	Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2018
US	$	17,824	$	10,316	$	17,218
Foreign		862		403		(714	)
Total	$	18,686	$	10,719	$	16,504

The components of the provision for (benefit from) income taxes were as follows (in thousands):

	Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2018
Current:
Federal	$	—		$	—		$	(2	)
State		(3,110	)		193			479
Foreign		218			255			210
Total current (benefit from) provision for income taxes		(2,892	)		448			687
Deferred:
Federal		2,504			(45,201	)		(113	)
State		972			(7,008	)		—
Foreign		—			—			—
Total deferred provision for (benefit from) income taxes		3,476			(52,209	)		(113	)
Total provision for (benefit from) income taxes	$	584		$	(51,761	)	$	574

The reconciliation between the statutory federal income tax and the Company’s effective tax rates as a percentage of income before income taxes was as follows:

	Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2018
Federal tax rate		21.0	%		21.0	%		27.6	%
States taxes, net of federal benefit		(11.4	)%		(69.3	)%		(1.4	)%
Foreign rate differential		2.1	%		0.3	%		0.3	%
Stock-based compensation expense		(8.7	)%		(48.9	)%		(20.8	)%
Change in valuation allowance		(2.4	)%		(397.8	)%		(151.3	)%
Research and development credits		(4.1	)%		(8.5	)%		(4.8	)%
Federal tax rate change impact		—			—			146.3	%
Disqualified compensation expense		5.3	%		16.5	%		5.7	%
Uncertain tax position		1.8	%		2.8	%		1.4	%
Business divestitures		(1.3	)%		—			—
Other		0.8	%		1.0	%		0.5	%
Effective income tax rate		3.1	%		(482.9	)%		3.5	%

The benefit from state taxes, net of federal benefit, of 11.4% related to an expected tax refund of $3.1 million to be received from the California Franchise Tax Board, based on a settlement reached in the third quarter of fiscal year 2020.

The components of the long-term deferred tax assets and liabilities, net were as follows (in thousands):

	June 30,
	2020			2019
Noncurrent deferred tax assets:
Reserves and accruals	$	3,973		$	3,695
Stock-based compensation expense		3,441			3,319
Intangible assets		8,620			18,085
Net operating loss		30,953			27,818
Fixed assets		59			47
Tax credits		8,852			7,474
Operating lease right-of-use assets		884			—
Other		237			57
Total noncurrent deferred tax assets		57,019			60,495
Valuation allowance - long-term		(7,523	)		(8,346	)
Noncurrent deferred tax assets, net		49,496			52,149

Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities		(823	)		—
Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities		(823	)		—

Total deferred tax assets, net	$	48,673		$	52,149

The Company recorded a valuation allowance against the majority of the Company’s deferred tax assets at the end of fiscal year 2014. In the second quarter of fiscal year 2019, due to the preponderance of positive evidence, including the Company’s cumulative profit before taxes and future forecasts of continued profitability in the United States, the Company determined that sufficient positive evidence existed to conclude that substantially all of its valuation allowance was no longer needed. Accordingly, the Company released the valuation allowance for the majority of its federal and state deferred tax assets. The Company continues to maintain a valuation allowance related to its deferred tax assets for its foreign entity and California research and development tax credits. If there are unfavorable changes to actual operating results or to projections of future income, the Company may determine that it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets may not be realizable.

As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company had a federal operating loss carryforward of approximately $120.8 million and $102.0 million. As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s state operating loss carryforward was approximately $72.6 million and $64.0 million. With the exception of $35.2 million of federal net operating losses which can be carried forward indefinitely, the federal and state net operating losses, if not used, will begin to expire on June 30, 2035 and June 30, 2037. The operating loss

carryforward in the India jurisdiction was approximately $5.5 million which will begin to expire on June 30, 2021. The Company has federal and California research and development tax credit carry-forwards of approximately $5.1 million and $8.3 million to offset future taxable income. The federal research and development tax credits, if not used, will begin to expire on June 30, 2034, while the state tax credit carry-forwards do not have an expiration date and may be carried forward indefinitely.

On June 29, 2020, Governor Newsom signed into law Assembly Bill 85 (“AB 85”). Key provisions of this assembly bill include the suspension of net operating loss (“NOL”) utilization for corporations with at least $1.0 million of net business income or modified adjusted gross income subject to the tax imposed under the California Revenue & Taxation Code. Suspended NOL will receive an extended carryover period for the amount that was disallowed. The AB 85 NOL suspension is effective for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2020, and before January 1, 2023. AB 85 also imposes a credit utilization limit of $5.0 million. This credit limit shall apply to the “total of all business credits otherwise allowable” including carryovers. Corporations filing combined returns are limited to $5.0 million for all taxpayers included in the combined report. There is no impact expected related to the passage of AB 85 on the Company as it is currently and has historically been generating net operating losses for tax.

Utilization of the operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of operating loss carryforwards and credits before utilization.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits was as follows (in thousands):

	Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2018
Balance at the beginning of the year	$	3,727		$	3,256		$	2,838
Gross increases - current period tax positions		406			467			429
Gross increases - prior period tax positions		106			10			70
Gross decreases - prior period tax positions		—			—			—
Reductions as a result of lapsed statute of limitations		(3	)		(6	)		(81	)
Balance at the end of the year	$	4,236		$	3,727		$	3,256

The Company’s policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the Company’s (provision for) benefit from income taxes. As of June 30, 2020, the Company has accrued $1.3 million for interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits. The balance of interest and penalties is recorded as a noncurrent liability in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

As of June 30, 2020, unrecognized tax benefits of $2.3 million, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company does not anticipate that the amount of existing unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months.

The Company files income tax returns in the United States, various U.S. states and certain foreign jurisdictions and is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S., income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2013. As of June 30, 2020, the tax years 2014 through 2018 remain open in the U.S., the tax years 2013 through 2018 remain open in the various state jurisdictions, and the tax years 2015 through 2018 remain open in various foreign jurisdictions. The Company believes that adequate amounts have been reserved for any adjustments that may ultimately result from our open examinations.

On March 27, 2020, the “Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act” was signed into law. The Act includes income tax provisions relating to net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. These provisions are not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.