NPORT-EX 2 intl2.htm
Buffalo International Fund
 
Schedule of Investments
 
as of December 31, 2023 (Unaudited)
 
COMMON STOCKS - 92.0%
 
Shares
   
Value
 
Belgium - 0.7%
           
Beverages - 0.7%
           
Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV
   
101,463
     
6,549,230
 
Canada - 5.4%
               
Chemicals - 0.9%
               
Nutrien Ltd.
   
150,000
     
8,449,500
 
Commercial Services & Supplies - 1.6%
               
GFL Environmental, Inc.
   
426,897
     
14,732,215
 
Ground Transportation - 1.5%
               
Canadian National Railway Co.
   
110,601
     
13,894,804
 
Software - 1.4%
               
Constellation Software, Inc./Canada
   
5,502
     
13,641,414
 
Total Canada
           
50,717,933
 
China - 0.6%
               
Banks - 0.3%
               
China Merchants Bank Co. Ltd. - Class H
   
900,000
     
3,130,676
 
Textiles, Apparel & Luxury Goods - 0.3%
               
Li Ning Co. Ltd.
   
850,000
     
2,281,088
 
Total China
           
5,411,764
 
Denmark - 2.1%
               
Pharmaceuticals - 2.1%
               
Novo Nordisk AS - ADR
   
152,000
     
15,724,400
 
Novo Nordisk AS
   
40,000
     
4,145,248
 
Total Denmark
           
19,869,648
 
France - 16.4%
               
Aerospace & Defense - 1.3%
               
Thales SA
   
80,000
     
11,845,798
 
Beverages - 1.0%
               
Pernod Ricard SA
   
52,784
     
9,328,065
 
Chemicals - 1.4%
               
Air Liquide SA
   
67,268
     
13,096,744
 
Construction & Engineering - 1.3%
               
Vinci SA
   
100,024
     
12,587,521
 
Electrical Equipment - 2.0%
               
Schneider Electric SE
   
93,000
     
18,721,433
 
IT Services - 1.4%
               
Capgemini SE
   
64,607
     
13,502,293
 
Life Sciences Tools & Services - 0.6%
               
Sartorius Stedim Biotech
   
23,000
     
6,099,186
 
Pharmaceuticals - 1.4%
               
Sanofi SA - ADR
   
166,587
     
8,284,372
 
Sanofi SA
   
43,000
     
4,273,020
 
Professional Services - 1.4%
               
Bureau Veritas SA
   
508,422
     
12,862,922
 
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment - 1.5%
               
STMicroelectronics N.V.
   
105,000
     
5,266,683
 
STMicroelectronics N.V. - NY Shares
   
178,126
     
8,929,456
 
             
14,196,139
 
Software - 0.9%
               
Dassault Systemes SE
   
180,000
     
8,810,499
 
Textiles, Apparel & Luxury Goods - 2.2%
               
Kering SA
   
17,300
     
7,662,130
 
LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE
   
15,600
     
12,675,553
 
             
20,337,683
 
Total France
           
153,945,675
 
Germany - 12.2%
               
Capital Markets - 0.6%
               
DWS Group GmbH & Co. KGaA(a)
   
142,000
     
5,457,642
 
Chemicals - 1.3%
               
Symrise AG
   
107,017
     
11,760,673
 
Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components - 0.6%
               
Jenoptik AG
   
185,211
     
5,808,767
 
Health Care Equipment & Supplies - 0.6%
               
Carl Zeiss Meditec AG
   
55,525
     
6,044,126
 
Health Care Providers & Services - 0.9%
               
Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA
   
272,659
     
8,451,197
 
Industrial Conglomerates - 1.6%
               
Siemens A.G. - ADR
   
81,200
     
15,233,845
 
Insurance - 1.7%
               
Hannover Rueck SE
   
15,000
     
3,586,551
 
Muenchener Rueckversicherungs-Gesellschaft AG in Muenchen
   
29,434
     
12,209,604
 
             
15,796,155
 
Pharmaceuticals - 1.3%
               
Merck KGaA
   
74,750
     
11,901,262
 
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment - 0.2%
               
Infineon Technologies AG
   
54,000
     
2,255,176
 
Software - 1.2%
               
SAP SE - ADR
   
71,322
     
11,025,668
 
Textiles, Apparel & Luxury Goods - 1.1%
               
Puma SE
   
177,347
     
9,865,710
 
Trading Companies & Distributors - 1.1%
               
Brenntag SE
   
113,000
     
10,385,525
 
Total Germany
           
113,985,746
 
Hong Kong - 0.8%
               
Beverages - 0.4%
               
China Resources Beer Holdings Co. Ltd.
   
750,000
     
3,290,959
 
Capital Markets - 0.4%
               
Hong Kong Exchanges & Clearing Ltd.
   
120,000
     
4,116,031
 
Total Hong Kong
           
7,406,990
 
India - 1.3%
               
Banks - 1.3%
               
HDFC Bank Ltd. - ADR
   
55,000
     
3,691,050
 
ICICI Bank Ltd. - ADR
   
367,480
     
8,760,723
 
             
12,451,773
 
Total India
           
12,451,773
 
Ireland - 7.3%
               
Construction Materials - 1.4%
               
CRH PLC
   
193,000
     
13,347,880
 
Food Products - 1.3%
               
Kerry Group PLC - Class A
   
134,645
     
11,687,073
 
Health Care Equipment & Supplies - 1.4%
               
Medtronic PLC
   
161,952
     
13,341,606
 
Life Sciences Tools & Services - 1.6%
               
ICON PLC(b)
   
51,945
     
14,704,071
 
Passenger Airlines - 1.6%
               
Ryanair Holdings PLC(b)
   
455,000
     
9,594,492
 
Ryanair Holdings PLC - ADR(b)
   
37,486
     
4,999,133
 
Total Ireland
           
67,674,255
 
Italy - 1.1%
               
Beverages - 1.1%
               
Davide Campari-Milano NV
   
895,000
     
10,106,968
 
Japan - 10.4%
               
Beverages - 1.4%
               
Asahi Group Holdings Ltd.
   
352,000
     
13,107,209
 
Chemicals - 1.5%
               
Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd.
   
341,671
     
14,289,762
 
Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components - 1.9%
               
Keyence Corp.
   
29,173
     
12,817,346
 
Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
   
225,000
     
4,754,697
 
             
17,572,043
 
Entertainment - 1.3%
               
Nintendo Co. Ltd.
   
220,000
     
11,447,456
 
Nintendo Co. Ltd. - ADR
   
100,000
     
1,299,000
 
Professional Services - 1.6%
               
BayCurrent Consulting, Inc.
   
436,059
     
15,264,689
 
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment - 2.7%
               
Disco Corp.
   
30,000
     
7,409,004
 
Renesas Electronics Corp.(b)
   
1,000,000
     
17,880,966
 
             
25,289,970
 
Total Japan
           
98,270,129
 
Korea, Republic Of - 1.6%
               
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment - 1.1%
               
SK Hynix, Inc.
   
91,194
     
9,952,728
 
Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals - 0.5%
               
Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
   
80,000
     
4,855,747
 
Total Korea, Republic Of
           
14,808,475
 
Luxembourg - 1.0%
               
Life Sciences Tools & Services - 1.0%
               
EUROFINS SCIENTIFI EUR0.01(b)
   
146,648
     
9,566,182
 
Netherlands - 3.7%
               
Financial Services - 1.0%
               
Adyen NV(a)(b)
   
6,985
     
9,017,205
 
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment - 1.2%
               
ASML Holding NV - NY Shares
   
15,172
     
11,483,990
 
Trading Companies & Distributors - 1.5%
               
IMCD N.V.
   
83,441
     
14,532,352
 
Total Netherlands
           
35,033,547
 
Norway - 0.7%
               
Machinery - 0.7%
               
AutoStore Holdings Ltd.(a)(b)
   
1,000,000
     
1,964,740
 
TOMRA Systems ASA
   
356,000
     
4,316,181
 
             
6,280,921
 
Total Norway
           
6,280,921
 
Sweden - 2.3%
               
Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components - 1.4%
               
Hexagon AB - Class B
   
1,086,000
     
13,044,279
 
Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure - 0.9%
               
Evolution AB(a)
   
74,935
     
8,925,542
 
Total Sweden
           
21,969,821
 
Switzerland - 8.8%
               
Capital Markets - 0.9%
               
Julius Baer Group Ltd.
   
158,937
     
8,916,059
 
Construction Materials - 1.0%
               
Holcim AG
   
116,000
     
9,110,806
 
Electrical Equipment - 1.6%
               
ABB Ltd. - ADR
   
270,629
     
11,988,865
 
ABB Ltd.
   
65,000
     
2,885,881
 
Food Products - 1.5%
               
Nestle SA - ADR
   
80,229
     
9,276,879
 
Nestle SA
   
40,000
     
4,636,795
 
Health Care Equipment & Supplies - 1.3%
               
Alcon, Inc.
   
106,458
     
8,316,499
 
Alcon, Inc.
   
46,000
     
3,598,857
 
Life Sciences Tools & Services - 1.5%
               
Lonza Group AG
   
32,904
     
13,871,881
 
Pharmaceuticals - 1.0%
               
Roche Holding AG
   
21,800
     
6,337,120
 
Roche Holding AG - ADR
   
95,400
     
3,456,342
 
Total Switzerland
           
82,395,984
 
Taiwan, Province Of China - 1.7%
               
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment - 1.7%
               
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. Ltd. - ADR
   
157,233
     
16,352,232
 
United Kingdom - 9.0%
               
Aerospace & Defense - 0.8%
               
BAE Systems PLC
   
540,000
     
7,643,257
 
Beverages - 1.2%
               
Diageo PLC - ADR
   
76,735
     
11,177,220
 
Health Care Equipment & Supplies - 1.2%
               
Smith & Nephew PLC
   
330,000
     
4,533,228
 
Smith & Nephew PLC - ADR
   
245,609
     
6,700,213
 
Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure - 1.0%
               
InterContinental Hotels Group PLC
   
102,302
     
9,225,164
 
Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels - 0.9%
               
Shell PLC
   
200,000
     
6,580,644
 
Shell PLC - ADR
   
25,000
     
1,645,000
 
Personal Care Products - 0.8%
               
Unilever PLC - ADR
   
94,700
     
4,591,056
 
Unilever PLC
   
60,915
     
2,952,389
 
Pharmaceuticals - 1.6%
               
AstraZeneca PLC - ADR
   
158,828
     
10,697,066
 
AstraZeneca PLC
   
34,000
     
4,586,252
 
Trading Companies & Distributors - 1.5%
               
Ashtead Group PLC
   
212,000
     
14,735,504
 
Total United Kingdom
           
85,066,993
 
United States - 3.3%
               
Chemicals - 2.1%
               
Linde PLC
   
46,760
     
19,204,800
 
Insurance - 1.2%
               
Aon PLC - Class A
   
40,000
     
11,640,800
 
Total United States
           
30,845,600
 
Uruguay - 1.6%
               
Broadline Retail - 1.6%
               
MercadoLibre, Inc.(b)
   
9,700
     
15,243,938
 
TOTAL COMMON STOCKS (Cost $607,497,651)
           
863,953,804
 
 
               
WARRANTS - 0.0%(c)
 
Contracts
   
Value
 
Canada - 0.0%(c)
               
Software — 0.0%(c)
               
Constellation Software, Inc./Canada, Expires 03/31/2040, Exercise Price $0.00(b)(d)
   
5,500
     
1
 
TOTAL WARRANTS (Cost $0)
           
1
 
 
               

SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS - 7.2%
       
Money Market Funds - 7.2%
Shares
     
Fidelity Government Portfolio - Class Institutional, 5.24%(e)
   
67,212,444
     
67,212,444
 
TOTAL SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (Cost $67,212,444)
   
67,212,444
 
TOTAL INVESTMENTS - 99.2% (Cost $674,710,095)
 
$
931,166,249
 
Other Assets in Excess of Liabilities - 0.8%
   
7,289,847
 
TOTAL NET ASSETS - 100.0%
 
$
938,456,096
 

Percentages are stated as a percent of net assets.
 
   
The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS®) was developed by and/or is the exclusive property of MSCI, Inc. and Standard & Poor’s Financial  Services LLC  (“S&P”).  GICS is a  service  mark  of MSCI,  Inc.  and  S&P and  has been  licensed  for use  by  U.S.  Bank  Global  Fund Services.
   
ADR - American Depositary Receipt
     
PLC - Public Limited Company
     
SA - Sociedad Anónima
     
SA/NV - Societe Anonime/Naamloze Vennootschap
     
         
(a)
Security is exempt from registration pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These securities may only be
resold in transactions exempt from registration to qualified institutional investors. As of December 31, 2023, the value of these securities total $25,365,129 or 2.7% of the Fund’s net assets.
 
(b)
Non-income producing security.
 
(c)
Represents less than 0.05% of net assets.
 
(d)
Fair value determined using significant unobservable inputs in accordance with procedures established by and under the supervision of the Adviser, acting as Valuation Designee. These securities represented $1 or 0.0% of net assets as of December 31, 2023.
 
(e)
The rate shown represents the 7-day effective yield as of December 31, 2023.
 

Buffalo International Fund
                       
   
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
   
Total
 
Investments:
                       
China
   
     
5,411,764
     
     
5,411,764
 
Denmark
   
15,724,400
     
4,145,247
     
     
19,869,648
 
France
   
17,213,828
     
136,731,848
     
     
153,945,675
 
Germany
   
11,025,668
     
102,960,078
     
     
113,985,746
 
Hong Kong
   
     
7,406,990
     
     
7,406,990
 
India
   
12,451,773
     
     
     
12,451,773
 
Ireland
   
46,392,690
     
21,281,565
     
     
67,674,255
 
Italy
   
     
10,106,968
     
     
10,106,968
 
Japan
   
1,299,000
     
96,971,129
     
     
98,270,129
 
Korea, Republic Of
   
     
14,808,475
     
     
14,808,475
 
Luxembourg
   
     
9,566,182
     
     
9,566,182
 
Netherlands
   
11,483,990
     
23,549,557
     
     
35,033,547
 
Norway
   
     
6,280,921
     
     
6,280,921
 
Sweden
   
     
21,969,821
     
     
21,969,821
 
Switzerland
   
33,038,585
     
49,357,399
     
     
82,395,984
 
Taiwan, Province Of China
   
16,352,232
     
     
     
16,352,232
 
United Kingdom
   
34,810,555
     
50,256,438
     
     
85,066,993
 
United States
   
30,845,600
     
     
     
30,845,600
 
Uruguay
   
15,243,938
     
     
     
15,243,938
 
Common Stocks - Total
 
$
296,600,192
   
$
567,353,612
   
$
   
$
863,953,804
 
Warrants
   
     
     
1
     
1
 
Money Market Funds
   
67,212,444
     
     
     
67,212,444
 
Total Investments
 
$
363,812,636
   
$
567,353,612
   
$
1
   
$
931,166,249
 
Refer to the Schedule of Investments for industry classifications.
                         

INVESTMENT VALUATION (UNAUDITED)
 
Equity securities and debt securities traded on a national securities exchange or national market, except those traded using the National Association of Securities Dealers’ Automated Quotation System (“NASDAQ”), are valued at the latest sales price thereof, or if no sale was reported on that date, the mean between the most recent quoted bid and ask price is used. All equity securities that are traded using NASDAQ are valued using the NASDAQ Official Closing Price (“NOCP”), which may not necessarily represent the last sales price. If there has been no sale on such exchange or on NASDAQ on such day, the security is valued at the mean between the most recent quoted bid and ask price.

When market quotations are not readily available, any security or other asset is valued at its fair value as determined in good faith under procedures approved by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”). If events occur that will affect the value of a Fund’s portfolio securities before the net asset value (“NAV”) has been calculated (a “significant event”), the security will generally be priced using a fair value procedure. The Board has adopted specific procedures for valuing portfolio securities and delegated the responsibility of fair value determinations to the Valuation Committee. Some of the factors that may be considered by the Valuation Committee in determining fair value are fundamental analytical data relating to the investment; the nature and duration of any restriction on the position; trading in similar securities of the same issuer or comparable companies; information from broker-dealers; and an evaluation of the forces that influence the market in which the securities are purchased or sold. As of December 31, 2023, the Fund held 65 securities where a fair value factor was applied, with a market value of $563,421,355, or 60.03% of Net Assets.

Debt securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less are normally valued at the last reported sale price. If there is no trade on the particular day, then the security will be priced at the mean between the most recent bid and ask prices.

Restricted securities include securities that have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and securities that are subject to restrictions on resale. The Funds may invest in restricted securities that are consistent with the Funds’ investment objectives and investment strategies. In some cases, the issuer of restricted securities has agreed to register such securities for resale, at the issuer’s expense either upon demand by the Funds or in connection with another registered offering of the securities. Investments in restricted securities are valued utilizing the Funds’ corporatebond valuation policies.
 
FOREIGN INVESTMENT RISK

Investing in securities of foreign corporations and governments involves additional risks relating to: political, social, religious and economic developments abroad; market instability; fluctuations in foreign exchange rates; different regulatory requirements, market practices, accounting standards and practices; and less publicly available information about foreign issuers. Additionally, these investments may be less liquid, carry higher brokerage commissions and other fees, and procedures and regulations governing transactions and custody in foreign markets also may involve delays in payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments. Investments in common stocks of U.S. companies with international operations, and the purchase of sponsored or unsponsored ADRs (American Depositary Receipt) carry similar risks. In addition to risks associated with investing in foreign securities, there are special risks associated with investments in China and Hong Kong, including exposure to currency fluctuations, less liquidity, expropriation, confiscatory taxation, nationalization, exchange control regulations, differing legal standards and rapid fluctuations in inflation and interest rates. The Chinese government could, at any time, alter or discontinue economic reform programs implemented since
1978.
 
Summary of Fair Value Exposure at December 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 
In accordance with FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”), fair value is defined as the price that a Fund would receive to sell an investment or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with an independent buyer in the principal market, or in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the investment or liability. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier hierarchy to distinguish between (1) inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability developed based on market data obtained  from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs) and (2) inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs) and to establish classification of fair value measurements for disclosure purposes. Various inputs are used in determining the value of the Funds’ investments. The inputs are summarized in the three broad levels listed below:

Level 1 — Valuations based on quoted prices for investments in active markets that a Fund has the ability to access at the measurement date. Valuation adjustments are not applied to Level 1 investments.
Level 2 — Valuations based on other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, credit risks, etc.).
Level 3 —Valuations based on significant unobservable inputs (including a Fund’s own assumptions and judgment in determining the fair value of investments).
                                   
Inputs that are used in determining fair value of an investment may include price information, credit data, volatility statistics, and other factors. These inputs can be either observable or unobservable. The availability of observable inputs can vary between investments, and is affected by various factors such as the type of investment, and the volume and level of activity for that investment or similar investments in the market place. The inputs will be considered by Kornitzer Capital Management (“Advisor”), along with any other relevant factors in the calculation of an investment’s fair value. The Funds use prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, which may include periods of market dislocations. During these periods, the availability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many investments. This condition could cause an investment to be reclassified between the various levels within the hierarchy.

Non-U.S. equity securities actively traded in foreign markets may be reflected in Level 2 despite the availability of closing prices, because the Funds evaluate and determine whether those closing prices reflect fair value at the close of the NYSE or require adjustment, as described above and in the Foreign Investment Risk note above.

Investments falling into the Level 3 category are primarily supported by quoted prices from brokers and dealers participating in the market for those investments. However, these may be classified as Level 3 investments due to lack of market transparency and corroboration to support these quoted prices. Additionally, valuation models may be used as the pricing source for any remaining investments classified as Level 3. These models rely on one or more significant unobservable inputs and/or significant assumptions made by the Valuation Committee. Inputs used in valuations may include, but are not limited to, financial statement analysis, capital account balances, discount rates and estimated cash flows, and comparable company data. As of December 31, 2023, the Fund held 1 security where a fair value factor was  applied, with a market value of $1, or 0.00% of Net Assets.

The inputs or methodology used for valuing securities are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in those securities.

The following table provides the fair value measurement of applicable Fund assets and liabilities by level within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2023. These assets are measured on a recurring basis.



Buffalo International Fund
 
 
 
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
   
Total
 
Common Stocks
 
$
296,600,192
     
567,353,612
     
-
   
$
863,953,804
 
Warrants
 
$
-
     
-
     
1
   
$
1
 
Short Term Investments
   
67,212,444
     
-
     
-
     
67,212,444
 
Total*
 
$
363,812,636
   
$
567,353,612
     
1
   
$
931,166,249
 

         
* Additional information regarding the industry and/or geographical classification of these investments is disclosed in the schedule of investments.
         
The following is a reconciliation of the Buffalo International Fund Level 3 assets for which significant unobservable inputs were used to determine fair
value for the period ended December 31, 2023:

Fair Value Measurement Using
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
 

 
Investments in
Securities
Period Ended
December 31, 2023
 
Fair Value as of 03/31/2023 
Purchases
Fair Value as of 12/31/2023
   
-
1
1
 
 
The change in unrealized appreciation/(depreciation) for Level 3 securities still held at December 31, 2023 was $0.
       

The following is a summary of quantitative information about level 3 valued measurements:
     
  
 
     
   
Buffalo International Fund
        
   
Value at
December 31, 2023

 
Valuation 
Technique(s)
Warrants
  $ 1    Acquisition Cost

TRANSACTIONS WITH AFFILIATES
Investments representing 5% or more of the outstanding voting securities of a portfolio company result in that company being considered an affiliated company, as defined in the 1940 Act. There were no affiliated companies held in any of the Buffalo Funds during the period ended December 31, 2023.
 
FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION
Values of investments denominated in foreign currencies are converted into U.S. dollars using a spot market rate of exchange on the day of valuation. Purchases and sales of investments and dividend and interest income are translated to U.S. dollars using a spot market rate of exchange prevailing on the respective dates of such transactions. The portion of security gains or losses resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates is included with net realized and unrealized gain or loss from investments, as appropriate, for both financial reporting and tax purposes.
 
PURCHASED AND WRITTEN OPTIONS CONTRACTS
The Fund may purchase and write call or put options on securities and indices and enter into related closing transactions. As a holder of a call option, a Fund has the right, but not the obligation, to purchase a security at the exercise price during the exercise period. As the writer of a call option, a Fund has the obligation to sell the security at the exercise price during the exercise period. The Fund did not hold purchased or written call options as of December 31, 2023. The Fund’s maximum payout in the case of written call option contracts cannot be determined. As a holder of a put option, a Fund has the right, but not the obligation, to sell a security at the exercise price during the exercise period. As the writer of a put option, a Fund has the obligation to buy the underlying security at the exercise price during the exercise period. The Fund did not hold any purchased or written put options as of December 31, 2023.  The premium that a Fund pays when purchasing an option or receives when writing an option will reflect, among other things, the market price of the security, the relationship of the exercise price to the market price of the security, the relationship of the exercise price to the volatility of the security, the length of the option period and supply and demand factors. The premium is the market value of an option at the time of purchase.  A purchaser (holder) of a put option pays a non-refundable premium to the seller (writer) of a put option to obtain the right to sell a specified amount of a security at a fixed price (the exercise price) during a specified period (exercise period). Conversely, the seller (writer) of a put option, upon payment by the holder of the premium, has the obligation to buy the security from the holder of the put option at the exercise price during the exercise period.  Exchange traded options are valued at the composite price, using the National Best Bid and Offer quotes (“NBBO”). NBBO consists of the highest bid prices and lowest ask prices across any of the exchanges on which an option is quoted, thus providing a view across the entire U.S. options marketplace. Specifically, composite pricing looks at the last trades on the exchanges where the options are traded. If there are no trades for the option on a given business day, composite option pricing calculates the mean of the highest bid price and lowest ask price across the exchanges where the option is traded. Non exchange traded options also will be valued at the mean between the last bid and ask quotations. For options where market quotations are not readily available, a fair value shall be determined as set forth in the Fund’ fair valuation guidelines.  The Fund may use options with the objective to generate income as a non-principal investment strategy. A risk of using derivatives is that the counterparty to a derivative may fail to comply with their obligation to the Fund.