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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
On a quarterly basis, the Company computes an estimated annual effective tax rate considering ordinary income and related income tax expense. Ordinary income refers to income (loss) before income tax expense excluding significant, unusual or infrequently occurring items. The tax effect of an unusual or infrequently occurring item is recorded in the interim period in which it occurs.
The Company has assessed the need to maintain a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets based on an assessment of whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax benefits will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. Appropriate consideration is given to all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. In assessing the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets, the Company considered whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. In making this determination, the Company assessed all of the evidence available at the time, including recent earnings, forecasted income projections and historical performance. The Company determined that the negative evidence outweighed the objectively verifiable positive evidence and continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.
On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). Among the changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules, the CARES Act modified net operating loss carryback rules that were eliminated by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, restored 100% bonus depreciation for qualified improvement property, increased the limit on the deduction for net interest expense and accelerated the time frame for refunds of alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) credits. The Company’s ability to elect bonus depreciation for the 2018 and 2019 tax years, carryback net operating losses to earlier years, and immediately refund AMT credits due to the enactment of the CARES Act resulted in an estimated tax benefit of $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. There is no material impact to the Company’s deferred tax assets due to the full valuation allowance. The Company will continue to evaluate the effects of the CARES Act as additional legislative guidance becomes available.
The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was 85.0%, compared to an effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 of 18.5%. The effective tax rates for both periods were significantly different than the applicable U.S. statutory tax rate. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the difference between the effective and statutory tax rates is primarily due to the impact of the enactment of the CARES Act in the quarter, a change in the deferred tax liability related to an indefinite-lived intangible asset and the Company’s full valuation allowance. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the difference between the effective and statutory tax rates is primarily due to the impact of the fair value adjustments related to the Weichai Warrant and the Company’s full valuation allowance. The effective rate in both periods was also impacted by the increase in the deferred tax liability related to indefinite-lived assets which cannot serve as a source of income for the realization of deferred tax assets and states that base tax on gross margin.