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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2012
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
3. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

 

Our share-based payments primarily consist of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (RSUs), and an employee stock purchase plan. Share-based compensation expense is as follows (in millions):

 

For the Years Ended December 31,    2012     2011     2010  

Stock options

   $ 32.4      $ 41.7      $ 47.6   

RSUs and other

     22.6        18.8        14.4   

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total expense, pre-tax

     55.0        60.5        62.0   

Tax benefit related to awards

     (16.6     (17.8     (16.2

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total expense, net of tax

   $ 38.4      $ 42.7      $ 45.8   

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Share-based compensation cost capitalized as part of inventory for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $6.1 million, $8.8 million, and $12.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, approximately $3.3 million and $4.8 million of capitalized costs remained in finished goods inventory.

Stock Options

We had two equity compensation plans in effect at December 31, 2012: the 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (2009 Plan) and the Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors. The 2009 Plan succeeds the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (2006 Plan) and the TeamShare Stock Option Plan (TeamShare Plan). No further awards have been granted under the 2006 Plan or under the TeamShare Plan since May 2009, and shares remaining available for grant under those plans have been merged into the 2009 Plan. Vested and unvested stock options and unvested restricted stock and RSUs previously granted under the 2006 Plan, the TeamShare Plan and another prior plan, the 2001 Stock Incentive Plan, remained outstanding as of December 31, 2012. We have reserved the maximum number of shares of common stock available for award under the terms of each of these plans. We have registered 57.9 million shares of common stock under these plans. The 2009 Plan provides for the grant of nonqualified stock options and incentive stock options, long-term performance awards in the form of performance shares or units, restricted stock, RSUs and stock appreciation rights. The Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board of Directors determines the grant date for annual grants under our equity compensation plans. The date for annual grants under the 2009 Plan to our executive officers is expected to occur in the first quarter of each year following the earnings announcements for the previous quarter and full year. The Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors provides for awards of stock options, restricted stock and RSUs to non-employee directors. It has been our practice to issue shares of common stock upon exercise of stock options from previously unissued shares, except in limited circumstances where they are issued from treasury stock. The total number of awards which may be granted in a given year and/or over the life of the plan under each of our equity compensation plans is limited. At December 31, 2012, an aggregate of 8.7 million shares were available for future grants and awards under these plans.

 

Stock options granted to date under our plans generally vest over four years and generally have a maximum contractual life of 10 years. As established under our equity compensation plans, vesting may accelerate upon retirement after the first anniversary date of the award if certain criteria are met. We recognize expense related to stock options on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, less awards expected to be forfeited using estimated forfeiture rates. Due to the accelerated retirement provisions, the requisite service period of our stock options range from one to four years. Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of our common stock on the date of grant, except in limited circumstances where local law may dictate otherwise.

 

A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2012 is as follows (options in thousands):

 

           Weighted
Average
Exercise
     Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
     Intrinsic
Value
 
      Stock Options     Price      Life      (in millions)  

Outstanding at January 1, 2012

     16,748      $ 68.04         

Options granted

     1,720        64.26         

Options exercised

     (933     46.05         

Options cancelled

     (239     60.21         

Options expired

     (658     75.43         

 

         

Outstanding at December 31, 2012

     16,638      $ 68.74         4.8       $ 64.2   

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2012

     16,169      $ 68.94         4.7       $ 61.9   

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Exercisable at December 31, 2012

     12,977      $ 71.34         3.9       $ 38.0   

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

We use a Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of our stock options. Expected volatility was derived from the implied volatility of traded options on our stock that were actively traded around the grant date of the stock options with exercise prices similar to the stock options and maturities of over one year. The expected term of the stock options has been derived from historical employee exercise behavior. The risk-free interest rate was determined using the implied yield currently available for zero-coupon U.S. government issues with a remaining term approximating the expected life of the options. We began paying dividends in 2012. Accordingly, prior to 2012 we assumed no dividend yield. Starting in 2012, the dividend yield was determined by using an estimated annual dividend and dividing it by the market price of our stock on the grant date.

The following table presents information regarding the weighted average fair value for stock options granted, the assumptions used to determine fair value, and the intrinsic value of options exercised in the indicated year:

 

        
For the Years Ended December 31,    2012     2011     2010  

Dividend yield

     1.1     %        %   

Volatility

     25.6     26.1     26.3

Risk-free interest rate

     1.5     2.2     2.8

Expected life (years)

     6.1        6.1        5.9   

Weighted average fair value of options granted

   $ 15.40      $ 18.33      $ 18.17   

Intrinsic value of options exercised (in millions)

   $ 17.1      $ 27.5      $ 8.5   

As of December 31, 2012, there was $38.4 million of unrecognized share-based payment expense related to nonvested stock options granted under our plans. That expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 years.

 

RSUs

We have awarded RSUs to our employees. The terms of the awards have been three to five years. Some of the awards have only service conditions while some have performance and market conditions as well. The service condition awards vest ratably on the anniversary date of the award. The awards that have performance and market conditions vest all at once on the third anniversary date. Future service conditions may be waived if an employee retires after the first anniversary date of the award, but performance and market conditions continue to apply. Accordingly, the requisite service period used for share-based payment expense ranges from one to five years.

A summary of nonvested RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2012 is as follows (in thousands):

 

           Weighted Average
Grant Date
 
      RSUs     Fair Value  

Outstanding at January 1, 2012

     1,187      $ 56.25   

Granted

     685        65.91   

Vested

     (299     52.92   

Forfeited

     (363     64.58   

 

   

Outstanding at December 31, 2012

     1,210        60.03   

 

   

For the RSUs with service conditions only, the fair value of the awards was determined based upon the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. For the RSUs with market conditions, a Monte Carlo valuation technique was used to simulate the market conditions of the awards. The outcome of the simulation was used to determine the fair value of the awards.

We are required to estimate the number of RSUs that will vest and recognize share-based payment expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. As of December 31, 2012, we estimate that approximately 1,113,000 outstanding RSUs will vest. If our estimate were to change in the future, the cumulative effect of the change in estimate will be recorded in that period. Based upon the number of RSUs that we expect to vest, the unrecognized share-based payment expense as of December 31, 2012 was $38.9 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years. The fair value of RSUs vesting during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 based upon our stock price on the date of vesting was $18.9 million, $11.8 million and $3.2 million, respectively.