On March 5, 2014, our Board of Directors approved and adopted the 2014 Omnibus Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (“Omnibus Plan”). The Omnibus Plan was approved by our shareholders on May 21, 2014. The Omnibus Plan authorizes the compensation committee of the Board of Directors to provide equity-based compensation in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units, dividend equivalents and other awards for the purpose of providing our officers, key employees, and non-employee directors’ incentives and rewards for performance. The Omnibus Plan replaced the Flowers Foods’ 2001 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan, as amended and restated as of April 1, 2009 (“EPIP”), the Stock Appreciation Rights Plan, and the Annual Executive Bonus Plan. All outstanding equity awards that were made under the EPIP will continue to be governed by the EPIP; however, all equity awards granted after May 21, 2014 are governed by the Omnibus Plan. No additional awards will be issued under the EPIP. Awards granted under the Omnibus Plan are limited to the authorized amount of 8,000,000 shares.

The EPIP authorized the compensation committee of the Board of Directors to make awards of options to purchase our common stock, restricted stock, performance stock and units and deferred stock. The company’s officers, key employees and non-employee directors (whose grants are generally approved by the full Board of Directors) were eligible to receive awards under the EPIP. Over the life of the EPIP, the company issued options, restricted stock and deferred stock.

The following is a summary of stock options, restricted stock, and deferred stock outstanding under the plans described above. Information relating to the company’s stock appreciation rights, which were issued under a separate stock appreciation right plan, is also described below. There were no share-based payment grants to employees during fiscal 2018.

The company issued non-qualified stock options (“NQSOs”) during fiscal years 2011 and prior that have all been fully exercised.

The stock option activity for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016 pursuant to the EPIP is set forth below (amounts in thousands, except price data):

	Fiscal 2018					Fiscal 2017					Fiscal 2016
	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year		73		$	10.87		1,846		$	10.89		4,353		$	10.97
Exercised		(73	)	$	10.87		(1,773	)	$	10.89		(2,507	)	$	11.02
Outstanding at end of year		—		$	—		73		$	10.87		1,846		$	10.89
Exercisable at end of year		—					73					1,846

The cash received, the windfall tax benefits, and intrinsic value from stock option exercises for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016 are set forth below (amounts in thousands):

	Fiscal 2018		Fiscal 2017		Fiscal 2016
Cash received from option exercises	$	791	$	19,313	$	27,631
Cash tax windfall benefit, net	$	111	$	4,186	$	3,746
Intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	609	$	14,994	$	15,778

Since 2012, certain key employees have been granted performance-contingent restricted stock under the EPIP and the Omnibus Plan in the form of TSR Shares. The awards generally vest approximately two years from the date of grant (after the filing of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K), and the shares become non-forfeitable if, and to the extent that, on that date the vesting conditions are satisfied. As a result of the delay (July as opposed to January) in the grant of the 2012 awards, the 2012 awards vested during the first quarter of 2014, 18 months from the grant date. Awards granted subsequent to the 2012 award (granted during the first quarters of their respective years) vest two years from the date of grant. The total shareholder return (“TSR”) is the percent change in the company’s stock price over the measurement period plus the dividends paid to shareholders. The performance payout is calculated at the end of each of the last four quarters (averaged) in the measurement period. Once the TSR is determined for the company (“Company TSR”), it is compared to the TSR of our food company peers (“Peer Group TSR”). The Company TSR compared to the Peer Group TSR will determine the payout as set forth below (the “TSR Modifier”):

For performance between the levels described above, the degree of vesting is interpolated on a linear basis. The table below presents the payout percentage for each of the TSR awards:

The TSR shares vest immediately if the grantee dies or becomes disabled. However, if the grantee retires at age 65 (or age 55 with at least 10 years of service with the company) or later, on the normal vesting date the grantee will receive a pro-rated number of shares based upon the retirement date and measured at the actual performance for the entire performance period. In addition, if the company undergoes a change in control, the TSR shares will immediately vest at the target level, provided that if 12 months of the performance period have been completed, vesting will be determined based on Company TSR as of the date of the change in control without application of four-quarter averaging. During the vesting period, the grantee has none of the rights of a shareholder. Dividends declared during the vesting period will accrue and will be paid at vesting on the shares that ultimately vest. The fair value estimate was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which utilizes multiple input variables to estimate the probability of the company achieving the market condition discussed above. Inputs into the model included the following for the company and comparator companies: (i) TSR from the beginning of the performance cycle through the measurement date; (ii) volatility; (iii) risk-free interest rates; and (iv) the correlation of the comparator companies’ TSR. The inputs are based on historical capital market data.

The following performance-contingent TSR Shares have been granted under the Omnibus Plan and have service period remaining (amounts in thousands, except price data):

As of December 29, 2018, there was $0.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested TSR Shares granted under the Omnibus Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.17 years. There were no TSR Shares granted by our Board of Directors in fiscal 2018.

Since 2012, certain key employees have been granted performance-contingent restricted stock under the EPIP and the Omnibus Plan in the form of ROIC Shares. The awards generally vest approximately two years from the date of grant (after the filing of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K), and the shares become non-forfeitable if, and to the extent that, on that date, the vesting conditions are satisfied. As a result of the delay (July as opposed to January) in the grant of the 2012 awards, the 2012 awards vested during the first quarter of 2014, 18 months from the grant date. Awards granted subsequent to the 2012 award (granted during the first quarters of their respective years) vest two years from the date of grant. Return on Invested Capital is calculated by dividing our profit, as defined, by the invested capital (“ROIC”). Generally, the performance condition requires the company’s average ROIC to exceed its average weighted cost of capital (“WACC”) by between 1.75 to 4.75 percentage points (the “ROI Target”) over the two fiscal year performance period. If the lowest ROI Target is not met, the awards are forfeited. The shares can be earned based on a range from 0% to 125% of target as defined below (the “ROIC Modifier”):

For performance between the levels described above, the degree of vesting is interpolated on a linear basis. The table below presents the payout percentage for each of the ROIC awards:

The ROIC Shares vest immediately if the grantee dies or becomes disabled. However, if the grantee retires at age 65 (or age 55 with at least 10 years of service with the company) or later, on the normal vesting date the grantee will receive a pro-rated number of shares based upon the retirement date and actual performance for the entire performance period. In addition, if the company undergoes a change in control, the ROIC Shares will immediately vest at the target level. During the vesting period, the grantee has none of the rights of a shareholder. Dividends declared during the vesting period will accrue and will be paid at vesting on the shares that ultimately vest. The fair value of this type of award is equal to the stock price on the grant date. Since these awards have a performance condition feature the expense associated with these awards may change depending on the expected ROI Target attained at each reporting period. The expected ROI Target for expense calculations at December 29, 2018 was 80% for the 2017 award. The following performance-contingent ROIC Shares have been granted under the Omnibus Plan and have service period remaining (amounts in thousands, except price data):

As of December 29, 2018, there was $0.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested ROIC Shares granted under the EPIP. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.17 years. There were no ROIC Shares granted by our Board of Directors in fiscal 2018.

The table below presents the TSR Modifier share adjustment, ROIC Modifier share adjustment, accumulated dividends on vested shares, and the tax windfall/shortfall at vesting of the performance-contingent restricted stock awards (amounts in thousands except for share data):

Award granted	Fiscal year vested	TSR Modifier increase/(decrease) shares			ROIC Modifier increase/(decrease) shares			Dividends at vesting (thousands)		Tax windfall/(shortfall)			Fair value at vesting
2016	2018		(333,112	)		(114,190	)	$	405	$	(2,130	)	$	6,504
2015	2017		(378,219	)		(49,272	)	$	392	$	(3,103	)	$	6,316
2014	2015		(248,872	)		(13,637	)	$	441	$	(3,090	)	$	7,173

A summary of the status of all of the company’s nonvested shares for performance-contingent restricted stock (including the TSR Shares and the ROIC Shares) for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 is set forth below (amounts in thousands, except price data):

	Fiscal 2018					Fiscal 2017					Fiscal 2016
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Fair Value
Balance at beginning of year		1,575		$	22.20		1,543		$	21.53		1,349		$	21.26
Initial grant		—		$	—		855		$	21.61		801		$	22.83
Vested		(314	)	$	21.89		(329	)	$	19.14		(312	)	$	22.02
Grant reduction for not achieving the ROIC modifier		(114	)	$	21.49		(49	)	$	19.14		(249	)	$	23.97
Grant reduction for not achieving the TSR modifier		(333	)	$	24.17		(378	)	$	21.21		(14	)	$	21.47
Forfeitures		(35	)	$	22.83		(67	)	$	21.08		(32	)	$	23.60
Balance at end of year		779		$	21.64		1,575		$	22.20		1,543		$	21.53

As of December 29, 2018, there was $1.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock granted under the EPIP. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.17 years.

Non-employee directors may convert their annual board retainers into deferred stock equal in value to 100% of the cash payments directors would otherwise receive and the vesting period is a one-year period to match the period of time that cash would have been received if no conversion existed. Accumulated dividends are paid upon delivery of the shares. Non-employee directors received aggregate grants of 12,950 common shares for board retainer deferrals during fiscal 2018.

Non-employee directors also receive annual grants of deferred stock. This deferred stock vests over one year from the grant date. During fiscal 2018, non-employee directors were granted an aggregate of 65,000 shares of deferred stock pursuant to the Omnibus Plan. The deferred stock will be distributed to the grantee at a time designated by the grantee at the date of grant.

Compensation expense is recorded on deferred stock over the vesting period. During fiscal 2018, a total of 98,920 previously deferred shares were issued after the deferral period.

On May 31, 2013, the company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) received a time-based restricted stock award of approximately $1.3 million of restricted stock pursuant to the EPIP. This award vested at 100% on the fourth anniversary of the date of grant. Dividends accrued on the award and were paid to the CEO on the vesting date. There were 58,500 shares issued for this award at a fair value of $22.25 per share. This award vested at a price of $18.48 and the shares were issued in our second quarter of fiscal 2017.

The deferred and restricted stock activity for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016 is set forth below (amounts in thousands, except price data):

	Fiscal 2018					Fiscal 2017					Fiscal 2016
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Fair Value		Number of Shares			Weighted Average Fair Value
Nonvested shares at beginning of year		87		$	18.70		149		$	20.39		126		$	21.89
Granted		78		$	19.90		87		$	18.70		95		$	19.30
Vested		(99	)	$	18.70		(149	)	$	20.39		(72	)	$	21.59
Nonvested shares at end of year		66		$	19.93		87		$	18.70		149		$	20.39
Vested and deferred shares at end of year		198					192					331

As of December 29, 2018, there was $0.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to deferred and restricted stock awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.41 years. The intrinsic value of deferred stock awards that vested during fiscal 2018 was $2.0 million. There was an immaterial tax windfall on the exercise of deferred share awards during fiscal 2018.

Prior to 2007, the company allowed non-employee directors to convert their retainers and committee chair fees into rights. These rights vested after one year and were exercisable over nine years. The company recorded compensation expense for these rights at a measurement date based on changes between the grant price and an estimated fair value of the rights using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. There are no remaining liabilities for these awards since the last award was exercised in fiscal 2016.

The following table summarizes the company’s stock-based compensation expense, all of which was recognized in selling, distribution, and administration expense, for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 (amounts in thousands):

	Fiscal 2018		Fiscal 2017		Fiscal 2016
Performance-contingent restricted stock awards	$	6,504	$	14,326	$	16,611
Deferred stock awards		1,644		1,767		2,161
Stock appreciation rights income		—		—		(11	)
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	8,148	$	16,093	$	18,761