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ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany account balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The financial results of Verify Investor, LLC have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition on February 12, 2018. The financial results of Mac Warehouse, LLC have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition on June 25, 2018.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent liabilities in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, investment valuation, receivables valuation, revenue recognition, sales returns, incentive discount offers, inventory valuation, depreciable lives of fixed assets and internally-developed software, goodwill valuation, intangible asset valuation, equity investment valuation, income taxes, stock-based compensation, performance-based compensation, self-funded health insurance liabilities and contingencies. Although these estimates are based on our best knowledge of current events and actions that we may undertake in the future, actual results may differ materially from these estimates.

Cash equivalents

We classify all highly liquid instruments, including instruments with a remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase, as cash equivalents.

Restricted cash

We consider cash that is legally restricted and cash that is held as compensating balances for letter of credit arrangements and self-funded health insurance as restricted cash.

Fair value of financial instruments

We account for our assets and liabilities using a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the fair-value hierarchy below. This hierarchy requires us to minimize the use of unobservable inputs and to use observable market data, if available, when determining fair value.


•	Level 1—Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;


•	Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and


•	Level 3—Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

Under GAAP, certain assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Our assets and liabilities that are adjusted to fair value on a recurring basis are cash equivalents, trading securities, and deferred compensation liabilities, which fair values are determined using quoted market prices from daily exchange traded markets on the closing price as of the balance sheet date and are classified as Level 1. Our other financial instruments, including cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and debt are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value.

Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable consist primarily of trade amounts due from customers in the United States, uncleared credit card transactions at period end, and carrier rebates. Accounts receivable are recorded at invoiced amounts and do not bear interest.

Allowance for doubtful accounts

From time to time, we grant credit to some of our business customers on normal credit terms (typically 30 days). We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable based upon our business customers' financial condition and payment history, and our historical collection experience and expected collectability of accounts receivable.

Concentration of credit risk

Three banks held the majority of our cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2018. Two banks held the majority of our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2017. Our cash equivalents primarily consist of money market securities which are uninsured. We do not believe that, as a result of this concentration, we are subject to any unusual financial risk beyond the normal risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

Inventories, net

Inventories, net include merchandise purchased for resale, which are accounted for using a standard costing system which approximates the first-in-first-out ("FIFO") method of accounting, and are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Inventory valuation requires us to make judgments, based on currently available information, about the likely method of disposition, such as through sales to individual customers, returns to product vendors, or liquidations, and expected recoverable values of each disposition category.

Prepaid inventories, net

Prepaid inventories, net represent inventories paid for in advance of receipt.

Prepaids and other current assets

Prepaids and other current assets represent expenses paid prior to receipt of the related goods or services, including advertising, license fees, maintenance, packaging, insurance, and other miscellaneous costs, and cryptocurrency-denominated assets ("cryptocurrencies"). See Cryptocurrencies below.

Cryptocurrencies

Cryptocurrency holdings are included in Prepaids and other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets and totaled $3.0 million and $1.5 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Cryptocurrency holdings are recorded at cost less impairment.

We recognize impairment on these assets caused by decreases in market value based upon Level 1 inputs. See Fair value of financial instruments above. Such impairment in the value of our cryptocurrencies is recorded in General and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of operations. Impairments on cryptocurrencies were $702,000 and $9.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. There was no impairment on cryptocurrencies during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017.

Gains and losses realized upon sale of cryptocurrencies are also recorded in General and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of operations. We occasionally use our cryptocurrencies to purchase other cryptocurrencies. Gains and losses realized with these non-cash transactions are also recorded in General and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of operations and are also presented as an adjustment to reconcile Consolidated net loss to Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Fixed assets, net

Fixed assets are recorded at cost and stated net of depreciation and amortization. Fixed assets are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets or the term of the related capital lease, whichever is shorter, as follows:



	Life (years)
Building	40
Land improvements	20
Building machinery and equipment	15-20
Furniture and equipment	5-7
Computer hardware	3-4
Computer software, including internal-use software and website development	2-4

Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the term of the related leases or estimated useful lives.

Included in fixed assets is the capitalized cost of internal-use software and website development, including software used to upgrade and enhance our Website and processes supporting our business. We capitalize costs incurred during the application development stage of internal-use software and amortize these costs over the estimated useful life. Costs incurred related to design or maintenance of internal-use software are expensed as incurred.

Investments

Equity investments under ASC 321

At June 30, 2018, we held minority interests (less than 20%) in twelve privately held entities accounted for under ASC Topic 321, Investments - Equity Securities ("ASC 321"), which are included in Equity investments in our consolidated balance sheets. One of these equity investments is carried at fair value based on Level 1 inputs. See Fair value of financial instruments above. The remaining equity investments lack readily determinable fair values and therefore the investments are measured at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar equity securities of the same issuer. Dividends received are reported in current earnings. We review our investments individually for impairment by evaluating if events or circumstances have occurred that may indicate the fair value of the investment is less than its carrying value. If such events or circumstances have occurred, we estimate the fair value of the investment and recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between the fair value of the investment and its carrying value. In such cases, the estimated fair value of the investment is determined using unobservable inputs including assumptions by the investee's management including quantitative information such as lower valuations in recently completed or proposed financings. These inputs are classified as Level 3. Because several of our investees are in the early startup or development stages, these entities are subject to potential changes in cash flows, valuation, and inability to attract new investors which may be necessary for the liquidity needed to support their operations.

The carrying amount of our investments under ASC 321 was approximately $18.6 million and $6.5 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. We recognized unrealized gains of $1.8 million on investments carried at fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. There was no impairment loss during the six months ended June 30, 2018. We recognized $4.5 million impairment loss during the six months ended June 30, 2017. The impairment loss or other adjustment to our investments are recorded in Other expense, net on our consolidated statements of operations.

Equity method investments under ASC 323

At June 30, 2018, we held minority interests in six privately held entities accounted for as equity method investments under ASC Topic 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures ("ASC 323"), which are included in Equity investments in our consolidated balance sheets. We can exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investees through either holding more than a 20% voting interest in the entity or through our representation on the entity's board of directors. Based on the nature of our ownership interests, we have variable interests in these entities. However, because we do not have power to direct the investee's activities and we are not the investee's primary beneficiary, we therefore do not consolidate the investee in our financial statements.

The carrying value of our equity method investments exceeded the amount of underlying equity in net assets of the investees and the difference was primarily related to goodwill and the fair value of intangible assets. The difference related to intangible assets is amortized over their estimated useful lives. We record our proportionate share of the net income or loss of the investee and the amortization of the basis difference related to intangible assets in Other expense, net in our consolidated statements of operations with corresponding adjustments to the carrying value of the investment.

The carrying amount of our equity method investments was approximately $25.0 million and $6.5 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and the difference between the carrying value and the amount of underlying equity in net assets of each investee was not significant. Our proportionate share of the net income or loss of our equity method investees for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and the six months ended June 30, 2017 was not significant.

Noncontrolling interests

Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Medici Ventures, Inc. ("Medici Ventures"), conducts its primary business through its majority-owned subsidiary, tØ.com, Inc. ("tZERO"), which includes a financial technology company, two related registered broker dealers, a registered investment advisor, and an accredited investor verification company. tZERO and its consolidated subsidiaries are included in our consolidated financial statements. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated and the amounts of contributions and gains or losses that are attributable to the noncontrolling interests are disclosed in our consolidated financial statements.

Leases

We account for lease agreements as either operating or capital leases depending on certain defined criteria. In certain of our lease agreements, we receive rent holidays and other incentives. We recognize lease costs on a straight-line basis without regard to deferred payment terms, such as rent holidays, that defer the commencement date of required payments. Additionally, tenant improvement allowances are amortized as a reduction in rent expense over the term of the lease. Leasehold improvements are capitalized at cost and amortized over the lesser of their expected useful life or the life of the lease, without assuming renewal features, if any, are exercised.

Treasury stock

We account for treasury stock under the cost method and include treasury stock as a component of stockholders' equity.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at least annually. When evaluating whether goodwill is impaired, we make a qualitative assessment to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment determines that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount, we compare the fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill is assigned to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, then the amount of the impairment loss must be measured. The impairment loss, if any, is calculated by comparing the implied fair value of the goodwill to its carrying amount. In calculating the implied fair value of goodwill, the fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to the other assets and liabilities within the reporting unit based on estimated fair value. The excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the amount allocated to its other assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value.

We test for impairment of goodwill annually or when we deem that a triggering event has occurred.

Intangible assets other than goodwill

We capitalize and amortize intangible assets other than goodwill over their estimated useful lives unless such lives are indefinite. Intangible assets other than goodwill acquired separately from third-parties are capitalized at cost while such assets acquired as part of a business combination are capitalized at their acquisition-date fair value. Indefinite lived intangible assets include intellectual property and investment advisor licenses purchased in connection with our tZERO Advisors and Medici Ventures' portfolio company in the blockchain property titling businesses. Certain licenses are subject to annual renewal terms with immaterial fees which are expensed as incurred. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually or more frequently when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value more likely than not exceeds its fair value. In addition, we routinely evaluate the remaining useful life of intangible assets not being amortized to determine whether events or circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life, including any legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic, or other factors that may limit their useful lives. Definite lived intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method of amortization over their useful lives, with the exception of certain intangibles (such as acquired technology, customer relationships, and trade names) which are amortized using an accelerated method of amortization based on cash flows. Definite lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable as described below under Impairment of long-lived assets.

Impairment of long-lived assets

We review property and equipment and other long-lived assets, including amortizable intangible assets other than goodwill, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the assets' carrying amount to future undiscounted net cash flows the asset group is expected to generate. Cash flow forecasts are based on trends of historical performance and management's estimate of future performance, giving consideration to existing and anticipated competitive and economic conditions. If such asset group is considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds their fair values.

Other long-term assets, net

Other long-term assets, net consist primarily of long-term prepaid expenses.

Revenue recognition

We derive our revenue primarily from retail merchandise sales on our Website. We also earn revenue from advertising on our Website and from other sources. We have organized our operations into two principal reporting segments based on the primary source of revenue: (i) direct revenue and (ii) partner and other revenue. Net revenue from contracts with customers is further disaggregated by Retail and Other net revenue as disclosed in Note 9—Business Segments.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). See Recently adopted accounting standards, below. Under Topic 606, revenue is recognized when control of the product passes to the customer or the service is provided and is recognized in an amount that reflects the expected consideration to be received in exchange for such goods or services. Shipping and handling is considered a fulfillment activity and fees charged to customers are included in net revenue upon completion of our performance obligation. We present revenue net of sales taxes, discounts, and expected refunds. We record an allowance for returns based on current period revenues and historical returns experience. We analyze actual historical returns, current economic trends and changes in order volume and acceptance of our products when evaluating the adequacy of the sales returns allowance in any accounting period.

Generally, we require authorization from credit card or other payment vendors whose services we offer to our customers (such as PayPal), or verification of receipt of payment, before we ship products to consumers or business purchasers. From time to time we grant credit to our business purchasers with normal credit terms (typically 30 days). For sales in our partner business, we generally receive payments from our customers before our payments to our suppliers are due.

We evaluate the criteria outlined in ASC 606-10-55, Principal versus Agent Considerations, in determining whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of merchandise sales and related costs or the net amount earned as commissions. When we are the principal in a transaction and control the specific good or service before it is transferred to the customer, revenue is recorded gross; otherwise, revenue is recorded on a net basis. Currently, the majority of both direct revenue and partner revenue is recorded on a gross basis.

Revenue related to merchandise sales is recognized upon transfer of control to our customers which generally occurs upon delivery of the product to our customers. As such, customer orders are recorded as deferred revenue prior to delivery of products or services ordered. As we ship high volumes of packages through multiple carriers, it is not practical for us to track the actual delivery date of each shipment. Therefore, we use estimates to determine which shipments are delivered and, therefore, recognized as revenue at the end of the period. Our delivery date estimates are based on average shipping transit times, which are calculated using the following factors: (i) the type of shipping carrier (as carriers have different in-transit times); (ii) the fulfillment source (either our warehouses, those warehouses we control, or those of our partners); (iii) the delivery destination; and (iv) actual transit time experience, which shows that delivery date is typically one to eight business days from the date of shipment. We review and update our estimates on a quarterly basis based on our actual transit time experience. However, actual shipping times may differ from our estimates.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we recognized $36.8 million of net revenue included in Deferred revenue at December 31, 2017.

The allowance for returns was $15.5 million and $17.4 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

We evaluate the revenue recognition criteria above for our broker dealer subsidiaries and we recognize revenue based on the gross amount of consideration that we expect to receive on securities transactions (commission revenue) on a trade date basis.

Direct revenue

Direct revenue is derived from merchandise sales of our owned inventory to individual consumers and businesses. Direct revenue comes from merchandise sales that occur primarily through our Website, but may also occur through offline and other channels.

Partner and other revenue

Partner and other revenue is derived primarily from merchandise sales of inventory sourced through our partners which are generally shipped directly to our consumers and businesses. Through contractual terms with our partners, we have the ability to control the promised goods or services and as a result record the majority of our partner revenue on a gross basis. Partner and other revenue comes from merchandise sales that occur primarily through our Website, but may also occur through offline and other channels, including through our broker dealer subsidiaries in our Other segment.

Club O loyalty program

We have a customer loyalty program called Club O Gold for which we sell annual memberships. For Club O Gold memberships, we record membership fees as deferred revenue, and we recognize revenue ratably over the membership period. The Club O Gold loyalty program allows members to earn Club O Reward dollars for qualifying purchases made on our Website. We also have a co-branded credit card program which provides Club O Gold members additional reward dollars for purchases made on our Website, and from other merchants.

Earned Club O Reward dollars may be redeemed on future purchases made through our Website. We recognize revenue for Club O Reward dollars when customers redeem such rewards as part of a purchase on our Website. We account for these transactions as multiple element arrangements and allocate the transaction price to separated performance obligations using their relative fair values. We include the fair value of reward dollars earned in deferred revenue at the time the reward dollars are earned. Club O Reward dollars expire 90 days after the customer's Club O Gold membership expires. We recognize estimated reward dollar breakage, to which we expected to be entitled, over the expected redemption period in proportion to actual redemptions by customers. Upon adoption of Topic 606, Revenue Contracts with Customers, on January 1, 2018, we began classifying the breakage income related to Club O Reward dollars and gift cards as a component of revenue in our consolidated statements of operations rather than as a component of Other expense, net. Breakage included in revenue was $1.3 million and $3.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. We also recognized a cumulative adjustment that reduced Accumulated deficit by approximately $5.0 million upon adoption related to the unredeemed portion of our gift cards and loyalty program rewards.

Our total deferred revenue related to the outstanding Club O Reward dollars was $6.5 million and $8.7 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The timing of revenue recognition of these reward dollars is driven by actual customer activities, such as redemptions and expirations.

Advertising Revenue

Advertising revenues is derived primarily from sponsored links and display advertisements that are placed on our Website, distributed via email, or sent out as direct mailers. Advertising revenue is recognized in net revenue when the advertising services are rendered. Advertising revenues were less than 2% of total net revenues for all periods presented.

Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold includes product costs, warehousing costs, outbound shipping costs, handling and fulfillment costs, customer service costs and credit card fees, and is recorded in the same period in which related revenues have been recorded.

Advertising expense

We expense the costs of producing advertisements the first time the advertising takes place and expense the cost of communicating advertising in the period during which the advertising space or airtime is used. Internet advertising expenses are recognized as incurred based on the terms of the individual agreements, which are generally: 1) a commission for traffic driven to our Website that generates a sale or 2) a referral fee based on the number of clicks on keywords or links to our Website generated during a given period.

Stock-based compensation

We measure compensation expense for all outstanding unvested share-based awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognize compensation expense over the service period for awards at the greater of a straight-line basis or on an accelerated schedule when vesting of the share-based awards exceeds a straight-line basis. When an award is forfeited prior to the vesting date, we recognize an adjustment for the previously recognized expense in the period of the forfeiture. See Note 8—Stock-Based Awards.

Self-funded health insurance

We have a partially self-funded health insurance plan for our employees. We maintain a stop-loss insurance policy through an insurance company that limits our losses both on a per employee basis and an aggregate basis. Although we intend to maintain this plan indefinitely, we may terminate, modify, suspend, or discontinue this plan at any time and for any reason.

We are responsible for estimating our liability for unpaid costs of insured events that have occurred, which includes known cases on a case-by-case basis, and also for events that have occurred, but have not yet been reported. The accrued liability related to the self-funded health insurance plan was $1.4 million and $1.0 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and is included in Accrued liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Actual claims may differ from the amount accrued and any difference could be significant.

Loss contingencies

In the normal course of business, we are involved in legal proceedings and other potential loss contingencies. We accrue a liability for such matters when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of probable loss can be estimated, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. We expense legal fees as incurred (see Note 6—Commitments and Contingencies).

Income taxes

Our income tax provision for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate adjusted for discrete items, if any, for relevant interim periods. We update our estimate of the annual effective tax rate each quarter and make cumulative adjustments if our estimated annual effective tax rate changes.

Our quarterly tax provision and our quarterly estimate of our annual effective tax rate are subject to significant variations due to several factors including variability in predicting our pre-tax and taxable income and the mix of jurisdictions to which those items relate, relative changes in expenses or losses for which tax benefits are not recognized, how we do business, fluctuations in our stock price, and changes in law, regulations, and administrative practices. Our effective tax rate can be volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income. For example, the impact of discrete items on our effective tax rate is greater when pre-tax income is lower.

Each quarter we assess the recoverability of our deferred tax assets under ASC Topic 740. We assess the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether we will generate sufficient future taxable income to use our existing deferred tax assets. We have limited carryback ability and do not have significant taxable temporary differences to recover our existing deferred tax assets, therefore we must rely on future taxable income, including tax planning strategies, to support their realizability. We have established a valuation allowance for our deferred tax assets not supported by carryback ability or taxable temporary differences, primarily due to uncertainty regarding our future taxable income. We have considered, among other things, the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended June 30, 2018 as a significant piece of objective negative evidence. We intend to continue maintaining a valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of these allowances. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable could be adjusted if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight may be given to subjective evidence such as long-term projections for growth. We will continue to monitor the need for a valuation allowance against our remaining deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis.

Tax laws and regulations themselves are subject to change as a result of changes in fiscal policy, changes in legislation, the evolution of regulations, and court rulings. On December 22, 2017, the President signed into law Public Law No. 115-97, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA"), following its passage by the United States Congress. The TCJA made significant changes to U.S. federal income tax laws, mostly effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Among many other changes, the new law lowers the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% for tax years beginning in 2018, transitions U.S international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system, and includes a one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017. Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118") was issued to address the application of US GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the TCJA. In accordance with SAB 118, we calculated our best estimate of the impact of the TCJA in accordance with our understanding of the law and guidance available and as a result recorded $25.3 million as additional income tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2017. The amount related to the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities, based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future, was $25.2 million. Although the tax rate reduction was known, our analysis may also be affected by other analyses related to the TCJA, including, but not limited to, our calculation of the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings and the state tax effect of adjustments made to federal temporary differences, which are uncertain at this time. The provisional amount related to the one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings was $41,000.

As of the date of this filing, our accounting for the TCJA has not been finalized. As noted at year-end, however, we were able to reasonably estimate certain effects and, therefore, recorded adjustments associated with the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities and the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings. We have not made any additional measurement-period adjustments related to these items during the quarter because additional time is needed to complete our analysis of the TCJA, collect and prepare necessary data, and interpret any additional guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"), FASB, and other standard-setting and regulatory bodies. Any subsequent adjustment to these amounts will be recorded to tax expense in the quarter when the analysis is complete. Our accounting for the tax effects of the TCJA will be completed during the measurement period, which should not extend beyond one year from the enactment date.

The TCJA includes a provision to tax global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") of foreign subsidiaries beginning in 2018. Under GAAP, we can make an accounting policy election to either treat taxes due on the GILTI inclusion as a current period expense, or factor such amounts into our measurement of deferred taxes. Due to the complexity of the new GILTI tax rules, we are continuing to evaluate this provision of the TCJA and the application of GAAP and we have not yet elected an accounting policy nor have we recorded any potential deferred tax effects related to GILTI in our financial statements. We have, however, included the estimated 2018 current GILTI impact in our annual effective tax rate for 2018. We expect to complete our accounting within the prescribed measurement period.

The TCJA included a mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings for the year ended December 31, 2017, for which we accrued provisional tax expense. However, we would still need to accrue and pay various other taxes on this amount if repatriated. We are currently analyzing our global working capital and cash requirements and the potential tax liabilities attributable to a repatriation, but we have yet to determine whether we plan to change our prior assertion and repatriate earnings. Accordingly, we have not recorded any deferred taxes attributable to our investments in our foreign subsidiaries. We will record the tax effects of any change in our prior assertion in the period that we complete our analysis and are able to make a reasonable estimate, no later than December 2018.

We are subject to taxation in the United States and several state and foreign jurisdictions. Tax years beginning in 2013 are subject to examination by taxing authorities, although net operating loss and credit carryforwards from all years are subject to examinations and adjustments for at least three years following the year in which the attributes are used. We are under audit by the Ireland Revenue Agency for the calendar year 2016. We expect the audit to continue during 2018.

Net loss per share

In 2016, we issued shares of our Blockchain Voting Series A Preferred Stock and our Voting Series B Preferred Stock (collectively the "preferred shares"). These shares are considered participating securities, and as a result, net loss per share is calculated using the two-class method. Under this method, we give effect to preferred dividends and then allocate remaining net loss attributable to our stockholders to both common shares and participating securities (based on the percentages outstanding) in determining net loss per common share.

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common shares (after allocating between common shares and participating securities) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common shares (after allocating between common shares and participating securities) by the weighted average number of common and potential common shares outstanding during the period (after allocating total dilutive shares between our common shares outstanding and our preferred shares outstanding). Potential common shares, comprising incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, warrants, and restricted stock awards are included in the calculation of diluted net loss per common share to the extent such shares are dilutive. Net loss attributable to common shares is adjusted for options and restricted stock awards issued by our subsidiaries when the effect of our subsidiary’s diluted earnings per share is dilutive.

Recently adopted and issued accounting standards

Recently adopted accounting standards

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2018 with a cumulative adjustment that reduced Accumulated deficit by approximately $5.0 million as opposed to retrospectively adjusting prior periods. The adjustment primarily relates to the unredeemed portion of our gift cards and loyalty program rewards, which we will recognize over the expected redemption period, rather than waiting until the likelihood of redemption becomes remote or the rewards expire. We have also updated revenue disclosures in the notes to our financial statements as required under the new standard.

The implementation did not impact our gross and net recognition for our revenue transactions. In addition, we continue to recognize revenue related to merchandise sales upon delivery to our customers. However, we now present breakage on our Club O Rewards and gift cards in Partner and other revenue in our consolidated statement of operations rather as a component of Other expense, net. Breakage revenue included in revenue was $1.3 million and $3.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which requires equity investments previously recognized under the cost method to be measured at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer. We adopted the changes under the new standard on January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis. The implementation of ASU 2016-01 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which requires amounts generally described as restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown in the statement of cash flows. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2018 retrospectively to each period presented in the statement of cash flows. The implementation of ASU 2016-18 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently issued accounting standards

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which, among other things, requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets related to the rights and obligations created by those leases. The new standard also requires new disclosures to help financial statement users better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The new standard becomes effective for us on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We plan to adopt this ASU beginning on January 1, 2019. The amendments in this update should be applied under a modified retrospective approach. We are evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018- 07, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting; which aligns the measurement and classification guidance for share-based payments to nonemployees with the guidance for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. Under the guidance, the measurement of equity-classified nonemployee awards will be fixed at the grant date. The new standard becomes effective for us on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We plan to adopt this ASU beginning on January 1, 2019. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.