identification number of the beneficial owner. In September 2022, FinCEN issued a final rule requiring the reporting of beneficial ownership information by entities “created” or “doing business” in the United States before January 1, 2024, beginning January 1, 2025.

Under the CTA, the Treasury is to minimize the burden on reporting companies and ensure the information deposited in the database is maintained in the strictest confidence and made available for inspection or disclosure by FinCEN only for the purposes set forth in the AML Act and only to: (i) federal agencies engaged in national security, intelligence or law enforcement; (ii) state, local or Tribal law enforcement agencies, subject to authorization by a court of competent jurisdiction; (iii) financial institutions subject to customer due diligence requirements with the consent of the reporting company; (iv) requests by a federal or other appropriate regulatory agency; (v) certain Treasury officials for tax administration purposes; and (vi) authorized federal agencies on behalf of a properly recognized foreign authority. On January 25, 2022, FinCEN issued proposed regulations for a pilot program to permit financial institutions to share suspicious activity information with their foreign branches, subsidiaries and affiliates to combat illicit finance risks under the AML Act.

The foregoing is only a summary of selected provisions of the AML Act. Given that regulations implementing the new AML Act are being proposed but have not yet been adopted or implemented, the Company cannot determine at this time the effect, if any, the AML Act will have on the Company’s future results of operations or financial condition.

Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) Regulation

The United States has imposed economic sanctions that affect transactions with designated foreign countries, designated nationals, and others. These rules are based on their administration by OFAC. The OFAC‑administered sanctions targeting designated countries take many different forms. Generally, however, they contain one or more of the following elements: (i) restrictions on trade with or investment in a sanctioned country, including prohibitions against direct or indirect imports from and exports to a sanctioned country and prohibitions on “U.S. persons” engaging in financial transactions relating to making investments in, or providing investment‑related advice or assistance to, a sanctioned country; and (ii) a blocking of assets in which the government or specially designated nationals of the sanctioned country have an interest, by prohibiting transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons). Blocked assets (e.g., property and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off, or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal, strategic, and reputational consequences, and result in civil money penalties on the Company and the Bank.

Community Reinvestment Act

The Community Reinvestment Act (the “CRA”) generally requires the Bank to identify the communities it serves and to make loans and investments, offer products, make donations in, and provide services designed to meet the credit needs of these communities. The CRA also requires the Bank to maintain comprehensive records of its CRA activities to demonstrate how we are meeting the credit needs of the Bank’s communities. These documents are subject to periodic examination by the FRB. During these examinations, the FRB rates such institutions’ compliance with CRA as “Outstanding,” “Satisfactory,” “Needs to Improve” or “Substantial Noncompliance.” The CRA requires the FRB to take into account the record of a bank in meeting the credit needs of all of the communities served, including low‑ and moderate‑income neighborhoods, in determining such rating. Failure of an institution to receive at least a “Satisfactory” rating could inhibit such institution or its holding company from undertaking certain activities, including acquisitions. The Bank received a CRA rating of “Satisfactory” as of its most recent examination. In the case of a bank holding company, such as the Company, when applying to acquire a bank, savings association, or a bank holding company, the FRB will assess the CRA record of each depository institution of the applicant bank holding company in considering the application.

Customer Information Privacy and Cybersecurity

The FRB and other bank regulatory agencies have adopted guidelines for safeguarding confidential, personal, and non‑public customer information. These guidelines require each financial institution, under the supervision and ongoing oversight of its board of directors or an appropriate committee thereof, to create, implement, and maintain a comprehensive written information security program designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer information, protect against any anticipated threats or hazard to the security or integrity of such information, and protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer. We have adopted a customer information

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security program to comply with these requirements.

In March 2015, federal regulators issued two related statements regarding cybersecurity. One statement indicates that financial institutions should design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes also address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, including security measures to reliably authenticate customers accessing Internet-based services of the financial institution. The other statement indicates that a financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack involving destructive malware. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations and address rebuilding network capabilities and restoring data if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to this type of cyber-attack. If we fail to observe the regulatory guidance, we could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties.

Privacy

The GLBA and the California Financial Information Privacy Act require financial institutions to implement policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of non-public personal information about consumers to non‑affiliated third parties. In general, the statutes require disclosures to consumers on policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of such non-public personal information and, except as otherwise required by law, prohibit disclosing such information except as provided in the Bank’s policies and procedures. We have implemented privacy policies addressing these restrictions that are distributed regularly to all existing and new customers of the Bank.

Other Aspects of Banking Law

The Bank is subject to federal statutory and regulatory provisions covering, among other things, security procedures, management interlocks, funds availability and truth-in-savings. There are also a variety of federal statutes that regulate acquisitions of control and the formation of bank holding companies, and the activities beyond owning banks that are permissible.

Moreover, additional initiatives may be proposed or introduced before Congress, the California Legislature, and other government bodies in the future which, if enacted, may further alter the structure, regulation, and competitive relationship among financial institutions and may subject the bank holding companies and banks to increased supervision and disclosure, compliance costs and reporting requirements. In addition, the various bank regulatory agencies often adopt new rules and regulations and policies to implement and enforce existing legislation. Bank regulatory agencies have been very aggressive in responding to concerns and trends identified in examinations, and this has resulted in the increased issuance of enforcement actions to financial institutions requiring action to address credit quality, liquidity and risk management, capital adequacy, compliance with Bank Secrecy Act, as well as other safety and soundness concerns.

It cannot be predicted whether, or in what form, any such legislation or regulatory changes in policy may be enacted or the extent to which the Bank’s businesses would be affected thereby. In addition, the outcome of examinations, any litigation, or any investigations initiated by state or federal authorities may result in necessary changes in the Bank’s operations and increased compliance costs.

Human Capital

The Company employed 117 full-time equivalent staff as of December 31, 2022. The employees are not represented by a collective bargaining unit, and the Company believes its relationship with its employees is good.

The Company’s ability to attract, retain, and develop employees is a key to its success. We provide competitive pay that is consistent with the employee’s position and experience. Annual increases in compensation are based on merit, which is documented throughout internal systems and communicated at the time of review and upon promotion or transfer. Certain employees participate in the Company’s performance-based incentive programs, which may include additional bonus and incentive compensation and equity-based awards. Certain benefits are subject to eligibility, vesting, and performance requirements. Employee performance is measured formally at least annually.

Our employees’ health, wellness, and safety are a priority to the Company. Employees receive a comprehensive benefits package that includes paid time off, sick time, company matching contributions of 100% up to 4% of salary contributions to a qualified retirement plan, and other health and wellness benefits including participation in Company paid or subsidized medical, dental, term-life, accidental death and dismemberment (AD&D), long-term disability, and employee assistance programs.

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The Company’s code of ethics prohibits discrimination or harassment. The Company requires all employees to agree to the code of ethics and participate in harassment prevention training annually.

Available Information

The Company files periodic reports and other reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These reports, as well as the Company’s Code of Ethics, are posted and are available at no cost on the Company’s website at http://www.unitedsecuritybank.com as soon as reasonably practical after the Company files such reports with the SEC. The Company’s periodic and other reports filed with the SEC are also available at the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov).

Item 1A - Risk Factors

Not required for smaller reporting companies.

Item 1B - Unresolved Staff Comments

The Company had no unresolved staff comments at December 31, 2022.

Item 2 - Properties

The Company provides traditional banking services through twelve branches and two loan production offices located primarily throughout California’s Central Valley. Bank branches are located in Fresno, Madera, and Kern Counties, in addition to one branch in Santa Clara County. The Company also has four remote ITM locations and five remote ATM locations. Both loan production offices are housed at branch facilities in Fresno County. The administration building is located in Fresno, California, and does not provide branch services.

At December 31, 2022, the Company held leases for six of the branches and the nine remote ITM and ATM locations, and owned the remaining six branches. The Company also owns its headquarters in Fresno, California. Most of the leases have renewal options and, in management’s opinions, all properties are adequately covered by insurance. The Company considers its existing facilities to be sufficient for current and future use. Please see “Note 5 - Premises and equipment” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” for further detail.

Item 3 - Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is party to claims and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. At this time, the Company is not aware of any pending legal proceedings to which it is a party or of which any of its property is the subject, nor is the Company aware of any such proceedings known to be contemplated by governmental entities, which proceedings will have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.

Item 4 - Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable

PART II

Item 5 - Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Trading History

The Company’s common stock trades on The Nasdaq Global Select Market and is traded under the symbol UBFO. At December 31, 2022, there were approximately 549 record holders of common stock. This does not reflect the number of persons or entities who hold their stock in nominee or street name through various brokerage firms.

The following table sets forth the high and low closing sales prices by quarter for the common stock, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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	Closing Prices
Quarter	High		Low		Volume
4th Quarter 2022	$	7.44	$	6.51	894,800
3rd Quarter 2022	$	7.73	$	6.50	1,203,500
2nd Quarter 2022	$	8.67	$	7.24	453,300
1st Quarter 2022	$	8.74	$	8.03	678,400
4th Quarter 2021	$	8.21	$	7.75	981,342
3rd Quarter 2021	$	8.25	$	7.77	1,754,001
2nd Quarter 2021	$	8.56	$	7.70	5,946,233
1st Quarter 2021	$	8.85	$	6.76	2,631,103

Dividends

The Company’s shareholders are entitled to dividends when and if declared by the Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefore. Dividends paid to shareholders are subject to restrictions set forth in the California General Corporation Law, which provides that a California corporation may make a distribution, including paying dividends on its capital stock, from retained earnings to the extent that the retained earnings exceed (a) the amount of the proposed distribution plus (b) the amount, if any, of dividends in arrears on shares with preferential dividend rights. Alternatively, a California corporation may make a distribution, if, immediately after the distribution, the value of its assets equals or exceeds the sum of (a) its total liabilities plus (b) the liquidation preference of any shares which have a preference upon dissolution over the rights of shareholders receiving the distribution. As a bank holding company without significant assets other than its equity position in the Bank, the ability to pay dividends to shareholders depends primarily upon dividends received from the Bank. Such dividends paid by the Bank to the Company are subject to certain limitations. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial and Results of Operations - Regulatory Matters.”

Cash dividends issued 2022 and 2021:

2022			2021
Date Declared	Date Paid	Dividend Amount	Date Declared	Date Paid	Dividend Amount
March 22, 2022	April 18, 2022	$0.11	March 23, 2021	April 16, 2021	$0.11
June 28, 2022	July 22, 2022	$0.11	June 22, 2021	July 16, 2021	$0.11
September 27, 2022	October 25, 2022	$0.11	September 28, 2021	October 25, 2021	$0.11
December 20, 2022	January 19, 2023	$0.11	December 14, 2021	January 18, 2022	$0.11

The amount and payment of dividends to our shareholders are set by the Board of Directors with numerous factors being taken into consideration including but not limited to earnings, financial condition, and the need for capital for expanded growth and general economic conditions. No assurance can be given that cash or stock dividends will be paid in the future.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table sets forth securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2022. All of our equity compensation plans have been approved by the shareholders.

Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options,warrants and rights (column a)		Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	119,022	(1)	$	8.07	515,494
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders	N/A		N/A		N/A
Total	119,022		$	8.07	515,494

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Under the United Security Bancshares 2015 Equity Incentive Award Plan (the “2015 Plan”), we are authorized to issue restricted stock awards. Restricted stock awards are not included in the total in column (a). At December 31, 2022, there were 13,974 shares of restricted stock issued and outstanding.

A complete description of the above plans is included in Note 12 of the Financial Statements, within Item 8 of this Report, and is hereby incorporated by reference.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

On April 25, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to $3 million of the outstanding common stock of the Company. The duration of the program is open-ended and the timing of purchases will depend on market conditions. The Company did not repurchase any common shares under the stock repurchase plan during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Item 6 - [Reserved]

Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this report.

Overview

The Company

United Security Bancshares, a California corporation, is a bank holding company registered under the BHCA with corporate headquarters located in Fresno, California. The principal business of United Security Bancshares is to serve as the holding company for its wholly-owned subsidiary, United Security Bank. References to the “Bank” refer to United Security Bank together with its wholly-owned subsidiary, York Monterey Properties, Inc. References to the “Company” refer to United Security Bancshares together with its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. References to the “Holding Company” refer to United Security Bancshares, the parent company, on a stand-alone basis. The Bank currently has twelve banking branches, which provide banking services in Fresno, Madera, Kern, and Santa Clara counties in the state of California. In addition to full-service branches, the Bank has several stand-alone ATM and ITM machines within its geographic footprint.

Executive Summary

During 2022, the Company continued its 2021 multi-phase strategy to deploy excess liquidity in a challenging interest rate environment.

2022 Financial Summary and 2021 Comparison

▪Net income increased to $15.7 million at December 31, 2022 compared to the $10.1 million in income reported at December 31, 2021.

▪Total assets decreased 2.4% to $1.30 billion, compared to $1.33 billion at December 31, 2021.

▪Total loans, net of unearned fees, increased 12.5% to $980.2 million, compared to $871.5 million at December 31, 2021.

▪Total investments increased 15.4%, or $28.2 million, to $210.9 million, compared to $182.6 million at December 31, 2021.

▪Total deposits decreased 1.9% to $1.17 billion, compared to $1.19 billion at December 31, 2021.

▪The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of gross loans decreased to 1.04%, compared to 1.07% at December 31, 2021.

▪Net interest income before the provision for credit losses increased 29.2% to $46.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $35.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

▪The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a provision for credit losses of $2.1 million for the previous year.

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▪Net interest margin increased to 3.69% at December 31, 2022 compared to 3.16% at December 31, 2021.

▪Annualized cost of deposits increased to 0.23% compared to 0.17% at December 31, 2021.

▪Book value per share decreased to $6.59, compared to $7.06 at December 31, 2021.

▪Net charge-offs totaled $1.0 million, compared to net charge-offs of $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

▪Capital position remains well-capitalized with a 10.10% Tier 1 Leverage Ratio compared to 9.79% as of December 31, 2021.

▪Return on average assets (“ROAA”) was 1.16%, compared to 0.82% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

▪Return on average equity (“ROAE”) was 13.75%, compared to 8.47% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Current Trends Affecting Results of Operations and Financial Position

The Company’s overall operations are impacted by a number of factors, including not only interest rates and margin spreads, which impact the results of operations, but also the composition of the Company’s balance sheet. One of the primary strategic goals of the Company is to maintain a mix of assets that will generate a reasonable rate of return without undue risk, and to finance those assets with a low-cost and stable source of funds. Liquidity and capital resources must also be considered in the planning process to mitigate risk and allow for growth.

Since the Bank primarily conducts banking operations in California’s Central Valley, its operations and cash flows are subject to changes in the economic condition of the Central Valley. Our business results are dependent in large part upon the business activity, population, income levels, deposits and real estate activity in the Central Valley, and declines in economic conditions can have adverse material effects upon the Bank. In addition, the Central Valley remains largely dependent on agriculture. A downturn in agriculture and agricultural related business could indirectly and adversely affect the Company as many borrowers and customers are involved in, or are impacted to some extent, by the agricultural industry. While a great number of our borrowers are not directly involved in agriculture, they would likely be impacted by difficulties in the agricultural industry since many jobs in our market areas are ancillary to the regular production, processing, marketing and sale of agricultural commodities. The state of California periodically experiences severe droughts resulting in significantly reduced water allocations for farmers in the Central Valley. Due to these water issues, the impact on businesses and consumers located in the Company’s market areas is not possible to quantify. In response the California state legislature passed the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act with the purpose of promoting better local and regional management of groundwater use and sustainable groundwater management in California by 2042. The local districts began to develop, prepare, and implement the Groundwater Sustainability Plans in 2020. The effect of such plans on Central Valley agriculture, if any, is still unknown.

The Company’s earnings are impacted by monetary and fiscal policies of the United States government and its agencies. The FRB has, and is likely to continue to have, an important impact on the operating results of depository institutions through its power to implement national monetary policy, among other things, to curb inflation or combat a recession. The FRB affects the levels of bank loans, investments and deposits through its control over the issuance of United States government securities, its regulation of the discount rate applicable to member banks, and its influence over reserve requirements to which member banks are subject. The FOMC has indicated that due to elevated inflation it expects to continue to raise interest rates in the near term, albeit at a reduced pace. While it had been expected that the FRB would continue to raise short-term interest rates in 2023, it is unknown what effects the recent banking turmoil and current international instability will have on inflation and the FRB’s monetary policies. It is possible that interest rates will hold at current levels or decline.

Inflation may negatively affect the market value of investment securities and lead to increased interest expense on deposits and higher costs for borrowings as well as increased labor costs due to higher wages. Additionally, increased inflation levels could lead to higher oil and gas prices, which may negatively impact the net operating income of borrowers and affect their ability to repay their loans.

Elevated inflation and expectations for elevated future inflation can adversely impact economic growth, consumer and business confidence, and our financial condition and results. In addition, elevated inflation may cause unexpected changes in monetary policies and actions which may adversely affect consumer confidence, the economy, and our financial condition and results.

Supply chain constraints and a tightening of labor markets could potentially exacerbate inflation and sustain it at elevated levels, even as growth slows. The risk of sustained high inflation would likely be accompanied by monetary policy tightening with potential negative effects on various elevated asset classes.

The Company continually evaluates its strategic business plan as economic and market factors change in its market area. Balance sheet management, enhancing revenue sources, and maintaining market share will continue to be of primary importance.

20

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth selected historical consolidated financial information for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2022. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data and ratios)	2022			2021			2020
Summary of Year-to-Date Earnings:
Interest income	$	49,257		$	37,730		$	34,567
Interest expense	3,195			2,079			2,290
Net interest income	46,062			35,651			32,277
Provision for credit losses	1,802			2,107			2,769
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	44,260			33,544			29,508
Noninterest income	1,838			3,385			5,174
Noninterest expense	24,039			23,615			22,270
Income before provision for income taxes	22,059			13,314			12,412
Provision for income taxes	6,373			3,216			3,451
Net income	$	15,686		$	10,098		$	8,961
Per Share Data:
Net income - Basic	$	0.92		$	0.59		$	0.53
Net income - Diluted	$	0.92		$	0.59		$	0.53
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Basic	17,040,241			17,011,379			16,976,704
Weighted average common shares shares outstanding - Diluted	17,061,833			17,030,874			16,998,584
Book value per share	$	6.59		$	7.06		$	6.93
Financial Position at Year End:
Total assets	$	1,299,193		$	1,330,944		$	1,092,654
Total net loans	969,996			862,200			645,825
Total deposits	1,165,484			1,188,106			952,651
Total shareholders’ equity	112,463			120,207			117,807
Selected Financial Ratios:
Return on average assets	1.16		%	0.82		%	0.86		%
Return on average equity	13.75		%	8.47		%	7.55		%
Average equity to average assets	8.46		%	9.69		%	11.45		%
Net interest margin (1)	3.69		%	3.16		%	3.34		%
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total nonperforming assets	52.16		%	56.06		%	48.56		%
Net charge-offs to net loans	0.39		%	0.15		%	0.33		%
Allowance of credit losses as a percentage of period-end loans	1.04		%	1.07		%	1.30		%
Dividend payout ratio	47.82		%	74.16		%	83.34		%

(1)Fully taxable equivalent

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $15.7 million or $0.92 per basic share ($0.92 diluted) compared to $10.1 million or $0.59 per basic share ($0.59 diluted) for year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $5.6 million between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022 is primarily the result of increases in net interest income, offset by a loss on the fair value of the Company’s junior subordinated debt. Interest income increased by $11.5 million, or 30.6%, between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022. Taxes on income increased by $3.2 million, or 98.2%.

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Return on average assets was 1.16% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 0.82% for the year ended December 31, 2021. Return on average equity was 13.75% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 8.47% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The higher return on average assets experienced by the Company between 2022 and 2021 resulted from increases in income which outpaced increases in assets due to higher interest rates reflected in the loan and investment portfolios. Increases in the return on average equity were the result of growth in net income outpacing growth in shareholder’s equity. The growth in equity is affected by our dividend payout ratio as well as changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income, the most significant component of earnings, is the difference between the interest and fees received on earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Earning assets consist primarily of loans and, to a lesser extent, investments in securities issued by federal, state and local authorities, and corporations, as well as interest-bearing deposits and overnight investments in federal funds loaned to other financial institutions. These earning assets are funded by a combination of interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing liabilities, primarily customer deposits, and may include short-term and long-term borrowings.

Net interest income before provision for credit losses was $46.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $10.4 million, or 29.2%, compared to net interest income before provision for credit losses of $35.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Market rate increases and disciplined deposit pricing saw the net interest margin, as shown in Table 1 below, increase to 3.69% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The net interest margin was 3.16% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Distribution of Average Assets, Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity:

The following table summarizes the distribution of average assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity, as well as interest income and yields earned on average interest‑earning assets and interest expense and rates paid on average interest‑bearing liabilities, presented on a tax equivalent basis for the years indicated:

22

			2022						2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Interest		Yield/Rate		Average Balance		Interest		Yield/Rate
Assets:
Interest-earning assets:
Loans and leases (1)	$	924,280	$	43,039	4.66	%	$	779,062	$	35,154	4.51	%
Investment securities	201,723		4,613		2.29	%	150,748		2,337		1.55	%
Interest-bearing deposits in FRB	122,575		1,605		1.31	%	199,610		239		0.12	%
Total interest-earning assets	1,248,578		$	49,257	3.95	%	1,129,420		$	37,730	3.34	%
Allowance for credit losses	(9,708)						(8,866)
Noninterest-earning assets:
Cash and due from banks	36,689						44,269
Premises and equipment, net	9,295						9,043
Accrued interest receivable	7,590						7,755
Other real estate owned	4,579						4,847
Other assets	54,159						47,002
Total average assets	$	1,351,182					$	1,233,470
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity:
Interest-bearing liabilities:
NOW accounts	$	136,568	$	175	0.13	%	$	157,014	$	226	0.14	%
Money market accounts	398,379		2,125		0.53	%	319,858		1,152		0.36	%
Savings accounts	123,396		137		0.11	%	106,979		118		0.11	%
Time deposits	69,741		378		0.54	%	65,386		403		0.62	%
Junior subordinated debentures	10,682		380		3.56	%	11,089		180		1.62	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	738,766		$	3,195	0.43	%	660,326		$	2,079	0.31	%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing checking	488,053						443,639
Accrued interest payable	146						106
Other liabilities	9,864						9,908
Total average liabilities	1,236,829						1,113,979
Total average shareholders’ equity	114,353						119,491
Total average liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,351,182					$	1,233,470
Interest income as a percentage of average earning assets					3.95	%					3.34	%
Interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets					0.26	%					0.18	%
Net interest margin					3.69	%					3.16	%

(1) Loan amounts include nonaccrual loans, but the related interest income has been included only if collected for the period prior to the loan being placed on a nonaccrual basis. Loan interest income includes loan fees of approximately $505 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and loan fees of approximately $1,681 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The prime rate increased from 3.25% for the year ended 2021 to 7.50% for the year ended 2022. Future increases or decreases will affect rates for both interest income and expense and the resultant net interest margin.

Both net interest income and net interest margin are affected by changes in the amount and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as “volume change.” Both are also affected by changes in yields on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as “rate change.” The following table sets forth the changes in interest income and interest expense for each major category of interest-earning asset and interest-bearing liability, and the amount of change attributable to volume and rate changes for the years ended December 31, indicated.

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Rate and Volume Analysis:

	2022 compared to 2021
(In thousands)	Total		Rate		Volume
Increase (decrease) in interest income:
Loans	$	7,885	$	1,154	6,731
Investment securities	2,276		1,330		946
Interest-bearing deposits in FRB	1,366		2,409		(1,043)
Total interest income	11,527		4,893		6,634
Increase (decrease) in interest expense:
Interest-bearing demand accounts	922		738		184
Savings accounts	19		1		18
Time deposits	(25)		(51)		26
Subordinated debentures	200		207		(7)
Total interest expense	1,116		895		221
Increase in net interest income	$	10,411	$	3,998	6,413

The net interest margin increased in 2022 due to increases in loan portfolio yields, yields on overnight investments with the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”), and investment securities yields. The increases in yields are a result of repricing of variable-rate loans, floating-rate investment securities, and higher rates on interest-bearing deposits at FRB. The yield on the loan portfolio was 4.7% for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 4.5% for the year ended December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, total interest income increased approximately $11.5 million, or 30.6%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, reflective of increases of $7.9 million in loan interest income and $2.3 million in investment income. Average interest-earning assets increased approximately $119.2 million between 2022 and 2021 and the rate on interest-earning assets increased 61 basis points between the two periods. The increase in average earning assets between 2022 and 2021 was the result of an increase of $145.2 million in loans and an increase of $51.0 million in investment securities, partially offset by a decrease of $77.0 million in interest-bearing deposits held with the FRB.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, total interest expense increased approximately $1,116,000, or 53.7%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Between the two periods, average interest-bearing liabilities increased by $78.4 million, and the average rates paid on these liabilities increased by 12 basis points. While the Company may utilize brokered deposits as an additional source of funding, the Company held no brokered deposits at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes the year-to-date averages of the components of interest-earning assets as a percentage of total interest-earning assets, and the components of interest-bearing liabilities as a percentage of total interest-bearing liabilities:

	Year to Date Average
	2022		2021
Loans	74.02	%	68.99	%
Investment securities available for sale	16.16	%	13.35	%
Interest-bearing deposits in FRB	9.82	%	17.66	%
Total earning assets	100.00	%	100.00	%
NOW accounts	18.49	%	23.77	%
Money market accounts	53.92	%	48.44	%
Savings accounts	16.70	%	16.20	%
Time deposits	9.44	%	9.90	%
Subordinated debentures	1.45	%	1.69	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	100.00	%	100.00	%

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Provision for Credit Losses

Provisions for credit losses are determined on the basis of management’s periodic credit review of the loan portfolio, consideration of past loan loss experience, current and future economic conditions, and other pertinent factors. After reviewing these factors, management, at times, makes adjustments in order to maintain an allowance for credit losses adequate for the coverage of estimated losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Based on the condition of the loan portfolio, management believes the allowance is appropriate to cover risk elements in the loan portfolio.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, a $1.8 million provision was made to the allowance for credit losses. A provision totaling $2.1 million was made for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The allowance for credit losses decreased to 1.04% of total loans at December 31, 2022, as compared to 1.07% at December 31, 2021. The provision of $2.1 million recorded in 2021, and the provision of $1.8 million recorded during 2022, are a result of charge-offs recognized primarily within the student loan portfolio and adjustment in qualitative factors related to economic uncertainties. For further discussion, refer to Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Asset Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses.

We adopted the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) accounting standard effective January 1, 2023. The CECL allowance model calculates reserves over the life of the loan and is largely driven by portfolio characteristics, economic outlook, and other key methodology assumptions versus the current accounting practice that utilizes the incurred loss model. The adoption of this ASU will result in a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to the allowance for loan losses as of the day of adoption. We currently estimate a combined increase to our allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded commitments totaling between $6.0 million to $8.0 million in the aggregate. This change, net of tax benefit, will decrease the opening retained earnings balance as of January 1, 2023. The above range is disclosed due to the fact that we are still in the process of finalizing the CECL allowance model, including the review of assumptions related to qualitative adjustments, finalizing the execution of internal controls, and evaluating the impact to our financial statement disclosures.

Noninterest Income

The following table summarizes significant components of noninterest income for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		% of Total		2021		% of Total
Customer service fees	$	3,027	164.69	%	$	2,793	82.51	%
Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance	555		30.20	%	555		16.40	%
Loss on fair value of marketable equity securities	(429)		(23.34)	%	(106)		(3.13)	%
Loss on fair value of junior subordinated debentures	(2,533)		(137.81)	%	(660)		(19.50)	%
Gain on sale of investment securities	30		1.63	%	—		—	%
(Loss) gain on sale of assets	(10)		(0.55)	%	8		0.23	%
Other	1,198		65.18	%	795		23.49	%
Total	$	1,838	100.00	%	$	3,385	100.00	%

Noninterest income consists primarily of fees and commissions earned on services provided to banking customers, fair value adjustments to the value of the junior subordinated debentures, and, to a lesser extent, loss on sales of Company assets and other miscellaneous income.

Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased $1.5 million, or 45.7%, when compared to 2021. Customer service fees, the primary component of noninterest income, increased $234,000, or 8.4%, between the two periods. The decrease in noninterest income of $1.5 million between the two periods is primarily the result of changes in the fair value of junior subordinated debentures. A loss of $2.5 million was recorded during the year ended 2022 as compared to a loss of $660,000 during 2021. The change in the fair value of junior subordinated debentures was primarily caused by fluctuations in the LIBOR yield curve. An increase in the loss on the market value of equity securities of $323,000 added to the decrease.

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 Noninterest Expense

The following table sets forth the components of total noninterest expense in dollars and as a percentage of average earning assets for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		% of Average Earning Assets		Amount		% of Average Earning Assets
Salaries and employee benefits	$	11,833	0.95	%	$	11,713	1.04	%
Occupancy expense	3,467		0.28	%	3,537		0.31	%
Data processing	686		0.05	%	565		0.05	%
Professional fees	4,058		0.33	%	3,572		0.32	%
Regulatory assessments	794		0.06	%	743		0.07	%
Director fees	452		0.04	%	385		0.03	%
Correspondent bank service charges	93		0.01	%	88		0.01	%
Net cost of operation and sale of OREO	102		0.01	%	256		0.02	%
Other	2,554		0.20	%	2,756		0.24	%
Total	$	24,039	1.93	%	$	23,615	2.09	%

Noninterest expense increased $424,000, or 1.8%, between the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The net increase in noninterest expense between the comparative periods is primarily the result of increases in professional fees, data processing expenses, and salaries and employee benefits, partially offset by declines in the net cost of operation of OREO and occupancy expense. The increase in professional fees for the year ended December 31, 2022 is attributed to increases in legal fees and consulting expense. Data processing increases are related to increased core processing charges. Included in net costs of operations of OREO for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are OREO operating expenses totaling $102,000 and $256,000, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $185,000 and $204,000 respectively. This expense is included in noninterest expense under salaries and employee benefits.

Income Taxes

The provision for income tax is impacted to some degree by permanent taxable differences between income reported for book purposes and income reported for tax purposes, as well as certain tax credits which are not reflected in the statements of operations and comprehensive income. As pretax income or loss amounts become greater, the impact of these differences becomes less significant and is reflected as variances in the effective tax rate for the periods presented. In general, the permanent differences and tax credits affecting tax expense have a positive impact and tend to reduce the effective tax rates shown in the statements of income and comprehensive income. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 was 28.9% compared to 24.2% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Financial Condition

The following table sets forth key financial data as of and for the years ended:

	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
Due from Federal Reserve Bank (FRB)	$	6,945	$	188,162	$	(181,217)	(96.3)	%
Net loans	$	969,996	$	862,200	$	107,796	12.9	%
Investment securities	$	210,860	$	182,646	$	28,214	15.4	%
Total assets	$	1,299,193	$	1,330,944	$	(31,751)	(2.4)	%
Total deposits	$	1,165,484	$	1,188,106	$	(22,622)	(1.9)	%
Total liabilities	$	1,186,730	$	1,210,737	$	(24,007)	(2.0)	%
Average interest-earning assets	$	1,248,578	$	1,129,420	$	119,158	10.6	%
Average interest-earning liabilities	$	738,766	$	660,326	$	78,440	11.9	%

Net loans increased due to growth in the loan portfolio and the purchase of real estate mortgage pools. Investment securities increased due to purchases of investment securities. Overnight interest-bearing deposits in the Federal Reserve Bank and federal funds sold decreased primarily due to the investment purchases and loan growth. Total deposits decreased due primarily to decreases in interest-bearing deposits.

Loans

The Company’s primary business is that of acquiring deposits and making loans, with the loan portfolio representing the largest component of earning assets. Loans totaled $981.8 million at December 31, 2022, an increase of $112.5 million, or 12.9%, from $869.3 million at December 31, 2021. During 2022, average loans increased 18.6% when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Average loans totaled $924.3 million and $779.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following table sets forth the amounts of loans outstanding by category and the category percentages as of the year-end dates indicated:

	2022				2021
(In thousands)	Dollar Amount		% of Loans		Dollar Amount		% of Loans		Change
Commercial and industrial	$	60,010	6.1	%	$	45,504	5.2	%	$	14,506
Real estate mortgage	672,115		68.5	%	558,056		64.2	%	$	114,059
RE construction & development	152,310		15.5	%	154,270		17.8	%	$	(1,960)
Agricultural	52,745		5.4	%	60,239		6.9	%	$	(7,494)
Installment and student loans	44,592		4.5	%	51,245		5.9	%	$	(6,653)
Total loans	$	981,772	100.0	%	$	869,314	100.0	%	$	112,458

Loan volume continues to be highest in what has historically been the primary lending emphasis: real estate mortgage, and construction lending. Total loans increased 12.9% during 2022. Commercial and industrial loans increased 31.9% and real estate mortgage loans increased 20.4%. Installment loans decreased 13.0%, agricultural loans decreased 12.4% and real estate construction and development loans decreased 1.3%. The Bank is subject to internal limits of 115% of capital on the real estate construction and development portfolio and 345% of capital for the non-owner occupied commercial real estate portfolio, which also includes construction and development loans. At December 31, 2022, the real estate construction and development portfolio totaled 87% of capital, and non-owner occupied commercial real estate totaled 327% of capital. The current limits may affect the ability of the Bank to significantly grow these segments of the loan portfolio. The Bank is not approaching internal or regulatory concentration limits in other loan segments.

The real estate mortgage loan portfolio, totaling $672.1 million at December 31, 2022, consists of commercial real estate, residential mortgages, and home equity loans. Commercial real estate loans have remained a significant percentage of total loans over the past year, amounting to 40.6% and 38.1%, of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2022 and December 31,

27

2021, respectively. Commercial real estate balances increased to $398.6 million at December 31, 2022 from $331.1 million at December 31, 2021. Commercial real estate loans are generally a mix of short to medium-term, fixed and floating rate instruments and are mainly secured by commercial income and multi-family residential properties. Residential mortgage loans are generally 30-year amortizing loans with an average life of six to eight years. These loans totaled $273.4 million or 27.9% of the portfolio at December 31, 2022, and $226.9 million, or 26.1% of the portfolio at December 31, 2021. Real estate mortgage loans in total increased $114.1 million or 20.4% during 2022. During 2021 and 2022, the Company purchased residential mortgage pools of $201.0 million and $61.8 million, respectively. The home equity loan portfolio totaled $49,000 at December 31, 2022, and $80,000 at December 31, 2021. Real estate construction and development loans, representing 15.5% and 17.7% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, consist of loans for residential and commercial construction projects, as well as land acquisition and development, or land held for future development. Loans in this category are secured by real estate including improved and unimproved land, as well as single-family residential, multi-family residential, and commercial properties in various stages of completion. All real estate loans have established equity requirements. Repayment of construction loans generally comes from long-term mortgages with other lending institutions obtained at completion of the project or from the sale of the constructed homes to individuals.

Purchased loan participations totaled $9.4 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $9.6 million at December 31, 2021. Loan participations sold increased from $5.3 million, or 0.6%, of the portfolio at December 31, 2021, to $9.7 million, or 1.0%, at December 31, 2022.

At December 31, 2022, approximately 81.8% of commercial and industrial loans have floating rates and, although some may be secured by real estate, many are secured by accounts receivable, inventory, and other business assets. Construction loans are generally short-term, floating-rate obligations, which consist of both residential and commercial projects. Agricultural loans, are primarily short-term, floating-rate loans for crop financing.

Included within the installment loan portfolio are $42.1 million of student loans as of December 31, 2022, as compared to $48.5 million at December 31, 2021, a decrease of $6.3 million. The student loan portfolio consists of unsecured loans to medical and pharmacy students currently enrolled in medical and pharmacy schools in the U.S. and the Caribbean. The medical-student loans are made to U.S. citizens attending medical schools in the U.S. and Antigua, while the pharmacy-student loans are made to pharmacy students attending pharmacy school in the U.S. Upon graduation the loan is automatically placed on grace for six months. This may be extended as a deferment to 48 months for graduates enrolling in internship, medical residency, or fellowship. As approved, the student may receive additional deferment for hardship or administrative reasons in the form of forbearance for a maximum of 36 months throughout the life of the loan. The outstanding balance of student loans that are in school or grace and have not entered repayment status totaled $2.7 million at December 31, 2022. Accrued interest on student loans that are in school or grace and totaled $1.3 million at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, there were 875 loans within repayment, deferment, and forbearance which represented $23.4 million, $11.0 million, and $5.0 million in outstanding balances, respectively. No new student loans were originated during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Repayment of the unsecured student loans is premised on the medical and pharmacy students graduating and becoming high-income earners. Under program guidelines, repayment terms can vary per borrower; however, repayment occurs on average within 10 to 20 years. Underwriting is premised on qualifying credit scores. Currently the weighted average credit score for the portfolio is in the mid-700s. In addition, there are non-student co-borrowers for roughly one-third of the portfolio that provide additional repayment capacity. Graduation and employment placement rates are high for both medical and pharmacy students. The average student loan balance per borrower as of December 31, 2022 was approximately $100,646. Loan interest rates range from 5.75% to 10.75%.

At December 31, 2022, $23.4 million of student loans were in repayment compared to $23.8 million as of December 31, 2021. Accrued interest on student loans was $4.1 million and $4.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the reserve against the student loan portfolio totaled $2.6 million. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, $141,000 in accrued interest receivable was reversed, due to charge-offs of $1.3 million. At December 31, 2021, the reserve totaled $2.6 million and $122,000 in accrued interest was reversed due to charge-offs of $1.4 million.

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The following table sets forth the Bank’s student loan portfolio with activity from December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022:

(In thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	57,385
Capitalized Interest	2,375
Payments Received	(9,865)
Loans Charged-off	(1,439)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	48,456
Capitalized Interest	2,609
Payments Received	(7,587)
Loans Charged-off	(1,346)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	42,132

Student Loan Finance Corporation (ZuntaFi) is the third-party servicer for the student loan portfolio. ZuntaFi provides servicing for the student loan portfolio, including application administration, processing, approval, documenting, funding, and collection of current and charged off balances. They also provide file custodial responsibilities. Except in cases where applicants/loans do not meet program requirements, or extreme delinquency, ZuntaFi provides complete program management. ZuntaFi is paid a monthly servicing fee based on the principal balance outstanding. This servicing fee is presented as part of professional fees within noninterest expense.

The following table sets forth the maturities of the Bank’s loan portfolio at December 31, 2022. Amounts presented are shown by maturity dates rather than repricing periods:

(In thousands)	Due in one year or less		Due between one to five years		Due between five to fifteen years		Due after fifteen years		Total
Commercial and agricultural	$	45,111	$	57,155	$	10,490	$	—	$	112,756
Real estate construction & development	100,331		51,979		—		—		152,310
Real estate – mortgage	24,790		202,120		201,108		244,096		672,114
All other loans	588		1,874		2,055		40,075		44,592
Total loans	$	170,820	$	313,128	$	213,653	$	284,171	$	981,772

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the average yield on loans was 4.7% and 4.5%, respectively. Rate floors are occasionally used to mitigate interest rate risk if interest rates fall, as well as to compensate for additional credit risk under current market conditions. The loan portfolio is generally comprised of short-term or floating-rate loans that adjust in alignment to changes in market rates of interest.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately 37.1% and 45.8%, respectively, of the loan portfolio consisted of floating rate instruments, with the majority of those tied to the prime rate.

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The following table sets forth the contractual maturities of the Bank’s fixed and floating-rate loans at December 31, 2022. Amounts presented are shown by maturity dates rather than repricing periods, and do not consider renewals or prepayments of loans:

(In thousands)	Due in one year or less		Due between one to five years		Due between five to fifteen years		Due after fifteen years		Total
Loans with fixed rates:
Commercial and industrial	$	2,011	$	9,424	$	—	$	—	$	11,435
Real estate mortgage	21,188		180,926		106,801		244,392		553,307
RE construction & development	11,917		22,377		—		—		34,294
Agricultural	—		17,105		5,803		—		22,908
Installment and student loans	56		1,374		—		—		1,430
Total loans with fixed rates	35,172		231,206		112,604		244,392		623,374
Loans with variable rates:
Commercial and industrial	22,325		26,694		72		—		49,091
Real estate mortgage	3,602		21,179		62,377		31,632		118,790
RE construction & development	88,415		29,602		—		—		118,017
Agricultural	20,774		4,448		4,615		—		29,837
Installment and student loans	531		—		42,132		—		42,663
Total loans with variable rates	135,647		81,923		109,196		31,632		358,398
Total Loans	$	170,819	$	313,129	$	221,800	$	276,024	$	981,772

Securities

The following table sets forth certain information regarding carrying values and percentage of total carrying value of available-for-sale securities for the years indicated:

	December 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
(In thousands)		Carrying Value		Percent of Total		Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Available-for-sale:
U.S. Government agencies		$	8,231	4.0	%	$	33,376	18.7	%
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by mortgage obligations		97,218		46.7	%	64,735		36.1	%
Corporate bonds		32,702		15.8	%	11,422		6.4	%
Asset-backed securities		—		—	%	4,130		2.3	%
Municipal bonds		40,170		19.4	%	50,052		28.0	%
U.S. Treasury securities		29,224		14.1	%	15,187		8.5	%
Total available-for-sale		$	207,545	100.0	%	$	178,902	100.0	%

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no securities classified as held to maturity.

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The contractual maturities of investment securities as well as yields based on carrying value of those securities at December 31, 2022 are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	One year or less				Between one to five years				Between five to ten years				After ten years				Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)
Available-for-sale:
U.S. Government agencies	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	5,390	4.71	%	$	2,841	4.11	%	$	8,231	4.50	%
U.S. Government sponsored entities & agencies collateralized by mortgage obligations	171		1.52	%	119		3.88	%	6,173		2.99	%	90,754		2.53	%	97,217		2.56	%
Corporate bonds	—		—	%	16,399		3.23	%	16,303		3.96	%	—		—	%	32,702		3.59	%
Municipal bonds	98		1.31	%	1,502		1.35	%	34,576		1.75	%	3,995		1.92	%	40,171		1.75	%
U.S. Treasury securities	—		—	%	—		—	%	17,053		2.68	%	12,171		1.31	%	29,224		2.11	%
Total amortized cost	$	269	1.44	%	$	18,020	3.08	%	$	79,495	2.70	%	$	109,761	2.41	%	$	207,545	2.58	%
(1) Weighted average yields are not computed on a tax equivalent basis

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost of approximately $78.8 million and $94.9 million, respectively (fair value of $69.0 million and $95.2 million, respectively) were pledged as collateral for public funds and FHLB borrowings.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized unrealized losses of $429,000 related to marketable equity securities within the consolidated statements of income, compared to unrealized losses of $106,000 during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Deposits

The Bank attracts commercial deposits primarily from local businesses and professionals, as well as retail checking accounts, savings accounts and time deposits. Core deposits, consisting of all deposits other than time deposits of $250,000 or more and brokered deposits, continue to provide the foundation for the Bank’s principal sources of funding and liquidity. Core deposits amounted to 98.7% and 98.2% of the total deposit portfolio at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Bank currently holds no brokered deposits as part of its continuing effort to maintain sufficient liquidity without a reliance on brokered deposits.

The following table sets forth the year-end amounts of deposits and balances as a percentage of total deposits by category for the years indicated:

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022				2021				Change
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	481,629	41.32	%	$	476,749	40.13	%	$	4,880
Interest-bearing deposits:
NOW and money market accounts	499,861		42.89	%	529,841		44.60	%	$	(29,980)
Savings accounts	125,946		10.81	%	113,930		9.59	%	$	12,016
Time deposits:
Under $250,000	42,933		3.68	%	46,631		3.92	%	$	(3,698)
$250,000 and over	15,115		1.30	%	20,955		1.76	%	$	(5,840)
Total interest-bearing deposits	683,855		58.68	%	711,357		59.87	%	$	(27,502)
Total deposits	$	1,165,484	100.00	%	$	1,188,106	100.00	%	$	(22,622)

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The Bank’s deposit base consists of two major components represented by noninterest-bearing (demand) deposits and interest-bearing deposits. Interest-bearing deposits consist of time certificates, NOW and money market accounts, and savings deposits. During the year ended December 31, 2022, savings accounts increased 10.5%, noninterest-bearing deposits increased 1.0%, total time deposits decreased 14.1%, and NOW and money market deposits decreased 5.7%. Uninsured deposits totaled $706.2 million and $739.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Included at December 31, 2022, are $15.1 million in uninsured time deposits exceeding $250,000, of which $3.1 million mature in three months or less, $6.6 million mature between three to twelve months, and $5.4 million mature in one to three years.

On a year-to-date average basis, total deposits increased $123.3 million, or 11.3%, between the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022. Interest-bearing deposits increased by $78.8 million, or 12.1%, and noninterest-bearing deposits increased $44.4 million, or 10.0%, during 2022. On average, balances increased in all categories between the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022.

The following table sets forth the average deposits and average rates paid on those deposits for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Rate %		Average Balance		Rate %
Interest-bearing deposits:
NOW and money market accounts	$	534,947	0.43	%	$	476,872	0.29	%
Savings	123,396		0.11	%	106,979		0.11	%
Time deposits	69,741		0.54	%	65,386		0.62	%
Total interest-bearing deposits	728,084.00				649,237
Noninterest-bearing deposits	488,053				443,639
Total deposits	$	1,216,137			$	1,092,876

The following tables set forth estimated deposits exceeding the FDIC insurance limits for the years indicated:

	December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2022		2021
Uninsured deposits	$	706,183	$	739,443

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Three months of less		Over three months through six months		Over six months through twelve months		Over twelve months		Total
Uninsured time deposits (1)	$	362	$	412	$	3,419	$	1,173	$	5,366

(1) Represents amount over insurance limit

Short-term Borrowings

The Bank has access to short-term borrowings which may consist of federal funds purchased, discount window borrowings, securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”), and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances as alternatives to retail deposit funds. Collateralized and uncollateralized lines of credit have been established with several correspondent banks. The FRB discount window, as well as a securities dealer, may also be accessed as needed. Funds may be borrowed in the future as part of the Company’s asset/liability strategy, and may be used to acquire assets as deemed appropriate by management for investment purposes or for capital utilization purposes. Federal funds purchased represent temporary overnight borrowings from correspondent banks and are generally unsecured. Repurchase agreements are collateralized by mortgage backed securities and securities of U.S. Government agencies, and generally have maturities of one to six months, but may have longer maturities if deemed appropriate. FHLB advances are collateralized by investments in FHLB stock, securities, and certain qualifying mortgage loans. Additionally, borrowings collateralized by pledged loans may be secured from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (FRB). Credit lines are subject to periodic review by the credit lines grantors relative to the Company’s financial statements. Lines of credit may be modified or revoked at any time.

32

Lines of credit with the FRB of $435.6 million and $320.6 million, as well as FHLB lines of credit totaling $2.2 million and $3.1 million were available at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, the Company maintains a $50 million uncollateralized line of credit with Pacific Coast Bankers Bank, a $40 million million uncollateralized line of credit with PNC Bank, a $20 million uncollateralized line of credit with Zion’s Bank, and a $10 million uncollateralized line of credit with Union Bank. At December 31, 2022, there were no outstanding balances drawn against any lines of credit. These lines of credit generally have interest rates tied to the Federal Funds rate or are indexed to short-term U.S. Treasury rates or LIBOR.

Asset Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses

Lending money is the principal business activity, and ensuring appropriate evaluation, diversification, and control of credit risks is a primary management responsibility. Losses are implicit in lending activities and the amount of such losses will vary, depending on the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio as affected by local economic conditions and the financial experience of borrowers.

The allowance for credit losses is maintained at a level deemed appropriate by management to provide for known and inherent risks in existing loans and commitments to extend credit. The adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is based upon management’s continuing assessment of various factors affecting the collectability of loans and commitments to extend credit, including current economic conditions, past credit experience, collateral, and concentrations of credit. There is no precise method of predicting specific losses which may ultimately be charged off on particular segments of the loan portfolio. The conclusion that a loan may become uncollectible, either in part or in whole is judgmental and subject to economic, environmental, and other conditions which cannot be predicted with certainty. The allowance for credit losses is determined in accordance with GAAP and the guidelines set forth in the Revised Interagency Policy Statement on the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (“Statement”) issued by banking regulators in December 2006. The Statement is a revision of the previous guidance released in July 2001, and outlines characteristics that should be used in the segmentation of the loan portfolio for analytical purposes such as including risk classification, past due status, type of loan, industry, and collateral. It also outlines factors to consider when adjusting the loss factors for various segments of the loan portfolio and updates previous guidance that describes the responsibilities of the board of directors, management, and bank examiners regarding the allowance for credit losses. Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 102, released during July 2001, provides additional guidance regarding methodologies and supporting documentation for the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses.

The allowance for loan losses includes an asset-specific component, as well as a general or formula-based component. The loan portfolio is divided into eight (8) segments and categorized primarily by loan class homogeneity and commonality of purpose for analysis under the formula-based component of the allowance. Loans which are determined to be impaired under current accounting guidelines are not subject to the formula-based reserve analysis, and are instead evaluated individually for specific impairment under the asset-specific component of the allowance.

The eight (8) segments of the loan portfolio are as follows (subtotals are provided as needed to allow the reader to reconcile the amounts to loan classifications reported elsewhere in this report):

Loan Segments for Loan Loss Reserve Analysis	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commercial and business loans	$	59,925	$	42,194
Government program loans	85		3,310
Total commercial and industrial	60,010		45,504
Real estate – mortgage:
Commercial real estate	398,624		331,050
Residential mortgages	273,442		226,926
Home improvement and home equity loans	49		80
Total real estate mortgage	672,115		558,056
Real estate construction and development	152,310		154,270
Agricultural	52,745		60,239
Installment and student loans	44,592		51,245
Total loans	$	981,772	$	869,314

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The methodology for assessing the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses consists of several key elements, which include:

    - the formula allowance;

    - specific allowances for problem graded loans identified as impaired;

The formula allowance is calculated by applying loss factors to outstanding loans. Loss factors are based on the historical loss experience and on the internal risk grade of those loans and may be adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, affect the collectability of the portfolio as of the evaluation date. Factors that may affect collectability of the loan portfolio include:

•Levels of, and trends in delinquencies and nonaccrual loans;

•Trends in volumes and term of loans;

•Effects of any changes in lending policies and procedures including those for underwriting, collection, charge-off, and recovery;

•Experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff;

•National and local economic trends and conditions; and

•Concentrations of credit that might affect loss experience across one or more components of the portfolio, including high-balance loan concentrations and participations.

Management determines the loss factors for loans based on a loss migration model. The migration analysis incorporates loan losses over the previous quarters as determined by management (time horizons adjusted as business cycles or environment changes). Loss factors are adjusted to recognize and quantify the loss exposure due to changes in market conditions as well as trends in the loan portfolio. For purposes of analysis, loans are grouped by internal risk classifications and categorized as pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful, or loss. Certain loans are homogeneous in nature and are therefore pooled by risk grade. These homogeneous loans include consumer installment and home equity loans. Special mention loans are currently performing but are potentially weak, as the borrower has begun to exhibit deteriorating trends which, if not corrected, could jeopardize repayment of the loan and result in further downgrades. Substandard loans have well-defined weaknesses which, if not corrected, could jeopardize the full satisfaction of the debt. A loan classified as doubtful has critical weaknesses that make full collection of the obligation improbable. Classified loans include impaired loans and loans categorized as substandard, doubtful, and loss, which are not considered impaired. At December 31, 2022, impaired and classified loans totaled $15.6 million, or 1.6%, of gross loans as compared to $13.7 million, or 1.6%, of gross loans at December 31, 2021.

Loan participations are reviewed for allowance adequacy under the same guidelines as other loans in the portfolio, with an additional participation factor added, if required, for specific risks associated with participations. In general, participations are subject to certain thresholds and are reviewed for geographic location as well as the financial status of the underlying agent bank.

The formula allowance includes reserves for certain off-balance sheet risks including letters of credit, unfunded loan commitments, and lines of credit. Reserves for undisbursed commitments are generally formula allocations based on historical loss experience and other loss factors, rather than specific loss contingencies. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the formula reserve allocated to undisbursed commitments totaled $532,000 and $669,000, respectively. The reserve for unfunded commitments is considered a reserve for contingent liabilities and is therefore carried as a liability on the balance sheet for all periods presented.

Specific allowances are established based on management’s periodic evaluation of loss exposure inherent in impaired loans. For impaired loans, specific allowances are determined based on the net realizable value of the underlying collateral, the net present value of the anticipated cash flows, or the market value of the underlying assets. Formula allowances for classified loans, excluding impaired loans, are determined on the basis of additional risks involved with individual loans that may be in excess of risk factors associated with the loan portfolio as a whole. The specific allowance is different from the formula allowance in that the specific allowance is determined on a loan-by-loan basis based on risk factors directly related to a particular loan, as opposed to the formula allowance which is determined for a pool of loans with similar risk characteristics, based on past historical trends and other risk factors which may be relevant on an ongoing basis. The specific allowance for impaired loans is measured based on the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

The unallocated portion of the allowance is based upon management’s evaluation of various conditions that are not directly measured in the determination of the formula and specific allowances. The conditions may include, but are not limited to, general economic and business conditions affecting key lending areas, credit quality trends, collateral values, loan volumes and concentrations, and other business conditions.

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The following table summarizes the specific allowance, formula allowance, and unallocated allowance for the years ended::

(In thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Specific allowance – impaired loans	$	53	$	130
Formula allowance – classified loans not impaired	53		523
Formula allowance – special mention loans	218		503
Total allowance for special mention and classified loans	324		1,156
Formula allowance for pass loans	8,827		7,408
Unallocated allowance	1,031		769
Total allowance	$	10,182	$	9,333
Impaired loans	$	15,628	$	12,034
Classified loans not considered impaired	—		1,645
Total classified and impaired loans	$	15,628	$	13,679
Special mention loans not considered impaired	$	27,237	$	40,289

The following table summarizes allowance for loan losses, nonperforming loans, and classified loans for the years ended:

(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Allowance for loan losses (“ALLL”) - beginning of period	$	9,333		$	8,522
Net loans charged-off during period	952			1,296
Provision for credit loss	1,802			2,107
Allowance for loan losses - end of period	$	10,183		$	9,333
Loans outstanding at period-end	$	981,772		$	869,314
ALLL as % of loans at period-end	1.04		%	1.07		%
Nonaccrual loans	$	14,544		$	11,438
Accruing restructured loans	141			176
Loans, past due 90 days or more, still accruing	252			453
Total non-performing loans	$	14,937		$	12,067
ALLL as % of nonperforming loans	68.17		%	77.34		%
Impaired loans	$	15,628		$	12,034
Classified loans not considered impaired	—			1,645
Total classified and impaired loans	$	15,628		$	13,679
ALLL as % of classified loans	65.16		%	68.23		%

Impaired loans increased $3.6 million between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022 and the specific allowance related to those impaired loans decreased $77,000 between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022. The increase in impaired loans was due primarily to the addition of one collateral-backed, real estate construction loan. The level of “pass” loans increased approximately $123.8 million between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022, and the related formula allowance increased $1,419,000 during the same period. The formula allowance for “pass loans” is derived from loss factors using migration analysis and management’s consideration of qualitative factors. The increase in formula allowance for “pass loans” was partially attributed to an adjustment in qualitative factors for economic uncertainty. The unallocated reserve totaled $1,031,000, or 10.1% of the total allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2022, and $769,000, or 8.2%, of the total allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2021. In evaluating the level of the unallocated reserve, management considered loan relationships, construction and land development concentrations, and loss history relative to peers.

The general reserve requirements (ASC 450-70) were adjusted as a result of the overall condition of the local, state, and national economies and resultant impact on the local lending base. This has resulted in an increased qualitative component being used for the general reserve calculation. The stake-in-the-ground methodology requires the Company to use December 31, 2005 as the starting point of the look-back period to capture loss history and better capture an entire economic cycle. Time

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horizons are subject to management’s assessment of the current period, taking into consideration changes in business cycles and environment changes.

The amount of impaired loans is not directly comparable to the amount of nonperforming loans. The primary differences between impaired loans and nonperforming loans are: (i) all loan categories are considered in determining nonperforming loans while impaired loan recognition is limited to commercial and industrial loans, commercial and residential real estate loans, construction loans, and agricultural loans, and (ii) impaired loan recognition considers not only loans 90 days or more past due, restructured loans and nonaccrual loans, but may also include problem loans other than delinquent loans.

A loan is considered to be impaired when, based upon current information and events, it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans include nonaccrual loans, troubled debt restructurings, and performing loans in which full payment of principal or interest is not expected. Management bases the measurement of these impaired loans either on the fair value of the loan’s collateral or the expected cash flows on the loans discounted at the loan’s stated interest rates. Cash receipts on impaired loans not performing to contractual terms and that are on nonaccrual status are used to reduce principal balances. Impairment losses are included in the allowance for credit losses through a charge to the allowance, if applicable.

The following table sets forth impaired loan balances and related allowances for the years ended:

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Balance		Allowance		Balance		Allowance
Impaired loans with specific allowance	$	249	$	52	$	355	$	130
Impaired loans without specific allowance	15,379		—		11,679		—
Total recorded investment	$	15,628	52		$	12,034	130
Average recorded investment	$	12,663			$	12,813

Specific allowances are allocated only to impaired loans that are not collateral dependent. During 2022, balances for loans with allocated allowances decreased while collateral-dependent impaired loan balances increased. In most cases, the Company uses the cash basis method of income recognition for impaired loans. In the case of certain troubled debt restructuring for which the loan is performing under the current contractual terms, income is recognized under the accrual method. Interest recognized totaled $288,000 and $319,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The largest category of impaired loans at December 31, 2022 was real estate construction and development loans, comprising 92.4% of total impaired loans. Impaired construction loans increased $3.2 million, impaired agricultural loans increased $389,000, and impaired real estate mortgage loans decreased $5,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022. Specific collateral related to impaired loans is reviewed for current appraisal information, economic trends within geographic markets, loan-to-value ratios, and other factors that may impact the value of the loan collateral. Adjustments are made to collateral values as needed for these factors. Of total impaired loans, approximately $14.6 million, or 93.3%, were secured by real estate at December 31, 2022, as compared to $11.4 million, or 94.5%, of total impaired loans at December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes the components of impaired loans and their related specific allowance at:

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Balance		Allowance		Balance		Allowance
Real estate – mortgage	141		4		146		3
Real estate construction and development	14,436		—		11,226		—
Agricultural	1,051		48		662		127
Total impaired loans	$	15,628	$	52	$	12,034	$	130

Included in impaired loans are loans modified in troubled debt restructurings (TDRs), where concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties in an attempt to enhance collection. The Company makes various types of concessions when structuring TDRs including rate reductions, payment extensions, and forbearance.

Total TDRs decreased by 17.5% at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021. Nonaccrual TDRs decreased by 17.3% and accruing TDRs decreased by 19.9% over the same period. Concessions granted include lengthened maturities and/

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or rate reductions that enabled the borrower to complete projects. Current decreases are related to a recovering real estate market.

The following tables summarizes TDRs by type, classified separately as nonaccrual or accrual, which are included in impaired loans at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

	December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	Total TDRs		Nonaccrual TDRs		Accruing TDRs
Real estate - mortgage:
Residential mortgages	$	141	$	—	$	141
Total real estate mortgage	141		—		141
Real estate construction and development	1,892		1,892		—
Agricultural	108		108		—
Total Troubled Debt Restructurings	$	2,141	$	2,000	$	141

	December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Total TDRs		Nonaccrual TDRs		Accruing TDRs
Real estate - mortgage:
Residential mortgages	$	146	$	—	$	146
Total real estate mortgage	146		—		146
Real estate construction and development	2,206		2,206		—
Agricultural	242		212		30
Total Troubled Debt Restructurings	$	2,594	$	2,418	$	176

Total TDRs decreased $453,000 during the period ended December 31, 2022 and nonaccrual TDRs decreased $418,000 As of December 31, 2022, the Company has no commercial real estate (CRE) workouts whereby an existing loan was restructured into multiple new loans.

For a restructured loan to return to accrual status, there needs to be at least six months of successful payment history. In addition, the Company’s credit administration department performs a financial analysis of the credit to determine whether the borrower has the ability to continue to perform successfully over the remaining life of the loan. This includes, but is not limited to, a review of financial statements and a cash flow analysis of the borrower. Only after determining that the borrower has the ability to perform under the terms of the loans will the restructured credit be considered for accrual status.

The following table summarizes special mention loans by type for the years ended:.

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commercial and industrial	$	200	$	—
Real estate - mortgage:
Commercial real estate	26,019		29,092
Agricultural	1,017		11,197
Total Special Mention Loans	$	27,236	$	40,289

The Company focuses on competition and other economic conditions within its market area and other geographical areas in which it does business, which may ultimately affect the risk assessment of the portfolio. The Company continues to experience increased competition from major banks, local community banks, and non-bank institutions which creates pressure on loan pricing. The Company continues to place increased emphasis on reducing both the level of nonperforming assets and the level of losses on the disposition of these assets. Management believes it is in the best interest of both the Company and the borrowers to seek alternative options to foreclosure in an effort to reduce the impacts on the real estate market. As part of this strategy, the Company enters into troubled debt restructurings when it improves collection prospects. While business and

37

consumer spending have shown improvement over the last several years, it is difficult to forecast the impact elevated inflation rates will have on the economy. Management recognizes the increased risk of loss due to the Company’s exposure to local and worldwide economic conditions, as well as potentially volatile real estate markets, and takes these factors into consideration when analyzing the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s allowance for credit losses, provisions made to that allowance, and charge-off and recovery activity affecting the allowance for the years indicated:

	December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2022			2021
Total loans outstanding at end of period before deducting allowances for credit losses	$	980,178		$	871,533
Average net loans outstanding during period	924,280			779,062
Balance of allowance at beginning of period	9,333			8,522
Loans charged off:
Installment and student loans	(1,364)			(1,543)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
Real estate	42			18
Commercial, industrial & agricultural	306			91
Installment and student loans	62			138
Total loan recoveries	410			247
Net loans charged off	(954)			(1,296)
Provision charged to operating expense	1,802			2,107
Balance of allowance for credit losses at end of period	$	10,181		$	9,333
Net loan charge-offs to total average loans	(0.10)		%	(0.17)		%
Net loan charge-offs to loans at end of period	(0.10)		%	(0.15)		%
Allowance for credit losses to total loans at end of period	1.04		%	1.07		%
Net loan charge-offs to allowance for credit losses	(9.37)		%	(13.89)		%
Net loan charge-offs to provision for credit losses	(52.94)		%	(61.51)		%

Loan charge-offs decreased $179,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Loan recoveries increased $247,000 during the same period. Student loan charge-offs totaled $1.3 million and $1.4 million during the years ended 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following provides a summary of the Company’s net charge-offs as a percentage of average loan balances in each category for the years indicated:

	December 31,
			2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Net Charge-offs (Recoveries)		Average Loan Balance	Percentage		Net Charge-offs (Recoveries)	Average Loan Balance	Percentage
Commercial and industrial	(271)		49,237	(0.55)	%	(91)	48,959	(0.19)	%
Real estate mortgages	$	(42)	603,573	(0.01)	%	(18)	444,058	<0.01%
RE construction and development	—		167,622	0.00	%	—	175,443	0.00	%
Agricultural	(36)		53,447	(0.07)	%	—	53,551	0.00	%
Installment and student loans	1,302		50,401	2.58	%	1,405	57,051	2.46	%
Total	953		924,280	0.10	%	1,296	779,062	0.17	%

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $532,000 and $669,000, respectively, of the formula allowance was allocated to unfunded loan commitments and was, therefore, carried separately in Other Liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Management believes that the 1.04% credit loss allowance to total loans at December 31, 2022 is adequate to absorb known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio. There is no guarantee, however, against economic conditions or other circumstances materializing which could adversely affect the Company’s service areas resulting in increased losses in the loan portfolio not

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captured by the current allowance for loan losses. Management is not currently aware of any conditions that may adversely affect the levels of losses incurred in the Company’s loan portfolio.

The allocations to specific loan categories are estimates based upon the same factors considered by management in determining the amount of additional provisions to the credit loss allowance and the overall adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. The unallocated portion provides for coverage of credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio but not captured in the loss factors used in the risk rating-based component or in the specific impairment reserve component of the allowance for credit losses. The unallocated portion acknowledges the inherent imprecision of all loss prediction models.

The following table sets forth the allowance for credit loss and total loan percentages by category for the period ended:

	December 31,
	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Allowance for Credit Losses		% Total Loans (1)		Allowance for Credit Losses		% Total Loans (1)
Commercial and industrial	$	955	6.1	%	$	597	5.2	%
Real estate – mortgage	1,363		68.5	%	1,174		64.2	%
Real estate construction and development	3,409		15.5	%	2,840		17.8	%
Agricultural	525		5.4	%	1,233		6.9	%
Installment and student loans	2,898		4.5	%	2,720		5.9	%
Unallocated	1,032		—	%	769		—	%
Total allowance for credit losses	$	10,182	100.0	%	$	9,333	100.0	%

 (1) Represents percentage of loans in category to total loans

During 2022, reserve allocations as a percentage of loans decreased for commercial and industrial, real estate construction and development, and installment and student loans These decreases are a result of a combination of factors including decreases in charge-offs, classified and past due loans, and credit quality improvements. The decrease in reserves was attributed to a decrease in the loss factor for the agricultural segment. Reserves for installment and student loans increased although the allowance as a percentage of loans decreased for that segment.

During 2021, reserve allocations as a percentage of loans decreased for commercial and industrial, real estate mortgage, and agricultural loans. These decreases are a result of a combination of factors including decreases in charge-offs, classified and past due loans, and credit quality improvements. Increases in reserve allocations for real estate construction and development loans were primarily due to the growth of the loan segment, adjusted by the change in the qualitative factors related to portfolio concentrations. Increases in reserve allocations for installment loans were a result of an increase in loss factors attributed to the student loan portfolio and qualitative adjustments related to student loan forbearance balances. The qualitative adjustments related to the student loan forbearance balances resulted in a 5% reserve for pharmacy school forbearance balances and a 15% reserve for medical school forbearance balances.

The following summarizes the allowance for credit losses related to the specific, formula, and unallocated reserves for the years ended:

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Formula allowance	$	9,098	$	8,434
Specific allowance	53		130
Unallocated allowance	1,031		769
Total allowance	$	10,182	$	9,333

The total formula allowance has increased in the current period as a result of increased loan balances, qualitative adjustments for economic uncertainties, and qualitative adjustments related to student loans.

No loans were classified as doubtful at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

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The accrual of interest income on loans is discontinued when reasonable doubt exists with respect to the timely collectability of interest or principal due to the inability of the borrower to comply with the terms of the loan agreement. With the exception of student loans, loans are typically placed on nonaccrual status when the payment of principal or interest is 90 days past due, or earlier if warranted. Interest collected thereafter is credited to principal to the extent necessary to eliminate doubt as to the collectability of the net carrying amount of the loan. Exceptions may be granted to this policy if the loans are well secured and in the process of collection.

 The following table sets forth nonperforming assets as of the dates indicated:

	December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2022			2021
Nonaccrual loans (1)	$	14,544		$	11,438
Accruing restructured loans	141			176
Loans, past due 90 days or more, still accruing	252			453
Total non-performing loans	14,937			12,067
Other real estate owned	4,582			4,582
Total non-performing assets	$	19,519		$	16,649
Non-performing loans to total gross loans	1.52		%	1.39		%
Non-performing assets to total gross loans	1.99		%	1.92		%
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans	68.17		%	77.34		%

 (1) Included in nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are restructured loans totaling $2,000 and $2,418, respectively.

Non-performing assets at December 31, 2022 increased $2.9 million between December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, due to increases of $3.1 million in nonaccrual loans, offset by decreases in accruing restructured loans and accruing loans past due 90 days.

Non-performing assets decreased $899,000 between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, due to decreases of $359,000 in accruing restructured loans, decreases of $58,000 in nonaccrual loans, and decreases in other real estate owned.

The loan portfolio increased from $869.3 million at December 31, 2021 to $981.8 million at December 31, 2022. Nonperforming loans increased to $14.9 million at December 31, 2022, from $12.1 million at December 31, 2021. Nonaccrual loans and accruing restructured loans are included in nonperforming loans. During the same period, total impaired and classified loans increased from $13.7 million at December 31, 2021, to $15.6 million at December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes various nonperforming components of the loan portfolio as compared to total loans for the years ended:

	December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2022			2021
Provision for credit losses during period	$	1,802		$	2,107
Allowance as % of nonaccrual loans	68.17		%	77.34		%
Nonperforming loans as % total loans	1.52		%	1.39		%
Restructured loans as % total loans	0.22		%	0.30		%

In determining the adequacy of the underlying collateral related to these loans, management monitors trends within specific geographical areas, loan-to-value ratios, appraisals, and other credit issues related to specific loans.

Management continues to monitor and reduce the level of problem assets by working with borrowers to identify options, such as loan restructurings, which may help borrowers facing difficulties. The number of restructured loans has been greatly reduced over the last four years. Net loan charge-offs during the year ended December 31, 2022 totaled $1.0 million, compared to $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Approximately 24 loans were charged-off during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 39 loans during the year ended December 31, 2021. Charge-offs of $1.3 million during the year were

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related to the student loan portfolio. The percentage of net charge-offs to average loans was 0.10%, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes the nonaccrual totals by loan category for the years ended:

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		Change
Real estate - construction	14,436		11,226		3,210
Agricultural	108		212		(104)
Total Nonaccrual Loans	$	14,544	$	11,438	$	3,106

Loans past due more than 30 days receive management attention and are monitored for increased risk. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, loans past due more than 30 days totaled $14.1 million and $18.4 million, respectively. Impaired loans, nonaccrual, and restructured loans are reviewed for specific reserve allocations and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted accordingly.

Except for the loans included in the above tables, there were no loans at December 31, 2022, where the known credit problems of a borrower made doubtful the ability of such borrower to comply with the present loan repayment terms resulting in such loan being included as nonaccrual, past due, or restructured at some future date.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company’s asset/liability management, liquidity strategy, and capital planning are guided by policies, formulated and monitored by the Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”) and Management, to provide adequate liquidity and maintain an appropriate balance between interest-sensitive assets and interest-sensitive liabilities.

Liquidity

Liquidity management may be described as the ability to maintain sufficient cash flows to fulfill both on- and off-balance sheet financial obligations, including loan funding commitments and customer deposit withdrawals, without straining the Company’s equity structure. To maintain an adequate liquidity position, the Company relies on, in addition to cash and cash equivalents, cash inflows from deposits and short-term borrowings, repayments of principal on loans and investments, and net interest income received. The Company’s principal cash outflows are for loan origination, purchases of investment securities, depositor withdrawals and payment of operating expenses.

The Company’s liquid asset base, which generally consists of cash and due from banks, federal funds sold, and investment securities, is maintained at levels deemed sufficient to provide the cash necessary to fund loan growth, unfunded loan commitments, and deposit runoff. Included in this framework is the objective of maximizing the yield on earning assets. This is generally achieved by maintaining a high percentage of earning assets in loans and investment securities, which are higher yielding assets compared to cash.

The following table sets forth asset balances for the period ended:

	December 31,
	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Balance		% Total Assets		Balance		% Total Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	38,595	3.0	%	$	219,219	16.5	%
Net loans	980,178		75.4	%	871,533		65.5	%
Investment securities	210,860		16.2	%	182,646		13.7	%

At December 31, 2022, the loan to deposit ratio was 84.1% as compared to a loan to deposit ratio of 73.4% at December 31, 2021.

Liabilities used to fund liquidity sources include core and non-core deposits as well as short-term borrowings capability. Core deposits, which comprised approximately 98.7% of total deposits at December 31, 2022, provide a significant and stable funding source for the Company. At December 31, 2022, unused lines of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank, Pacific

41

Coast Banker’s Bank, Zion’s Bank, Union Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank totaling $517.8 million were collateralized in part by certain qualifying loans in the Company’s loan portfolio. The carrying value of loans pledged on these used and unused borrowing lines totaled $590.4 million at December 31, 2022. For a further detail of the Company’s borrowing arrangements, see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

Cash and cash equivalents decreased $180.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, and decreased $74.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2021.

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year:	$	219,219	$	294,069
Cash flows from operating activities:	23,700		16,550
Cash flows from investing activities:	(174,233)		(319,366)
Cash flows from financing activities:	(30,091)		227,966
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year:	$	38,595	$	219,219

The Company had a net cash inflows from operations of $23.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $16.6 million for the period ended December 31, 2021. The Company experienced net cash outflows from investing activities totaling $174.2 million and $319.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The net cash outflow from investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily the result of purchases of residential mortgage loan pools and purchases of investment securities. The net cash outflow from financing activities totaling $30.1 million was due primarily to decreases in demand deposits, time deposits, and savings accounts.

Liquidity risk arises from the possibility the Company may not be able to satisfy current or future financial commitments, or the Company may become unduly reliant on alternative funding sources. The Company maintains a liquidity risk management policy and contingency funding plan to address and manage this risk. The policy identifies the primary sources of liquidity, sets wholesale funding limits, establishes procedures for monitoring and measuring liquidity, and establishes minimum liquidity requirements in compliance with regulatory guidance. The liquidity position is continually monitored and reported on a monthly basis to the Board of Directors. In addition to ongoing monitoring, the Company performs liquidity stress testing in accordance with industry best practices to ensure cash flow requirements are met under stressed scenarios.

The liquidity of the parent company, United Security Bancshares, is separate from the Bank and is primarily dependent on the payment of cash dividends by its subsidiary, United Security Bank, subject to limitations imposed by the Financial Code of the State of California and federal and state banking regulations. During each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Bank paid $7.9 million in cash dividends to the parent company.

Capital and Dividends

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements adopted by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Board of Governors”). Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandates and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

The Company has adopted a capital plan that includes guidelines and trigger points to ensure sufficient capital is maintained at the Bank and the Company, and that capital ratios are maintained at a level deemed appropriate under regulatory guidelines given the level of classified assets, concentrations of credit, allowance for credit losses, current and projected growth, and projected retained earnings. The capital plan also contains contingency strategies to obtain additional capital as required to fulfill future capital requirements for both the Bank, as a separate legal entity, and the Company on a consolidated basis. The capital plan includes a target for the Bank to maintain a ratio of tangible shareholders’ equity to total tangible assets equal to or greater than 9%. The Bank’s ratio of tangible shareholders’ equity to total tangible assets was 10.5% and 9.5% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company’s equity capital totaled $112.5 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $120.2 million at December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company paid $7.5 million in cash dividends to shareholders.

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For a more detailed discussion of regulatory capital requirements and dividends, see Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements, as well as under the captions “Supervision and Regulation - The Company - Capital Adequacy” and “Supervision and Regulation - The Bank - Capital Standards” set forth in Part I, Item I. of this Annual Report.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company and the Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. Management believes that, under the current regulations, both will continue to meet their minimum capital requirements in the foreseeable future.

Reserve Balances

The FRB no longer requires depository institutions to maintain non-interest bearing reserves at specified levels against their transaction accounts and non-personal time deposits. At December 31, 2022, the Bank was not subject to a reserve requirement.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

The Company has identified certain accounting estimates which involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact of its financial condition or results of operations. The Company follows financial accounting and reporting policies that are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The more significant of these policies are summarized in Note 1 - Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Not all significant accounting policies require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments. However, the policies noted below could be deemed to meet the SEC’s definition of a critical accounting policy.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable incurred credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting estimate because it requires significant judgment. The use of estimates related to the amount and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans, estimated losses on pools of homogeneous loans based on historical loss experience, and consideration of current economic trends and conditions may be susceptible to significant variations. The loan portfolio represents the largest asset type on the consolidated balance sheet. Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements describe the methodology used to determine the allowance for credit losses. A discussion of the factors driving changes in the amount of the allowance for credit losses is included in the Asset Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses section of this financial review.

Fair Value of Junior Subordinated Debt/Trust Preferred Securities

The Company elected the fair value option related to it’s junior subordinated debt. The accounting standards related to fair value measurements define how applicable assets and liabilities are to be valued, and require expanded disclosures in regard to financial instruments carried at fair value. The fair value measurement accounting standard establishes a hierarchical disclosure framework associated with the level of pricing observability utilized in measuring financial instruments at fair value. The degree of judgment utilized in measuring the fair value of financial instruments generally correlates to the level of pricing observability. Financial instruments with readily available active quoted prices, or whose fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices of related financial instruments, generally will have a higher degree of pricing observability and a lesser degree of judgment utilized in measuring fair value. Conversely, financial instruments infrequently traded or not quoted in an active market will generally have little or no pricing observability and a higher degree of subjectivity. Pricing observability is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new to the market, and the characteristics specific to the transaction. Determining fair values under the accounting standards may include judgments related to measurement factors that may vary from actual transactions executed in the marketplace. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, fair value adjustments related to the junior subordinated debt resulted in a gain of $413,000 and a loss of $268,000, respectively. (See Notes 10 and 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about financial instruments carried at fair value.)

Item 7A - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not required for smaller reporting companies.

Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

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Index to Consolidated Financial Statements:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 659)	45
Consolidated Balance Sheets	47
Consolidated Statements of Income	48
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	49
Consolidated Statements Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	49
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	50
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	52

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

United Security Bancshares

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of United Security Bancshares and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Allowance for Credit Losses

As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s allowance for credit losses on loans under the incurred loss model was $10,182,000 as of December 31, 2022 and consists of three components: (1) the general or formula-based allowance utilizing the Company’s loss migration history which is modeled (“Loss Migration Model”) based on the internal risk grade of outstanding loan balances by loan segment multiplied by the Company’s loss experience over a time horizon adjusted as business cycles or environment change which is then adjusted for qualitative factors that, in management’s judgment, affect the collectability of the loans; (2) the specific allowance, which results from the analysis of identified loans that meet management’s criteria of loans to be reviewed individually to determine the amount of impairment; and (3) an unallocated allowance based on management’s evaluation of conditions not directly measured in the determination of the formula or specific allowances. The Company’s allowance for credit losses for loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on such loans and is a material and complex estimate requiring significant management judgment in the estimation of probable incurred credit losses inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio.

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We identified the risk rating of loans, loss rates selected and qualitative factors assigned within the Loss Migration Model as critical audit matters. The Company considers relevant credit quality indicators for each loan segment based on risk rating, and estimates loss rates for each loan segment based upon historical experience over the loss rates. The Company utilizes qualitative adjustments to the calculated loss rates to recognize and quantify changes to loss exposure for current market conditions and trends in the Company’s loan portfolio as compared to the historical loss rates. The estimation of the allowance for credit losses on loans requires significant management judgment, particularly as it relates to risk rating of loans, the historical loss rates selected and qualitative factors assigned in the model. Auditing management’s judgments and assumptions involved significant audit effort as well as especially challenging and subjective auditor judgment when performing audit procedures and evaluating the results of those procedures.

The primary procedures we performed to address these critical audit matters included:

•Testing the design, implementation and operating effectiveness of internal controls relating to management’s review of loans and assignment of risk ratings.

•Evaluating the appropriateness of the Company’s loan risk ratings by testing a risk-based targeted selection of loans to obtain substantive evidence that the Company is appropriately rating these loans in accordance with its policies, and that the risk ratings for the loans are reasonable and consistently applied.

•Evaluating the reasonableness and appropriateness of the methodology and assumptions utilized by management as it relates to the loss rates by testing completeness and accuracy of the data used in the calculation and recalculating the impact on the allowance for credit losses on loans.

•Evaluating whether both the methodology used by management related to the qualitative adjustments and the adjustments used in the calculation of the allowance for credit losses on loans are reasonable based on the analysis provided by management.

•Testing the mathematical accuracy and computation of the allowance for credit losses for loans, including testing completeness and accuracy of the data used in the calculation, application of the loan risk classifications, loss rates, and qualitative adjustments determined by management and used in the calculation, and recalculation of the allowance for credit losses on loans.

/s/ Moss Adams LLP

San Francisco, California

March 29, 2023

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1999.

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United Security Bancshares and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

December 31, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands except share data)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Cash and noninterest-bearing deposits in other banks	$	31,650	$	31,057
Due from Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”)	6,945		188,162
Cash and cash equivalents	38,595		219,219
Investment securities (at fair value)
Available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities	207,545		178,902
Marketable equity securities	3,315		3,744
Total investment securities	210,860		182,646
Loans	981,772		869,314
Unearned fees and unamortized loan origination costs - net	(1,594)		2,219
Allowance for credit losses	(10,182)		(9,333)
Net loans	969,996		862,200
Premises and equipment - net	9,770		8,950
Accrued interest receivable	8,489		7,530
Other real estate owned (“OREO”)	4,582		4,582
Goodwill	4,488		4,488
Deferred tax assets - net	12,825		3,615
Cash surrender value of life insurance	22,893		22,338
Operating lease right-of-use assets	1,984		2,594
Other assets	14,711		12,782
Total assets	$	1,299,193	$	1,330,944
Liabilities & Shareholders’ Equity
Liabilities
Deposits
Noninterest-bearing	$	481,629	$	476,749
Interest-bearing	683,855		711,357
Total deposits	1,165,484		1,188,106
Operating lease liabilities	2,093		2,705
Other liabilities	8,270		8,737
Junior subordinated debentures (at fair value)	10,883		11,189
Total liabilities	1,186,730		1,210,737
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock, no par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding: 17,067,253 at December 31, 2022 and 17,028,239 at December 31, 2021	60,030		59,636
Retained earnings	69,928		61,745
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(17,495)		(1,174)
Total shareholders’ equity	112,463		120,207
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,299,193	$	1,330,944

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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United Security Bancshares and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income

Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands except share and per share data)	2022		2021
Interest Income:
Interest and fees on loans	$	43,039	$	35,154
Interest on investment securities	4,613		2,337
Interest on deposits in FRB	1,605		239
Total interest income	49,257		37,730
Interest Expense:
Interest on deposits	2,815		1,899
Interest on other borrowed funds	380		180
Total interest expense	3,195		2,079
Net Interest Income	46,062		35,651
Provision for Credit Losses	1,802		2,107
Net Interest Income after Provision for Credit Losses	44,260		33,544
Noninterest Income:
Customer service fees	3,027		2,793
Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance	555		555
Unrealized (loss) gain on fair value of marketable equity securities	(429)		(106)
(Loss) gain on fair value of junior subordinated debentures	(2,533)		(660)
Gain on sale of investment securities	30		—
(Loss) gain on sale of assets	(10)		8
Other	1,198		795
Total noninterest income	1,838		3,385
Noninterest Expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	11,833		11,713
Occupancy expense	3,467		3,537
Data processing	686		565
Professional fees	4,058		3,572
Regulatory assessments	794		743
Director fees	452		385
Correspondent bank service charges	93		88
Net cost of operation and sale of OREO	102		256
Other	2,554		2,756
Total noninterest expense	24,039		23,615
Income before provision for taxes	22,059		13,314
Provision for income taxes	6,373		3,216
Net income	$	15,686	$	10,098
Net income per common share
Basic	$	0.92	$	0.59
Diluted	$	0.92	$	0.59
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic	17,040,241		17,011,379
Diluted	17,061,833		17,030,874

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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United Security Bancshares and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income

Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Net Income	$	15,686	$	10,098
Unrealized holdings (losses) gains on debt securities	(26,730)		(1,229)
Unrealized gain (loss) on unrecognized post-retirement costs	615		203
Unrealized gain (loss) on junior subordinated debentures	2,947		392
Other comprehensive loss, before tax	(23,168)		(634)
Tax benefit (expense) related to debt securities	7,900		363
Tax (expense) benefit related to unrecognized post-retirement costs	(182)		(60)
Tax (expense) benefit related to junior subordinated debentures	(871)		(115)
Total other comprehensive loss	(16,321)		(446)
Comprehensive (Loss) Income	$	(635)	$	9,652

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

United Security Bancshares and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

	Common Stock					Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
(In thousands, except share data)	Number of Shares	Amount		Retained Earnings				Total
Balance December 31, 2020 (1)	17,009,883	$	59,397	$	59,138	$	(728)	$	117,807
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(446)		(446)
Dividends on common stock ($0.33 per share)	—	—		(5,619)		—		(5,619)
Dividends payable ($0.11 per share)	—	—		(1,872)		—		(1,872)
Restricted stock units released	18,356	—		—		—		—
Tax benefit from restricted stock units released	—	(10)		—		—		(10)
Director stock grant	—	45		—		—		45
Stock-based compensation expense	—	204		—		—		204
Net Income	—	—		10,098		—		10,098
Balance December 31, 2021 (2)	17,028,239	59,636		61,745		(1,174)		120,207
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(16,321)		(16,321)
Dividends on common stock ($0.33 per share)	—	—		(5,625)		—		(5,625)
Dividends payable ($0.11 per share)	—	—		(1,878)		—		(1,878)
Restricted stock units released	33,435	—		—		—		—
Tax benefit from restricted stock units released	—	(1)		—		—		(1)
Director stock grant	—	181		—		—		181
Stock options exercised	5,579	29		—		—		29
Stock-based compensation expense	—	185		—		—		185
Net Income	—	—		15,686		—		15,686
Balance December 31, 2022 (3)	17,067,253	$	60,030	$	69,928	$	(17,495)	$	112,463
(1) Excludes 11,924 unvested restricted shares
(2) Excludes 27,949 unvested restricted shares
(3) Excludes 13,974 unvested restricted shares

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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United Security Bancshares and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net Income	$	15,686	$	10,098
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses	1,802		2,107
Depreciation and amortization	1,320		1,408
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets	(611)		(262)
Amortization of premium/discount on investment securities, net	606		953
Gain on sale of investment securities	(30)		—
(Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable	(959)		634
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable	48		(4)
Decrease (increase) in unearned fees and unamortized loan origination costs, net	3,791		(151)
Decrease (increase) decrease in income taxes receivable	1,970		(73)
Stock-based compensation expense and tax benefit	365		238
Provision for deferred income taxes	(2,362)		(521)
Increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	213		623
Write down on other real estate owned	—		—
Loss on sale of other real estate owned	—		1
Loss on marketable equity securities	429		106
Impairment loss on investment securities	—		—
Loss on fair value option of junior subordinated debentures	2,533		660
Gain on bank owned life insurance	—		—
Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance	(555)		(555)
Loss on tax credit limited partnership interest	—		—
Gain on sale of premises and equipment	—		—
Amortization of intangibles	—		—
Loss (gain) on sale of assets	10		(8)
Net (increase) decrease in other assets	(556)		1,296
Net cash provided by operating activities	23,700		16,550
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Net decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks	—		—
Purchases of FHLB stock, FRB stock, and other securities	(2,434)		(8)
Maturities and calls on available-for-sale securities			—
Principal payments on available-for-sale securities	10,136		27,009
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	(81,762)		(125,749)
Purchase of bank-owned life insurance	—		(1,140)
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities	15,676		—
Net increase in loans	(113,389)		(218,331)
Cash proceeds from sales of other real estate owned	—		251
Payoff of senior liens on other real estate owned	—		—
Cash proceeds from sales of premises and equipment	—		13
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance	—		—
Capital expenditures of premises and equipment	(2,140)		(1,253)
Investment in limited partnership	(320)		(158)
Net cash used in investing activities	(174,233)		(319,366)

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Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Net (decrease) increase in demand deposit and savings accounts	(13,087)		229,389
Net (decrease) increase in time deposits	(9,537)		6,066
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	29		—
Dividends on common stock	(7,496)		(7,489)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(30,091)		227,966
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(180,624)		(74,850)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	219,219		294,069
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	38,595	$	219,219

See Note 16 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for supplemental cash flow disclosures.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1.Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies

Basis of Presentation – The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, with rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and with prevailing practices within the banking industry. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of United Security Bancshares, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, United Security Bank and subsidiary (the “Bank”) and USB Capital Trust II (the “Trust”). The Trust is deconsolidated pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 810. As a result, the Trust Preferred Securities are not presented on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as equity, but instead they are presented as Junior Subordinated Debentures and are presented as a separate liability category (see Note 10 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements). Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the following notes, references to the Bank are references to United Security Bank. References to the Company are references to United Security Bancshares (including the Bank). United Security Bancshares operates as one business segment providing banking services to commercial establishments and individuals primarily in the San Joaquin Valley, and the greater Oakhurst/East Madera County area, as well as the Campbell area of Santa Clara County. The Company’s participation loans with other financial institutions are primarily in the state of California.

Nature of Operations – United Security Bancshares is a bank holding company, incorporated in the state of California for the purpose of acquiring all the capital stock of the Bank through a holding company reorganization (the “Reorganization”) of the Bank. United Security Bancshares has provided the Company greater operating and financial flexibility and has permitted expansion into a broader range of financial services and other business activities.

The Bank was founded in 1987 and currently operates twelve branches, one commercial lending office, one consumer lending office, and one construction lending office in an area from eastern Madera County to western Fresno County, as well as Taft and Bakersfield in Kern County, and Campbell in Santa Clara County. The Bank’s primary source of revenue is interest income through providing loans to customers, who are predominantly small and middle-market businesses and individuals. The Bank engages in a full complement of lending activities, including real estate mortgage, commercial and industrial, real estate construction, agricultural and consumer loans, with particular emphasis on short and medium-term obligations.

The Bank offers a wide range of deposit instruments. These include personal and business checking accounts and savings accounts, interest-bearing negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts, money market accounts and time certificates of deposit. Most of the Bank’s deposits are attracted from individuals and from small and medium-sized business-related sources.

The Bank also offers a wide range of specialized services designed to attract and service the needs of commercial customers and account holders. These services include cashiers checks, foreign drafts, and person-to-person and bank-to-bank transfers for consumer customers. In addition, the Bank offers Internet banking services to its commercial and retail customers. The Bank does not operate a trust department; however, it makes arrangements with its correspondent bank to offer trust services to its customers upon request.

The Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, York Monterey Properties, Inc. (“YMP”), was incorporated in California on April 17, 2019, for the purpose of holding specific parcels of real estate acquired by the Bank through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosures in Monterey County. These properties exceeded the 10-year holding period for other real estate owned, or “OREO.” YMP was funded with a $250,000 cash investment and the transfer of those parcels by the Bank to YMP. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, these properties are included within the consolidated balance sheets as part of “other real estate owned.”

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, goodwill, fair value of junior subordinated debt, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the valuation of real estate acquired in connection with foreclosures or in satisfaction of loans.

Subsequent events - The Company has evaluated events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure through the day the financial statements were issued.

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Significant Accounting Policies - The Company follows accounting standards set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, commonly referred to as “FASB.” FASB sets generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that the Company follows to ensure the consistent reporting of its consolidated financial condition, consolidated results of operations, and consolidated cash flows. References to GAAP issued by FASB in these footnotes are to FASB Accounting Standards Codification, sometimes referred to as the Codification or ASC. The following is a summary of significant policies:

a.Cash and Cash equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and amounts due from banks. At times throughout the year, balances can exceed FDIC insurance limits. Generally, federal funds sold and repurchase agreements are sold for one-day periods. The Bank did not have any repurchase agreements during 2022 or 2021. All cash and cash equivalents have maturities when purchased of three months or less.

b.Securities - Debt securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from net income and reported, net of tax, as a separate component of comprehensive income (loss) and shareholders’ equity. Debt securities classified as held to maturity are carried at amortized cost. Gains and losses on disposition are reported using the specific identification method for the adjusted basis of the securities sold. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the period to maturity.

The Company classifies its debt securities as available for sale or held to maturity, and periodically reviews its investment portfolio on an individual security basis. Securities that are to be held for indefinite periods of time (including, but not limited to, those that management intends to use as part of its asset/liability management strategy, and those which may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, changes in prepayments or any such other factors) are classified as securities available for sale. Securities which the Company has the ability and intent to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity. There were no securities held to maturity as of December 31, 2022.

Debt securities with fair values that are less than amortized cost are considered impaired. Impairment may result from either a decline in the financial condition of the issuing entity or, in the case of fixed interest rate investments, from rising interest rates. The Company evaluates investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) at least quarterly, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. The investment securities portfolio is evaluated for OTTI by segregating the portfolio into two general segments and applying the appropriate OTTI model.

The Company considers many factors in determining OTTI, including: (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, (3) whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions, and (4) whether the Company has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery. The assessment of whether an other-than temporary decline exists involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to the Company at the time of the evaluation. 

Marketable equity securities are reported at fair value with gains and losses included in non interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

c.Loans - Interest income on loans is credited to income as earned and is calculated by using the simple interest method on the daily balance of the principal amounts outstanding. With the exception of student loans, loans are typically placed on non-accrual status when principal or interest is past due for 90 days and/or when management believes the collection of amounts due is doubtful. Student loans are typically placed on non-accrual status when principal or interest is past due for 120 days. For loans placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest receivable may be reversed based upon management’s assessment of collectability, and interest is thereafter credited to principal to the extent necessary to eliminate doubt as to the collectability of the net carrying amount of the loan.

Nonrefundable fees and related direct costs associated with the origination or purchase of loans are deferred and netted against outstanding loan balances. The net deferred fees and costs are generally amortized into interest income over the loan term using the interest method. Other credit-related fees, such as standby letter of credit fees and loan placement fees are recognized as noninterest income during the period the related service is performed.

d.Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments - The allowance for credit losses is maintained to provide for losses that can reasonably be anticipated. The allowance is based on ongoing quarterly assessments of the probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio, and to a lesser extent, unfunded loan commitments. The reserve for unfunded loan commitments is a liability on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and is included in other

53

liabilities. The liability is computed using a methodology similar to that used to determine the allowance for credit losses, modified to take into account the probability of a drawdown on the commitment.

The allowance for credit losses is increased by provisions charged to operations during the current period and reduced by negative provisions and loan charge-offs, net of recoveries. Loans are charged against the allowance when management believes that the collection of the principal is unlikely. The allowance is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb losses inherent in existing loans, based on evaluations of the probability of collection. In evaluating the probability of collection, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of loans, allowance for credit losses and the provision for credit losses charged to operations. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. These evaluations take into consideration such factors as the composition of the portfolio, overall portfolio quality, loan concentrations, specific problem loans, and current economic conditions that may affect the borrowers’ ability to pay.

The Company’s methodology for assessing the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses consists of several key elements, which include:

•The formula allowance

•Specific allowances for problem graded loans identified as impaired; and

•The unallocated allowance

The formula allowance is calculated by applying loss factors to outstanding loans and certain unfunded loan commitments. Loss factors are based on the Company’s historical loss experience and on the internal risk grade of those loans, and may be adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, affect the collectability of the portfolio as of the evaluation date. Factors that may affect collectability of the loan portfolio include:

•Levels of, and trends in delinquencies and nonaccrual loans;

•Trends in volumes and term of loans;

•Effects of any changes in lending policies and procedures including those for underwriting, collection, charge-off, and recovery;

•Experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff;

•National and local economic trends and conditions and;

•Concentrations of credit that might affect loss experience across one or more components of the portfolio, including high-balance loan concentrations and participations.

Management determines the loss factors for problem graded loans (substandard, doubtful, and loss), special mention loans, and pass graded loans, based on a loss migration model. The migration analysis incorporates loan losses over the previous quarters as determined by management (time horizons adjusted as business cycles or environment changes) and loss factors are adjusted to recognize and quantify the loss exposure from changes in market conditions and trends in the Company’s loan portfolio. For purposes of this analysis, loans are grouped by internal risk classifications and categorized as pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful, or loss. Certain loans are homogeneous in nature and are therefore pooled by risk grade. These homogeneous loans include consumer installment and home equity loans. Special mention loans are currently performing but are potentially weak, as the borrower has begun to exhibit deteriorating trends which, if not corrected, could jeopardize repayment of the loan and result in further downgrades. Substandard loans have well-defined weaknesses which, if not corrected, could jeopardize the full satisfaction of the debt. A loan classified as doubtful has critical weaknesses that make full collection of the obligation improbable.

The student loan portfolio is reviewed for allowance adequacy under the same guidelines as other loans in the Company’s portfolio, with additional emphasis for specific risks associated with the portfolio. For student loans, principal amounts outstanding also include interest that has been capitalized. Charge-offs and recoveries of amounts that relate to capitalized interest on student loans are treated as principal charge-offs and recoveries, affecting the allowance for loan losses rather than interest income. Capitalized interest earned in the current year is reversed from interest income. Accrued but unpaid interest related to charged-off student loans is reversed against interest income. In general, the Company reserves for a percentage of loans in forbearance and loans rated substandard.

Loan participations are reviewed for allowance adequacy under the same guidelines as other loans in the Company’s portfolio, with an additional participation factor added, if required, for specific risks associated with participations. In general, participations are subject to certain thresholds set by the Company, and are reviewed for geographic location as well as the well-being of the underlying agent bank.

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Specific allowances are established based on management’s periodic evaluation of loss exposure inherent in impaired loans. For impaired loans, specific allowances are determined based on the net realizable value of the underlying collateral, the net present value of the anticipated cash flows, or the market value of the underlying assets. Formula allowances for classified loans, excluding impaired loans, are determined on the basis of additional risks involved with individual loans that may be in excess of risk factors associated with the loan portfolio as a whole. The specific allowance is different from the formula allowance in that the specific allowance is determined on a loan-by-loan basis based on risk factors directly related to a particular loan, as opposed to the formula allowance which is determined for a pool of loans with similar risk characteristics, based on past historical trends and other risk factors which may be relevant on an ongoing basis.

The unallocated portion of the allowance is based upon management’s evaluation of various conditions that are not directly measured in the determination of the formula and specific allowances. The conditions may include, but are not limited to, general economic and business conditions affecting the key lending areas of the Company, credit quality trends, collateral values, loan volumes and concentrations, and other business conditions.

e.Nonaccrual loans - Commercial, construction and commercial real estate loans are placed on non-accrual status under the following circumstances:

•When there is doubt regarding the full repayment of interest and principal.

•When principal and/or interest on the loan has been in default for a period of 90-days or more, unless the asset is both well secured and in the process of collection that will result in repayment in the near future.

•when the loan is identified as having loss elements and/or is risk rated “8” Doubtful.

Other circumstances which jeopardize the ultimate collectability of the loan include certain troubled debt restructurings, identified loan impairment, and certain loans to facilitate the sale of OREO.

All loans, outside of student loans, where principal or interest is due and unpaid for 90 days or more are placed on nonaccrual and the accrual of interest for financial statement purposes is discontinued. Previously accrued but unpaid interest is reversed and charged against interest income. See Note 4- Student Loans for specific information on the student loan portfolio.

When a loan is placed on non-accrual status and subsequent payments of interest (and principal) are received, the interest received may be accounted for in two separate ways.

Cost recovery method: If the loan is in doubt as to full collection, the interest received in subsequent payments is diverted from interest income and treated as a reduction of principal for financial reporting purposes.

Cash basis: This method is only used if the recorded investment or total contractual amount is expected to be fully collectible, under which circumstances the subsequent payments of interest is credited to interest income as received.

Loans on non-accrual status are usually not returned to accruing status unless and until all delinquent principal and/or interest has been brought current, there is no identified element of loss, and current and continued satisfactory performance is expected (loss of the contractual amount not the carrying amount of the loan). Repayment ability is generally demonstrated through the timely receipt of at least six monthly payments on a loan with monthly amortization.

f.Impaired loans - A loan is considered impaired when based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due, including principal and interest, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement.

The Company applies its normal loan review procedures in making judgments regarding probable losses and loan impairment. The Company evaluates for impairment those loans on nonaccrual status, graded doubtful, graded substandard or those that are troubled debt restructurings. The primary basis for inclusion in impaired status under generally accepted accounting pronouncements is that it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement.

A loan is not considered impaired if there is merely an insignificant delay or shortfall in the amounts of payments and the Company expects to collect all amounts due, including interest accrued, at the contractual interest rate for the period of the delay.

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Review for impairment does not include large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated to estimate the allowance for loan losses. The Company’s present allowance for loan losses methodology, including migration analysis, captures required reserves for these loans in the formula allowance.

For loans determined to be impaired, the Company evaluates impairment based upon either the fair value of underlying collateral, discounted cash flows of expected payments, or observable market price.

-     For loans secured by collateral including real estate and equipment, the fair value of the collateral less selling costs will determine the carrying value of the loan. The difference between the recorded investment in the loan and the fair value, less selling costs, determines the amount of impairment. The Company uses the measurement method based on fair value of collateral when the loan is collateral dependent and foreclosure is probable. For loans that are not considered collateral dependent, a discounted cash flow methodology is used.

-     The discounted cash flow method of measuring the impairment of a loan is used for impaired loans that are not considered to be collateral dependent. Under this method, the Company assesses both the amount and timing of cash flows expected from impaired loans. The estimated cash flows are discounted using the loan’s effective interest rate. The difference between the amount of the loan on the Bank’s books and the discounted cash flow amounts determines the amount of impairment to be provided. This method is used for most of the Company’s troubled debt restructurings or other impaired loans where some payment stream is being collected.

-     The observable market price method of measuring the impairment of a loan is only used by the Company when the sale of loans or a loan is in process.

The method for recognizing interest income on impaired loans is dependent on whether the loan is on nonaccrual status or is a troubled debt restructure. For income recognition, the existing nonaccrual and troubled debt restructuring policies are applied to impaired loans. Generally, except for certain troubled debt restructurings which are performing under the restructure agreement, the Company does not recognize interest income received on impaired loans, but reduces the carrying amount of the loan for financial reporting purposes.

Loans other than certain homogeneous loan portfolios are reviewed on a quarterly basis for impairment. Impaired loans are written down to estimated realizable values by the establishment of specific reserves for loans utilizing the discounted cash flow method, or charge-offs for collateral-based impaired loans, or those using observable market pricing.

g.Troubled debt restructurings - When the Company grants a concession to a borrower as part of a loan restructuring, the restructuring is accounted for as a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). TDRs are reported as a component of impaired loans.

A TDR is a type of restructuring in which the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession (either imposed by court order, law, or agreement between the borrower and the Bank) to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Although the restructuring may take different forms, the Company’s objective is to maximize recovery of its investment by granting relief to the borrower.

A TDR may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following:

- A transfer from the borrower to the Company of receivables from third parties, real estate, other assets, or an equity interest in the borrower is granted to fully or partially satisfy the loan.

- A modification of terms of a debt such as one or a combination of:

•The reduction (absolute or contingent) of the stated interest rate.

•The extension of the maturity date or dates at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk.

•The reduction (absolute or contingent) of the face amount or maturity amount of debt as stated in the instrument or agreement.

•The reduction (absolute or contingent) of accrued interest.

For a restructured loan to return to accrual status there needs to be, among other factors, at least six months successful payment history and continued satisfactory performance is expected. In addition, the Company typically performs a

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financial analysis of the credit to determine whether the borrower has the ability to continue to meet payments over the remaining life of the loan. This includes, but is not limited to, a review of financial statements and cash flow analysis of the borrower. Only after determination that the borrower has the ability to perform under the terms of the loans will the restructured credit be considered for accrual status. Although the Company does not have a policy which specifically addresses when a loan may be removed from TDR classification, as a matter of practice, loans classified as TDRs generally remain classified as such until the loan either reaches maturity, a conforming loan is renewed at market terms, or its outstanding balance is paid off.

h.Bank-Owned Life Insurance and Company-Owned life insurance policies - The Company owns bank-owned life insurance policies (BOLI) and company-owned life insurance policies (COLI) on certain officers, including those covered under the Salary Continuation Plan, with a portion of the post-retirement benefit available to the officers’ beneficiaries. The BOLI and COLI initial net cash surrender value is equivalent to the premium paid, and it adds income through non-taxable increases in its cash surrender value, net of the cost of insurance, plus any death benefits ultimately received by the Company.

i.Off-balance sheet financial instruments - In order to meet the needs of its customers, the Company offers financial instruments including commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit (SBLC). SBLCs are used to guarantee financing arrangements or performance with third parties.

j.Premises and Equipment - Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed principally on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives are as follows:

Buildings 31 years Furniture and equipment 3 -7 years

k.Other Real Estate Owned - Real estate properties acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are to be sold and are initially recorded at fair value of the property, less estimated costs to sell. The excess, if any, of the loan amount over the fair value is charged to the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent declines in the fair value of other real estate owned, along with related revenue and expenses from operations, are charged to noninterest expense.

l.Goodwill - Goodwill amounts resulting from acquisitions are considered to have an indefinite life and are not amortized. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company reported goodwill totaling $4.5 million. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges on goodwill during 2022 or 2021.

m.Income Taxes - Deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities using the liability method, and are reflected at currently enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. Estimates are based on the enacted tax rate of the applicable period.

n.Net Income per common Share - Basic income per common share is computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted income per share includes the effect of stock options and other potentially dilutive securities using the treasury stock method to the extent they have a dilutive impact. If applicable, net income per common share is retroactively adjusted for all stock dividends declared.

o.Cash Flow Reporting - For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, noninterest-bearing amounts due from banks, federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell. Federal funds and securities purchased under agreements to resell are generally sold for one-day periods. Net cash flows are reported for interest-bearing deposits with other banks, loans to customers, and deposits held for customers.

p.Transfers of Financial Assets - Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right, beyond a trivial benefit) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

q.Stock Based Compensation - The Company has a stock-based employee compensation plan, which is described more fully in Note 12. The Company accounts for all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options and restricted stock units and awards, to be recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on the grant date fair

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value of the award. The fair value is amortized over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period). Included in salaries and employee benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are $185,000 and $204,000, respectively, of stock-based compensation.

r.Federal Home Loan Bank Stock and Federal Reserve Stock - As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (“FHLB”), the Company is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FHLB. In addition, as a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”), the Company is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FRB. The investments in both the FHLB and the FRB are carried at cost in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, are included in other assets, and are subject to certain redemption requirements by the FHLB and FRB. Stock redemptions are at the discretion of the FHLB and FRB.

While technically these are considered equity securities, there is no market for the FHLB or FRB stock. Therefore, the shares are considered restricted investment securities. Management periodically evaluates the stock for other-than-temporary impairment. Management’s determination of whether these investments are impaired is based on its assessment of the ultimate recoverability of cost rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. The determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate recoverability of cost is influenced by criteria such as (1) the significance of any decline in net assets of the FHLB or FRB as compared to the capital stock amount of the FHLB or FRB and the length of time this situation has persisted, (2) commitments by the FHLB or FRB to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to the operating performance of the FHLB or FRB, (3) the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on institutions and, accordingly, the customer base of the FHLB or FRB, and (4) the liquidity position of the FHLB or FRB.

s.Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes items recorded directly to equity, such as unrealized gains and losses on securities available-for-sale, unrecognized costs of salary continuation defined benefit plans, and unrealized gains and losses on trust preferred securities related to instrument-specific credit risk. Comprehensive income (loss) is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).

t.Segment Reporting - The Company’s operations are solely in the financial services industry and include providing to its customers traditional banking and other financial services. The Company operates primarily in California’s San Joaquin Valley. Management makes operating decisions and assesses performance based on an ongoing review of the Company’s consolidated financial results. Therefore, the Company has a single operating segment for financial reporting purposes.

u.Revenue from Contracts with Customers - The Company records revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 606”). Under Topic 606, the Company must identify the contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company’s primary sources of revenue are derived from interest and dividends earned on loans, investment securities, and other financial instruments that are not within the scope of Topic 606. The Company has evaluated the nature of its contracts with customers and determined that further disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers into more granular categories beyond what is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income is not necessary. The Company generally fully satisfies its performance obligations on its contracts with customers as services are rendered and the transaction prices are typically fixed; charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity. The contracts evaluated that are in scope of Topic 606 are primarily related to service charges and fees on deposit accounts, debit card fees, ATM processing fees, and other service charges, commissions and fees. Because performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, there is little judgment involved in applying Topic 606 that significantly affects the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers.

v.Leases - The Company recognizes lease assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Disclosures related to key lease components and leasing arrangements are included within the footnotes. The Company combines lease and associated non-lease components by class of underlying asset in contract that meet certain criteria. The lease and related non-lease components have the same timing and pattern of transfer, and the lease component, when accounted for on a stand-alone basis, is classified as an operating lease.

w.Recently Issued Accounting Standards - On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which replaces the current “incurred loss” model for recognizing credit losses with an “expected loss” model referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) model. The CECL model will apply to estimated credit losses on loans receivable, held-to-maturity debt securities, unfunded loan commitments, and certain other financial assets measured at amortized cost.

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Under ASU 2016-13, available-for-sale debt securities are evaluated for impairment if fair value is less than amortized cost, with any estimated credit losses recorded through a credit loss expense and an allowance, rather than a write-down of the investment. Changes in fair value that are not credit-related will continue to be recorded in other comprehensive income. The Company will adopt this standard using a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. A prospective transition approach is required for debt securities for which an OTTI had been recognized before the effective date. The Company currently intends to phase the impact of Topic 326 into regulatory capital over three years in accordance with a final ruling effective April 2019 adopted by the Federal Reserve and other U.S. banking agencies.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). This ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or other reference rates expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The ASU was effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848. This ASU amends ASU 2020-04 by extending the sunset provision for use of LIBOR as a reference rate until December 31, 2024, due to an extension of the intended cessation of USD LIBOR. The Company is in the process of evaluating the provisions of this ASU and its effects on our consolidated financial statements. The Company anticipates minimal impact to junior subordinated debt and floating rate loans tied to LIBOR.

x.Subsequent events - Subsequent events are events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued. Recognized subsequent events are events or transactions that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the date of the balance sheet, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements. Nonrecognized subsequent events are events that provide evidence about conditions that did not exist at the date of the balance sheet but arose after that date.

2.Investment Securities

Following is a comparison of the amortized cost and approximate fair value of investment securities at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value (Carrying Amount)
December 31, 2022
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Government agencies	$	8,275	$	7	$	(51)	$	8,231
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by mortgage obligations	110,908		5		(13,695)		97,218
Municipal bonds	50,678		—		(10,508)		40,170
Corporate bonds	34,745		5		(2,048)		32,702
U.S. Treasury securities	30,004		—		(780)		29,224
Total securities available for sale	$	234,610	$	17	$	(27,082)	$	207,545
December 31, 2021
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Government agencies	$	33,206	$	260	$	(90)	$	33,376
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by mortgage obligations	64,880		184		(329)		64,735
Asset-backed securities	4,092		38		—		4,130
Municipal bonds	50,872		86		(906)		50,052
Corporate bonds	11,000		429		(7)		11,422
U.S. Treasury securities	15,186		1		—		15,187
Total securities available for sale	$	179,236	$	998	$	(1,332)	$	178,902

Proceeds and gross realized gains (losses) from sales of investment securities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

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	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022	2021
Proceeds from sales or calls	15,676	—
Gross realized gains from sales or calls	78	—
Gross realized losses from sales or calls	(48)	—

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale at December 31, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Contractual maturities on collateralized mortgage obligations cannot be anticipated due to allowed paydowns.

	December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value (Carrying Amount)
Due in one year or less	$	17,464	$	17,151
Due after one year through five years	31,784		30,071
Due after five years through ten years	66,563		56,269
Due after ten years	7,891		6,836
U.S. Government sponsored entities & agencies collateralized by mortgage obligations	110,908		97,218
	$	234,610	$	207,545

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost of approximately $78.8 million and $94.9 million (fair value of $69.0 million and $95.2 million, respectively) were pledged as collateral for FHLB borrowings, securitized deposits, and public funds balances.

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The following summarizes temporarily impaired investment securities at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(In thousands)	Fair Value (Carrying Amount)		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value (Carrying Amount)		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value (Carrying Amount)		Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2022
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Government agencies	$	—	$	—	$	5,831	$	(51)	$	5,831	$	(51)
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by mortgage obligations	47,968		(3,949)		48,763		(9,746)		96,731		(13,695)
Municipal bonds	—		—		40,170		(10,508)		40,170		(10,508)
Corporate bonds	24,424		(1,491)		5,443		(557)		29,867		(2,048)
U.S. Treasury securities	14,714		(190)		14,510		(590)		29,224		(780)
Total impaired securities	$	87,106	$	(5,630)	$	114,717	$	(21,452)	$	201,823	$	(27,082)
December 31, 2021
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Government agencies	$	—	$	—	$	9,699	$	(90)	$	9,699	$	(90)
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by mortgage obligations	37,258		(329)		23		—		37,281		(329)
Municipal bonds	39,551		(896)		228		(10)		39,779		(906)
Corporate bonds	5,993		(7)		—		—		5,993		(7)
U.S. Treasury securities	7,416		—		—		—		7,416		—
Total impaired securities	$	90,218	$	(1,232)	$	9,950	$	(100)	$	100,168	$	(1,332)

The following summarizes the number of temporarily impaired investment securities at December 31, 2022 and 2021

	December 31,
	2022	2021
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Government agencies	4	6
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by mortgage obligations	51	12
Municipal bonds	46	36
Corporate bonds	9	2
U.S. Treasury securities	4	1
Total impaired securities	114	57

The decline in fair value for investment securities for the periods ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022 was attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality. The fast pace and large increases in interest rate during the last year have led to decreases in bond prices and increases in yields. Because the Company does not have the intent to sell these impaired securities and will otherwise not be required to sell, the Company does not consider those securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $429,000 of unrealized losses related to marketable equity securities, related to one mutual fund, held at December 31, 2022 in the consolidated statements of income. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $106,000 of unrealized losses related to marketable equity securities held at December 31, 2021 in the consolidated statements of income.

The Company had no held-to-maturity securities at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

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3. Loans

Loans are comprised of the following:

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commercial and business loans	$	59,925	$	42,194
Government program loans	85		3,310
Total commercial and industrial	60,010		45,504
Real estate – mortgage:
Commercial real estate	398,624		331,050
Residential mortgages	273,442		226,926
Home improvement and home equity loans	49		80
Total real estate mortgage	672,115		558,056
Real estate construction and development	152,310		154,270
Agricultural	52,745		60,239
Installment and student loans	44,592		51,245
Total loans	$	981,772	$	869,314

The Company’s loans are predominantly in the San Joaquin Valley, and the greater Oakhurst/East Madera County area, as well as the Campbell area of Santa Clara County. The company’s participation loans with other financial institutions are primarily in the state of California.

Commercial and industrial loans represented 6.1% of total loans at December 31, 2022, and 5.2% at December 31, 2021. They are generally made to support the ongoing operations of small-to-medium sized commercial businesses. Commercial and industrial loans have a high degree of industry diversification and provide working capital, financing for the purchase of manufacturing plants and equipment, or funding for growth and general expansion of businesses. A substantial portion of commercial and industrial loans are secured by accounts receivable, inventory, leases, or other collateral including real estate. The remainder are unsecured; however, extensions of credit are predicated upon the financial capacity of the borrower. Repayment of commercial and industrial loans generally comes from the cash flow of the borrower.

Real estate mortgage loans, representing 68.5% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 64.2% at December 31, 2021, are secured by trust deeds on primarily commercial property and by trust deeds on single family residences. Repayment of real estate mortgage loans is generally from the cash flow of the borrower.

•Commercial real estate mortgage loans comprise the largest segment of this loan category and are available on all types of income producing and commercial properties, including: office buildings and shopping centers; apartments and motels; owner occupied buildings; manufacturing facilities and more. Commercial real estate mortgage loans can also be used to refinance existing debt. Commercial real estate loans are made under the premise that the loan will be repaid from the borrower’s business operations, rental income associated with the real property, or personal assets.

•Residential mortgage loans are provided to individuals to finance or refinance single-family residences. Residential mortgages are not a primary business line offered by the Company, and a majority are conventional mortgages that were purchased as a pool.

•Home improvement and home equity loans comprise a relatively small portion of total real estate mortgage loans. Home equity loans are generally secured by junior trust deeds, but may be secured by 1st trust deeds.

Real estate construction and development loans, representing 15.5% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 17.8% at December 31, 2021, consist of loans for residential and commercial construction projects, as well as land acquisition and development, or land held for future development. Loans in this category are secured by real estate including improved and unimproved land, as well as single-family residential, multi-family residential, and commercial properties in various stages of completion. All real estate loans have established equity requirements. Repayment on construction loans generally comes from long-term mortgages with other lending institutions obtained at completion of the project or from the sale of the constructed homes to individuals.

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Agricultural loans, representing 5.4% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 6.9% at December 31, 2021, are generally secured by land, equipment, inventory and receivables. Repayment is from the cash flow of the borrower.

Installment loans, representing 4.5% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 5.9% at December 31, 2021, consist primarily of student loans as well as loans to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures such as credit cards, automobiles or other consumer items. See “Note 4 - Student Loans” for specific information on the student loan portfolio.

In the normal course of business, the Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its customers. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, these financial instruments include commitments to extend credit of $190.2 million and $239.1 million, respectively, and standby letters of credit of $1.6 million and $1.7 million, respectively. These instruments involve elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized on the consolidated balance sheet. The contract amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of the involvement the Company has in off-balance sheet financial instruments.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amounts of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Substantially all of these commitments are at floating interest rates based on the Prime rate. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on management’s credit evaluation. Collateral held varies but includes accounts receivable, inventory, leases, property, plant and equipment, residential real estate, and income-producing properties.

Standby letters of credit are generally unsecured and are issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers.

Loans to directors, officers, principal shareholders and their affiliates are summarized below:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Aggregate amount outstanding, beginning of year	$	13,100	$	1,900
Retirement of director during 2022	(8,899)		—
New loans or advances during year	980		7,899
Repayments during year	(1,571)		(198)
Aggregate amount outstanding, end of year	$	3,610	$	9,601
Undisbursed commitments, end of year	$	1,050	$	13,100

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Key terms and conditions for loans to directors, officers, principal shareholders and their affiliates do not differ from that of other borrowers.

Past Due Loans

The Company monitors delinquency and potential problem loans on an ongoing basis through weekly reports to the Loan Committee and monthly reports to the Board of Directors.

The following is a summary of delinquent loans at December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

December 31, 2022	Loans 30-60 Days Past Due		Loans 61-89 Days Past Due		Loans 90 or More Days Past Due		Total Past Due Loans		Current Loans		Total Loans		Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Past Due
Commercial and business loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	59,925		59,925		$	—
Government program loans	—		—		—		—		85		85		—
Total commercial and industrial	—		—		—		—		60,010		60,010		—
Commercial real estate loans	—		—		—		—		398,624		398,624		—
Residential mortgages	—		—		—		—		273,442		273,442		—
Home improvement and home equity loans	8		—		—		8		41		49		—
Total real estate mortgage	8		—		—		8		672,107		672,115		—
Real estate construction and development loans	—		—		12,545		12,545		139,765		152,310		—
Agricultural loans	—		—		108		108		52,637		52,745		—
Installment and student loans	546		642		252		1,440		43,152		44,592		252
Total loans	$	554	$	642	$	12,905	$	14,101	$	967,671	$	981,772	$	252

The following is a summary of delinquent loans at December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

December 31, 2021	Loans 30-60 Days Past Due		Loans 61-89 Days Past Due		Loans 90 or More Days Past Due		Total Past Due Loans		Current Loans		Total Loans		Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Past Due
Commercial and business loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	42,194	$	42,194	$	—
Government program loans	—		—		—		—		3,310		3,310		—
Total commercial and industrial	—		—		—		—		45,504		45,504		—
Commercial real estate loans	—		—		—		—		331,050		331,050		—
Residential mortgages	6,745		—		—		6,745		220,181		226,926		—
Home improvement and home equity loans	12		—		—		12		68		80		—
Total real estate mortgage	6,757		—		—		6,757		551,299		558,056		—
Real estate construction and development loans	—		—		9,021		9,021		145,249		154,270		—
Agricultural loans	—		—		209		209		60,030		60,239		—
Installment and student loans	1,628		328		453		2,409		48,836		51,245		453
Total loans	$	8,385	$	328	$	9,683	$	18,396	$	850,918	$	869,314	$	453

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Nonaccrual Loans

Commercial, construction and commercial real estate loans are placed on non-accrual status under the following circumstances:

-    When there is doubt regarding the full repayment of interest and principal.

-    When principal and/or interest on the loan has been in default for a period of 90-days or more, unless the asset is both well secured and in the process of collection that will result in repayment in the near future.

-    When the loan is identified as having loss elements and/or is risk rated “8” Doubtful.

Loans on non-accrual status are usually not returned to accruing status unless and until all delinquent principal and/or interest has been brought current, there is no identified element of loss, and current and continued satisfactory performance is expected (loss of the contractual amount not the carrying amount of the loan). Repayment ability is generally demonstrated through the timely receipt of at least six monthly payments on a loan with monthly amortization.

There were no remaining undisbursed commitments to extend credit on nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following is a summary of nonaccrual loan balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(In thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Real estate construction and development loans	14,436		11,226
Agricultural loans	108		212
Total loans	$	14,544	$	11,438

Impaired Loans

A loan is considered impaired when based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due, including principal and interest, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. A loan is not considered impaired if there is merely an insignificant delay or shortfall in the amounts of payments and the Company expects to collect all amounts due, including interest accrued, at the contractual interest rate for the period of the delay.

The method for recognizing interest income on impaired loans is dependent on whether the loan is on nonaccrual status or is a troubled debt restructure. For income recognition, the existing nonaccrual and troubled debt restructuring policies are applied to impaired loans. Generally, except for certain troubled debt restructurings which are performing under the restructure agreement, the Company does not recognize interest income received on impaired loans, but reduces the carrying amount of the loan for financial reporting purposes.

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The following is a summary of impaired loans at December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

December 31, 2022	Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance (1)		Recorded Investment With Allowance (1)		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment (2)		Interest Recognized (2)
Commercial and business loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Government program loans	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial and industrial	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate loans	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Residential mortgages	141		—		141		141		4		143		7
Home improvement and home equity loans	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total real estate mortgage	141		—		141		141		4		143		7
Real estate construction and development loans	14,436		14,436		—		14,436		—		11,778		247
Agricultural loans	1,048		943		108		1,051		48		742		34
Installment and student loans	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total impaired loans	$	15,625	$	15,379	$	249	$	15,628	$	52	$	12,663	$	288

(1) The recorded investment in loans includes accrued interest receivable of $3.

(2) Information is based on the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following is a summary of impaired loans at December 31, 2021 (in thousands).

December 31, 2021	Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance (1)		Recorded Investment With Allowance (1)		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment (2)		Interest Recognized (2)
Commercial and business loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	156	$	—
Government program loans	—		—		—		—		—		110		—
Total commercial and industrial	—		—		—		—		—		266		—
Commercial real estate loans	—		—		—		—		—		538		—
Residential mortgages	146		—		146		146		3		377		6
Home improvement and home equity loans	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total real estate mortgage	146		—		146		146		3		915		6
Real estate construction and development loans	11,226		11,226		—		11,226		—		11,133		272
Agricultural loans	660		453		209		662		127		499		41
Installment and student loans	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total impaired loans	$	12,032	$	11,679	$	355	$	12,034	$	130	$	12,813	$	319

(1) The recorded investment in loans includes accrued interest receivable of $2.

(2) Information is based on the twelve month period ended December 31, 2021.

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Troubled Debt Restructurings

When the Company grants a concession to a borrower as part of a loan restructuring, the restructuring is accounted for as a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). TDRs are reported as a component of impaired loans.

A TDR is a type of restructuring in which the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession (either imposed by court order, law, or agreement between the borrower and the Bank) to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Although the restructuring may take different forms, the Company’s objective is to maximize recovery of its investment by granting relief to the borrower.

There were no TDR modifications or defaults during the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

The following tables summarizes all TDR activity by loan category for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands).

2022	Commercial and Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Residential Mortgages		Home Improvement and Home Equity		Real Estate Construction Development		Agricultural		Installment and Student Loans		Total
Beginning balance	$	—	$	—	$	146	$	—	$	2,206	$	242	$	—	$	2,594
Defaults	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Additions	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Principal reductions	—		—		(5)		—		(315)		(134)		—		(454)
Charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Ending balance	$	—	$	—	$	141	$	—	$	1,891	$	108	$	—	$	2,140
Allowance for loan loss	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	48	$	—	$	52

2021	Commercial and Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Residential Mortgages		Home Improvement and Home Equity		Real Estate Construction Development		Agricultural		Installment and Student Loans		Total
Beginning balance	$	—	$	—	$	365	$	—	$	2,452	$	609	$	—	$	3,426
Defaults	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Principal reductions	—		—		(219)		—		(246)		(367)		—		(832)
Charge-offs	—		—				—		—		—		—		—
Ending balance	$	—	$	—	$	146	$	—	$	2,206	$	242	$	—	$	2,594
Allowance for loan loss	$	—	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	127	$	—	$	130

The Company makes various types of concessions when structuring TDRs including rate reductions, payment extensions, and forbearance. At December 31, 2022, the Company had 4 restructured loans totaling $2.1 million, as compared to 5 restructured loans totaling $2.6 million at December 31, 2021. The Company had no unfunded commitments outstanding for TDRs at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

 Credit Quality Indicators

As part of its credit monitoring program, the Company utilizes a risk rating system which quantifies the risk the Company estimates it has assumed during the life of a loan. The system rates the strength of the borrower and the facility or transaction, and is designed to provide a program for risk management and early detection of problems.

For each new credit approval, credit extension, renewal, or modification of existing credit facilities, the Company assigns risk ratings utilizing the rating scale identified in this policy. In addition, on an on-going basis, loans and credit facilities are reviewed for internal and external influences impacting the credit facility that would warrant a change in the risk rating. Each loan credit facility is given a risk rating that takes into account factors that materially affect credit quality.

When assigning risk ratings, the Company evaluates two risk rating approaches, a facility rating and a borrower rating as follows:

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Facility Rating:

The facility rating is determined by the analysis of positive and negative factors that may indicate that the quality of a particular loan or credit arrangement requires that it be rated differently from the risk rating assigned to the borrower. The Company assesses the risk impact of these factors:

Collateral - The rating may be affected by the type and quality of the collateral, the degree of coverage, the economic life of the collateral, liquidation value, and the Company’s ability to dispose of the collateral.

Guarantees - The value of third party support arrangements varies widely. Unconditional guaranties from persons with demonstrable ability to perform are more substantial than that of closely related persons to the borrower who offer only modest support.

Unusual Terms - Credit may be extended on terms that subject the Company to a higher level of risk than indicated in the rating of the borrower.

Borrower Rating:

The borrower rating is a measure of loss possibility based on the historical, current and anticipated financial characteristics of the borrower in the current risk environment. To determine the rating, the Company considers at least the following factors:

-    Quality of management

-    Liquidity

-    Leverage/capitalization

-    Profit margins/earnings trend

-    Adequacy of financial records

-    Alternative funding sources

-    Geographic risk

-    Industry risk

-    Cash flow risk

-    Accounting practices

-    Asset protection

-    Extraordinary risks

The Company assigns risk ratings to loans other than consumer loans and other homogeneous loan pools based on the following scale. The risk ratings are used when determining borrower ratings as well as facility ratings. When the borrower rating and the facility ratings differ, the lowest rating applied is:

-    Grades 1 and 2 – These grades include loans which are given to high quality borrowers with high credit quality and sound financial strength. Key financial ratios are generally above industry averages and the borrower’s strong earnings history or net worth. These may be secured by deposit accounts or high-grade investment securities.

-    Grade 3 – This grade includes loans to borrowers with solid credit quality with minimal risk. The borrower’s balance sheet and financial ratios are generally in line with industry averages, and the borrower has historically demonstrated the ability to manage economic adversity. Real estate and asset-based loans assigned this risk rating must have characteristics which place them well above the minimum underwriting requirements for those departments. Asset-based borrowers assigned this rating must exhibit extremely favorable leverage and cash flow characteristics, and consistently demonstrate a high level of unused borrowing capacity.

-    Grades 4 and 5 – These include “pass” grade loans to borrowers of acceptable credit quality and risk. The borrower’s balance sheet and financial ratios may be below industry averages, but above the lowest industry quartile. Leverage is above and liquidity is below industry averages. Inadequacies evident in financial performance and/or management sufficiency are offset by readily available features of support, such as adequate collateral, or good guarantors having the liquid assets and/or cash flow capacity to repay the debt. While the borrower may have recognized a loss over three or four years, recent earnings trends, while perhaps somewhat cyclical, are improving and cash flows are adequate to cover debt service and fixed obligations. Real estate and asset-borrowers fully complying with all underwriting standards and performing according to projections would be assigned this rating. These also include grade 5 loans which are “leveraged” or on management’s “watch list.” While still considered pass loans (loans given a grade 5), the borrower’s financial condition, cash flow, or operations evidence more than average risk and short term

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weaknesses. These loans warrant a higher than average level of monitoring, supervision, and attention from the Company, but do not reflect credit weakness trends that weaken or inadequately protect the Company’s credit position. Loans with a grade rating of 5 are not normally acceptable as new credits unless they are adequately secured or carry substantial endorsers/guarantors.

-    Grade 6 – This grade includes “special mention” loans which are loans that are currently protected but are potentially weak. This generally is an interim grade classification and these loans will usually be upgraded to an “acceptable” rating or downgraded to a “substandard” rating within a reasonable time period. Weaknesses in special mention loans may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Company’s credit position at some future date. Special mention loans are often loans with weaknesses inherent in the loan origination and loan servicing, and may have some technical deficiencies. The main theme in special mention credits is the distinct probability that the classification will deteriorate to a more adverse class if the noted deficiencies are not addressed by the loan officer or loan management.

-    Grade 7 – This grade includes “substandard” loans which are inadequately supported by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that may impair the regular liquidation of the debt. When a loan has been downgraded to “substandard,” there exists a distinct possibility that the Company will sustain a loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Substandard loans also include impaired loans.

-    Grade 8 – This grade includes “doubtful” loans which exhibit the same characteristics as the “substandard” loans. Additionally, loan weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors, which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the loan, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include a proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans.

-    Grade 9 – This grade includes loans classified “loss” which are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off the asset even though partial recovery may be achieved in the future.

The following tables summarize the credit risk ratings for commercial, construction, and other non-consumer related loans for December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company did not carry any loans graded as loss at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

December 31, 2022	Commercial and Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Real Estate Construction and Development		Agricultural		Total
Grades 1 and 2	$	226	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	226
Grade 3	—		—		—		—		—
Grades 4 and 5 – pass	59,584		372,605		137,874		50,680		620,743
Grade 6 – special mention	200		26,019		—		1,017		27,236
Grade 7 – substandard	—		—		14,436		1,048		15,484
Grade 8 – doubtful	—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	60,010	$	398,624	$	152,310	$	52,745	$	663,689

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December 31, 2021	Commercial and Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Real Estate Construction and Development		Agricultural		Total
Grades 1 and 2	$	3,447	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,447
Grade 3	—		92		—		—		92
Grades 4 and 5 – pass	42,054		301,866		143,044		46,739		533,703
Grade 6 – special mention	—		29,092		—		11,197		40,289
Grade 7 – substandard	3		—		11,226		2,303		13,532
Grade 8 – doubtful	—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	45,504	$	331,050	$	154,270	$	60,239	$	591,063

The Company follows consistent underwriting standards outlined in its loan policy for consumer and other homogeneous loans but does not specifically assign a risk rating when these types of loans are originated. Consumer loans are monitored for credit risk and are considered “pass” loans until some issue or event requires that the credit be downgraded to special mention or worse. Within the student loan portfolio, the Company does not grade these loans individually, but monitors credit quality indicators such as delinquency and program defined status codes such as forbearance.

The following table summarizes the credit risk ratings for consumer related loans and other homogeneous loans for December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

	December 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Residential Mortgages		Home Improvement and Home Equity		Installment and Student Loans		Total		Residential Mortgages		Home Improvement and Home Equity		Installment and Student Loans		Total
Not graded	$	257,320	$	41	$	44,340	$	301,701	$	211,622	$	68	$	50,421	$	262,111
Pass	16,122		8		—		16,130		15,304		12		371		15,687
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	—		—		252		252		—		—		453		453
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	273,442	$	49	$	44,592	$	318,083	$	226,926	$	80	$	51,245	$	278,251

Allowance for Loan Losses

The Company analyzes risk characteristics inherent in each loan portfolio segment as part of the quarterly review of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. The following summarizes some of the key risk characteristics for the eight segments of the loan portfolio (Consumer loans include three segments):

Commercial and industrial loans – Commercial loans are subject to the effects of economic cycles and tend to exhibit increased risk as economic conditions deteriorate, or if the economic downturn is prolonged. The Company considers this segment to be one of higher risk given the size of individual loans and the balances in the overall portfolio.

Government program loans – This is a relatively a small part of the Company’s loan portfolio, but has historically had a high percentage of loans that have migrated from pass to substandard given their vulnerability to economic cycles.

Commercial real estate loans – This segment is considered to have more risk in part because of the vulnerability of commercial businesses to economic cycles as well as the exposure to fluctuations in real estate prices because most of these loans are secured by real estate. Losses in this segment have however been historically low because most of the loans are real estate secured, and the bank maintains appropriate loan-to-value ratios.

Residential mortgages – This segment is considered to have low risk factors both from the Company and peer statistics. These loans are secured by first deeds of trust.

Home improvement and home equity loans – Because of their junior lien position, these loans have an inherently higher risk level.

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Real estate construction and development loans – This segment of loans is considered to have a higher risk profile due to construction and market value issues in conjunction with normal credit risks.

Agricultural loans – This segment is considered to have risks associated with weather, insects, and marketing issues. In addition, concentrations in certain crops or certain agricultural areas can increase risk. Additionally, from time to time, California experiences severe droughts, which can significantly harm the business of customers and the credit quality of the loans to those customers. Water resources and related issues affecting customers are closely monitored. Signs of deterioration within the loan portfolio are also monitored in an effort to manage credit quality and work with borrowers where possible to mitigate any losses.

Installment and student loans (Includes consumer loans, student loans, overdrafts, and overdraft protection lines) – This segment is higher risk because many of the loans are unsecured. Additionally, in the case of student loans, there are increased risks associated with liquidity as there is a significant time lag between funding of a student loan and eventual repayment.

The following summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by loan category for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands).

December 31, 2022	Commercial and Industrial		Real Estate Mortgage		Real Estate Construction Development		Agricultural		Installment & Student Loans		Unallocated		Total
Beginning balance	$	597	$	1,174	$	2,840	$	1,233	$	2,720	$	769	$	9,333
(Recovery of provision) provision for credit losses	87		147		569		(744)		1,480		263		1,802
Charge-offs	1		—		—		—		(1,364)		—		(1,363)
Recoveries	270		42		—		36		62		—		410
Net recoveries (charge-offs)	271		42		—		36		(1,302)		—		(953)
Ending balance	$	955	$	1,363	$	3,409	$	525	$	2,898	$	1,032	$	10,182
Period-end amount allocated to:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	48	$	—	$	—	$	52
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	955		1,359		3,409		477		2,898		1,032		10,130
Ending balance	$	955	$	1,363	$	3,409	$	525	$	2,898	$	1,032	$	10,182

December 31, 2021	Commercial and Industrial		Real Estate Mortgage		Real Estate Construction and Development		Agricultural		Installment		Unallocated		Total
Beginning balance	$	625	$	575	$	3,722	$	711	$	2,614	$	275	$	8,522
Provision (recovery of provision) for credit losses	(119)		581		(882)		522		1,511		494		2,107
Charge-offs	—		—		—		—		(1,543)		—		(1,543)
Recoveries	91		18		—		—		138		—		247
Net recoveries (charge-offs)	91		18		—		0		(1,405)		—		(1,296)
Ending balance	$	597	$	1,174	$	2,840	$	1,233	$	2,720	$	769	$	9,333
Period-end amount allocated to:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	127	$	—	$	—	$	130
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	597		1,171		2,840		1,106		2,720		769		9,203
Ending balance	$	597	$	1,174	$	2,840	$	1,233	$	2,720	$	769	$	9,333

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The following summarizes information with respect to the loan balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

	December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	Loans Individually Evaluated for Impairment		Loans Collectively Evaluated for Impairment		Total Loans
Commercial and business loans	$	—	$	59,925	$	59,925
Government program loans	—		85		85
Total commercial and industrial	—		60,010		60,010
Commercial real estate loans	—		398,624		398,624
Residential mortgage loans	141		273,301		273,442
Home improvement and home equity loans	—		49		49
Total real estate mortgage	141		671,974		672,115
Real estate construction and development loans	14,436		137,874		152,310
Agricultural loans	1,051		51,694		52,745
Installment and student loans	—		44,592		44,592
Total loans	$	15,628	$	966,144	$	981,772

	December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Loans Individually Evaluated for Impairment		Loans Collectively Evaluated for Impairment		Total Loans
Commercial and business loans	$	—	$	42,194	$	42,194
Government program loans	—		3,310		3,310
Total commercial and industrial	—		45,504		45,504
Commercial real estate loans	—		331,050		331,050
Residential mortgage loans	146		226,780		226,926
Home improvement and home equity loans	—		80		80
Total real estate mortgage	146		557,910		558,056
Real estate construction and development loans	11,226		143,044		154,270
Agricultural loans	662		59,577		60,239
Installment and student loans	—		51,245		51,245
Total loans	$	12,034	$	857,280	$	869,314

4.Student Loans

Included in installment loans are $42.1 million and $48.5 million in student loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 made to medical and pharmacy school students. Upon graduation the loan is automatically placed on deferment for six months. This may be extended up to 48 months for graduates enrolling in internship, medical residency, or fellowship. As approved, the student may receive additional deferment for hardship or administrative reasons in the form of forbearance for a maximum of 24 months throughout the life of the loan. Accrued interest on loans that had not entered repayment status totaled $908,000 at December 31, 2022 and $2.0 million at December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022 there were 875 loans within repayment, deferment, and forbearance which represented $23.4 million, $11.0 million, and $5.0 million, respectively. At December 31, 2021, there were 901 loans within repayment, deferment, and forbearance which represented $23.8 million, $9.0 million and $8.2 million, respectively. No new student loans were originated or purchased during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the reserve against the student loan portfolio was $2.6 million and $2.6 million, respectively. There were no TDRs within the portfolio as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, student loans totaling $252,000 and $453,000 were included in the substandard category, respectively.

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ZuntaFi is the third-party servicer for the student loan portfolio. ZuntaFi’s services include application administration, processing, approval, documenting, funding, and collection of current and charged off balances. They also provide file custodial responsibilities. Except in cases where applicants/loans do not meet program requirements, or extreme delinquency, ZuntaFi provides complete program management. ZuntaFi is paid a monthly servicing fee based on the principal balance outstanding. This servicing fee is presented as part of professional fees within noninterest expense.

The following tables summarize the credit quality indicators for outstanding student loans as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	December 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
(In thousands, except number of loans)	Number of Loans	Principal Amount		Accrued Interest		Number of Loans	Principal Amount		Accrued Interest
School	70	$	2,056	$	908	185	$	6,555	$	2,021
Grace	27	667		348		28	912		317
Repayment	516	23,414		857		500	23,834		715
Deferment	268	10,974		1,732		224	8,984		508
Forbearance	91	5,019		237		177	8,172		1,077
Total	972	$	42,130	$	4,082	1,114	$	48,457	$	4,638

School - The time in which the borrower is still actively in school at least half time. No payments are expected during this stage, though the borrower may begin immediate payments.

Grace - A six month period of time granted to the borrower immediately upon graduation, or if deemed no longer an active student. Interest continues to accrue. Upon completion of the six month grace period the loan is transferred to repayment status. Additionally, if applicable, this status may represent a borrower activated to military duty while in their in-school period, they will be allowed to return to that status once their active duty has expired. The borrower must return to an at least half time status within six months of the active duty end date in order to return to an in-school status.

Repayment - The time in which the borrower is no longer actively in school at least half time, and has not received an approved grace, deferment, or forbearance. Regular payment is expected from these borrowers under an allotted payment plan.

Deferment - May be granted up to 48 months for borrowers who have begun the repayment period on their loans but are (1) actively enrolled in an eligible school at least half time, or (2) are actively enrolled in an approved and verifiable medical residency, internship, or fellowship program.

Forbearance - The period of time during which the borrower may postpone making principal and interest payments, which may be granted for either hardship or administrative reasons. Interest will continue to accrue on loans during periods of authorized forbearance. If the borrower is delinquent at the time the forbearance is granted, the delinquency will be covered by the forbearance and all accrued and unpaid interest from the date of delinquency or, if none, from the date of beginning of the forbearance period, will be capitalized at the end of each forbearance period. The term of the loan will not change and payments may be increased to allow the loan to pay off in the required time frame. A forbearance that results in only a delay in payment considered insignificant, is not a concessionary change in terms, provided the borrower affirms the obligation. Forbearance is not an uncommon status designation; this designation is standard industry practice, and is consistent with the succession of students migrating to employed medical professionals. However, additional risk is associated with this designation.

Student Loan Aging

Student loans are generally charged off at the end of the month during which an account becomes 120 days contractually past due. Accrued but unpaid interest related to charged off student loans is reversed and charged against interest income. For the year ended December 31, 2022, $141,000 in accrued interest receivable was reversed due to charge-offs of $1.3 million within the student loan portfolio. For the year ended December 31, 2021, $122,000 in accrued interest receivable was reversed due to charge-offs of $1.4 million within the student loan portfolio.

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The following tables summarize the student loan aging for loans in repayment and forbearance as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Number of Borrowers	Principal Amount		Number of Borrowers	Principal Amount
Current or less than 31 days	251	$	26,993	272	$	29,596
31 - 60 days	8	546		10	1,628
61 - 90 days	5	642		3	328
Greater than 90 days	4	252		5	453
Total	268	$	28,433	290	$	32,005

5.Premises and Equipment

The components of premises and equipment are as follows:

(In thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Land	$	968	$	968
Buildings and improvements	16,288		16,391
Furniture and equipment	11,024		10,068
	28,280		27,427
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(18,510)		(18,477)
Total premises and equipment	$	9,770	$	8,950

The depreciation expense on Company premises and equipment totaled $1.3 million and $1.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in occupancy expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. 

6.Investment in Limited Partnership

The Bank owns a 2.22% interest in a limited partnership which provides private capital for small to mid-sized businesses used to finance later stage growth, strategic acquisitions, ownership transitions, and recapitalizations, or mezzanine capital. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the total investment in this limited partnership was $2.8 million, and $2.5 million, respectively. The investment is accounted for under the cost method. During the year ended December 31, 2022, $566,000 in income related to the limited partnership was recognized and is reflected in other non-interest income on the Consolidated Statement of Income. During the year ended December 31, 2021, $303,000 was recognized and reflected in non-interest income on the Consolidated Statement of Income. Remaining unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $1,200,000and $1,879,000, respectively.

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7.Deposits

Deposits include the following:

(In thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	481,629	$	476,749
Interest-bearing deposits:
NOW and money market accounts	499,861		529,841
Savings accounts	125,946		113,930
Time deposits:
Under $250,000	42,933		46,631
$250,000 and over	15,115		20,955
Total interest-bearing deposits	683,855		711,357
Total deposits	$	1,165,484	$	1,188,106

At December 31, 2022, the scheduled maturities of all certificates of deposit and other time deposits are as follows:

(In thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
One year or less	$	46,224	$	58,685
More than one year, but less than or equal to two years	10,352		7,335
More than two years, but less than or equal to three years	723		573
More than three years, but less than or equal to four years	610		390
More than four years, but less than or equal to five years	139		603
Greater than five years	—		—
	$	58,048	$	67,586

Deposit balances representing overdrafts reclassified as loan balances totaled $487,000 and $102,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Deposits of directors, officers and other related parties to the Bank totaled $13.8 million and $18.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The rates paid on these deposits were similar to those customarily paid to the Bank’s customers in the normal course of business. 

8.Short-term Borrowings/Other Borrowings

At December 31, 2022, the Company’s available lines of credit totaled $557.8 million. The Company had collateralized lines of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco totaling $435.6 million, as well as Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) lines of credit totaling $2.2 million. At December 31, 2022, the Company had uncollateralized lines of credit of $50.0 million with Pacific Coast Bankers Bank (PCBB), $40.0 million with PNC, $20.0 million with Zions First National Bank, and $10.0 million with Union Bank. All lines of credit are on an “as available” basis and can be revoked by the grantor at any time. These lines of credit have interest rates that are generally tied to the Federal Funds rate or are indexed to short-term U.S. Treasury rates or LIBOR. FHLB advances are collateralized by the Company’s stock in the FHLB and investment securities.

At December 31, 2022, $2.3 million in investment securities at FHLB were pledged as collateral for FHLB advances. Additionally, $590.4 million in loans were pledged at December 31, 2022 as collateral for used and unused borrowing lines with the Federal Reserve Bank. At December 31, 2022, the Company had no outstanding borrowing balances.

At December 31, 2021, the Company’s available lines of credit totaled $443,706. The Company had collateralized lines of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco totaling $320.6 million, as well as Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) lines of credit totaling $3.1 million. At December 31, 2021, the Company had uncollateralized lines of credit of $50 million with Pacific Coast Bankers Bank (PCBB), $40.0 million with PNC, $20.0 million with Zions First National Bank, and $10.0 million with Union Bank. All lines of credit are on an “as available” basis and can be revoked by the grantor at any time.

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These lines of credit have interest rates that are generally tied to the Federal Funds rate or are indexed to short-term U.S. Treasury rates or LIBOR. FHLB advances are collateralized by the Company’s stock in the FHLB and investment securities.

As of December 31, 2021, $3.4 million in investment securities at FHLB were pledged as collateral for FHLB advances. Additionally, $490.5 million in real-estate secured loans were pledged at December 31, 2021, as collateral for used and unused borrowing lines with the Federal Reserve Bank. At December 31, 2021, the Company had no outstanding borrowing balances.

9. Leases

The Company leases land and premises for its branch banking offices, administration facilities, and ATMs. The initial terms of these leases expire at various dates through 2032. Under the provisions of most of these leases, the Company has the option to extend the leases beyond their original terms at rental rates adjusted for changes reported in certain economic indices or as reflected by market conditions. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise that option. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 14 operating leases and no financing leases.

The components of lease expense were as follows for the yeas ended:

(In thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Operating lease expense	$	728	$	704
Short-term lease expense	—		—
Variable lease expense	—		283
Sublease income	—		—
Total lease cost	$	728	$	987

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

(In thousands)	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Operating cash flows used in operating leases (years ended)	$	729		$	691
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	285
Weighted-average remaining lease terms in years for operating leases	4.49			5.06
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases	5.12		%	5.13		%

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Years Ending December 31,	Lease Liabilities
2023	$	744
2024	579
2025	402
2026	183
2027	112
Thereafter	320
Total undiscounted cash flows	2,340
Less: present value discount	(247)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments	$	2,093

10.Junior Subordinated Debt/Trust Preferred Securities

The contractual principal balance of the Company’s debentures relating to its trust preferred securities is $12 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company may redeem the junior subordinated debentures at any time at par.

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The Company accounts for its junior subordinated debt issued under USB Capital Trust II at fair value. The Company believes the election of fair value accounting for the junior subordinated debentures better reflects the true economic value of the debt instrument on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2022, the rate paid on the junior subordinated debt issued under USB Capital Trust II is 3-month LIBOR plus 129 basis points, and is adjusted quarterly.

At December 31, 2022, the Company performed a fair value measurement analysis on its junior subordinated debt using a cash flow model approach to determine the present value of those cash flows. The cash flow model utilizes the forward 3-month LIBOR curve to estimate future quarterly interest payments due over remaining life of the debt instrument. These cash flows are discounted at a rate which incorporates a current market rate for similar-term debt instruments, adjusted for additional credit and liquidity risks associated with junior subordinated debt. The 6.63% discount rate used represents what a market participant would consider under the circumstances based on current market assumptions. At December 31, 2022, the total cumulative gain recorded on the debt was $1.7 million. At December 31, 2021, the total cumulative recorded gain was $1.3 million.

The net fair value calculation performed as of December 31, 2022 resulted in a pretax gain adjustment of $413,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a pretax loss adjustment of $268,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the $413,000 fair value gain adjustment was separately presented as a $2.5 million loss recognized on the consolidated statements of income, and a $2.9 million gain associated with the instrument-specific credit risk recognized in other comprehensive income. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the $268,000 fair value loss adjustment was separately presented as a $660,000 loss recognized on the consolidated statements of income, and a $392,000 gain associated with the instrument-specific credit risk recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company calculated the change in the discounted cash flows based on updated market credit spreads for the periods ended.

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11.Deferred Taxes

The tax effects of significant items comprising the Company’s net deferred tax assets (liabilities) are as follows:

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Credit losses not currently deductible	$	3,411	$	2,173
Deferred compensation	1,352		1,230
Depreciation	167		311
Accrued reserves	75		75
Write-down on other real estate owned	291		291
Unrealized gain on retirement obligation	83		265
Deferred loss ASC 825 – fair value option	245		—
Unrealized gain on TRUPs	—		131
Unrealized loss on available for sale securities	8,000		99
Interest on nonaccrual loans	833		653
Lease liability	667		798
Other	815		1,528
Total deferred tax assets	15,939		7,554
Deferred tax liabilities:
State Tax	(433)		(243)
FHLB dividend	(46)		(46)
Loss on limited partnership investment	(507)		(524)
Deferred gain ASC 825 – fair value option	—		(561)
Fair value adjustments for purchase accounting	(98)		(98)
Unrealized loss on TRUPs	(740)		—
Deferred loan costs	(508)		(1,553)
Prepaid expenses	(150)		(149)
Right-of-use asset	(632)		(765)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(3,114)		(3,939)
Net deferred tax assets	$	12,825	$	3,615

The Company periodically evaluates its deferred tax assets to determine whether a valuation allowance is required based upon a determination that some or all of the deferred assets may not be ultimately realized. The Company did not record a valuation allowance at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, consist of the following:

(In thousands)	Federal		State		Total
2022
Current	$	5,489	$	3,246	$	8,735
Deferred	(1,457)		(905)		(2,362)
	$	4,032	$	2,341	$	6,373
2021
Current	$	2,407	$	1,330	$	3,737
Deferred	(370)		(151)		(521)
	$	2,037	$	1,179	$	3,216

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A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Statutory federal income tax rate	21.0	%	21.0	%
State franchise tax, net of federal income tax benefit	8.1		7.1
Other	(0.2)		(3.9)
	28.9	%	24.2	%

The Company periodically reviews its tax positions under the accounting standards related to uncertainty in income taxes, which defines the criteria that an individual tax position would have to meet for some or all of the income tax benefit to be recognized in a taxable entity’s financial statements. Under the guidelines, an entity should recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position if it determines that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on examination. The term, “more likely than not,” means a likelihood of more than 50 percent. In assessing whether the more-likely-than-not criterion is met, the entity should assume that the tax position will be reviewed by the applicable taxing authority and all available information is known to the taxing authority. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has no uncertain tax positions.

The Company and its subsidiary file income tax returns in the U.S federal jurisdiction and California. There are no filings in foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to income tax examinations by taxing authorities for years before 2019 and 2018 for Federal and California jurisdictions, respectively.

The Company’s policy is to recognize any interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Interest and penalties recognized during the periods ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were insignificant. 

12.Stock Based Compensation

Options and restricted stock units and awards have been granted to officers and key employees at an exercise price equal to estimated fair value at the date of grant as determined by the Board of Directors. All options, units, and awards granted are service awards, and are based solely upon fulfilling a requisite service period (the vesting period). At December 31, 2022, the Company had two shareholder approved stock based compensation plans.

In May 2005, the Company adopted the United Security Bancshares 2005 Stock Option Plan (2005 Plan) for which 29,022 shares remain reserved for issuance for options already granted to employees and directors under incentive and nonstatutory agreements. The 2005 plan expired in May 2015. While outstanding arrangements to issue shares under this plan, including options, continue in force until their expiration in May 2025, no new options will be granted under this plan.

In May 2015, the Company adopted the United Security Bancshares 2015 Equity Incentive Award Plan (2015 Plan). The 2015 Plan provides for the granting of up to 758,000 shares of authorized and unissued shares of common stock in the form of stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards. The 2015 Plan requires that the exercise price may not be less than the fair value of the stock at the date the option is granted, and that the option price must be paid in full at the time it is exercised.

The options granted (incentive stock options for employees and non-qualified stock options for Directors) have an exercise price at the prevailing market price on the date of grant. All options granted are exercisable 20% each year commencing one year after the date of grant and expire ten years after the date of grant. Restricted stock units are granted at the prevailing market price of the Company’s stock, subject to time based vesting. Restricted stock awards are subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to vesting. The cost of these awards is recognized over the vesting period of the awards based on the fair value of the common stock on the date of the grant.

Under the 2005 Plan, 29,022 granted options are outstanding and vested (29,022 incentive stock options and zero nonqualified stock options) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Under the 2015 Plan, 140,996 granted stock instruments are outstanding as of December 31, 2022, of which 89,022 are exercisable. Of the 140,996 granted stock instruments, 50,996 are restricted stock units and 90,000 are nonqualified stock options.

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A summary of the status of the Company’s stock option plan and changes during the year are presented below:

	Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding December 31, 2021	94,601	$	7.87
Granted during the year	30,000	8.17
Exercised during the year	(5,579)	5.22
Forfeited during the year	—	—
Options outstanding December 31, 2022	119,022	$	8.07

A summary of the status of the Company’s restricted stock unit and changes during the year are presented below:

	Shares	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested units at December 31, 2021	27,949	$	8.45
Granted during the year	26,492	7.52
Vested during the year	(35,967)	7.90
Forfeited during the year	(4,500)	7.85
Non-vested units at December 31, 2022	13,974	$	8.29

Included in total outstanding options at December 31, 2022, are 89,022 exercisable shares at a weighted average price of $8.04, a weighted average remaining contract term of 3.34 and intrinsic value of $105,333.

Included in salaries and employee benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is $185,000 and $204,000 of share-based compensation, respectively. The related tax benefit on share-based compensation recorded in the provision for income taxes was not material to any year.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 there was $104,000 and $61,000, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock options. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 4.07 years.

A summary of the status of the Company’s stock option values and activity is presented below:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of stock options granted	$	127,644	$	—
Weighted average fair value of stock options vested	$	86,000	$	86,000
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	10,555	$	—

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 there was $90,000 and $218,000, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 4.57 years.

The Bank determines fair value of stock options at grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model that takes into account the stock price at the grant date, the exercise price, the expected life of the option, the volatility of the underlying stock and the expected dividend yield and the risk-free interest rate over the expected life of the option. The Bank determines fair value of restricted stock based on the quoted stock price as of the grant date.

The expected term of options granted is derived from management’s experience, which is based upon historical data on employee exercise and post-vesting behavior. The risk free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Bank’s stock over a period commensurate with the expected term of the options. The Company believes that historical volatility is indicative of expectations about its future volatility over the expected term of the options. The Bank expenses the fair value of the option on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for each separate service period portion of the award.

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The fair value of options granted was determined using the following weighted-average assumptions as of grant date:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Risk-free interest rate	1.23	%	—	%
Expected term in years	10		—
Expected stock price volatility	41.63	%	—
Dividend yield	—		—

The Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected life of the stock based award and stock price volatility. The assumptions listed above represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if other assumptions had been used, the Bank’s recorded stock-based compensation expense could have been materially different from that previously reported in proforma disclosures. In addition, the Bank is required to estimate the expected forfeiture rate and only recognize expense for those shares expected to vest. If the Bank’s actual forfeiture rate is materially different from the estimate, the share-based compensation expense could be materially different. 

13.Employee Benefit Plans

401K Plan

The Company has a Cash or Deferred 401(k) Stock Ownership Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) organized under Section 401(k) of the Code. All employees of the Company are initially eligible to participate in the 401(k) Plan upon the first day of the month after date of hire. Under the terms of the plan, the participants may elect to make contributions to the 401(k) Plan as determined by the Board of Directors. Participants are automatically vested 100% in all employee contributions. Participants may direct the investment of their contributions to the 401(k) Plan in any of several authorized investment vehicles. The Company contributes funds to the Plan up to 4% of the employees’ eligible annual compensation. Company contributions are immediately 100% vested at the time of contribution. The Company made matching contributions of $263,000 and $262,000 to the 401(k) Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Salary Continuation Plan

The Company has an unfunded, non-qualified Salary Continuation Plan for senior executive officers and certain other key officers of the Company, which provides additional compensation benefits upon retirement for a period of at least 15 years. Future compensation under the Plan is earned by the employees for services rendered through retirement and vests over a period of 12 to 32 years. As of December 31, 2022, the Company maintained a total of twelve Salary Continuation agreements.

The Company’s current benefit liability is determined based upon vesting and the present value of the benefits at a corresponding discount rate. The discount rate used is an equivalent rate for high-quality investment-grade bonds with lives matching those of the service periods remaining for the salary continuation contracts, which averages approximately 20 years. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $4,245,000 and $4,753,000, respectively, had been accrued to date, based on a discounted cash flow using an average discount rate of 4.83% and 1.91%, respectively, and is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Salary continuation expense is included in salaries and benefits expense, and totaled $310,000 and $430,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Included within the twelve total Salary Continuation agreements, the Company has four separate agreements with officers of the Bank and accrues for this salary continuation liability based on anticipated years of service and vesting schedules provided under the individual agreements. The four policies are considered individual contracts, and the Company applies guidance contained in ASC Topic 710. Additionally, the Company purchased company owned life insurance (COLI) and bank owned life insurance policies (BOLI) on the life of the officers in connection with the salary continuation agreements. The COLI policy premiums are paid over a seven year period and the BOLI policy premiums were paid in whole upon purchase of the policies. There was no premium expense for the year ended December 31, 2022. Life insurance premium expense totaled $42,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

For the other eight Salary Continuation agreements in place prior to 2015, the Company recognizes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, the amounts that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs, per the guidance contained in ASC Topic 715 “Compensation”. These unrecognized costs arise from changes in estimated interest

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rates used in the calculation of net liabilities under the Plan. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had approximately $195,000 and $672,000, respectively in unrecognized net periodic benefit costs arising from changes in interest rates used in calculating the current post-retirement liability required under the Plan. This amount represents the difference between the plan liabilities calculated under net present value calculations, and the net plan liabilities actually recorded on the Company’s books at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Officer Supplemental Life Insurance Plan

The Company owns Bank-owned life insurance policies (BOLI) and Company-owned life insurance policies (COLI) on certain officers, including those covered under the Salary Continuation Plan above, with a portion of the post-retirement benefit available to the officers’ beneficiaries. The BOLI and COLI initial net cash surrender value is equivalent to the premium paid, and it adds income through non-taxable increases in its cash surrender value, net of the cost of insurance, plus any death benefits ultimately received by the Company. The cash surrender value of these insurance policies totaled $22.9 million and $22.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and is included on the consolidated balance sheet in cash surrender value of life insurance. These policies resulted in income, net of expense, of approximately $555,000 and $513,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Although the Salary Continuation Plan remains unfunded, the Company intends to utilize the proceeds of such policies to settle the Plan obligations. Under Internal Revenue Service regulations, the life insurance policies are the property of the Company and are available to satisfy the Company’s general creditors.

14.Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk: The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk which arise in the normal course of business. These instruments may contain elements of credit risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk, and include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. The credit risk associated with these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending credit to customers and is represented by the contractual amount indicated in the table below:

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commitments to extend credit	$	190,183	$	239,095
Standby letters of credit	1,570		1,719

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Substantially all of these commitments are at floating interest rates based on the prime rate, and most have fixed expiration dates. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis, and the amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on management’s credit evaluation. Collateral held varies but includes accounts receivable, inventory, leases, property, plant and equipment, residential real estate, and income-producing properties. Many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon and, as a result, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements of the Company.

Standby letters of credit are generally unsecured and are issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. The Company’s letters of credit are short-term guarantees and generally have terms from less than one month to approximately 3 years. At December 31, 2022, the maximum potential amount of future undiscounted payments the Company could be required to make under outstanding standby letters of credit totaled $1.6 million.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company becomes involved in litigation arising out of its normal business activities. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, believes that the ultimate liability, if any, resulting from the disposition of such claims would not be material to the financial position of the Company.

15.Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure

The following summary disclosures are made in accordance with the guidance provided by ASC Topic 825 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” which requires the disclosure of fair value information for both on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments where it is practicable to estimate that value.

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GAAP guidance clarifies the definition of fair value, describes methods used to appropriately measure fair value in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and expands fair value disclosure requirements. This guidance applies whenever other accounting pronouncements require or permit fair value measurements.

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels (Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3). Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets (as defined) for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, and reflect the reporting entity’s assumptions regarding the pricing of an asset or liability by a market participant (including assumptions about risk).

The table below is a summary of fair value estimates for financial instruments and the level of the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurements are categorized at the periods indicated:

	December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1		Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2		Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3
Financial Assets:
Investment securities	$	207,545	$	207,545	$	—	$	207,545	$	—
Marketable equity securities	3,315		3,315		3,315		—		—
Loans, net	969,996		906,050		—		—		906,050
Accrued interest receivable	8,489		8,489		—		8,489		—
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits	1,165,484		1,164,492		1,107,436		—		57,056
Junior subordinated debt	10,883		10,883		—		—		10,883

	December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1		Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2		Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3
Financial Assets:
Investment securities	$	178,902	$	178,902	$	—	$	178,902	$	—
Marketable equity securities	3,744		3,744		3,744		—		—
Loans, net	862,200		854,697		—		—		854,697
Accrued interest receivable	7,530		7,530		—		7,530		—
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits	1,188,106		1,188,442		1,120,520		—		67,922
Junior subordinated debt	11,189		11,189		—		—		11,189

The Company performs fair value measurements on certain assets and liabilities as the result of the application of current accounting guidelines. Some fair value measurements, such as investment securities and junior subordinated debt are performed on a recurring basis, while others, such as impairment of loans, other real estate owned, goodwill and other intangibles, are performed on a nonrecurring basis.

The Company’s Level 1 financial assets consist of money market funds and highly liquid mutual funds for which fair values are based on quoted market prices. The Company’s Level 2 financial assets include highly liquid debt instruments of U.S. Government agencies, collateralized mortgage obligations, corporate debt instruments, and debt obligations of states and political subdivisions, whose fair values are obtained from readily-available pricing sources for the identical or similar underlying security that may, or may not, be actively traded. The Company’s Level 3 assets include certain impaired loans, other real estate owned, and goodwill where the assumptions may be made by us or third parties about assumptions that market

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participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. From time to time, the Company recognizes transfers between Level 1, 2, and 3 when a change in circumstances warrants a transfer. There were no transfers in or out of Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following methods and assumptions were used in estimating the fair values of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis:

Investments Available for sale and marketable equity securities are valued based upon open-market price quotes obtained from reputable third-party brokers that actively make a market in those securities. Market pricing is based upon specific CUSIP identification for each individual security. To the extent there are observable prices in the market, the mid-point of the bid/ask price is used to determine fair value of individual securities. If that data is not available for the last 30 days, a Level 2-type matrix pricing approach based on comparable securities in the market is utilized. Level-2 pricing may include using a forward spread from the last observable trade or may use a proxy bond such as a TBA mortgage to determine a price for the security being valued. Changes in fair market value are recorded through other comprehensive income as the securities are available for sale.

Impaired Loans – Fair value measurements for collateral dependent impaired loans are performed pursuant to authoritative accounting guidance and are based upon either collateral values supported by appraisals and observed market prices. Collateral dependent loans are measured for impairment using the fair value of the collateral. Changes are recorded directly as an adjustment to current earnings.

Other Real Estate Owned – Nonrecurring adjustments to certain commercial and residential real estate properties classified as other real estate owned (OREO) are measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. Fair values are generally based on third party appraisals of the property, resulting in a Level 3 classification. In cases where the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, less costs to sell, an impairment loss is recognized.

Junior Subordinated Debt – The fair value of the junior subordinated debt was determined based upon a discounted cash flows model utilizing observable market rates and credit characteristics for similar debt instruments. In its analysis, the Company used characteristics that market participants generally use, and considered factors specific to (a) the liability, (b) the principal (or most advantageous) market for the liability, and (c) market participants with whom the reporting entity would transact in that market. Cash flows are discounted at a rate which incorporates a current market rate for similar-term debt instruments, adjusted for credit and liquidity risks associated with similar junior subordinated debt and circumstances unique to the Company. The Company believes that the subjective nature of these inputs, and credit concerns in the capital markets and inactivity in the trust preferred markets that have limited the observability of the market spreads, require the junior subordinated debt to be classified as a Level 3 fair value.

The following table provides a description of the valuation technique, unobservable input, and qualitative information about the unobservable inputs for the Company’s liabilities classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
Financial Instrument	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average	Financial Instrument	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Junior Subordinated Debt	Discounted cash flow	Market credit risk adjusted spreads	6.63%	Junior Subordinated Debt	Discounted cash flow	Market credit risk adjusted spreads	3.90%

Management believes that the credit risk adjusted spread utilized in the fair value measurement of the junior subordinated debentures carried at fair value is indicative of the nonperformance risk premium a willing market participant would require under current market conditions, that is, the inactive market. Management attributes the change in fair value of the junior subordinated debentures during the period to market changes in the nonperformance expectations and pricing of this type of debt, and not as a result of changes to the entity-specific credit risk. Generally, an increase in the credit risk adjusted spread and/or a decrease in the three month LIBOR swap curve will result in positive fair value adjustments (and decrease the fair value measurement). Conversely, a decrease in the credit risk adjusted spread and/or an increase in the three month LIBOR swap curve will result in negative fair value adjustments (and increase the fair value measurement).

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The following tables summarize the Company’s assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2022:

(In thousands)	December 31, 2022		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
AFS Securities:
U.S. Government agencies	$	8,231	$	—	$	8,231	$	—
U.S. Government collateralized mortgage obligations	97,218		—		97,218		—
Asset-backed securities	—		—		—		—
Municipal bonds	40,170		—		40,170		—
Treasury securities	29,224		—		29,224		—
Corporate bonds	32,702		—		32,702		—
Total AFS securities	207,545		—		207,545		—
Marketable equity securities	3,315		3,315		—		—
Total assets	$	210,860	$	3,315	$	207,545	$	—
Liabilities:
Junior subordinated debt	$	10,883	$	—	$	—	$	10,883
Total liabilities	$	10,883	$	—	$	—	$	10,883

There were no non-recurring fair value adjustments at December 31, 2022.

The following tables summarize the Company’s assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2021:

(In thousands)	December 31, 2021		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
AFS Securities:
U.S. Government agencies	$	33,376	$	—	$	33,376	$	—
U.S. Government collateralized mortgage obligations	64,735		—		64,735		—
Asset-backed securities	4,130		—		4,130		—
Municipal bonds	50,052		—		50,052		—
Treasury securities	15,187		—		15,187		—
Corporate bonds	11,422		—		11,422		—
Total AFS securities	178,902		—		178,902		—
Marketable equity securities	3,744		3,744		—		—
Total assets	$	182,646	$	3,744	$	178,902	$	—
Liabilities:
Junior subordinated debt	$	11,189	$	—	$	—	$	11,189
Total liabilities	$	11,189	$	—	$	—	$	11,189

The were no non-recurring fair value adjustments at December 31, 2021.

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The following tables provide a reconciliation of liabilities at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) on a recurring basis during the years ended:

Junior Subordinated Debt (in thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Beginning balance	$	11,189	$	10,924
Total losses included in earnings	2,533		660
Total losses included in other comprehensive income	(2,947)		(392)
Capitalized interest	108		(3)
Ending balance	$	10,883	$	11,189
The amount of total losses (gains) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to liabilities still held at the reporting date	$	2,533	$	660

16.Supplemental Cash Flows Disclosures

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	3,148	$	2,083
Income Taxes	6,765		3,030
Noncash activities:
Unrealized losses on junior subordinated debentures, net of tax	2,947		392
Unrealized losses on available for sale securities, net of tax	(26,730)		(1,229)
Unrealized losses on unrecognized post-retirement costs, net of tax	615		203
Cash dividend declared	1,878		1,872

17.Net Income Per Common Share

The following table provides a reconciliation of the numerator and the denominator of the basic net income per share computation with the numerator and the denominator of the diluted net income per share computation.

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except share and per share data)	2022		2021
Net income available to common shareholders	$	15,686	$	10,098
Weighted average shares outstanding	17,040,241		17,011,379
Add: dilutive effect of stock options	21,592		19,495
Weighted average shares outstanding adjusted for potential dilution	17,061,833		17,030,874
Basic earnings per share	$	0.92	$	0.59
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.92	$	0.59
Anti-dilutive shares excluded from earnings per share calculation	96,000		67,000

Dilutive income per share includes the effect of stock options, unvested restricted stock awards, and other potentially dilutive securities using the treasury stock method. There is only one form of outstanding common stock. Holders of unvested restricted stock awards do not receive dividends.

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18.Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, included in shareholders’ equity, are as follows for the years ended:

	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Net unrealized loss on available for sale securities		Unfunded status of the supplemental retirement plans		Net unrealized gain on junior subordinated debentures		Net unrealized loss on available for sale securities		Unfunded status of the supplemental retirement plans		Net unrealized gain on junior subordinated debentures
Beginning balance	$	(236)	$	(627)	$	(311)	$	630	$	(770)	$	(588)
Current period comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(18,830)		433		2,076		$	(866)	$	143	$	277
Ending balance	$	(19,066)	$	(194)	$	1,765	$	(236)	$	(627)	$	(311)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss					$	(17,495)					$	(1,174)

19.Investment in York Monterey Properties

The Bank wholly-owns the subsidiary, York Monterey Properties Inc., organized as a California corporation. The Bank capitalized the subsidiary through a transfer of eight unimproved lots at a historical cost of $5.3 million comprised of approximately 186.97 acres in the York Highlands subdivision of the Monterra Ranch residential development in Monterey County, California (“Properties”) together with cash contributions. The Bank transferred the Properties to York Monterey Properties Inc., in order to maintain ownership beyond the ten-year regulatory holding period applicable to a national bank. The Bank acquired five of the lots through a non-judicial foreclosure on or about May 29, 2009. In addition, the Bank purchased three of the lots from another bank. The Bank had continuously held the Properties since the date of foreclosure and acquisition. At the time of transfer, the Properties had reached the end of the ten-year regulatory holding period limit.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Bank’s investment in York Monterey Properties Inc. totaled $5.2 million. York Monterey Properties Inc. is included within the consolidated financial statements of the Company, with $4.6 million of the total investment recognized within the balance of other real estate owned on the consolidated balance sheets.

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20. Parent Company Only Financial Statements

The following are the condensed financial statements of United Security Bancshares and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements:

United Security Bancshares – (parent only)
Balance Sheets  - December 31, 2022 and 2021
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Assets
Cash and equivalents	$	2,940	$	2,813
Investment in bank subsidiary	121,159		129,042
Other assets	1,154		1,413
Total assets	$	125,253	$	133,268
Liabilities & Shareholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Junior subordinated debt securities (at fair value)	$	10,883	$	11,189
Dividends declared	1,878		1,872
Other liabilities	29		—
Total liabilities	12,790		13,061
Shareholders’ Equity:
Common stock, no par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding: 17,067,253 at December 31, 2022 and 17,028,039 at December 31, 2021	60,030		59,636
Retained earnings	69,928		61,745
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(17,495)		(1,174)
Total shareholders’ equity	112,463		120,207
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	125,253	$	133,268

United Security Bancshares – (parent only)	Year ended December 31,
Income Statements
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Income
Gain (loss) on fair value of junior subordinated debentures	$	(2,533)	$	(660)
Dividends from subsidiary	7,902		7,889
Total income	5,369		7,229
Expense
Interest expense	376		179
Other expense	450		217
Total expense	826		396
Income before taxes and equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	4,543		6,833
Provision for income taxes	(993)		(199)
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	10,150		3,066
Net Income	$	15,686	$	10,098

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United Security Bancshares – (parent only)	Year ended December 31,
Statement of Cash Flows
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income	$	15,686	$	10,098
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	(10,150)		(3,066)
Provision for deferred income taxes	128		80
Loss on fair value of junior subordinated debentures	2,533		660
Decrease in income tax receivable	213		15
Net change in other assets	(797)		(295)
Net cash provided by operating activities	7,613		7,492
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Dividends paid	(7,486)		(7,489)
Net cash used in by financing activities	(7,486)		(7,489)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	127		3
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	2,813		2,810
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	2,940	$	2,813

21. Regulatory Matters

Capital Adequacy

The Company and Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements adopted by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the FDIC. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandates and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework, the consolidated Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors. Prompt corrective action provisions are not applicable to bank holding companies.

The Basel III Capital Rules, a comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations, includes quantitative measures designed to ensure capital adequacy. The Basel III Rules require the Company and the Bank to maintain (i) a minimum common equity Tier 1 ratio minimum of 4.50 percent plus a 2.50 percent “capital conservation buffer” , (ii) Tier 1 risk-based capital minimum of 6.00 percent plus the capital conservation buffer, (iii) total risk-based capital ratio minimum of 8.00 percent plus the capital conservation buffer and (iv) Tier 1 leverage capital ratio minimum of 4.00 percent. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress and effectively increases the minimum required risk-weighted capital ratios. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements may result in certain actions by regulators that could have a direct material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

The federal banking agencies published a final rule on November 13, 2019, that provided a simplified measure of capital adequacy for qualifying community banking organizations. A qualifying community banking organization that opts into the community bank leverage ratio framework and maintains a leverage ratio greater than 9 percent will be considered to have met the minimum capital requirements, the capital ratio requirements for the well capitalized category under the Prompt Corrective Action framework, and any other capital or leverage requirements to which the qualifying banking organization is subject. A qualifying community banking organization with a leverage ratio of greater than 9 percent may opt into the community bank leverage ratio framework if it has average consolidated total assets of less than $10 billion, has off-balance-sheet exposures of 25% or less of total consolidated assets, and has total trading assets and trading liabilities of 5 percent or less of total consolidated assets. Further, the bank must not be an advance approaches banking organization.

The final rule became effective January 1, 2020 and banks that meet the qualifying criteria can elect to use the community bank leverage framework starting with the quarter ended March 31, 2020. The Company and the Bank meet the qualifying criteria and adopted the community bank leverage ratio framework in the third quarter 2020. The CARES Act reduced the required

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community bank leverage ratio to 8% until December 31, 2020 and 8.5% through December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company and Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject.

The following table shows the Company’s and the Bank’s regulatory capital and regulatory capital ratios at December 31, 2022 and 2021 as compared to the applicable capital adequacy guidelines:

	Actual		Minimum requirement for Community Bank Leverage Ratio (1) (2)
(In thousands)	Amount	Ratio	Amount	Ratio
As of December 31, 2022 (Company):
Tier 1 Leverage (to Average Assets)	$135,889	10.10%	$121,064	9.00%
As of December 31, 2022 (Bank):
Tier 1 Leverage (to Average Assets)	135,930	10.11%	$120,968	9.00%
As of December 31, 2021 (Company):
Tier 1 Leverage (to Average Assets)	127,618	9.79%	$110,748	8.50%
As of December 31, 2021 (Bank):
Tier 1 Leverage (to Average Assets)	125,416	9.64%	$110,624	8.50%

(1) The minimum required Community Bank Leverage Ratio is 9.00%, but the CARES Act temporarily lowered the minimum to 8.5% through December 31, 2021.

(2) If the subsidiary bank’s Leverage Ratio exceeds the minimum ratio under the Community Bank Leverage Ratio Framework, it is deemed to be “well capitalized” under all other regulatory capital requirements. The Company may revert back to the regulatory framework for Prompt Corrective Action if the subsidiary bank’s Leverage Ratio falls below the minimum under the Community Bank Leverage Ratio Framework

22. Related Party Transactions

During 2022, a member of the Board of Directors was hired to act as Chief Information Officer (CIO) on an interim basis, for which the director was paid a consulting fee of $200,000. As a result, the director is currently not considered an independent director.

23. Subsequent Events

On March 12, 2023, in response to the closure of California’s Silicon Valley Bank, the Federal Reserve announced the establishment of the Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP). This program provides additional funding to eligible depository institutions to ensure that banks can meet the needs of all depositors. The BTFP offers one-year loans to banks pledging investment securities or other qualifying assets as collateral. At the present time, the Bank does not anticipate requiring these funds, but they are available to the Bank if needed.

Item 9 - Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

CONCLUSION REGARDING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Company’s management, with the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022 based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based upon this evaluation, the Company’s management has determined that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. These disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits is accumulated and communicated to management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a‑15(f). The Company’s management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission as of December 31, 2022. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2022.

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

  None.

Item 9C. Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10 - Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

Pursuant to Instruction G, the information required by this item is hereby incorporated herein by reference from the captions entitled “Election of Directors and Executive Officers” and “Corporate Governance Principles and Board Matters” set forth in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“Proxy Statement”).

Item 11 - Executive Compensation

Pursuant to General Instruction G, the information required by this item is hereby incorporated herein by reference from the captions entitled “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation” set forth in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement.

Item 12 - Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Pursuant to General Instruction G, the information required by this item is hereby incorporated herein by reference from the caption entitled “Shareholdings of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” set forth in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement.

Item 13 - Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Pursuant to General Instruction G, the information required by this item is hereby incorporated herein by reference from the captions entitled “Certain Transactions” and “Corporate Governance Principles” set forth in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement.

Item 14 - Principal Accounting Fees and Services

Pursuant to General Instruction G, the information required by this item is hereby incorporated herein by reference from the caption entitled “Independent Accountant Fees and Services” set forth in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement.

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PART IV

Item 15 - Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)(1)           Financial Statements

The following Consolidated Financial Statements are set forth in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Report.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Income - Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss - Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity - Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(a)(2)           Financial Statement Schedules

All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or not required or because the information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto or is not material.

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(a)(3)           Exhibits

3.1	Articles of Incorporation of Registrant (1)
3.2	Bylaws of Registrant (1)
4.1	Specimen common stock certificate of United Security Bancshares (1)
10.1	Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement for Dennis Woods (2)
10.2	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement for Dennis R. Woods (5)
10.3	Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement for David Eytcheson (2)
10.4	Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement for David Eytcheson (5)
10.5	USB 2005 Stock Option Plan (3)
10.6	United Security Bancshares 2015 Equity Incentive Award Plan (4)
10.7	Executive Salary Continuation Agreement for Bhavneet Gill (5)
10.8	Executive Salary Continuation Agreement for William Yarbenet (5)
10.9	Employment Agreement for William Yarbenet (5)
10.10	Change in Control Agreement for Robert Oberg (6)
10.11	Executive Salary Continuation Agreement for Robert Oberg (6)
10.12	Information Technology Engagement Letter with Mahmood, LLC, dated June 29, 2022 (filed herewith)
10.13	Employment Agreement for David Kinross (7)
11.1	Computation of earnings per share. See Note 17 to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Report.

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21.1	Subsidiaries of the Company (filed herewith)
23.1	Consent of Moss Adams LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (filed herewith)
31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of United Security Bancshares pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of United Security Bancshares pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
32.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of United Security Bancshares pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
32.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of United Security Bancshares pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
101	Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, (iv) the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S‑T, this information is deemed furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.) (Filed herewith).

(1) Previously filed on April 4, 2001 as an exhibit to the Company’s filing on Form S-4 (file number 333-58256).

(2) Previously filed on March 17, 2008 as an exhibit to the Company’s filing on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 (file number 000-32897).

(3) Previously filed on April 18, 2005 as Exhibit B to the Company’s 2005 Schedule 14A Definitive Proxy (file number 000-32897).

(4) Previously filed on April 13, 2015 as Appendix A to the Company’s 2015 Schedule 14A Definitive Proxy (file number 000-32897).

(5) Previously filed on March 2, 2018 as an exhibit to the Company’s filing on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (file number 000-32897).

(6) Previously filed on March 1, 2019 as an exhibit to the Company’s filing on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (file number 000-32897).

(7) Previously filed on November 1, 2022 as an exhibit to the Company’s filing on Form 8-K (file number 000-32897).

(b)           Exhibits filed:

See Exhibit Index under Item 15(a)(3) above for the list of exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K with this Report.

(c)           Financial statement schedules filed:

See Item 15(a)(2) above.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

United Security Bancshares

March 29, 2023	/s/  Dennis R. Woods
	Dennis R. Woods
	President and Chief Executive Officer

March 29, 2023	/s/ David A. Kinross
	David A. Kinross
	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

POWERS OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Dennis R. Woods and David A. Kinross, and each of them severally, his or her true and lawful attorney‑in‑fact with power of substitution and resubstitution to sign in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to do any and all things and execute any and all instruments that such attorney may deem necessary or advisable under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and any rules, regulations and requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with this Annual Report on Form 10‑K and any and all amendments hereto, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, and hereby ratifies and confirms all said attorneys‑in‑fact and agents, each acting alone, and his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities on the date indicated:

Date:	March 29, 2023	/s/ Stanley J. Cavalla
		Director
Date:	March 29, 2023	/s/ Tom Ellithorpe
		Director
Date:	March 29, 2023	/s/ Heather Hammack
		Director
Date:	March 29, 2023	/s/ Benjamin Mackovak
		Director
Date:	March 29, 2023	/s/ Nabeel Mahmood
		Director
Date:	March 29, 2023	/s/ Kenneth D. Newby
		Director
Date:	March 29, 2023	/s/ Sue Quigley
		Director
Date:	March 29, 2023	/s/ Brian Tkacz
		Director
Date:	March 29, 2023	/s/ Dora Westerlund
		Director

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