<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ownershipDocument>

    <schemaVersion>X0206</schemaVersion>

    <documentType>3</documentType>

    <periodOfReport>2020-05-27</periodOfReport>

    <noSecuritiesOwned>1</noSecuritiesOwned>

    <issuer>
        <issuerCik>0001130598</issuerCik>
        <issuerName>Onconova Therapeutics, Inc.</issuerName>
        <issuerTradingSymbol>ONTX</issuerTradingSymbol>
    </issuer>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0001813552</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>Shoemaker Mary Teresa</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>C/O ONCONOVA THERAPEUTICS, INC</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2>375 PHEASANT RUN</rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>NEWTOWN</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>PA</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>18940</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isDirector>1</isDirector>
            <isOfficer>0</isOfficer>
            <isTenPercentOwner>0</isTenPercentOwner>
            <isOther>0</isOther>
            <officerTitle></officerTitle>
            <otherText></otherText>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <nonDerivativeTable></nonDerivativeTable>

    <derivativeTable></derivativeTable>

    <footnotes></footnotes>

    <remarks>Exhibit 24 attached</remarks>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>/s/ Mark Guerin as attorney-in-fact</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2020-06-08</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>
</ownershipDocument>
