12 Arthur Street,
London EC4R 9AQ, England
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

David Martin
Head of Financial Accounting
Prudential plc
12 Arthur Street,
London EC4R 9AQ, England
+44 20 7548 3640
david.martin@prudential.co.uk
(Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

The number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of 31 December 2011 was:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web sites, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of "accelerated filer and large accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board X Other

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

The following table sets forth the selected consolidated financial data for Prudential plc (the Company) together with its subsidiaries (collectively the Group or Prudential) for the periods indicated. Certain data is derived from Prudential's audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ('IFRS') as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ('IASB') and as endorsed by the European Union ('EU'). EU-endorsed IFRS may differ from IFRS as issued by the IASB if, at any point in time, new or amended IFRSs have not been endorsed by the EU. As at 31 December 2011, there were no unendorsed standards effective for the years presented below affecting the consolidated financial information of Prudential and there were no differences between IFRSs endorsed by the EU and IFRSs issued by the IASB in terms of their application to Prudential. Accordingly, the selected consolidated financial data presented below that is derived from Prudential's audited consolidated financial statements is derived from audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. This table is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with Prudential's consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this document, together with Item 5, 'Operating and Financial Review and Prospects'.

The following table presents the income statement, statement of financial position and other data for and as at the years ended 31 December 2007 to 2011, as presented in accordance with IFRS, and has been derived from Prudential's consolidated financial statements, audited by KPMG Audit Plc:

Year Ended 31 December	2011			2011			2010			2009			2008			2007


	$m(1)			£m(1)			£m			£m			£m			£m
Gross premium earned		39,939			25,706			24,568			20,299			18,993			18,359
Outward reinsurance premiums		(667	)		(429	)		(357	)		(323	)		(204	)		(171	)

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance		39,272			25,277			24,211			19,976			18,789			18,188
Investment return		14,543			9,360			21,769			26,889			(30,202	)		12,225
Other income		2,904			1,869			1,666			1,234			1,146			2,457

Total revenue, net of reinsurance		56,719			36,506			47,646			48,099			(10,267	)		32,870

Benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance		(45,506	)		(29,289	)		(40,518	)		(41,195	)		10,824			(26,785	)
Acquisition costs and other expenditure		(7,776	)		(5,005	)		(4,799	)		(4,572	)		(2,459	)		(4,859	)
Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		(444	)		(286	)		(257	)		(209	)		(172	)		(168	)
Loss on sale of Taiwan agency business		—			—			—			(559	)		—			—

Total charges, net of reinsurance		(53,726	)		(34,580	)		(45,574	)		(46,535	)		8,193			(31,812	)

Profit (loss) before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)(2)		2,993			1,926			2,072			1,564			(2,074	)		1,058
Tax credit (charge) attributable to policyholders' returns		26			17			(611	)		(818	)		1,624			5

Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders		3,019			1,943			1,461			746			(450	)		1,063
Tax (charge) credit attributable to shareholders' returns		(698	)		(449	)		(25	)		(55	)		59			(354	)

Profit (loss) from continuing operations after tax		2,321			1,494			1,436			691			(391	)		709
Discontinued operations (net of tax)		—			—			—			(14	)		—			241

Profit (loss) for the year		2,321			1,494			1,436			677			(391	)		950

As of and for the Year Ended 31 December	2011		2011


	(In $m, Except Share Information)(1)		(In £m, Except Share Information)(1)
Statement of financial position data
Total assets		425,061		273,580	260,806	227,754	215,542		219,382
Total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		367,124		236,290	224,980	196,417	182,391		190,317
Core structural borrowings of shareholder—financed operations		5,610		3,611	3,676	3,394	2,958		2,492
Total liabilities		410,829		264,420	252,731	221,451	210,429		213,218
Total equity		14,232		9,160	8,075	6,303	5,113		6,164

Other data
Based on profit (loss) for the year attributable to the equity holders of the Company:
Basic earnings per share (in pence)		91.4¢		58.8p	56.7p	27.0p	(16.0	)p	38.7p
Diluted earnings per share (in pence)		91.2¢		58.7p	56.6p	27.0p	(16.0	)p	38.6p
Dividend per share declared and paid in reporting period (in pence)(5)		39.14¢		25.19p	20.17p	19.20p	18.29p		17.42p
Equivalent cents per share(6)				40.39¢	30.15¢	30.62¢	35.36¢		34.7¢
Market price per share at end of period(8)		992.04¢		638.50p	668p	640p	416.5p		712p
Weighted average number of shares (in millions)				2,533	2,524	2,501	2,472		2,445

Under UK company law, Prudential may pay dividends only if 'distributable profits' of the holding company are available for that purpose. 'Distributable profits' are accumulated, realised profits not previously distributed or capitalised less accumulated, realised losses not previously written off, on the applicable GAAP basis. Even if distributable profits are available, under UK law Prudential may pay dividends only if the amount of its net assets is not less than the aggregate of its called-up share capital and undistributable reserves (such as, for example, the share premium account) and the payment of the dividend does not reduce the amount of its net assets to less than that aggregate. For further information about the holding company refer to Schedule II. The financial information in Schedule II has been prepared under UK GAAP reflecting the legal basis of preparation of the Company's separate financial statements as distinct from the IFRS basis that applies to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

As a holding company, Prudential is dependent upon dividends and interest from its subsidiaries to pay cash dividends. Many of its insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the amount of dividends that they can pay to Prudential. These restrictions are discussed in more detail in Item 4, 'Information on the Company—Supervision and Regulation of Prudential—UK Supervision and Regulation—Regulation of Insurance Business—Distribution of Profits and With-profits Business' and Item 4, '—Information on the Company—Supervision and Regulation of Prudential—US Supervision and Regulation—General'.

Historically, Prudential has declared an interim and a final dividend for each year (with the final dividend being paid in the year following the year to which it relates). Subject to the restrictions referred to above, Prudential's directors have the discretion to determine whether to pay a dividend and the amount of any such dividend but must take into account the Company's financial position.

The following table shows certain information regarding the dividends per share that Prudential declared for the periods indicated in pence sterling and converted into US dollars at the noon buying rate in effect on each payment date. Interim dividends for a specific year now generally have a record date in August and a payment date in September of that year, and final dividends now generally have a record date in the following March/April and a payment date in the following May.

The final dividend for 2011 is 17.24 pence per share, subject to the shareholders' approval at the Annual General Meeting to be held on 17 May 2012. The interim dividend for 2011 was 7.95 pence per share. The total dividend for the year, including the interim dividend and the final dividend, amounts to 25.19 pence per share compared with 23.85 pence per share for 2010.

The Board will maintain its focus on delivering a growing dividend, which will continue to be determined after taking into account the Group's financial flexibility and its assessment of opportunities to generate attractive returns by investing in specific areas of the business. The Board believes that in the medium term a dividend cover of around two times is appropriate.

Prudential publishes its consolidated financial statements in pounds sterling. References in this document to 'US dollars', 'US$', '$' or '¢' are to US currency, references to 'pounds sterling', '£', 'pounds', 'pence' or 'p' are to UK currency (there are 100 pence to each pound) and references to 'euro' or '€' are to the single currency adopted by the participating members of the European Union. The following table sets forth for each year the average of the noon buying rates on the last business day of each month of that year, as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, for pounds sterling expressed in US dollars per pound sterling for each of the five most recent fiscal years. Prudential has not used these rates to prepare its consolidated financial statements.

The following table sets forth the high and low noon buying rates for pounds sterling expressed in US dollars per pound sterling for each of the previous six months:

On 23 March 2012, the latest practicable date prior to this filing, the noon buying rate was £1.00 = $1.59.

A number of factors (risk factors) affect Prudential's operating results and financial condition and, accordingly, the trading price of its shares. The risk factors mentioned below should not be regarded as a complete and comprehensive statement of all potential risks and uncertainties. The information given is as of the date of this document, is not updated, and any forward looking statements are made subject to the reservations specified below under 'Forward Looking Statements'.

Prudential's businesses are inherently subject to market fluctuations and general economic conditions

Prudential's businesses are inherently subject to market fluctuations and general economic conditions. Uncertainty or negative trends in international economic and investment climates could adversely affect Prudential's business and profitability. Since 2008 Prudential has had to operate against a challenging background of periods of unprecedented volatility in global capital and equity markets, interest rates and liquidity, and widespread economic uncertainty. Government interest rates have also fallen to historic lows in the US and UK. These factors have, at times during this period, had a material adverse effect on Prudential's business and profitability.

In the future, the adverse effects of such factors would be felt principally through the following items:

Global financial markets have experienced, and continue to experience, significant volatility brought on, in particular, by concerns over European and US sovereign debt, as well as concerns about a general slowing of global demand reflecting an increasing lack of confidence among consumers, companies and governments. Upheavals in the financial markets may affect general levels of economic activity, employment and customer behaviour. For example, insurers may experience an elevated incidence of claims, lapses, or surrenders of policies, and some policyholders may choose to defer or stop paying insurance premiums. The demand for insurance products may also be adversely affected. If sustained, this environment is likely to have a negative impact on the insurance sector over time and may consequently have a negative impact on Prudential's business and profitability. New challenges related to market fluctuations and general economic conditions may continue to emerge.

For some non-unit-linked investment products, in particular those written in some of the Group's Asian operations, it may not be possible to hold assets which will provide cash flows to match exactly

those relating to policyholder liabilities. This is particularly true in those countries where bond markets are not developed and in certain markets where regulated surrender values are set with reference to the interest rate environment prevailing at the time of policy issue. This results in a mismatch due to the duration and uncertainty of the liability cash flows and the lack of sufficient assets of a suitable duration. While this residual asset/liability mismatch risk can be managed, it cannot be eliminated. Where interest rates in these markets remain lower than interest rates used to calculate surrender values over a sustained period, this could have an adverse impact on Prudential's reported profit.

In the US, fluctuations in prevailing interest rates can affect results from Jackson which has a significant spread-based business, with the majority of its assets invested in fixed income securities. In particular, fixed annuities and stable value products written by Jackson expose Prudential to the risk that changes in interest rates, which are not fully reflected in the interest rates credited to customers, will reduce spread. The spread is the difference between the rate of return Jackson is able to earn on the assets backing the policyholders' liabilities and the amounts that are credited to policyholders in the form of benefit increases, subject to minimum crediting rates.

Declines in spread from these products or other spread businesses that Jackson conducts could have a material impact on its businesses or results of operations. Jackson also writes a significant amount of variable annuities that offer capital or income protection guarantees. There could be market circumstances where the derivatives that it enters into to hedge its market risks may not fully offset its losses, and any cost of the guarantees that remain unhedged will also affect Prudential's results.

A significant part of the profit from Prudential's UK insurance operations is related to bonuses for policyholders declared on with-profits products, which are broadly based on historical and current rates of return on equity, real estate and fixed income securities, as well as Prudential's expectations of future investment returns.

Prudential is subject to the risk of potential sovereign debt credit deterioration owing to the amounts of sovereign debt obligations held in its investment portfolio

Prudential is subject to the risk of potential sovereign debt credit deterioration and default. During 2011 and 2012, this risk has heightened, particularly in relation to European and US sovereign debt. Investing in such instruments creates exposure to the direct or indirect consequences of political, social or economic changes (including changes in governments, heads of states or monarchs) in the countries in which the issuers are located and the creditworthiness of the sovereign. Investment in sovereign debt obligations involves risks not present in debt obligations of corporate issuers. In addition, the issuer of the debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or pay interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt, and Prudential may have limited recourse to compel payment in the event of a default. A sovereign debtor's willingness or ability to repay principal and to pay interest in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, its relations with its central bank, the extent of its foreign currency reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the sovereign debtor's policy toward local and international lenders, and the political constraints to which the sovereign debtor may be subject. Periods of economic uncertainty may affect the volatility of market prices of sovereign debt to a greater extent than the volatility inherent in debt obligations of other types of issues. If a sovereign were to default on its obligations, this could have a material adverse effect on Prudential's financial condition and results of operations.

Prudential is subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations owing to the geographical diversity of its businesses

Due to their geographical diversity, Prudential's businesses are subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. Prudential's operations in the US and Asia, which represent a significant proportion of operating profit and shareholders' funds, generally write policies and invest in assets denominated in local currency. Although this practice limits the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on local operating results, it can lead to significant fluctuations in Prudential's consolidated financial statements upon translation of results into pounds sterling. The currency exposure relating to the translation of reported earnings is not currently separately managed. The impact of gains or losses on currency translations is recorded as a component of shareholders' funds within other comprehensive income. Consequently, this could impact on Prudential's gearing ratios (defined as debt over debt plus shareholders' funds).

Prudential conducts its businesses subject to regulation and associated regulatory risks, including the effects of changes in the laws, regulations, policies and interpretations and any accounting standards in the markets in which it operates

Changes in government policy, legislation (including tax) or regulatory interpretation applying to companies in the financial services and insurance industries in any of the markets in which Prudential operates, which in some circumstances may be applied retrospectively, may adversely affect Prudential's product range, distribution channels, capital requirements and, consequently, reported results and financing requirements. Also, regulators in jurisdictions in which Prudential operates may change the level of capital required to be held by individual businesses or could introduce possible changes in the regulatory framework for pension arrangements and policies, the regulation of selling practices and solvency requirements. Furthermore, as a result of the recent interventions by governments in response to global economic conditions, it is widely expected that there will be a substantial increase in government regulation and supervision of the financial services industry, including the possibility of higher capital requirements, restrictions on certain types of transaction structure and enhanced supervisory powers.

On 7 March 2012, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) published a Policy Statement (PS 12/4) with further changes to rules and guidance in a number of areas concerning the operation of with-profits funds, including principally conflicts of interest with the potential to prejudice with-profits policyholders; the fair treatment of with-profits policyholders in mutually-owned funds; the terms on which new business may be written by with-profits insurers; communications and planning surrounding material reductions in new business; the application of market value reductions; the use of with-profits funds to make strategic investments; the removal of the ability of firms to reattribute excess surplus; rules surrounding reattribution of inherited estates; and changes to the rules surrounding corporate governance. The changes to rules and guidance contained in PS 12/4 give rise to uncertainties as to how such rules and guidance will be applied. Accordingly, Prudential is seeking clarification of the application of PS12/4 to its with-profits business in the UK.

Current EU directives, including the EU Insurance Groups Directive ('IGD') require European financial services groups to demonstrate net aggregate surplus capital in excess of solvency requirements at the group level in respect of shareholder-owned entities. The test is a continuous requirement, so that Prudential needs to maintain a somewhat higher amount of regulatory capital at the group level than otherwise necessary in respect of some of its individual businesses to accommodate, for example, short-term movements in global foreign exchange rates, interest rates, deterioration in credit quality and equity markets. The EU is also developing a new solvency framework for insurance companies, referred to as 'Solvency II'. The new approach will be based on the concept of three pillars—minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of firms' assessment of risk, and enhanced disclosure requirements—and will cover valuations, the treatment of insurance groups, the definition of capital and the overall level of capital requirements. A key aspect of Solvency II is that the assessment of risks and capital

requirements will be aligned more closely with economic capital methodologies, and may allow Prudential to make use of its internal economic capital models, if approved by the FSA or other relevant supervisory authority. The Solvency II Directive was formally approved by the Economic and Financial Affairs Council in November 2009. The European Parliament is currently discussing the Omnibus II Directive which, once approved, will amend the Solvency II Directive. In addition, the European Commission is continuing to develop the detailed rules that will complement the high-level principles of the Directive, referred to as 'implementing measures'. The Omnibus II Directive is expected to be finalised during 2012 with the implementing measures expected to be finalised later in 2012. There is significant uncertainty regarding the final outcome of this process. As a result there is a risk that the effect of the measures finally adopted could be adverse for Prudential, including potentially a significant increase in capital required to support its business and that Prudential may be placed at a competitive disadvantage to other European and non-European financial services groups.

Various jurisdictions in which Prudential operates have created investor compensation schemes that require mandatory contributions from market participants in some instances in the event of a failure of a market participant. As a major participant in the majority of its chosen markets, circumstances could arise where Prudential, along with other companies, may be required to make such contributions.

The Group's accounts are prepared in accordance with current International Financial Reporting Standards ('IFRS') applicable to the insurance industry. The International Accounting Standards Board ('IASB') introduced a framework that it described as Phase I, which permitted insurers to continue to use the statutory basis of accounting for insurance assets and liabilities that existed in their jurisdictions prior to January 2005. In July 2010, the IASB published an Exposure Draft for its Phase II on insurance accounting, which would introduce significant changes to the statutory reporting of insurance entities that prepare accounts according to IFRS. The IASB continues its deliberation on the exposure draft principles but it remains uncertain whether the proposals in the Exposure Draft will become the final IASB standard and when changes might take effect.

Any changes or modification of IFRS accounting policies may require a change in the future results or a restatement of reported results.

European Embedded Value ('EEV') basis results are published as supplementary information by Prudential using principles issued by the European CFO (Chief Financial Officers) Forum. The EEV basis is a value-based reporting method for Prudential's long-term business which is used by market analysts and which underpins a significant part of the key performance indicators used by Prudential's management for both internal and external reporting purposes.

The resolution of several issues affecting the financial services industry could have a negative impact on Prudential's reported results or on its relations with current and potential customers

Prudential is, and in the future may be, subject to legal and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of its business, both in the UK and internationally. These actions could involve a review of business sold in the past under acceptable market practices at the time, such as the requirement in the UK to provide redress to certain past purchasers of pension and mortgage endowment policies, changes to the tax regime affecting products and regulatory reviews on products sold and industry practices, including, in the latter case, businesses it has closed.

Regulators particularly, but not exclusively, in the US and the UK are moving towards a regime based on principles-based regulation which brings an element of uncertainty. These regulators are increasingly interested in the approach that product providers use to select third party distributors and to monitor the appropriateness of sales made by them. In some cases, product providers can be held responsible for the deficiencies of third-party distributors.

In the US, federal and state regulators have focused on, and continue to devote substantial attention to, the mutual fund, fixed index annuity and insurance product industries. This focus includes new regulations in respect of the suitability of sales of certain products. As a result of publicity relating to widespread perceptions of industry abuses, there have been numerous regulatory inquiries and proposals for legislative and regulatory reforms.

In Asia, regulatory regimes are developing at different speeds, driven by a combination of global factors and local considerations. There is a risk that new requirements are introduced that challenge current practices, or are retrospectively applied to sales made prior to their introduction.

Litigation, disputes and regulatory investigations may adversely affect Prudential's profitability and financial condition

Prudential is, and may be in the future, subject to legal actions, disputes and regulatory investigations in the ordinary course of its insurance, investment management and other business operations. These legal actions, disputes and investigations may relate to aspects of Prudential's businesses and operations that are specific to Prudential, or that are common to companies that operate in Prudential's markets. Legal actions and disputes may arise under contracts, regulations (including tax) or from a course of conduct taken by Prudential, and may be class actions. Although Prudential believes that it has adequately provided in all material aspects for the costs of litigation and regulatory matters, no assurance can be provided that such provisions are sufficient. Given the large or indeterminate amounts of damages sometimes sought, and the inherent unpredictability of litigation and disputes, it is possible that an adverse outcome could, from time to time, have an adverse effect on Prudential's results of operations or cash flows.

Prudential's businesses are conducted in highly competitive environments with developing demographic trends and continued profitability depends on management's ability to respond to these pressures and trends

The markets for financial services in the UK, US and Asia are highly competitive, with several factors affecting Prudential's ability to sell its products and continued profitability, including price and yields offered, financial strength and ratings, range of product lines and product quality, brand strength and name recognition, investment management performance, historical bonus levels, developing demographic trends and customer appetite for certain savings products. In some of its markets, Prudential faces competitors that are larger, have greater financial resources or a greater market share, offer a broader range of products or have higher bonus rates or claims-paying ratios. Further, heightened competition for talented and skilled employees and agents with local experience, particularly in Asia, may limit Prudential's potential to grow its business as quickly as planned.

In Asia, the Group's principal regional competitors are international financial companies, including Allianz, AXA, ING, AIA and Manulife. In a number of markets, local companies have a very significant market presence.

Within the UK, Prudential's principal competitors in the life market include many of the major retail financial services companies including, in particular, Aviva, Legal & General, Lloyds Banking Group and Standard Life.

Jackson's competitors in the US include major stock and mutual insurance companies, mutual fund organisations, banks and other financial services companies such as AIG, AXA Financial Inc., Hartford Life Inc., Prudential Financial, Lincoln National, MetLife and TIAA-CREF.

Prudential believes competition will intensify across all regions in response to consumer demand, technological advances, the impact of consolidation, regulatory actions and other factors. Prudential's

ability to generate an appropriate return depends significantly upon its capacity to anticipate and respond appropriately to these competitive pressures.

Downgrades in Prudential's financial strength and credit ratings could significantly impact its competitive position and hurt its relationships with creditors or trading counterparties

Prudential's financial strength and credit ratings, which are used by the market to measure its ability to meet policyholder obligations, are an important factor affecting public confidence in most of Prudential's products, and as a result its competitiveness. Downgrades in Prudential's ratings, as a result of, for example, decreased profitability, increased costs, increased indebtedness or other concerns, could have an adverse effect on its ability to market products; retain current policyholders; and on the Group's financial flexibility. In addition, the interest rates Prudential pays on its borrowings are affected by its debt credit ratings, which are in place to measure the Group's ability to meet its contractual obligations.

Prudential's long-term senior debt is rated as A2 by Moody's, A+ by Standard & Poor's and A by Fitch. These ratings have a stable outlook.

Prudential's short-term debt is rated as P-1 by Moody's, A-1 by Standard & Poor's and F1 by Fitch.

The Prudential Assurance Company Limited's financial strength is rated Aa2 by Moody's, AA by Standard & Poor's and AA by Fitch. These ratings have a stable outlook.

Jackson's financial strength is rated AA by Standard & Poor's and Fitch, A1 by Moody's, and A+ by AM Best. These ratings have a stable outlook.

In addition, changes in methodologies and criteria used by rating agencies could result in downgrades that do not reflect changes in the general economic conditions or Prudential's financial condition.

Adverse experience in the operational risks inherent in Prudential's business could have a negative impact on its results of operations

Operational risks are present in all of Prudential's businesses, including the risk of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal and external processes, systems and human error or from external events. Prudential's business is dependent on processing a large number of complex transactions across numerous and diverse products, and is subject to a number of different legal and regulatory regimes. In addition, Prudential outsources several operations, including a significant part of its UK back office and customer-facing functions as well as a number of IT functions, resulting in reliance upon the operational processing performance of its outsourcing partners.

Further, because of the long-term nature of much of the Group's business, accurate records have to be maintained for significant periods. Prudential's systems and processes incorporate controls which are designed to manage and mitigate the operational risks associated with its activities. For example, any weakness in the administration systems or actuarial reserving processes could have an impact on its results of operations during the effective period. Prudential has not experienced or identified any operational risks in its systems or processes during 2011, which have subsequently caused, or are expected to cause, a significant negative impact on its results of operations.

Adverse experience against the assumptions used in pricing products and reporting business results could significantly affect Prudential's results of operations

Prudential needs to make assumptions about a number of factors in determining the pricing of its products and setting reserves and for reporting its capital levels and the results of its long-term business operations. For example, the assumption that Prudential makes about future expected levels of mortality is particularly relevant for its UK annuity business. In exchange for a premium equal to the capital value

of their accumulated pension fund, pension annuity policyholders receive a guaranteed payment, usually monthly, for as long as they are alive. Prudential conducts rigorous research into longevity risk, using data from its substantial annuitant portfolio. As part of its pension annuity pricing and reserving policy, Prudential's UK business assumes that current rates of mortality continuously improve over time at levels based on adjusted data from the Continuous Mortality Investigations (CMI) as published by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. If mortality improvement rates significantly exceed the improvement assumed, Prudential's results of operations could be adversely affected.

A further example is the assumption that Prudential makes about future expected levels of the rates of early termination of products by its customers (persistency). This is particularly relevant to its lines of business other than its UK annuity business. Prudential's persistency assumptions reflect recent past experience for each relevant line of business. Any expected deterioration in future persistency is also reflected in the assumption. If actual levels of future persistency are significantly lower than assumed (that is, policy termination rates are significantly higher than assumed), the Group's results of operations could be adversely affected.

Another example is the impact of epidemics and other effects that cause a large number of deaths. Significant influenza epidemics have occurred three times in the last century, but the likelihood, timing, or the severity of future epidemics cannot be predicted. The effectiveness of external parties, including governmental and non-governmental organisations, in combating the spread and severity of any epidemics could have a material impact on the Group's loss experience.

In common with other industry participants, the profitability of the Group's businesses depends on a mix of factors including mortality and morbidity trends, policy surrender rates, investment performance and impairments, unit cost of administration and new business acquisition expense.

As a holding company, Prudential is dependent upon its subsidiaries to cover operating expenses and dividend payments

The Group's insurance and investment management operations are generally conducted through direct and indirect subsidiaries.

As a holding company, Prudential's principal sources of funds are remittances from subsidiaries, shareholder-backed funds, the shareholder transfer from long-term funds and any amounts that may be raised through the issuance of equity, debt and commercial paper. Certain of the subsidiaries are restricted by applicable insurance, foreign exchange and tax laws, rules and regulations that can limit the payment of dividends, which in some circumstances could limit the ability to pay dividends to shareholders or to make available funds held in certain subsidiaries to cover operating expenses of other members of the Group.

Prudential operates in a number of markets through joint ventures and other arrangements with third parties (including in China and India), involving certain risks that Prudential does not face with respect to its consolidated subsidiaries

Prudential operates, and in certain markets is required by local regulation to operate, through joint ventures (including in China and India). For the Group's joint venture operations, management control is exercised jointly with the venture participants. The level of control exercisable by the Group depends on the terms of the joint venture agreements, in particular, the allocation of control among, and continued co-operation between, the joint venture participants. Prudential may also face financial or other exposure in the event that any of its joint venture partners fails to meet its obligations under the joint venture or encounters financial difficulty. In addition, a significant proportion of the Group's product distribution is carried out through arrangements with third parties not controlled by Prudential and is dependent upon continuation of these relationships. A temporary or permanent disruption to these distribution arrangements could adversely affect the results of operations of Prudential.

Prudential's Articles of Association contain an exclusive jurisdiction provision

Under Prudential's Articles of Association, certain legal proceedings may only be brought in the courts of England and Wales. This applies to legal proceedings by a shareholder (in its capacity as such) against Prudential and/or its directors and/or its professional service providers. It also applies to legal proceedings between Prudential and its directors and/or Prudential and Prudential's professional service providers that arise in connection with legal proceedings between the shareholder and such professional service provider. This provision could make it difficult for US and other non-UK shareholders to enforce their shareholder rights.

Tax rules, including those relating to the insurance industry, and their interpretation, may change, possibly with retrospective effect, in any of the jurisdictions in which Prudential operates. Significant tax disputes with tax authorities, and any change in the tax status of any member of the Group or in taxation legislation or its scope or interpretation could affect Prudential's financial condition and results of operations.

This document may contain 'forward-looking statements' with respect to certain of Prudential's plans and its goals and expectations relating to its future financial condition, performance, results, strategy and objectives. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about Prudential's beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements. These statements are based on plans, estimates and projections as at the time they are made, and therefore undue reliance should not be placed on them. By their nature, all forward-looking statements involve risk and uncertainty. A number of important factors could cause Prudential's actual future financial condition or performance or other indicated results to differ materially from those indicated in any forward-looking statement. Such factors include, but are not limited to, future market conditions, fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, and the performance of financial markets generally; the policies and actions of regulatory authorities, including, for example, new government initiatives related to the financial crisis and the effect of the European Union's 'Solvency II' requirements on Prudential's capital maintenance requirements; the impact of competition, inflation, and deflation; experience in particular with regard to mortality and morbidity trends, lapse rates and policy renewal rates; the timing, impact and other uncertainties of future acquisitions or combinations within relevant industries; the impact of changes in capital, solvency standards or accounting standards, and tax and other legislation and regulations in the jurisdictions in which Prudential and its affiliates operate; and the impact of legal actions and disputes. These and other important factors may for example result in changes to assumptions used for determining results of operations or re-estimations of reserves for future policy benefits. Further discussion of these and other important factors that could cause Prudential's actual future financial condition or performance or other indicated results to differ, possibly materially, from those anticipated in Prudential's forward-looking statements can be found under the 'Risk Factors' heading of this annual report, as well as under the 'Risk Factors' heading of any subsequent Prudential Half Year Financial Report furnished to the US Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 6-K.

Any forward-looking statements contained in this document speak only as of the date on which they are made. Prudential may also make or disclose written and/or oral forward-looking statements in reports filed with or furnished to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, the UK Financial Services Authority or other regulatory authorities, as well as in its annual report and accounts to shareholders, proxy statements, offering circulars, registration statements, prospectuses and, prospectus supplements, press releases and other written materials and in oral statements made by directors, officers or employees of Prudential to third parties, including financial analysts. All such forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the factors discussed under the 'Risk Factors' heading of

this annual report, as well as under the 'Risk Factors' heading of any subsequent Prudential Half Year Financial Report furnished to the US securities and Exchange Commission on Form 6-K. These factors are not exhaustive as Prudential operates in a continually changing business environment with new risks emerging from time to time that it may be unable to predict or that it currently does not expect to have a material adverse effect on its business. Prudential expressly disclaims any obligation to update the forward-looking statements contained in this document or any other forward-looking statements it may make, whether as a result of future events, new information or otherwise except as required pursuant to the UK Prospectus Rules, the UK Listing Rules, the UK Disclosure and Transparency Rules, the Hong Kong Listing Rules, the SGX-ST listing rules or other applicable laws and regulations.

In addition to IFRS basis results, Prudential's filings with the UK Listing Authority, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, the Singapore Stock Exchange and Group Annual Reports include reporting by Key Performance Indicators ('KPIs'). These include results prepared in accordance with the European Embedded Value ('EEV') Principles and Guidance issued by the Chief Financial Officers' ('CFO') Forum of European Insurance Companies, and New Business measures.

The EEV basis is a value based method of reporting in that it reflects the change in the value of in-force long-term business over the accounting period. This value is called the shareholders' funds on the EEV basis which, at a given point in time, is the value of future cash flows expected to arise from the current book of long-term insurance business plus the net worth (based on statutory solvency capital (or economic capital where higher) and free surplus) of Prudential's life insurance operations. Prudential publishes its EEV results semi-annually in the UK, Hong Kong and Singapore markets.

New Business results are published quarterly and are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profits for shareholders. New business results are categorised as single premiums and annual regular premiums. New business results are also summarised by annual premium equivalents (APE) which are calculated as the aggregate of regular new business amounts and one-tenth of single new business amounts. The amounts are not, and are not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the IFRS income statement. EEV basis new business profits and margins are also published quarterly.

Prudential is an international financial services group, with significant operations in Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom. It has been in existence for over 160 years, serves over 26 million customers and has £351 billion in assets under management (as at 31 December 2011). Prudential is not affiliated with Prudential Financial, Inc. or its subsidiary, The Prudential Insurance Company of America.

Prudential is structured around four main business units: Prudential Corporation Asia, Jackson, Prudential UK insurance operations and M&G. These are supported by central functions which are responsible for Prudential strategy, cash and capital management, leadership development and succession, reputation management and other core group functions.

Prudential Corporation Asia's core business is life insurance, health and protection, either attached to a life policy or on a standalone basis, and mutual funds. It also provides selected personal lines property and casualty insurance, group insurance, institutional fund management and consumer finance (Vietnam only). The product range offered is tailored to suit the individual country markets. Insurance products are distributed mainly through an agency sales force together with selected banks, while the majority of mutual funds are sold through banks and brokers. Joint venture partners are mandatory in some markets: for example, the life insurance operation in China is a 50 per cent equity joint venture with CITIC; in India Prudential has a 26 per cent equity stake in a joint venture with ICICI and in Malaysia its Takaful business is a 70 per cent equity joint venture with Bank Simpanan Nasional. In the fund management business Prudential holds a 49 per cent equity stake in a joint venture with ICICI, in China it has a 49 per cent equity stake in a joint venture with CITIC and in Hong Kong it has a 36 per cent equity stake in a joint venture with Bank of China International.

In the United States, Prudential offers a range of products through Jackson, including fixed annuities (interest annuities, fixed index and immediate annuities), variable annuities, life insurance and institutional products (including guaranteed investment contracts and funding agreements). Jackson distributes these products through independent insurance agents; independent broker-dealers; regional broker-dealers; wirehouses; registered investment advisers; a small captive agency channel, consisting of approximately 100 life insurance agents; and banks, credit unions and other financial institutions.

Jackson also offers fee-based separately managed accounts and investment products through Curian Capital, LLC, which is Jackson's registered investment adviser.

In the United Kingdom, Prudential is structured into Prudential UK insurance operations and M&G and offers a range of retail financial products and services, including long-term insurance and asset accumulation and retirement income products (life insurance, pensions and pension annuities), retail investment and unit trust products, and fund management services. Prudential in the United Kingdom primarily distributes these products through financial advisers, partnership agreements with banks and other financial institutions, and direct marketing, by telephone, mail, internet and face-to-face advisers.

As at 31 December 2011, Prudential UK insurance operations in the United Kingdom:

As at 31 December 2011, M&G which is the UK and European fund manager of the Group:

The heart of Prudential's strategy remains Asia, where its positive momentum has been maintained in 2011. Asia is generating both growth and cash and Prudential's focus on the fast-growing markets of South-East Asia continues to pay off. Prudential's medium and long-term growth opportunities in Asia are driven by the rapidly expanding middle class across the region, with its strong appetite for savings and protection products. Although the global economic environment has been more challenging in recent times, Prudential continues to believe that its prospects in the region are exciting, as indicated by its commitment to double its key metrics of IFRS operating profit and new business profit between 2009 and 2013.

In the United States, the transition of the 'baby boomer' generation from employment to retirement which became visible around 2005-2006 is now firmly underway. Over the next 20 years, more than 10,000 people a day will reach retirement age in the US and these individuals will look to the insurance industry among others to help them convert their accumulated wealth into a steady stream of retirement income. Jackson's strategy focuses on capturing this opportunity while balancing value, volume, capital efficiency, cash generation, balance sheet strength and strict pricing discipline. Its capital has primarily been directed towards higher-margin and more capital-efficient variable annuities. Its approach to pricing and hedging is conservative and enables it to mitigate the impact of macroeconomic challenges and ensure that it is able to meet its commitments to its customers.

Like Jackson in the US, Prudential UK is well positioned to help British 'baby-boomers' as they approach retirement. In the UK, like its other chosen markets, in terms of new business, Prudential focuses on the lines of business where it has a clear competitive advantage and can generate attractive returns on capital invested; and it manages its in-force book for value.

In asset management, Prudential's fund managers have a strong track record of outperforming their respective benchmarks and their performance track record has driven another good year for net inflows in what was a challenging environment for the industry. Regarding its asset management activities in Asia, Prudential announced in November 2011 that its Asian asset management business would be rebranded Eastspring Investments. It is already a market-leading onshore third party fund management business. This new branding will enable it to establish a more cohesive regional presence and to market its Asian expertise in Europe and North America.

In executing its strategy, Prudential is guided by three clearly defined Group-wide operating principles. The first of these is a balanced approach to performance management across the three key measures of IFRS, EEV and cash, with an increased emphasis on IFRS and cash. As a result, in 2011, Prudential is reporting results which show growth across all three key measures. This puts it in a position of strength to continue to capture the profitable growth opportunities available in its chosen markets.

Second, Prudential has focused on allocating capital to the highest return and shortest payback opportunities across the Group. This means that Prudential focuses its investment on writing new business in the areas of the market where its demanding return and payback criteria are met.

Third, Prudential takes a proactive approach to managing risk across the cycle. Prudential is continuously improving its risk management process and systems to ensure that its key risks are tracked and managed both locally and centrally.

As with other aspects of this annual report the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Prudential's actual future financial condition or performance or other indicated results may differ materially from those indicated in any such forward-looking statement due to a number of important factors (including those discussed under Item 3 'Risk factors' in this filing). See the discussion under the heading 'Forward-looking statements' in Item 3. The objectives assume current exchange rates and a normalised economic environment consistent with the economic assumptions made by Prudential in calculating the EEV basis supplementary information for the half-year ended 30 June 2010.They have been prepared using current solvency rules and do not pre-judge the outcome of Solvency II, which remains uncertain.

At its 2010 investor conference entitled 'Growth and Cash' Prudential announced new financial objectives demonstrating its confidence in continued rapid growth in Asia, and increasing levels of cash remittances from all of its businesses. These objectives were defined as follows:

Prudential continues to believe its long-term success rests on its substantial presence in fast-growing economies across Asia. Prudential's chosen markets benefit from solid economic growth, increasing wealth, favourable demographics—particularly a rapidly expanding middle class—with significant and increasing health and protection demands.

Prudential expects Jackson to continue to benefit from the opportunity created by the transition of the 'baby boomers' into retirement and to make significant remittances to the Group. Prudential's UK life operations should continue in 2012 to deliver significant remittances to the Group and maintain their balance sheet strength. Prudential's asset management businesses, M&G and Eastspring Investments should continue to support its strategy, providing both profitable growth and cash.

The Group's results are a clear sign of the success of its strategy of focusing its energies and capital on the most attractive opportunities and Prudential is in a strong position to continue to deliver relative outperformance in the medium-term. Prudential has made a positive start to 2012 and over the course of the year Prudential expects to continue to make progress towards its 2013 'Growth and Cash' objectives.

Prudential reported a strong performance in 2011. As described above, Prudential announced in December 2010 clear 'Growth and Cash' objectives for 2013. 2011 has marked another year of progress towards achieving these objectives.

Prudential's life insurance business in Asia (excluding Eastspring Investments, development costs and Asia regional head office expenses) is now the biggest contributor to Group IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns (if long-term business is considered separately from asset management and UK general insurance commission), making it the Group's largest business on both IFRS and EEV profitability measures. Since 2008, Prudential has made considerable progress in translating the promise of its Asian life insurance franchise into a solid business delivering significant growth in sales but also IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and cash. Asia offers some of the most attractive opportunities within the global insurance market and the potential for long-term profitable growth for Prudential in the region is clear. Prudential's focus on Asia is simply a consequence of its approach to shareholder value and capital allocation that prioritises its investment towards the markets, products and channels that offer the most profitable returns and the most attractive payback periods.

Across Asia, Prudential continues to innovate both in products and technology, where its investment drives improvements in operational efficiency, helps manage persistency and ensures that Prudential can continue to meet profitably the evolving demands of its customers. Prudential's business is aided by a positive regulatory environment as governments in the region seek to increase insurance penetration, recognising the social role and economic benefits of life insurance as a key provider of long-term capital.

In South-East Asia, Prudential's 'sweet spot', its growth has been largely led by the rising market of Indonesia as well as the more developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. These operations are generating sustainable growth and value, supporting Prudential's investments in more emerging markets such as the Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand.

Prudential Indonesia is now the Group's largest business in Asia across virtually all metrics and is the clear market leader in a country where the opportunities for continued growth are significant. It is a market that has low insurance penetration, of just 1 per cent. It is the world's fourth most populous country and a member of the G20. Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world; in Syariah products, which are compliant with Islamic law, we have a 54 per cent market share. With 142,000 licensed agents, Prudential has the largest agency network in the country. Prudential believes that the opportunities to further enhance its distribution scale there are significant.

In the more emerging markets, Prudential continues to make good operational progress, and over time expects to see a steadily increasing contribution to growth and profits from its businesses in these territories. The Philippines provides a good illustration of these trends. Prudential's business had excellent sales growth, helping it leapfrog from third place to become this rapidly developing country's largest life insurance provider in terms of new business, a very creditable achievement in this highly competitive market.

As previously indicated, the market in India has been challenging since the fourth quarter of 2010 due to significant regulatory reforms across the industry in that year. Prudential is now coming out of this difficult period, a year after the reform, and its joint venture with ICICI continues to be the leading

private sector player. In the fourth quarter of 2011, Prudential's sales increased notably, demonstrating that its business in India is gathering some momentum. Prudential remains confident about the long-term prospects of that market as Prudential trains its extensive agency force to sell a new product suite.

Prudential Corporation Asia's delivery of both profitable growth and cash has validated the central element of the Group's strategy, to focus on the region as a means to deliver sustainable shareholder value.

In the US, policyholder behaviour across Prudential's book of in-force policies continues to trend in line with its assumptions. Customers and distributors are attracted by Jackson's track record of financial discipline and strong credit rating. Prudential implemented a number of changes in 2010 and 2011 to proactively manage its sales levels, to comply with revised regulations, enhance risk management flexibility and increase profitability. Prudential's monthly variable annuity sales declined from September 2011 onwards from the peak levels seen in the early summer as a result of, first, a number of proactive changes Prudential made to manage the balance between growth, capital and profitability and second, the performance of US equity markets in the period. Prudential has continued to write its business at attractive internal rates of return (IRRs) throughout the year. Prudential's approach will continue to focus on profitability ahead of sales.

In the UK, Prudential's performance in 2011 shows it continues to be a market leader both in individual annuities and in with-profits products. In individual annuities, Prudential registered a decrease in its sales as it continued to proactively control capital consumption. The strength and performance track record of Prudential UK's With-Profits Fund is widely recognised. Despite the market volatility in 2011, with-profits customers' policy values were augmented by a total of £2.1 billion. Prudential's customers continue to benefit from solid returns and the security offered by the large inherited estate. Prudential's results in 2010 benefited from a large bulk annuity contract. There were no similar opportunities of comparable size which met its strict value criteria so its level of activity in that segment was materially reduced.

Prudential's asset management businesses have continued to perform well in 2011. Over the last four years, M&G has risen from being the fifth largest player in the UK retail market in terms of funds under management to now being the second largest, and its UK retail assets have almost trebled over this period to over £35 billion. The newly rebranded Eastspring Investments, had a good year, in spite of a challenging environment characterised by weak stock market performance and the impact of the natural disaster in Japan.

Proactive and disciplined management and allocation of capital are the foundations of a robust balance sheet and remain critical in the current economic and financial environment. Using the regulatory measure of the Insurance Groups Directive (IGD), before allowing for the final dividend, the Group capital surplus at 31 December 2011 was estimated at £4.0 billion (2010: £4.3 billion). The Group's required capital is covered 2.75 times.

Solvency II, which is currently anticipated to be implemented from 1 January 2014, represents a major overhaul of the capital adequacy regime for European insurers. Prudential is supportive in principle of the development of a more risk-based approach to capital but Prudential has concerns about the potential consequences of some aspects of the Solvency II regime under consideration. With the continued delays to policy development, the final outcome of Solvency II remains uncertain. Prudential is continuing to engage directly with its peers, policymakers and regulators so that the industry ultimately operates under a fair, effective and reasonable capital adequacy regime. Lack of certainty over the policy content and timetable continues to impede the industry's ability to prepare fully for the new regime.

Therefore, in parallel to continuing its preparation for eventually implementing the Solvency II rules, Prudential also evaluates actions to mitigate the possible negative effects. Prudential regularly reviews the range of options available to it to maximise the strategic flexibility of the Group. Among these options is consideration of optimising the Group's domicile, including as a possible response to an adverse outcome on Solvency II.

Prudential plc is a public limited company incorporated on 1 November 1978, and organised under the laws of England and Wales. Refer to Item 10, 'Additional information—Memorandum and Articles of Association' for further information on the constitution of the Company.

Prudential's registered office is Laurence Pountney Hill, London EC4R 0HH, England (telephone: +44 20 7220 7588) and its principal executive offices are at 12 Arthur Street, London EC4R 9AQ, England (telephone: +44 20 7220 7588). Prudential's agent in the United States for purposes of Item 4 of this annual report on Form 20-F is Jackson National Life Insurance Company, located at 1 Corporate Way, Lansing, Michigan 48951, United States of America.

Prudential has had operations in Asia since the 1920s, but began expanding its Asian business in 1994 as the Asian economic revolution was getting underway. Today Prudential is a leading international insurer in Asia with six of its 11 operations being market leaders in terms of new business scale. Prudential has established a high performance platform with multichannel distribution, a product portfolio based on regular premium savings policies with attached riders that provide additional protections and a well respected brand that is becoming increasingly well known as a champion of CSR initiatives including financial literacy.

Prudential's strategy is focused on building high quality tied agency and complementary third party distribution channels, providing products that demonstrably meet customers' savings and protection needs and strengthening and deepening customer relationships. It continues to be driven in a highly focused and disciplined way. While market outperformance in terms of new business growth is an

indicator of success, Prudential prioritises quality of service, profitability, returns on capital and capital efficiency ahead of top-line growth.

Protecting the value of the in-force book is also a core priority for Prudential. Technology, such as iPad based customer and agent services, drives operational efficiencies. Persistency drivers are actively monitored and achieving persistency targets forms part of compensation calculations for staff and agents. Prudential has a robust claims platform with technical expertise and a disciplined approach to monitoring claims and re-pricing as necessary.

PCA Life Japan ceased writing new business with effect from 15 February 2010. This decision will be reviewed on an ongoing basis in the light of changes to the business environment. Prudential reinforced its commitment to honoring all existing policyholder contracts and providing policyholders with an appropriate level of customer service. Measures have been taken to ensure there is adequate staff and supporting infrastructure for customer servicing, taking into account that the company closed its proprietary distribution channel in 2006 and since then has been working with third party distributors only.

At the country level the execution of the agency distribution strategy varies depending on local conditions and objectives in each market. For example Prudential's agency management competencies drive effective selection discipline and training designed to 'fast start' new agents and improve the skills and productivity of the more experienced ones in all markets. However, agency priorities are differentiated with the emphasis more on increasing scale in some markets, such as Indonesia and Vietnam and productivity improvements in more established markets such as Hong Kong and Singapore.

Agency (excluding India) continues to be the largest distribution channel. Prudential ended the year with 228,000 agents (365,000 including India). However, although agency scale is important, management focus is on further improving agent activity and productivity and Prudential delivered a year on year increase in average active agents of 8 per cent, coupled with a 5 per cent increase in productivity.

Prudential has a diverse range of successful bank distribution partnerships across the region that includes regional relationships with international banks such as Standard Chartered and local ones such as E.Sun in Taiwan. Prudential is also successful in working with multiple partners in one market. Key drivers of this success are a long-term commitment to creating value for both partners, expertise in developing, training and motivating bank sales teams and committed marketing support.

The life insurance products offered by Prudential include with-profits (participating) and non-participating term, whole life and endowment and unit-linked policies often combined with protection riders and typically with regular premium payments. Prudential also offers health, disablement, critical illness and accident cover to supplement its core life products. Prudential's product mix is orientated around a core of regular premium policies with protection riders. The portfolio is regularly refreshed with new features and benefits that keep pace with evolving customer needs and also drive sales force activities.

The new business mix for 2011 reflects Prudential's ongoing focus on regular premium savings with protection. The high proportion of health and protection, standalone and riders, supports the new business profitability and reflects the higher proportion of risk based products in its book than some competitors who focus on single premium investment orientated policies.

Unit-linked products combine savings with protection, with the cash value of the policy depending on the value of the underlying unitised funds. Participating products provide savings with protection

where the basic sum assured can be enhanced by a profit share (or bonus) from the underlying fund as determined at the discretion of the insurer. Non-participating products offer savings with protection where the benefits are guaranteed or determined by a set of defined market-related parameters. Accident and health products provide mortality or morbidity benefits and include health, disablement, critical illness and accident cover. These products are commonly offered as supplements to main life policies, but can also be sold separately.

Policyholder and insurer share the profits from participating policies (typically in a 90:10 ratio) in the same way as with-profits business in the UK. With unit-linked products, shareholders receive the profits arising from managing the policy, its investments and the insurance risk. Policyholders within the underlying unitised fund receive investment gains. The profits from accident and health and non-participating products come from any surplus remaining after paying policy benefits.

Unit-linked products tend to have higher profits on the EEV basis of reporting than traditional non-linked products, as expenses and charges are better matched and solvency capital requirements are lower. At the end of 2011, Prudential is offering unit-linked products in all markets except Thailand.

Prudential has implemented a structured and disciplined approach to expanding its health and protection portfolio with the local businesses supported by a regional team with sales management, product development, underwriting, claims, operations and business development expertise. Underwriting processes have been re-engineered to improve customer service and claims turnaround has been enhanced while quotation systems have been upgraded to inform agents of the availability of appropriate health riders eg augmenting a core life policy with critical illness cover.

Critical factors in Prudential's success in health and protection include integrating the product initiatives with the distribution channels and tailoring sales support activities to the sales force. For example, health products have been incorporated into agency incentive programs and a standalone healthcare product was launched into the SCB channel with simplified underwriting and compelling media campaigns to capture direct business and provide leads for other channels.

In Malaysia and Indonesia, Prudential also offers life insurance policies that are constructed to comply with Islamic principles otherwise known as Takaful. The main principles are policyholders co-operate amongst themselves for the common good, uncertainty is eliminated in respect of subscription and compensation and there is no investment in prohibited areas such as gambling or alcohol.

In September 2011 Prudential launched a major new CSR initiative in collaboration with Turner Broadcasting in the form of a fictional band called Cha-Ching who through episodes running on the Cartoon Network across Asia and with a fully interactive website, teach children about the basics of financial planning. Currently Cha-Ching is seen daily in over 4 million homes in seven markets (Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia). Cha-Ching.com has had over 18 million pages viewed in its first four months with an average duration of over nine minutes. The programme is being actively supported by regulators and local schools.

Prudential's focus on customer service and delivery is reflected through the number of awards received by its operations, that include in China, 'The Brand with Greatest Potential in the Insurance Industry', in India 'Insurance Company of the Year', in Indonesia, 'Best Life Insurance Company', 'Best Islamic Insurance Company', 'Best Life Insurer in Achieving Total Customer Satisfaction', and in Vietnam, a Labour Medal from the President's Office, a first for a foreign company.

In 2011, total sales of insurance products, excluding Japan, were £2,970 million, up 18 per cent from 2010 (£2,495 million). Of this amount, regular premium insurance sales increased 9 per cent to £1,514 million and single premium insurance sales increased 32 per cent to £1,456 million.

The following table shows Prudential's Asian life insurance new business premiums by territory for the periods indicated. In this table, 'Other Countries' includes Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam.

	Year Ended 31 December

	2011		2010		2009

	(£ million)
Single premiums
Singapore		371		318		297
Hong Kong		180		107		94
Malaysia		79		58		63
Taiwan (excluding Taiwan agency)		217		146		104
Korea		71		66		38
China (Prudential's 50% interest in joint venture with CITIC)		46		103		72
Indonesia		250		141		41
India (Prudential's 26% interest in joint venture with ICICI)		135		85		47
Other countries		107		80		29

Total excluding Japan		1,456		1,104		785
Japan		—		13		57

Total including Japan		1,456		1,117		842

Regular premiums
Singapore		198		143		98
Hong Kong		313		276		232
Malaysia		215		198		140
Taiwan (excluding Taiwan agency)		126		105		97
Korea		94		89		118
China (Prudential's 50% interest in joint venture with CITIC)		54		48		38
Indonesia		338		269		186
India (Prudential's 26% interest in joint venture with ICICI)		88		180		163
Other countries		88		83		59

Total excluding Japan		1,514		1,391		1,131
Japan		—		6		46

Total including Japan		1,514		1,397		1,177

Total
Total excluding Japan		2,970		2,495		1,916
Japan		—		19		103

Total including Japan		2,970		2,514		2,019

In November 2011, Prudential announced that its Asian Fund Management operations would be rebranded Eastspring Investments. The new brand, which was officially launched in February 2012, will enable the business to establish a cohesive regional presence thereby penetrating the offshore segment more effectively. It also supports distribution to new markets beyond Asia.

Eastspring Investments manages investments for Asian third-party retail and institutional clients in addition to investments of Prudential's Asian, UK and US life companies.

Markets remained challenging in 2011, with overall net outflows seen in the Asia (excluding Japan) onshore funds market. Equity markets struggled to gain traction driven by poor investor sentiment in

the face of weak macroeconomic signals. Japan was also impacted by the natural disaster which occurred earlier in the year.

Total funds under management of £50.3 billion were down 3 per cent on last year. The effect of positive net flows from the Asian Life Business and third party retail and institutional clients, was offset by the combined effect of outflows in the low margin money market funds (MMF) and the negative market movements particularly in the second half of the year.

The mutual fund industry continues to diversify its investments, with expectations for a significant increase in net flows over the coming years. Bank distribution continues to be important in most markets in Asia, with Prudential having established strong relationships with both regional and local banks and placing significant emphasis on providing good service. Prudential's Asian asset management business is also growing its third party institutional and pension fund management business.

In order to capitalise on the exciting and sizeable opportunities in Asia's retail financial services market, Eastspring Investments maintained its focus on building a strong third-party customer retail franchise. The customer proposition is driven by Eastspring Investments' strong investment capabilities, which enable it to develop innovative product suites, and distribute them through diverse channels including regional banks, local banks, private banks, and securities houses and an internal sales force. Eastspring Investments has become one of the largest and most successful domestic asset management companies in the region, as demonstrated by the fact that Eastspring Investments occupies a number of top ten market share positions in the markets in which it operates and the fact that a significant proportion of its funds are either in the top-two quartiles or outperformed their benchmarks over a three year period ended 31 December 2011.

Eastspring Investments offers mutual fund investment products in India, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Korea, Vietnam and China, thus enabling customers to participate in debt, equity and money market investments.

Net inflows from third parties (excluding MMF) were £633 million compared to net inflows of £1,837 million during 2010. This is attributed to lower bond fund returns and to Japan, where significant inflows from the launch of the Asia Oceania equity fund in 2010 were not repeated in 2011. Clearly the environment in Japan was not conducive to product launches in the first half of 2011. This situation was partially mitigated by net inflows from corporate and institutional clients in Korea, together with new institutional mandates.

Eastspring Investments levies transaction charges (initial and surrender depending on the type of fund and the length of the investment) and also a service charge based on assets under management. The charges vary by country and fund, with money market style funds generally having the lowest charges and equity funds the highest.

Prudential conducts its US insurance operations through Jackson and its subsidiaries, including Curian Capital, LLC, a registered investment adviser. The US operations also include PPM America, Prudential's US internal and institutional fund manager, and Prudential's US broker-dealer operations (National Planning Corporation, SII Investments, Inc., INVEST Financial Corporation and Investment Centers of America, Inc.). As at 31 December 2011, Prudential's US operations had more than 2.9 million policies and contracts in effect and PPM America managed approximately £55 billion of assets. In 2011, new business premiums totalled a record £12,581 million.

Jackson is a leading provider of retirement income and savings solutions in the mass and mass-affluent segments of the US market, primarily to those planning for retirement or in retirement already. It offers tools that help people plan for their retirement, and offers products with specialised features and guarantees to meet customers' needs. By seeking to add value to both the representatives who sell Jackson products, and to their customers, Jackson has built a strong position in the US retirement savings and income market with an almost sixteen-fold increase in variable annuity sales over the past decade. Over the same period, Jackson increased its total annuity market share from 2.3 per cent in 2001 to 8.2 per cent in 2011 and moved from 17th in total annuity sales to 3rd⁽¹⁾.

In 2011, Jackson achieved record retail sales, along with modest institutional sales. Retail annuity net flows continued to benefit from increased sales and low levels of surrender activity. Jackson's strategy continues to focus on balancing value, volume and capital consumption for its various annuity products. Jackson's product diversity allows the company to quickly adapt to changing market conditions and sustain appropriate sales levels in all phases of the business cycle. During the second half of 2011, sales slowed relative to the first half run rate due to proactive changes Jackson made to its product offerings and shifts in the competitive environment. During the third quarter, Jackson implemented various product initiatives to enhance the product diversity and margins and further optimise the balance between growth, capital and profitability.

Jackson continues to innovate its product offerings, implementing various changes in 2011 to manage profitability, to comply with revised regulations and enhance risk management flexibility. Jackson continues to actively monitor its product offerings to ensure the company retains the appropriate pricing levels in current market conditions.

Jackson continues to invest in its back office staffing and systems to provide world class customer service in an efficient and cost effective manner. In 2011, for the sixth consecutive year, Jackson was rated 'World Class' service provider by Service Quality Measurement Group's. Jackson was able to provide this level of service in 2011 while processing record retail sales, and decreasing its ratio of statutory general expenses to average assets (one measure of efficiency) to 42 basis points, compared to the 2010 level of 44 basis points.

National Planning Holdings ('NPH') is Jackson's affiliated independent broker-dealer network. The business is comprised of four broker-dealer firms, including INVEST Financial Corporation, Investment Centers of America, Inc, National Planning Corporation and SII Investments, Inc. NPH continues to grow its business and revenue per representative. By utilising high-quality, state-of-the-art technology, NPH provides advisers the tools they need to operate their practices more efficiently. At the same time, through its relationship with NPH, Jackson continues to benefit from an important retail distribution outlet, in addition to receiving valuable insight into the needs of financial advisers and their clients.

Curian Capital, LLC ('Curian'), Jackson's registered investment adviser, provides innovative fee-based separately managed accounts and investment products to advisers through a sophisticated technology platform. Curian expands Jackson's access to advisers while also complementing Jackson's core annuity product lines with Curian's retail asset management products.

The following table shows total new business premiums in the United States by product line and distribution channel for the periods indicated. Total new business premiums include Jackson's deposits for investment contracts with limited or no life contingencies.

	Year Ended 31 December

	2011		2010		2009

	(£ million)
By Product
Annuities
Fixed annuities
Interest-sensitive		441		755		915
Fixed index		934		1,089		1,433
Immediate		31		81		138
Variable annuities		10,909		9,481		6,389

Total		12,315		11,406		8,875

Life insurance		29		33		34

Institutional products
GICs, funding agreements and Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis (FHLBI) advances		237		—		—

Total		12,581		11,439		8,909

By Distribution Channel
Independent agents		643		846		1,229
Bank		2,135		2,285		1,566
Independent broker-dealer		7,471		6,503		5,062
Regional broker-dealer		2,075		1,789		1,037
Captive agents		20		16		15
Institutional products department		237		—		—

Total		12,581		11,439		8,909

Of the total new business premiums of £12,581 million in 2011 (2010: £11,439 million; 2009: £8,909 million), £12,325 million (2010: £11,417 million; 2009: £8,885 million) were single premiums, £19 million (2010: £22 million; 2009: £24 million) were regular premiums and £237 million (2010 and 2009: nil) were institutional product premiums.

In 2011, interest-sensitive fixed annuities accounted for four per cent of total new business premiums and 16 per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. These annuities, which allow for tax-deferred accumulation of funds, are used for asset accumulation in retirement planning and for providing income in retirement and offer flexible payout options. The contract holder pays Jackson a premium, which is credited to the contract holder's account. Periodically, interest is credited to the contract holder's account and administrative charges are deducted, as appropriate. On more than 90 per cent (2010: 88 per cent) of in-force business, Jackson may reset the interest rate on each contract anniversary, subject to a guaranteed minimum, in line with state regulations. When the annuity matures, Jackson either pays the contract holder the amount in the contract holder account or begins making

payments to the contract holder in the form of an immediate annuity product. This latter product is similar to a UK annuity in payment.

Policyholder behaviour is relevant when looking at profits for fixed annuity contracts. The relevant factors are the potential for surrenders when interest rates rise and, in a low interest environment, the influence of the minimum guarantees required by state law. Fixed annuity policies are subject to early surrender charges for the first six to nine years of the contract. In addition, the contract may be subject to a market value adjustment at the time of surrender. During the surrender charge period, the contract holder may cancel the contract for the surrender value. Jackson's profits on fixed annuities arise primarily from the spread between the return it earns on investments and the interest credited to the contract holder's account, less expenses. The fixed annuity portfolio could be impacted by the continued low interest rate environment as lower crediting rates could result in increased surrenders and lower sales if customers seek alternative investment opportunities.

Fixed index annuities accounted for seven per cent of total new business premiums in 2011 and nine per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. Fixed index annuities are similar to interest-sensitive fixed annuities in that the contract holder pays Jackson a premium, which is credited to the contract holder's account, and periodically, interest is credited to the contract holder's account and administrative charges are deducted, as appropriate. Jackson guarantees an annual minimum interest rate, although actual interest credited may be higher and is linked to an equity index over its indexed option period.

Jackson's profit arises from the investment income earned and the fees charged on the contract, less the expenses incurred, which include the costs of hedging the equity component of the interest credited to the contract. Fixed index annuities are subject to early surrender charges for the first five to 12 years of the contract. During the surrender charge period, the contract holder may cancel the contract for the surrender value.

The fixed index book provides a natural offsetting equity exposure to the guarantees issued in conjunction with Jackson's variable annuity products, which allows for an efficient hedging of the net equity exposure.

In 2011, immediate annuities accounted for less than one per cent of total new business premiums and one per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. Immediate annuities guarantee a series of payments beginning within a year of purchase and continuing over either a fixed period of years and/or the life of the policyholder. If the term is for the life of the policyholder, then Jackson's primary risk is mortality risk. This product is generally used to provide a guaranteed amount of income for policyholders and is used both in planning for retirement and in retirement itself. The implicit interest rate on these products is based on the market conditions that exist at the time the policy is issued and is guaranteed for the term of the annuity.

In 2011, variable annuities accounted for 87 per cent of total new business premiums and 63 per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. Variable annuities are tax-advantaged deferred annuities where the rate of return depends upon the performance of the underlying portfolio, similar in principle to UK unit-linked products. They are also used for asset accumulation in retirement planning and to provide income in retirement.

The contract holder can allocate the premiums between a variety of variable sub-accounts with a choice of fund managers and/or a guaranteed fixed-rate option. The contract holder's premiums allocated to the variable accounts are held apart from Jackson's general account assets, in a separate account, which is analogous to a unit-linked fund. The value of the portion of the separate account allocated to variable sub-accounts fluctuates with the underlying investments. Variable annuity policies are subject to early surrender charges for the first four to nine years of the contract. During the surrender charge period, the contract holder may cancel the contract for the surrender value.

Jackson offers one variable annuity that has no surrender charges and also offers a choice of guaranteed benefit options within its variable annuity product portfolio, which customers can elect and pay for. These include the guaranteed minimum death benefits ('GMDB'), which guarantee that, upon death of the owner, the beneficiary receives a minimum value regardless of past market performance. These guaranteed death benefits might be expressed as the return of original premium, the highest past anniversary value of the contract, or as the original premium accumulated at a fixed rate of interest. In addition, there are three other types of guarantees: guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits ('GMWB'), guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits ('GMAB') and guaranteed minimum income benefits ('GMIB'). GMWBs provide a guaranteed return of the principal invested by allowing for periodic withdrawals that are limited to a maximum percentage of the initial premium. One version of the GMWBs provides for a minimum annual withdrawal amount that is guaranteed for the contract holder's life without annuitisation. Variations of the GMWBs are offered whereby the guaranteed base can be increased, either through step-ups to a more recent market value of the account, or through bonuses offered if withdrawals are delayed for a particular number of years. Additional charges are assessed for these features. GMABs generally provide a guarantee for a return of a certain amount of principal after a specified period. This benefit was eliminated from Jackson's product offerings in 2011. GMIBs provide for a minimum level of benefits upon annuitisation regardless of the value of the investments underlying the contract at the time of annuitisation. Jackson no longer offers GMIBs, with existing coverage being reinsured with an unaffiliated reinsurer.

As the investment return on the separate account assets is attributed directly to the contract holders, Jackson's profit arises from the fees charged on the contracts, less the expenses incurred, which include the costs of hedging and eventual payment of benefits guarantees. In addition to being a profitable book of business in its own right, the variable annuity book also provides an opportunity to utilise the offsetting equity risk among various lines of business to effectively manage Jackson's equity exposure. Jackson believes that the internal management of equity risk coupled with the utilisation of external derivative instruments where necessary, continues to provide a cost-effective method of managing equity exposure.

Profits in the variable annuity book of business will continue to be subject to the impact of market movements on both sales and allocations to the variable accounts and the effects of the economic hedging programme. While risk is hedged on an economic basis, the nature and duration of the hedging instruments, which are recorded at fair value through the income statement, will fluctuate and produce some accounting volatility.

Reflecting the competitive life insurance market and the overall trend towards asset accumulation products, Jackson's life insurance products accounted for less than one per cent of the total new business premiums and seven per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations in 2011. Jackson sells several types of life insurance, including term life, universal life and variable universal life. Term life provides protection for a defined period and a benefit that is payable to a designated beneficiary upon death of the insured. Universal life provides permanent individual life insurance for the life of the insured and includes a savings element. Variable universal life is a type of life insurance policy that combines death benefit protection with the ability for the policyholder account to be invested in

separate account funds. Jackson's life insurance book has delivered consistent profitability, driven primarily by positive mortality and persistency experience.

Institutional products consist of traditional guaranteed investment contracts ('GICs'), funding agreements, including agreements issued in connection with participation in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ('FHLBI') mortgage collateralised loan advance program, and medium term note funding agreements. In 2011, institutional products accounted for two per cent of total new business premiums and four per cent of policyholder liabilities of the US operations. Institutional products are distributed directly to investors, through investment banks, or through funding agreement brokers. The US operations sold no institutional products during 2010 and 2009, as available capital was directed to support higher margin variable annuity sales. In 2011, Jackson re-entered the institutional market on a limited and selective basis, taking advantage of high returns available at particular times during the year. The GICs are marketed by the institutional products department to defined contribution pension and profit sharing retirement plans. Funding agreements are marketed to institutional investors, including corporate cash accounts and securities lending funds, as well as money market funds, and are issued to the FHLBI in connection with its programme.

Under a traditional GIC, the policyholder makes a lump sum deposit. Interest is paid on the deposited funds, usually on a quarterly basis. The interest rate paid is fixed and is established when the contract is issued.

Traditional GICs have a specified term, usually two to three years, and typically provide for phased payouts. Jackson tailors the scheduled payouts to meet the liquidity needs of the particular retirement plan. If deposited funds are withdrawn earlier than scheduled, an adjustment is made that approximates a market value adjustment.

Jackson sells GICs to retirement plans, in particular 401(k) plans. The traditional GIC market is extremely competitive. This is due in part to competition from synthetic GICs, which Jackson does not sell.

Under a funding agreement, the policyholder either makes a lump sum deposit or makes specified periodic deposits. Jackson agrees to pay a rate of interest, which may be fixed but which is usually a floating short-term interest rate linked to an external index. Interest is paid quarterly to the policyholder. The average term for the funding agreements is one to two years. At the end of the specified term, policyholders may re-deposit the principal in another funding agreement. Jackson makes its profit on the spread between the yield on its investments and the interest rate credited to policyholders.

Typically, brokerage accounts and money market mutual funds are required to invest a portion of their funds in cash or cash equivalents to ensure sufficient liquidity to meet their customers' requirements. The funding agreements permit termination by the policyholder on seven to 90 days notice, and thus qualify as cash equivalents for the clients' purposes. In 2011 and 2010 there were no funding agreements terminable by the policyholder with less than 90 days notice.

Jackson is a member of the FHLBI. Membership allows Jackson access to advances from FHLBI that are collateralised by mortgage related assets in Jackson's investment portfolio. These advances are in the form of funding agreements issued to FHLBI.

Jackson has also established European and global medium-term note programs. The notes offered may be denominated in any currency with a fixed or floating interest rate. Notes are issued to institutional investors by a special purpose vehicle and are secured by funding agreements issued by Jackson. Although Jackson has these programs in-force there have been no new sales since 2008.

Jackson distributes products in all 50 states of the United States and in the District of Columbia, although not all products are available in all states. Operations in the state of New York are conducted through a New York insurance subsidiary. Jackson markets its retail products primarily through advice based distribution channels, including independent agents, independent broker-dealer firms, regional broker-dealers, and wirehouses, banks and registered investment advisors. Jackson also markets life insurance and fixed annuity products through its captive insurance agency, which is concentrated in the south eastern United States.

Jackson focuses on independent distribution systems and supports its network of independent agents and advisers with education and training programs.

Jackson's subsidiary, Jackson National Life Distributors, LLC ('JNLD'), is the primary marketing and distribution organisation for annuities and life insurance products. The insurance and fixed annuity products are distributed through independent agents located throughout the United States. These approximately 20,000 appointed insurance agents or brokers at 31 December 2011, who also may represent other companies, are supported with marketing materials and multi media presentations to help advisers choose the right solutions for their clients' individual financial situations. JNLD generally deals directly with writing agents and brokers thereby eliminating intermediaries, such as general agents. This distribution channel has enabled Jackson to generate significant volumes of business on a low, variable cost basis.

JNLD's wholesalers meet directly with independent broker-dealers and financial planners and are supported by an extensive internal sales staff. At 31 December 2011, Jackson had active selling agreements with independent broker-dealer organisations throughout the United States providing access to more than 55,000 appointed agents. Jackson provides training for its broker-dealers and also provides them with product information and sales materials.

JNLD's Regional Broker-Dealer ('RBD') team provides dedicated service and support to regional brokerage firms and wirehouses. Regional broker-dealers are a hybrid between independent broker-dealers and wirehouses. Like representatives who work for wirehouses, financial representatives at regional broker-dealers are employees of the regional broker-dealers. However, unlike wirehouses, RBD firms have limited institutional investment banking services. The RBD team develops relationships with regional firms throughout the US and provides customised materials and support to meet their specialised advisory needs.

Jackson's RBD team also provides support for the wirehouse channel, which produced £1.7 billion of premium in 2011. Jackson first entered the wirehouse market in late 2006.

Jackson's RBD team supports more than 30,000 representatives in regional broker-dealers and wirehouses.

Jackson's Institutional Marketing Group distributes annuity and life insurance products through banks, credit unions and other financial institutions and through third party marketing organisations that serve these institutions. Jackson is a leading provider of annuities offered through banks and credit unions and at 31 December 2011 had access to more than 33,600 financial institution representatives through existing relationships with banks and credit unions. Jackson has established distribution relationships with medium sized regional banks, which it believes are unlikely to develop their own insurance product capability.

Jackson's retail distribution is managed by Prudential's independent broker-dealer network, NPH, which is described in more detail above. NPH had 3,636 registered representatives at the end of 2011, up from 3,461 at year end 2010.

Jackson markets its institutional products through its institutional products department. It has direct contacts with banks, municipalities, asset management firms and direct plan sponsors. Institutional products are distributed and marketed through intermediaries to these groups.

In connection with the acquisition of Life of Georgia in 2005, Jackson established the JNL Southeast Agency ('JNLSA'), the company's first captive agency since 1970. JNLSA, with more than 100 life insurance agents at 31 December 2011, was formed to help retain the Life of Georgia book of business and to create a new distribution channel for Jackson's life insurance.

As described above Curian Capital, LLC is Jackson's registered investment adviser channel.

The registered investment adviser industry began as a service offered to very high net worth investment clients, focusing on platforms rather than specific products, and providing institutional quality management, custom portfolios and tax services. The industry has evolved to offer personalised investment advice, high-quality money management, good returns and reasonable costs to a broader range of clients.

Curian's sales, not included in Jackson's premiums and deposits, totalled £1,684 million and £1,361 million in 2011 and 2010, respectively.

Jackson prices products based on assumptions about future mortality, investment yields, expenses and persistency. Pricing is influenced by its objectives for return on capital and by competition. Although Jackson includes a profit margin in the price of its products, the variation between the assumptions and actual experience can result in the products being more or less profitable than it was assumed they would be. This variation can be significant.

Jackson designs its interest-sensitive products and conducts its investment operations to match closely with the duration of the assets in its investment portfolio the annuity, term life, whole life, universal life and guaranteed investment contract product obligations. Jackson seeks to achieve a target spread between what it earns on its assets and what it pays on its liabilities by investing principally in

fixed-rate securities and in options and futures to hedge equity related movements in the value of its products.

Jackson segregates its investment portfolio for certain investment management purposes, and as part of its overall investment strategy, into four portfolios: life and fixed annuities without market value adjustment, fixed annuities with market value adjustment, fixed index annuities and institutional liabilities. The portfolios backing life and fixed annuities with and without market value adjustments and the fixed index annuities have similar characteristics and differ primarily in duration. The portfolio backing the institutional liabilities has its own mix of investments that meet more limited duration tolerances. Consequently, the institutional portfolio is managed to permit less interest rate sensitivity and has limited exposure to mortgage backed securities. At 31 December 2011, six per cent of the institutional portfolio was invested in residential mortgage backed securities.

The fixed-rate products may incorporate surrender charges, market value adjustments, two-tiered interest rate structures or other limitations relating to when policies can be surrendered for cash, in order to encourage persistency. As of 31 December 2011, the majority of Jackson's fixed annuity reserves had surrender penalties or other withdrawal restrictions. Substantially all of the institutional portfolio had withdrawal restrictions or market value adjustment provisions.

Fixed index annuities issued by Jackson also include an equity component that is hedged using equity options and futures contracts issued on the corresponding exchange. The equity component of these annuities constitutes an embedded derivative under IAS 39 'Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement' that is carried at fair value, as are other derivative instruments.

Guaranteed benefits issued by Jackson in connection with the sales of variable annuity contracts expose Jackson to equity risk as the benefits generally become payable when equity markets decline and contract values fall below the guaranteed amount. As discussed previously, certain of these benefits are carried at fair value under IAS 39 with changes in fair value recorded in income. Jackson hedges the tail risk associated with the equity exposure using equity options and futures contracts, which are also carried at fair value under IAS 39. Jackson hedges the economic risk associated with these contracts and, therefore, has not explicitly hedged its fair value risk. In addition, certain benefits have mortality risk and are therefore precluded from being carried at fair value. As a result of these factors, the income statement may include a timing mismatch related to changes in fair value. However, as demonstrated during the economic crisis, subsequent rebound and recent volatility in the equity markets, Jackson's hedges have effectively operated as designed.

Except for certain non-insurance deposit-type accounts and as allowed under IFRS, Jackson uses reserves established on a grandfathered US GAAP basis as the basis for consolidation into Prudential's IFRS accounts.

For the fixed and variable annuity contracts and institutional products, the reserve is the policyholder's account value. For the immediate annuities, reserves are determined as the present value of future policy benefits. Mortality assumptions are based on the 1983 Individual Annuitant Mortality Table and the Annuity 2000 Mortality Table for newer issues. Interest rate assumptions currently range from one per cent to five and a half per cent.

The IFRS accounting for guarantees on Jackson's variable annuity contracts has a mixed measurement approach. GMWB 'not for life' contract features are fair valued under IAS 39 and current US GAAP, with a capping feature to prevent early anticipation of expected fees for guarantees. However, the GMDB and GMWB 'for life' blocks of business are accounted for under grandfathered US GAAP which does not, and is not intended to, fair value the liabilities.

For the traditional term life contracts, reserves for future policy benefits are determined using the net level premium method and assumptions as to mortality, interest, policy persistency and expenses. Mortality assumptions are generally from 25 per cent to 160 per cent of the 1975-1980 Basic Select and Ultimate tables, depending on underwriting classification and policy duration. Interest rate assumptions range from three and one-half per cent to six per cent. Persistency and expense assumptions are based on Jackson's experience.

For the interest-sensitive and single premium life contracts, reserves approximate the policyholder's account value.

Jackson reinsures portions of the coverage provided by its life insurance products with other insurance companies under agreements of indemnity reinsurance. Reinsurance assumed from other companies is not material.

Indemnity reinsurance agreements are intended to limit a life insurer's maximum loss on a large or unusually hazardous risk or to obtain a greater diversification of risk for the life insurer. Indemnity reinsurance does not discharge the original insurer's primary liability to the insured. Jackson's reinsured business is ceded to numerous unaffiliated reinsurers and the amount of reserves ceded to any one reinsurer is not material to Jackson's overall financial position. Typically, the reinsurers have an AM Best Co rating of A or higher.

Jackson limits the amount of risk it retains on new policies. Currently, the maximum risk that is retained on new policies is US$2.0 million. Jackson is not a party to any risk reinsurance arrangement with any reinsurer pursuant to which the amount of reserves on reinsurance ceded to such reinsurer equaled more than one per cent of total policy reserves.

Jackson typically cedes 90 per cent of new writings of level premium term products. Jackson intends to continue to cede a significant proportion of new term life insurance business for as long as pricing in the reinsurance markets remains favorable.

Jackson ceded the guaranteed minimum income benefit on variable annuities to an unaffiliated reinsurer.

Jackson provides a high level of administrative support for both new and existing policyholders. Jackson's ability to implement new products quickly and provide customer service is supported by integrated computer systems that issue and administer complex life insurance and annuity contracts. Jackson continues to develop its life insurance administration and underwriting systems and its fixed and variable annuity administration systems to enhance the service capabilities for both new and existing policies.

PPM America (PPMA) is Prudential's US fund management operation, with offices in Chicago and New York. PPMA manages assets for Prudential's US, UK and Asian affiliates. PPMA also provides other affiliated and unaffiliated institutional clients with investment services including collateralised debt obligations (CDOs), private equity funds, institutional accounts, and mutual funds. PPMA's strategy is focused on managing existing assets effectively, maximising the benefits derived from synergies with its international asset management affiliates, and leveraging investment management capabilities across the Group. PPMA also pursues third-party mandates on an opportunistic basis.

As at 31 December 2011, Prudential's UK business was structured into two business units, each focusing on its respective target customer markets. The Prudential's UK business units are Prudential UK (being the insurance operations) and M&G.

In 2011, Prudential's UK business generated new business insurance premiums of £5,130 million and gross investment inflows of £25,981 million. As at 31 December 2011, M&G had £201 billion of funds under management.

The UK Life & Pensions market, which is mature and the third largest in the world, is characterised by a concentration of wealth in the 45 to 74 age group and an ageing population, as the 'baby-boomers' move into retirement. In many instances, these consumers are insufficiently prepared financially for the prospect of spending a longer period of time in retirement. As a result, many are considering extended working lives while adopting a more flexible approach towards retirement. Prudential UK is well positioned to help the baby-boomers and subsequent generations meet their financial needs as they approach retirement and afterwards through its range of market leading with-profits and annuity products.

In 2011 Prudential UK continued to pursue a value over volume strategy, actively choosing to compete selectively in the retirement savings and income markets, and balancing the writing of new business with sustainable cash generation and capital preservation.

Prudential UK has a strong individual annuity business, built on a robust pipeline of internal vestings from maturing individual and corporate pension policies. The internal vestings pipeline is supplemented by sales through intermediaries and strategic partnerships with third parties where Prudential is the recommended annuity provider for customers vesting their pensions at retirement.

The strength and performance track record of Prudential UK's With-Profits Fund is widely recognised. Despite extreme market volatility in 2011 the Fund continues to provide customers with solid returns over medium to long-term time horizons. Over ten years the Fund has delivered investment returns of 92.7 per cent, which compares favourably with other with-profits funds and the FTSE All-Share Index (total return) of 59.5 per cent over the same period. This strong medium to long-term performance has shown that with-profits, when invested in an actively managed, and financially strong fund like Prudential's, continues to be a very attractive medium to long-term investment, offering strong annualised returns compared with other investment options. Prudential's with-profits customers benefit from the security offered by Prudential's large inherited estate, with the free assets of the with-profits fund valued at approximately £6.1 billion at the year end, valued on a regulatory realistic basis.

Prudential UK's focus on delivering improved levels of customer service was recognised again at the 2011 Financial Adviser Service Awards, where it achieved two 5-Star ratings for excellent service in the Life & Pensions and Investment categories.

In 2010 Prudential UK met its cost savings target of £195 million per annum and announced further cost saving initiatives to reduce costs by £75 million per annum on a consistent basis by the end of 2013. The business has made good progress towards this objective in 2011 and remains on track to deliver these savings by the end of 2013.

In common with other UK long-term insurance companies, Prudential UK's products are structured as either with-profits (or participating) products, or non-participating products including annuities in

payment and unit-linked products. Depending on the structure, the level of shareholders' interest in the value of policies and the related profit or loss varies.

With-profits policies are supported by a with-profits sub-fund and can be single premium (for example, Onshore Bonds or Flexible Investment Bonds) or regular premium (for example, certain pension products). Prudential UK's primary with-profits sub-fund is part of The Prudential Assurance Company Limited (PAC)'s long-term fund. The return to shareholders on virtually all with-profits products is in the form of a statutory transfer to PAC shareholders' funds. This is analogous to a dividend from PAC's long-term fund, and is dependent upon the bonuses credited or declared on policies in that year. Prudential's with-profits policyholders currently receive 90 per cent of the distribution from the main with-profits sub-fund as bonus additions to their policies, while shareholders receive 10 per cent as a statutory transfer.

The Defined Charge Participating Sub-Fund (DCPSF) forms part of the PAC long-term fund. It is comprised of the accumulated investment content of premiums paid in respect of the defined charge participating with-profits business issued in France and the defined charge participating with-profits business reassured into PAC from Prudential International Assurance plc and Canada Life (Europe) Assurance Ltd. It also includes the portfolio of with-profits annuity policies acquired from Equitable Life in 2007. All profits in this fund accrue to policyholders in the DCPSF.

The profits from almost all of the new non-participating business accrue solely to shareholders. Such business is written in the non-profit sub-fund within PAC's long-term fund, or in various shareholder-owned direct or indirect subsidiaries. The most significant of these is Prudential Retirement Income Limited (PRIL), which also writes all new immediate annuities arising from vesting deferred annuity policies in the with-profits sub-fund of PAC. There is a substantial volume of in-force non-participating business in PAC's with-profits sub-fund and that fund's wholly owned subsidiary Prudential Annuities Limited (PAL), which is closed to new business. Profits from this business accrue to the with-profits sub-fund.

The traditional life insurance product offered by UK life insurance companies is a long-term savings product with a life insurance component. The life insurance element conferred tax advantages that distinguished the traditional life insurance products offered in the United Kingdom from the savings products offered by banks, building societies and unit trust companies. The gradual reduction of these tax advantages and increasing sales of single premium life products have resulted in the distinction between life insurance and other long-term savings products becoming less important. Pension products remain tax-advantaged within certain limits.

Prudential UK expects demand for private personal pension and savings products to increase over the medium to long-term, in part reflecting a change in the UK government's approach to social security that has encouraged long-term savings through tax advantages, but also in response to a growing realisation that state provided pensions are unlikely to provide sufficient retirement income. An ageing population is focusing on annuities and other retirement products to supplement their state benefits, while younger generations are focusing on pension and long-term savings products as well as health and income protection cover.

Further information on the UK products is provided below under "UK Business Units-Long term products".

Retail financial services and products are distributed face to face through bank branches, tied agents, company sales forces and financial advisers, or directly by mail, telephone and over the internet. Independent Financial Advisers dominate the intermediary marketplace and offer products from a range of insurance companies selected from the whole of the market. Tied agents are either 'single tied'

exclusive agents who represent only one insurer or 'multi-tied'; advising on the products of a limited range of providers. Tied agents must offer customers the products most suitable to their needs, but only from the range of products offered by the insurers to which they are tied. Direct and e-commerce distribution methods are generally non-advised and therefore lower-cost than other methods. Accordingly, products distributed directly are generally more straightforward and have lower charges.

The FSA's review of the retail distribution marketplace called the Retail Distribution Review ('RDR') culminated in a policy statement on 26 March 2010. The changes contained in the review are designed to encourage greater levels of transparency, professionalism and sustainability within the industry, with the prime aim of increasing consumers' confidence in the industry and therefore their desire to engage with it. Prudential supports the removal of commission payments, the introduction of adviser charging and the new professional standards and believes that these provide an opportunity to put in place a framework that will better align the interests of consumers, advisers and providers. The new rules reflecting these changes have been confirmed and will come into force on 31 December 2012.

The changes to be implemented improve the clarity with which firms describe their services to customers and the role of advisers, particularly with regards to remuneration. The advice market will be split between independent and restricted advice. This will be supported by the need for specific disclosure of status both in writing and orally at point of sale. Commissions traditionally paid by product providers to advisers will be replaced by 'Adviser Charging' with prescriptive rules aimed at ensuring consumers have total clarity on the cost of advice services. The changes will in particular significantly increase the requirements for firms to be able to describe themselves as independent. As a result it is widely expected that the popularity of restricted advice models will grow.

The new rules apply to all retail investment advice and the group pensions marketplace, although advisers will continue to be able to be remunerated by commission for pure protection business.

A significant feature of the UK retail marketplace over the past five years has been the emergence of investment platforms. From an initial concept of providing easy access by consumers and advisers to unwrapped investments from a range of fund managers, many models have been developed into distribution-led propositions with the objective of capturing total business flows from adviser firms.

As a result, in parallel to the overall RDR, the FSA has been paying specific attention to the role of platforms in the marketplace and in August 2011 published a policy statement confirming their proposals for the integration of platforms into the overall RDR. In previous consultations, the FSA did not propose an outright ban on investment rebates paid by fund managers and product providers to platforms but it has now stated that it has concluded that such rebates should eventually be banned, and that it will be undertaking further research on the market impacts prior to issuing a further consultation. In the meantime, the FSA has allowed such payments to continue, except for payments made directly to consumer cash accounts (which will be banned) and subject to disclosure requirements.

The full impact of the RDR remains uncertain. Some IFAs are likely to choose to exit the market, whilst others are expected to seek partnership arrangements with product providers through restricted advice models. Prudential is well placed to participate in such arrangements with partnerships already in place with a number of third party distributors. A large proportion of Prudential UK's annuity sales are made direct on a non-advised basis and will be unaffected by the changes proposed by the RDR.

Prudential UK is continuing to work with the regulator, industry bodies and distributors on ways to help advisers make the transition to the new environment as it believes that a strong adviser sector is beneficial for the market, and for Prudential.

	Year Ended 31 December

	2011		2010		2009

	(£ million)
Individual Annuities:
Direct & Partnerships		328		593		590
Intermediated		241		221		242
Internal Vesting*		1,223		1,235		1,357

Total Individual Annuities		1,792		2,049		2,189
Other Products:
Direct & Partnerships		654		588		536
Intermediated		2,244		2,215		2,100
Wholesale		336		945		62

Total Other Products		5,026		5,797		4,887
Department of Work and Pensions rebate business		104		113		127

Total New Business Premiums		5,130		5,910		5,014

The direct distribution channel is primarily charged with increasing revenue from existing Prudential UK customers and with seeking new customers. Direct distribution channels include the telephone, mail and internet, and focus on annuities, investments, protection and health products. In December 2011 Prudential UK launched a direct advice service, Prudential Financial Planning, to offer financial advice to existing customers who originally came to Prudential through its direct sales force. Starting with 25 advisers, the expectation is that this channel will grow further in 2012 to meet customer demand.

Partnerships focus on developing strong relationships with banks, retail brands and other distributors. Partnerships also seek to help Prudential UK's distribution partners in their distribution and product development strategies. Prudential UK now has a range of distribution partners including Royal London, Santander, St James's Place and Openwork.

In 2011 Prudential UK has consolidated its position with major intermediaries and has maintained sales through this channel in a challenging market. Prudential UK has worked closely with its distribution partners in the development of their business models for the post-RDR environment.

In the Wholesale market, Prudential UK's aim is to continue to participate selectively in bulk and back-book buyouts using its financial strength, superior investment track record and annuitant mortality risk assessment and servicing capabilities. In line with this approach, during 2011 Prudential UK signed two bulk annuity buy-in insurance agreements totalling £330 million of new business premiums. Prudential UK will continue to maintain a strict focus on value and only participate in capital-efficient transactions that meet its return on capital requirements.

Prudential's long-term products in the United Kingdom consist of life insurance, pension products and pensions annuities. The following table shows the Prudential UK's new business insurance and investment premiums by product line for the periods indicated. New business premiums include deposits for policies with limited or no life contingencies. Prudential UK also distributes life insurance products, primarily investment bonds, in other European countries. The volume of the other European business is relatively small and is included in the table below of Prudential UK's new business premium.

Of the total new business premiums of £5,130 million (2010: £5,910 million; 2009: £5,014 million), £4,871 million (2010: £5,656 million; 2009: £4,768 million) were single premiums and £259 million (2010: £254 million; 2009: £246 million) were regular premiums.

Prudential UK offers individual conventional immediate annuities that are either fixed or retail price indexed (referred to as 'RPI'), where annuity payments are guaranteed from the outset, or with-profits annuities, where annuity payments are variable dependent on the investment performance of underlying assets.

A total of £1,792 million of individual annuities were sold in 2011. Of this total, £1,223 million were sold to existing Prudential UK customers with maturing pension policies. The other £569 million were sold to new customers, typically individuals with a pension maturing with another provider who chose Prudential UK to provide their annuity. Prudential UK's immediate annuity products provide guaranteed income for a specified time, usually the life of the policyholder, in exchange for a lump sum capital payment. No surrender value is available under any of these products. The primary risks to Prudential UK from immediate annuity products, therefore, are mortality improvements and credit risk.

Prudential UK's conventional annuities include level (non-increasing), fixed increase and RPI annuities. Prudential UK's fixed increase annuities incorporate automatic increases in annuity payments by fixed amounts over the policyholder's life. The RPI annuities provide for a regular annuity payment to which an additional amount is added periodically based on the increase in the UK Retail Prices Index. In 2011, sales of RPI annuities were £285 million (including £274 million of bulk annuities). In 2011, sales of level and fixed increase conventional annuities amounted to £1,385 million (including £56 million of bulk annuities).

Prudential UK's with-profits annuities combine the income features of annuity products with the investment smoothing features of with-profits products and enable policyholders to obtain equity-type

returns over time. In 2009, Prudential UK launched the Income Choice Annuity, which allows customers to choose an income between a defined maximum and minimum level, with the option of re-setting this every two years. It also provides an opportunity for pension income to grow based on the returns of the with-profits fund. Through this product, Prudential UK brings its product development strengths to bear while also capitalising on people's need for protection from inflation through increasingly long periods of retirement.

Prudential is one of only a few companies in the United Kingdom which are active in the with-profits annuities market and has been operating in this market since 1991. In 2011, Prudential UK's premiums for this business were £452 million. Prudential UK has new business market share of 72 per cent in the first nine months of 2011⁽²⁾.

Prudential UK provides both corporate and individual pension products. Corporate pension products are discussed below whilst individual pension products are discussed under 'Other Products'. Pension products are tax-advantaged long-term savings products that comply with rules established by the HM Revenue and Customs ('HMRC') and are designed to supplement state-provided pensions. These products provide policyholders with a number of options at retirement. Policyholders may elect to use part or all of their maturity benefits to purchase a pension annuity, they may choose to draw down funds without purchasing an annuity (subject to a number of rules and restrictions on the amount able to be drawn down each year), they may delay taking any benefits, or take a combination of these options. They are also permitted a portion to be taken as a tax-free lump sum. For draw down products, the investment risk remains with the policyholder, payments are not guaranteed, and tend to cost more to administer. This means that the option to enter draw down will tend to apply mainly to more sophisticated policyholders and to larger retirement funds. This, combined with the individual's own need for a secured income in retirement, means that in practice most policyholders are likely to purchase an annuity.

Prior to retirement, these products typically have minimal mortality risk to Prudential UK and are primarily considered investment products. An exception is where a guaranteed annuity option ('GAO')has been offered on the product, with an element of risk to Prudential UK both in underlying mortality and investment assumptions. Prudential UK ceased marketing GAOs in 1987, but for a minority of corporate pension schemes GAOs still apply for new members. Current liabilities for this type of business make up less than one per cent of the with-profits sub-fund as at 31 December 2011.

Many of the pension products Prudential UK offers are with-profits products or offer the option to have all or part of the contributions allocated to a with-profits fund. Where funds invested in the with-profits fund are withdrawn prior to the pension date specified by the policyholder, Prudential UK may apply a market value adjustment to the amount paid out. The remaining pension products are non-participating products, which include unit-linked products.

There are two categories of corporate pension products: defined benefit and defined contribution. Prudential UK has an established defined benefit plan client base covering the small to medium-sized employer market. Prudential UK's defined contribution client base ranges from small unlisted companies to some of the largest companies in the United Kingdom as well as a number of clients in the public sector (in particular where Prudential UK offers the Additional Voluntary Contribution ('AVC') facility). Additional Voluntary Contribution plans enable employees to make additional pension contributions, either regularly or as a lump sum, to supplement their occupational pension plans. Prudential UK administers corporate pensions for over 600,000 scheme members sponsored by some of the UK's

largest employers and has also built a very strong position in the provision of with-profits AVC arrangements. Prudential UK provides AVCs to 67 of the 99 Local Government Authorities in England & Wales.

Defined benefit plans and products have previously dominated the corporate pensions market in terms of funds under management. In recent years, however, most new plans established have been defined contribution products. In addition, there is an increasing trend among companies to close defined benefit plans to new members or to convert existing schemes from defined benefit to defined contribution in order to stabilise or reduce potential pension liabilities.

Prudential UK offers group unit-linked policies and with-profits policies to the corporate pensions market. Prudential UK's defined contribution products are AVC plans, Group Money Purchase plans, Group Personal Pension plans, Group Stakeholder Pension plans and Executive Pension plans.

In addition Prudential UK has a Company Pension Transfer Plan (or 'Bulk S32'), designed to accept benefits from both defined benefit and defined contribution pension schemes which are winding up (ceasing to exist or being replaced by a new type of scheme). Prudential UK also has the facility to accept enhanced transfers from deferred members of a corporate's defined benefit pensions scheme into Prudential UK Personal Pension plan where the member has received advice from an independent financial adviser (often called an enhanced transfer value exercise).

Prudential UK offers customers a range of investment funds to meet different risk and reward objectives. Prudential UK's main onshore bond product wrappers are the Flexible Investment Plan ('FIP') and the Prudential Investment Plan ('PIP'. Through these plans, which are single premium with no fixed term, customers have the option to invest in the With-Profits fund or in a range of unit-linked investment funds.

In 2010, Prudential UK launched Dynamic Portfolios, which offer advisers a choice of portfolio options to match a client's risk/reward profile as an alternative to building an individual portfolio. Both FIP and PIP also give financial advisers the opportunity to choose from different external fund management groups and the flexibility to make changes to portfolio and asset allocation over time. In 2011, sales of the unit-linked option of FIP and PIP were £165 million.

Prudential UK offers a unitised and smoothed with-profits investment bond entitled PruFund, which is designed to provide increased transparency and smoothed investment returns to the customer with a choice of Cautious or Growth funds. PruFund also offers clients an optional guarantee on the initial investment with a term from six to ten years depending on the client's requirements. PruFund is available across Prudential UK's range of tax wrappers including individual pensions, income drawdown and onshore and offshore bonds. In 2011, total new business premiums attributable to PruFund, including new business through FIP and PIP, was £1,178 million.

With-profits products aim to provide capital growth over the medium to long-term, and access to a range of investment sectors without the costs and risks associated with direct investment into these sectors. Capital growth for the policyholder on with-profits bonds apart from PruFund is achieved by the addition of reversionary or annual bonuses, which are computed on a daily basis from investment returns achieved within PAC's long-term with-profits fund, offset by charges and expenses incurred in the fund. A final bonus may also be added when the bond is surrendered. PruFund delivers growth through a published expected growth rate, updated quarterly, and a transparent formulaic smoothing mechanism. In contrast the capital return on unit-linked bonds directly reflects the movement in the value of the assets underlying those funds. When funds invested in PAC's long-term with-profits fund are either fully or partially withdrawn, PAC may apply a market value adjustment to the amount paid out.

The sales growth across Prudential UK's with-profits range has been achieved on the back of sustained strong investment performance in its Life Fund over a number of years, reflecting the benefits of its diversified investment policy. Prudential believes that this market will continue to see further growth as investors turn to trusted and financially strong brands and products offering an element of capital protection.

Other products comprise individual pensions, income drawdown, offshore bonds, healthcare, life insurance and equity release mortgages.

Prudential UK's individual pension range offers unit-linked and unitised with-profits products, including products that meet the criteria of the UK government's stakeholder pension program.

The stakeholder pension is intended for individuals earning enough to be able to afford to make contributions to a pension but who are not currently doing so. The introduction of stakeholder pensions has had implications for, among other things, how Prudential UK designs, administers and charges for and distributes pension products. The most significant requirements involve capped charges and a low minimum contribution which must be accepted by the provider. The UK government has capped charges at 1.5 per cent per annum of the policyholder account balance for stakeholder pensions for the first ten years, decreasing to 1 per cent thereafter, which is below the charges on personal pension products previously offered by the UK pensions industry.

As of 2012, individuals who are not already in a pension scheme, who are over 21 and below retirement age and whose earnings are over a minimum amount have had to be automatically enrolled in a pension scheme by their employer, who will be required to make contributions. These requirements will apply first to larger employers and will be rolled out gradually to medium-sized and smaller employers.

Prudential UK also provides individual personal pension products through the DWP Rebate arrangement. Under this arrangement, individuals may elect to contract out of the UK's State Second Pension (referred to as 'S2P') which was previously known as State Earnings Related Pension Scheme, administered by the UK Department of Work and Pensions. If an individual elects to contract out, then he or she will designate a pension provider, such as Prudential UK. Premiums on products sold in this manner are paid through 'rebates' from the Department of Work and Pensions, which represent the amount that would be otherwise paid into S2P. Rebate amounts are invested to provide benefits to the individual. Premiums from Department of Work and Pensions Rebates are typically reported in the first quarter of each year. The option to contract out will be removed from April 2012 and no further contributions will be received, although Prudential will continue to administer in-force policies.

Given the UK's historic requirement for compulsory annuitisation by a maximum age (removed completely in April 2011), an increasingly sophisticated consumer population, and the rising incidence of second careers and semi-retirement as a result of increasing longevity, the market has seen good growth in the 'bridge' between pensions and annuities through income drawdown products. These products help customers manage their pensions through the various stages of retirement, and also offer flexibility while providing potential for capital growth. In 2011, Prudential UK sold £87 million of income drawdown products.

Prudential UK's offshore bond products are the International Prudence Bond, International Prudential Portfolio Bond and International Portfolio Account, offering clients access to a wide range of quoted UK investments. Prudential UK's offshore bond sales grew by 4 per cent to £265 million in 2011.

PruHealth was launched in 2004 as a private medical insurance provider and is backed by Prudential and Discovery of South Africa. PruHealth uses the Prudential brand and Discovery's expertise to build branded distribution and innovative product offerings in the private healthcare and protection markets. In August 2010, PruHealth acquired Standard Life Healthcare and as part of the transaction, Prudential UK reduced its shareholding in the combined PruHealth and PruProtect businesses from its previous level of 50 per cent to 25 per cent of the enlarged business.

Prudential's UK life insurance products are predominantly pure protection (term) products, and include the PruProtect product sold through the joint venture with Discovery. PruProtect's product is focused around a core philosophy of helping people become healthier while protecting and improving the quality of their lives.

In November 2009, Prudential UK announced the decision to close its equity release operation to new business. Existing customers may, however, still draw down additional funds, subject to their overall borrowing limits.

Wholesale business comprises bulk annuities (£330 million) and a small amount of run-off credit life insurance business through UK retail banks (£6 million). Prudential UK offers bulk annuities selectively, whereby it manages the assets and accepts the liabilities of a company pension scheme. The volume of Prudential UK's bulk annuity sales is unpredictable as the business maintains a very strict focus on value and only participates in capital-efficient transactions that meet its return on capital requirements.

In view of the size and spread of PAC's long-term insurance fund, there is little need for reinsurance to protect this business. Some limited reinsurance is maintained and treaties relating to annuities, healthcare, term insurance and certain unit-linked products are in place.

In the United Kingdom, a life insurance company's reserve and other requirements are determined by its Board, with advice from its Actuarial Function Holder, subject to minimum reserve requirements. These minimum reserve requirements are established by the rules and guidance of the FSA.

The reserves are published in annual returns to the FSA. In practice, similar provisions are included in the life insurance company's statutory accounts with limited adjustments. The Actuarial Function Holder must pay due regard to the fair treatment of policyholders in making recommendations to the company's board. The Actuarial Function Holder is required to report directly to the FSA any serious concerns regarding the company's ability to treat its customers fairly.

Prudential UK's regulatory reserving for with-profits products, as required by UK regulation, takes into account annual bonuses/annual interest credited to policyholders because these are 'attached' to the policies and are guaranteed. Realistic reserves are also calculated for with-profits products under UK regulation. These include an allowance for final bonuses based on the asset share or a prospective valuation of the policies and the cost of guarantees, smoothing and enhancements.

Prudential UK reserves for unit-linked products on the basis of the value of the unit fund and additional reserves are held for expenses and mortality where this is required by the contract design.

As well as the reserves, the company's assets must also cover other capital requirements set out in the FSA Prudential Sourcebook. These comprise a with-profits insurance capital component, which is a measure of the difference in the surplus assets on regulatory and realistic bases; a resilience capital requirement for entities other than PAC, which makes prudent allowance for potential future adverse movements in investment values; and the long-term insurance capital requirement, which must be held by all EU insurance companies. See 'Financial Strength of PAC's Long-term Fund' for further information on solvency and 'Realistic Financial Strength Reporting' for further information on realistic reporting.

PAC's with-profits fund is one of the largest and financially strongest in the UK, and continues to cover all of its regulatory solvency requirements. The fund is supported by a large inherited estate, with the free assets of the with-profits fund valued at approximately £6.1 billion as at 31 December 2011, valued on a regulatory realistic basis. This provides the working capital required to support the fund for the long-term benefit of current and future policyholders.

Despite a low interest rate environment and four consecutive years of market uncertainty, the with-profits sub-fund earned a positive return in 2011. The with-profits sub-fund has delivered investment returns of 92.7 per cent over ten years for policyholder asset shares in the fund, compared with the FTSE All-share index (total return) of 59.5 per cent over the same period (figures are to 31 December 2011, before tax and charges). These returns clearly demonstrate the value for policyholders of investing in PAC's financially strong, well-managed With-Profits Fund and the benefits that this style of more cautious investing can provide over the medium to long-term.

In accordance with the FSA Prudential Sourcebook, PAC has to demonstrate solvency on a 'realistic' valuation basis as well as the regulatory basis. In the aggregate, the basis has the effect of placing a value on the liabilities of UK with-profits contracts that reflects the amounts expected to be paid based on the current value of investments held by the with-profits funds and current circumstances.

This basis makes companies' financial health more transparent to policyholders, intermediaries and regulators alike, and enables more informed choices to be made by policyholders. The PAC long-term with-profits sub-fund is strong with the inherited estate (free assets) measured on a realistic basis, valued at approximately £6.1 billion at the end of 2011 before deduction for the risk capital margin.

In line with FSA requirements, PAC produces an Individual Capital Assessment ('Pillar II') which is an assessment of the economic capital required to ensure that there is a high likelihood that the company can meet its liabilities as they fall due.

In common with other UK long-term insurance companies, Prudential UK's products are structured as either with-profits products or non-participating (including unit-linked) products. For statutory and management purposes, PAC's long-term fund consists of a number of sub-funds in which shareholders and policyholders have varying interests.

With-profits products provide an equity-type return to policyholders through bonuses that are 'smoothed'. There are two types of bonuses: 'annual' and 'final'. Annual bonuses, often referred to as reversionary bonuses, are declared once a year and, once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular product. Final bonuses are declared each year and accrued for all policies scheduled to mature and for death benefits expected to be paid during the next financial year. Final bonuses are not guaranteed and are only paid on policies that result from claims through the death of the policyholder or maturity of the policy within the period of declaration or by concession on surrender. Final bonuses can represent a substantial portion of the ultimate return to policyholders.

With-profits policies are supported by a with-profits fund. Prudential UK's primary with-profits fund is part of PAC's long-term fund. With-profits products provide benefits that are generally either the value of the premiums paid, less charges and fees and with the addition of declared bonuses, or the guaranteed death benefit with the addition of declared bonuses. Smoothing of investment returns is an important feature of with-profits products. It is designed to reduce the impact of fluctuations in investment return from year to year and is accomplished predominantly through the level of final bonuses declared.

The return to Prudential's shareholders in respect of with-profits business Prudential UK writes is an amount equal to up to one-ninth of the value of the bonuses Prudential UK credits or declares to policyholders in that year. Prudential UK has a large block of in-force with-profits business with varying maturity dates that generates a relatively stable stream of shareholder profits from year to year.

PAC's board of directors, with the advice of its Actuarial Function Holder and its With-Profits Actuary, determines the amount of annual and final bonuses to be declared each year on each group of contracts.

When determining policy payouts, including final bonuses, PAC follows an actuarial practice of considering 'asset shares' for specimen policies. Asset shares broadly reflect the value of premiums paid in respect of a policy accumulated at the investment return on the assets PAC notionally attributes to the policy. In calculating asset shares, PAC takes into account the following items:

However, Prudential UK does not take into account the surplus assets of the long-term fund, or their investment return, in calculating asset shares. Asset shares are used in the determination of final bonuses together with treating customers fairly, the need to smooth claim values and payments from year to year and competitive considerations.

Prudential UK is required by UK law and regulation to consider the fair treatment of its customers in setting bonus levels. The concept of treating customers fairly is established by statute but is not defined. In practice, it provides one of the guiding principles for decision-making in respect of with-profits products.

The overall return to policyholders is an important competitive measure for attracting new business. The ability to declare competitive bonuses depends, in part, on the financial strength of PAC's long-term fund, enabling it to maintain high levels of investment in equities and real estate, if it wishes to do so. Equities and real estate have historically over the long-term provided a return in excess of fixed interest securities.

In 2011, PAC declared a total surplus of £2,293 million (2010: £2,367 million) from PAC's primary with-profits sub-fund, of which £2,064 million (2010: £2,131 million) was added to with-profits policies and £229 million (2010: £236million) was distributed to shareholders. These amounts included annual bonus rates of 3.0 per cent for Prudence Bond and 3.0 per cent for personal pensions.

The closed Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund ('SAIF') declared total bonuses in 2011 of £611 million compared to £471 million in 2010. Shareholders have no interest in profits from the SAIF fund, although they are entitled to the investment management fees paid by this business. For greater detail on the SAIF fund, see 'The SAIF sub-fund and accounts' below.

The assets of the main with-profits sub-fund within the long-term fund of PAC comprise the amounts that it expects to pay out to meet its obligations to existing policyholders and an additional amount used as working capital. The amount payable over time to policyholders from the with-profits sub-fund is equal to the policyholders' accumulated asset shares plus any additional payments that may be required by way of smoothing or to meet guarantees. The balance of the assets of the with-profits sub-fund is called the 'inherited estate' and has accumulated over many years from various sources.

The inherited estate, as working capital, enables PAC to support with-profits business by providing the benefits associated with smoothing and guarantees, by providing investment flexibility for the fund's assets, by meeting the regulatory capital requirements that demonstrate solvency and by absorbing the costs of significant events or fundamental changes in its long-term business without affecting the bonus and investment policies. The size of the inherited estate fluctuates from year to year depending on the investment return and the extent to which it has been required to meet smoothing costs, guarantees and other events.

As a proprietary insurance company, PAC is liable to meet its obligations to policyholders even if the assets of the long-term funds are insufficient to do so. The assets, represented by the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, in excess of amounts expected to be paid for future terminal bonuses and related shareholder transfers (the excess assets) in the long-term funds could be materially depleted over time by, for example, a significant or sustained equity market downturn, costs of significant fundamental strategic change or a material increase in the pension mis-selling provision. In the unlikely circumstance that the depletion of the excess assets within the long-term fund was such that PAC's ability to satisfy policyholders' reasonable expectations was adversely affected, it might become necessary to restrict the annual distribution to shareholders or to contribute shareholders' funds to the long-term funds to provide financial support.

In 1998, Prudential UK stated that deducting personal pensions mis-selling costs from the inherited estate of the with-profits sub-fund would not impact Prudential UK's bonus or investment policy and it gave an assurance that if this unlikely event were to occur, it would make available support to the fund

from shareholder resources for as long as the situation continued, so as to ensure that policyholders were not disadvantaged. The assurance was designed to protect both existing policyholders at the date it was announced, and policyholders who subsequently purchased policies while the pension mis-selling review was continuing.

The mis-selling review was completed on 30 June 2002 and the assurance has not applied to new business issued since 1 January 2004. New business in this context consists of new policies, new members to existing pension schemes plus regular and single premium top-ups, transfers and switches to existing arrangements. The maximum amount of capital support available under the terms of the assurance will reduce over time as claims are paid on the policies covered by it.

The bonus and investment policy for each type of with-profits policy is the same irrespective of whether or not the assurance applies. Hence removal of the assurance for new business has had no impact on policyholder returns and this is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.

During 2009, the FSA issued a policy statement confirming that certain payments of compensation and redress for events occurring after 31 July 2009 may only be paid from assets attributable to shareholders. As the pensions mis-selling review was concluded prior to this date, the requirements of the policy statement do not impact the provisions outlined above.

The SAIF sub-fund is a ring-fenced sub-fund of PAC's long-term fund and was formed following the acquisition of the mutual Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society in 1997. No new business may be written in SAIF, although regular premiums are still being paid on policies in-force at the time of the acquisition and 'top-ups' are permitted on these policies.

This fund is solely for the benefit of those Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society policyholders whose policies were transferred to SAIF. Shareholders have no interest in the profits of this fund, although they are entitled to the investment management fees paid on this business. The brand name and rights to profit on new business were transferred to a new Prudential UK subsidiary, Scottish Amicable Life plc, which operated for the benefit of shareholders.

SAIF with-profits policies include certain guaranteed annuity products, referred to below. Other than these policies, the majority of SAIF with-profits policies do not guarantee minimum rates of return to policyholders. Should the assets of SAIF be inadequate to meet the guaranteed benefit obligations to the policyholders of SAIF, the PAC long-term fund would be liable to cover any such deficiency. Due to the quality and diversity of the assets in SAIF and the ability of SAIF to revise guaranteed benefits in the event of an asset shortfall, the Directors believe that the probability of either the PAC's long-term fund or Prudential UK's shareholders' funds having to contribute to SAIF is remote.

The majority of Prudential-branded non-participating business is written in the non-profit sub-fund of PAC's long-term fund or in subsidiaries owned by Prudential UK. Since mid-2004, Prudential UK has written all of its new non-profit annuity business through Prudential Retirement Income limited ('PRIL'), from which the profits are attributed solely to shareholders. Prior to that time, certain non-profit annuity business was written through Prudential Annuities Limited ('PAL'), which is wholly owned by PAC's with-profits fund. The profits on this business are attributable to the fund and not to shareholders, although indirectly shareholders get one-ninth of additional amounts paid to policyholders through the declaration of bonuses.

The unit-linked business written by PAC and Prudential International Assurance is written with capital provided by shareholders.

Prudential used to sell guaranteed annuity products in the United Kingdom and held a technical provision of £90 million as at 31 December 2011, within the main with-profits fund to honour guarantees on these products. PAC's main exposure to guaranteed annuities in the United Kingdom is through SAIF and a provision of £370 million was held in SAIF as at 31 December 2011, to honour the guarantees. As SAIF is a separate sub-fund of PAC's long-term business fund, wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund, the movement in this provision has no impact on shareholders.

M&G is the UK and European fund manager of the Prudential Group with responsibility for investments on behalf of both internal and external clients. M&G is an investment-led business whose aim is to generate superior long-term returns for its third-party investors and the internal funds of the Prudential Group. This is achieved by creating an environment that is attractive to investment talent.

In the retail market, M&G's aim is to operate a single fund range and to diversify the distribution base by accessing a wide variety of channels and geographies. In recent years, this has resulted in significantly increased sales of UK-based funds in European and other international markets.

In the institutional marketplace, M&G's approach centres on leveraging capabilities developed primarily for the Prudential internal funds to create higher margin external business opportunities. This has allowed M&G to offer third-party clients, such as pension funds, an innovative range of specialist fixed income and related strategies, including private debt opportunities in leveraged finance, and infrastructure investment.

M&G's investment performance has been robust in the face of on-going macroeconomic instability. Over the three years to 31 December 2011, 25 retail funds representing approximately 76 per cent of retail funds under management ('FUM'), delivered first and second quartile investment performance. The performance of M&G's actively managed external institutional fixed income mandates also remains very strong with all of the mandates meeting or outperforming their benchmarks over the three years to 31 December 2011.

Following considerable uncertainty over sovereign debts on both sides of the Atlantic and concerns over the lack of global economic growth, the third quarter of 2011 saw the FTSE 100 suffer its worst quarter for nine years, falling 14 per cent. Markets rebounded over the fourth quarter with the index rising by 9 per cent. M&G's FUM has proved resilient in the face of the market volatility experienced over the second half of the year. From a FUM level of £194.4 billion at the end of 30 September 2011, M&G's FUM increased to £201.3 billion by 31 December 2011. This included external funds under management, representing 46 per cent of total FUM, of £91.9 billion (quarter to 30 September 2011: £87.3 billion).

In 2011, M&G attracted gross inflows of £26.0 billion and net inflows of £4.4 billion, with retail funds contributing the lion's share of the net position with £3.9 billion. After two successive years of extremely high net sales, it was M&G's expectation that net fund flows would revert to somewhat lower levels in 2011 especially in light of the economic headwinds experienced over the year. However, while net sales are indeed lower, they remain strong. M&G's ability to maintain this sales performance over

the year again demonstrates its strength and depth across all the main asset classes and distribution channels.

Gross new business wins for the fourth quarter to 31 December 2011 totalled £6.2 billion, compared to £6.4 billion for the previous quarter. Outflows totalled £4.4 billion (quarter to 30 September 2011: £6.7 billion), resulting in net inflows for the quarter of £1.8 billion. This was a positive turnaround on the total net outflow of £288 million experienced in the quarter to 30 September 2011.

Volatile market conditions and reduced investor confidence led to a considerable worsening of the sales environment in the overall market during the second half of 2011, in both Europe and the UK, and particularly for equity products.

The European funds industry suffered net outflows of €69.3 billion in 2011—only the second time in the past decade (net outflows were €298 billion in 2008)⁽³⁾. This result masks a significant divide between the first half of the year, which saw net inflows of €96 billion, and the second half with net outflows of around €165 billion. It also masks a divide between markets where investors have been the greatest net buyers (notably the UK) and where they have been in significant net outflow (Continental Europe) as 21 out of 33 markets suffered full year outflows.

Despite this challenging flow environment, M&G's Retail business generated positive net sales in the final quarter. In its core UK market, gross inflows of £2.7 billion were generated over the quarter with corresponding net inflows of over £1.1 billion. Over the full year to 31 December 2011, M&G's UK Retail business has received gross inflows of £11.2 billion, representing an increase of 10 per cent on 2010 levels. At the net level, the UK Retail business recorded inflows of £4.3 billion, a modest fall of only 3 per cent on 2010 results.

M&G's UK Retail business has been number one for gross and net retail sales over 13 consecutive quarters based on data to 31 December 2011⁽⁴⁾. The strength of its UK distribution channels has helped to offset the difficult conditions encountered in mainland Europe, where risk-averse investors have been withdrawing money from funds. M&G's European Retail distribution business did make up lost ground over the fourth quarter with positive net inflows being received. M&G continued to expand its distribution capabilities, registering its OEIC fund range in Finland, Norway and Denmark in the fourth quarter. By retail net sales, M&G ranked ninth out of 48 cross-border groups in 2011⁽⁵⁾. M&G-managed retail FUM sourced outside of the UK now stand at £8.2 billion, the equivalent of almost one-fifth of the total retail external funds managed by M&G.

In product terms, retail fund flows across the industry, affected by the eurozone crisis, have seen muted demand for equity products in aggregate as bond products continue to remain the default choice for risk-averse investors. However, flows into some of M&G's flagship equity products have remained robust in spite of stock market conditions, with investor appetite for M&G's global equity and emerging market products continuing. M&G's Property Portfolio Fund has also benefited from a consistent level of net sales over the full year. It is a core pillar of M&G's business performance that it is able to benefit from changing investor preferences as a result of its diversified product offering. No fewer than 14 of M&G's retail funds, representing all of the main asset classes, achieved net sales in excess of £50 million over the full year.

M&G's Institutional business had a strong fourth quarter pushing the business into positive territory for the full year with net inflows of £490 million. The outflows experienced over the year included, as expected, a number of segregated clients withdrawing money from public debt funds due to asset allocation decisions. Additionally, outflows also reflected the contractual return of £696 million in capital to investors in mature closed-ended debt structures.

M&G's Institutional business continues to benefit from its innovative approach to investment. The Alternative Credit team has raised £200 million of capital for a UK social housing fund, the first fund of its kind to capitalise on the income-generating nature of the sector. This is the second instance of M&G creating a fund to assist organisations starved of bank loans since the onset of the credit crisis. The M&G UK Companies Financing Fund ('UKCFF'), M&G's loan facility for UK quoted companies, has now made total commitments of £710 million across eight loans, five of which were extended over 2011. Total commitments of £1.4 billion have been raised since its launch in 2009.

The M&G Secured Property Income Fund combines the expertise of both M&G's Fixed Income Team, with its extensive credit research capability, and PRUPIM, the real estate fund management arm of the M&G Group and its core capability in real estate investment analysis. The Fund, which offers pension fund investors an alternative means of managing their inflation liabilities, passed through a net asset value ('NAV') of £1 billion during the final quarter. £350 million in total was added to the NAV in 2011. Fund performance is strong, investor interest remains high and M&G continues to work hard at maintaining a suitable pipeline of acquisition opportunities.

Prudential Capital manages the Group's balance sheet for profit by leveraging Prudential's market position. This business has three strategic objectives: to provide professional treasury services to the Prudential Group; to operate a first-class wholesale and capital markets interface; and to realise profitable opportunities within a tightly controlled risk framework. Prudential Capital generates revenue by providing bridging finance, managing investments and operating a securities lending and cash management business for the Prudential Group and its clients.

The business has consolidated its position in a period of difficult and volatile markets, focusing on liquidity across the Prudential Group, management of the existing asset portfolio and conservative levels of new investment. Development of new product and infrastructure has continued, helping to maintain the dynamism and flexibility necessary to identify and realise opportunities for profit within acceptable risk parameters. Prudential Capital is committed to working closely with other business units across the Prudential Group to exploit opportunities and increase value creation for Prudential as a whole.

As a provider of financial services, including insurance, the management of risk lies at the heart of Prudential's business. As a result, effective risk management capabilities represent a key source of competitive advantage for the Group.

The Group's risk framework includes the Group's appetite for risk exposures as well as its approach to risk management. Under this approach, Prudential continuously assesses the Group's top risks and monitors its risk profile against approved limits. Prudential's main strategies for managing and mitigating risk include asset liability management, using derivatives to hedge relevant market risks, and implementing reinsurance and corporate insurance programmes.

Prudential defines and monitors aggregate risk limits based on financial and non-financial stresses for its earnings volatility, liquidity and capital requirements.

The two measures used to monitor the volatility of earnings are European Embedded Value (EEV) operating profit and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) operating profit, although EEV and IFRS total profits are also considered.

Liquidity: the objective is to ensure that the Group is able to generate sufficient cash resources to meet financial obligations as they fall due in business as usual and stressed scenarios.

The two measures used are the EU Insurance Groups Directive (IGD) capital requirements and internal economic capital requirements. In addition, capital requirements are monitored on a local statutory basis.

Prudential's risk appetite framework forms an integral part of its annual business planning cycle. The Group Risk Committee is responsible for reviewing the risks inherent in the Group's business plan and for providing the Board with input on the risk/reward trade offs implicit therein. This review is supported by its Group Risk function, which uses submissions by business units to calculate the Group's aggregated position (allowing for diversification effects between business units) relative to the limits contained within the risk appetite statements.

The Group Risk Framework deploys a common risk language, allowing meaningful comparisons to be made between different business units. Risks are broadly categorised as shown below.

Category	Risk type	Definition


Financial risks	Market risk	The risk of loss for the Group's business, or of adverse change in the financial situation, resulting, directly or indirectly, from fluctuations in the level or volatility of market prices of assets and liabilities.
	Credit risk	The risk of loss for the Group's business or of adverse change in the financial position, resulting from fluctuations in the credit standing of issuers of securities, counterparties and any debtors in the form of default or other significant credit event (eg downgrade or spread widening).
	Insurance risk	The risk of loss for the Group's business or of adverse change in the value of insurance liabilities, resulting from changes in the level, trend, or volatility of a number of insurance risk drivers. This includes adverse mortality, longevity, morbidity, persistency and expense experience.
	Liquidity risk	The risk of the Group being unable to generate sufficient cash resources or raise finance to meet financial obligations as they fall due in business as usual and stress scenarios.

Non-financial risks	Operational risk	The risk of loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, or from personnel and systems, or from external events.
	Business environment risk	Exposure to forces in the external environment that could significantly change the fundamentals that drive the business's overall strategy.
	Strategic risk	Ineffective, inefficient or inadequate senior management processes for the development and implementation of business strategy in relation to the business environment and the Group's capabilities.

In the UK business, most of Prudential's equity exposure is incurred in the with-profits fund, which includes a large inherited estate estimated at £6.1 billion as at 31 December 2011 (2010: £6.8 billion), which can absorb market fluctuations and protect the fund's solvency. The inherited estate itself is partially protected against falls in equity markets through an active hedging policy.

In Asia Prudential's shareholder exposure to equities is minimal and is mainly attributed to revenue from unit-linked products. From a capital perspective, Prudential has a small exposure to falling equity markets from the with-profits businesses.

In the US, where Jackson is a leading provider of variable annuities, there are well-understood risks associated with the guarantees embedded in its products. Jackson provides guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) on substantially all policies in this class, guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (GMWB) on a significant proportion of the book, and guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) on only 5 per cent. To protect the shareholders against the volatility introduced by these embedded options, Jackson uses both a comprehensive hedging programme and reinsurance. The GMIB is no longer offered, with existing coverage being reinsured.

The Jackson IFRS shareholders' equity and US statutory capital are sensitive to the effects of policyholder behaviour on the valuation of GMWB guarantees, but to manageable levels. For example, at 31 December 2011, on two severe stress test scenarios:

In its variable annuity sales activities, Jackson focuses on meeting the needs of conservative and risk averse customers who are seeking reliable income in retirement, and who display little tendency to arbitrage their guarantees. These customers generally select conservative investment options. Jackson is able to meet the needs of these customers because of the strength of its operational platform.

It is Jackson's philosophy not to compete on price; rather, Jackson seeks to sell at a price sufficient to fund the cost it incurs to hedge or reinsure its risks and to achieve an acceptable return for shareholders.

Jackson uses a macro approach to hedging that covers the risks inherent across the US business. Within this macro approach Jackson makes use of the natural offsets that exist between the variable annuity guarantees and the fixed index annuity book, and then use a combination of OTC options and exchange traded derivatives to hedge the remaining risk, considering significant market shocks and limiting the amount of capital Jackson is putting at risk. Internal positions are generally netted before any external hedge positions are considered. The hedging programme also covers the fees on variable annuity guarantees.

Jackson hedges the economics of its products rather than the accounting result. This focus means that Jackson accepts a degree of variability in its accounting results in order to ensure it achieves the appropriate economic result. Accordingly, while Jackson's hedges are effective on an economic basis, due to different accounting treatment for the hedges and some of the underlying hedged items on an IFRS basis, the reported income effect is more variable.

Interest rate risk arises primarily from Prudential's investments in long-term debt and fixed income securities. Interest rate risk also exists in policies that carry investment guarantees on early surrender or at maturity, where claim values can become higher than the value of backing assets as a result of rises or falls in interest rates.

In the US, there is interest rate risk across the portfolio. The majority of Jackson's fixed annuity and life liabilities allow for an annual reset of the crediting rate, which provides for a greater level of discretion in determining the amount of interest rate risk to assume. The primary concerns with these liabilities relate to potential surrenders when rates increase and, in a low interest environment, the

minimum guarantees required by state law. For variable annuities, interest rate changes will influence the level of reserves held for certain guaranteed benefits. With its large fixed annuity and fixed index annuity books, Jackson has natural offsets for its variable annuity interest-rate related risks. Jackson manages interest rate exposure through a combination of interest rate swaps and interest rate options.

In the UK, the investment policy for the shareholder-backed annuity business is to match the annuity payments with the cash flows from investments. As a result, assets and liabilities are closely matched by duration. The impact on profit of any residual cash flow mismatching can be adversely affected by changes in interest rates; therefore the mismatching position is regularly monitored. The guarantees written in the with profits business also give rise to some interest rate discounting risk (ie falling rates result in an increase in the cost of guarantees) albeit these impacts are in the first instance absorbed by the with-profits fund and not IFRS shareholders' equity.

The exposure to interest rate risk arising from guarantees in Asia is at modest levels: for some non-unit-linked investment products it may not be possible to hold assets which will provide cash flows to match exactly those relating to policyholder liabilities. This results in a mismatch due to the duration and uncertainty of the liability cash flows and the lack of sufficient assets of a suitable duration. While this residual asset/liability mismatch risk can be managed, it cannot be eliminated.

Prudential principally operates in the UK, the US, and in 13 countries and territories in Asia and the Middle East. The geographical diversity of its businesses means that Prudential is inevitably subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. Prudential's international operations in the US and Asia, which represent a significant proportion of its operating profit and shareholders' funds, generally write policies and invest in assets denominated in local currency. Although this practice limits the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on local operating results, it can lead to significant fluctuations in Prudential's consolidated financial statements when results are expressed in pounds sterling.

Prudential does not generally seek to hedge foreign currency revenues, as these are substantially retained locally to support the growth of the Group's business and meet local regulatory and market requirements. However, in cases where a surplus arising in an overseas operation supports Group capital or shareholders' interest, this exposure is hedged if it is economically optimal to do so. Currency borrowings, swaps and other derivatives are used to manage exposures.

In addition to business unit and Group-wide operational limits on credit risk, Prudential monitors closely its counterparty exposures at Group level, highlighting those that are large or of concern. Where appropriate, Prudential will reduce its exposure, purchase credit protection or make use of collateral arrangements to control its levels of credit risk.

	2011								2010


	Participating funds		Unit-linked and variable annuities		Shareholder- backed		Total Group		Total Group

	£bn		£bn		£bn		£bn		£bn
Debt securities		57.2		8.9		58.4		124.5		116.4
Equity		26.0		59.9		1.4		87.3		86.6
Property investments		8.5		0.7		1.6		10.8		11.2
Mortgage loans		1.0		—		4.7		5.7		5.0
Other loans		1.7		—		2.3		4.0		4.3
Deposits		7.2		1.5		2.0		10.7		10.0
Other investments		4.5		0.1		3.0		7.6		5.8

Total		106.1		71.1		73.4		250.6		239.3

The table below presents the balances of investments related to shareholder-backed operations.

Shareholders are not directly exposed to value movements on assets backing participating or unit-linked operations, with sensitivity mainly related to shareholder-backed operations.

The investments held by the shareholder-backed operations are predominantly debt securities, of which 95 per cent are rated, either externally or internally, as investment grade compared to 95 per cent at 31 December 2010.

The UK's debt portfolio on an IFRS basis is £78.0 billion as at 31 December 2011, including £47.6 billion within the UK with-profits fund. Shareholders' risk exposure to the with-profits fund is limited as the solvency is protected by the large inherited estate. Outside the with-profits fund there is £6.2 billion in unit-linked funds where the shareholders' risk is limited, with the remaining £24.2 billion backing the shareholders' annuity business and other non-linked business (of which 78 per cent is rated AAA to A, 20 per cent BBB and 2 per cent non-investment grade). The UK shareholder-backed portfolio did not experience any default losses in 2011.

The most significant area of exposure to credit risk for the shareholders is Jackson in the US. At 31 December 2011 Jackson's fixed income debt securities portfolio consisted of:

Of the £19.5 billion of corporate debt 95 per cent is investment grade. Concentration risk within the corporate debt portfolio is low, with the top ten holdings accounting for approximately 4 per cent of the portfolio. Jackson's largest sector exposures in the investment grade corporate debt portfolio are Utilities and Energy each at 15 per cent. Jackson actively manages the portfolio and will sell exposures as events dictate.

Within the RMBS portfolio of £2.6 billion, the portion guaranteed by US government sponsored agencies is 60 per cent. Another 18 per cent of the portfolio is non-agency prime and Alt-A investments with pre-2006/2007 vintages, where experience has been much more positive than later vintages. Jackson's exposure to the 2006/2007 vintages totals £343 million of which £337 million is invested in the senior part of the capital structure. The actual exposure to non-senior 2006/2007 Prime and Alt-A RMBS is only £6 million. The total RMBS portfolio has an average fair value price of 92 cents on the dollar.

The CMBS portfolio of £2.2 billion is performing strongly, with 35 per cent of the portfolio rated AAA and only 2 per cent rated below investment grade. The entire portfolio has an average credit enhancement level of 30 per cent. This level provides significant protection, since it means the underlying collateral has to incur a 30 per cent loss, net of recoveries, before Jackson's holding is at risk.

Jackson's debt securities experienced total credit-related losses in 2011 of £52 million (2010: £213 million). This includes net recoveries on sales of previously impaired bonds of £10 million (2010: loss of £89 million) and IFRS write-downs of £62 million (2010: £124 million). Of this amount of write-downs, £21 million (2010: £71 million) was in respect of RMBS securities. In addition to the amounts for debt securities, there were £28 million (2010: £12 million) of write-downs on Jackson's commercial mortgage loan portfolio. In 2011 and 2010 Jackson did not have any defaults in its debt securities portfolio.

The impairment process reflects a rigorous review of every bond and security in Jackson's portfolio. The Group's accounting policy requires Jackson to book full mark to market losses on impaired securities through its balance sheet. However, Jackson would expect only a proportion of these losses eventually to turn into defaults, and some of the impaired securities to recover in price over time.

Jackson's net unrealised gains from debt securities was positive £2,057 million at 31 December 2011, compared to positive £1,210 million at 31 December 2010. The gross unrealised loss position was £246 million at 31 December 2011 (31 December 2010: £370 million). Gross unrealised losses on

securities priced at less than 80 per cent of face value totalled £158 million at 31 December 2011 compared to £224 million at 31 December 2010.

Asia's debt portfolio totalled £17.7 billion at 31 December 2011. Of this, approximately 70 per cent was in unit-linked and with-profits funds with minimal shareholders' risk. The remaining 30 per cent is shareholder exposure and is invested predominantly (73 per cent) in investment grade bonds. For Asia, the portfolio has performed very well, and did not experience any default losses in 2011.

The debt portfolio of the Group's asset management operations of £1.8 billion as at 31 December 2011 is principally related to Prudential Capital operations. Of this amount £1.5 billion were rated AAA to A- by S&P or Aaa by Moody's.

Sovereign debt represented 16 per cent or £9.2 billion of the debt portfolio backing shareholder business at 31 December 2011. 43 per cent of this was rated AAA and 94 per cent investment grade. Of the Group's holdings in Continental Europe of £690 million, 87 per cent was AAA rated. Shareholder exposure to the eurozone sovereigns of Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain (PIIGS) is £44 million. The Group does not have any sovereign debt exposure to Greece, Portugal, Ireland or France.

The exposure of the Group's shareholder and with-profits funds to sovereign debt (including credit default swaps that are referenced to sovereign debt) at 31 December 2011 is as follows.

	Shareholder sovereign debt		With-profits sovereign debt


	£m		£m
Continental Europe

Italy		43		52
Spain		1		33

		44		85
Germany		598		602
Other Europe (principally Isle of Man and Belgium)		48		62

		690		749
United Kingdom		3,254		2,801
United States		2,448		2,615
Other, predominantly Asia		2,850		332

Total		9,242		6,497

Prudential expects that any second order sovereign credit exposures would most likely be concentrated in the banking sector. The Group's bank exposure is a function of its core investment business, as well as of the hedging and other activity undertaken to manage its various financial risks. Prudential relies on public information, such as the results of the July 2011 European Banking Authority (EBA) stress tests to identify banks with large concentrations of indirect exposure.

Prudential has a range of controls and processes to manage credit exposure. In addition to the control frameworks that cover shareholder and policyholder credit risk within each Business Unit, the

Group Credit Risk Committee oversees shareholder credit risk across the Group. The Committee receives comprehensive management information, including details of counterparty and invested credit exposure (including structured credit and loans), secured and unsecured cash balances, top 30 credit exposures, and an analysis of shareholder exposure by industry/country and rating. The Group Risk function also continually monitors the portfolio for emerging credit risks through various tools and processes.

Prudential actively mitigates the level of Group wide credit risk (invested credit and counterparty) through a comprehensive system of hard limits, collateralisation agreements and centrally managed 'watch lists'.

Of the £58.4 billion of debt securities backing shareholder business (excluding holdings attributable to external holders of consolidated unit trusts), 4 per cent or £2.1 billion was in Tier 1 and Tier 2 hybrid bank debt. A further £2.2 billion was in the form of senior debt.

In terms of shareholder exposures to the bank debt of PIIGS, Prudential held £328 million at 31 December 2011. This comprised £107 million of covered bonds, £59 million senior debt, £16 million Tier 1 debt and £146 million Tier 2 debt. There was no direct exposure to Greek banks.

The Group held the following direct exposures to banks' debt securities of shareholder-backed business at 31 December 2011.

	Bank debt securities—shareholder-backed business

	Senior debt						Subordinated debt
	Covered		Senior		Total senior debt		Tier 2		Tier 1		Total subordinated debt		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m

Portugal		—		24		24		—		—		—		24
Ireland		—		13		13		—		—		—		13
Italy		—		11		11		56		14		70		81
Greece		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Spain		107		11		118		90		2		92		210

		107		59		166		146		16		162		328
Austria		—		—		—		9		—		9		9
Belgium		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
France		2		34		36		78		35		113		149
Germany		—		28		28		1		—		1		29
Luxembourg		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Netherlands		—		7		7		81		64		145		152
United Kingdom		228		145		373		615		95		710		1,083

Total Europe		337		273		610		930		210		1,140		1,750

United States		—		1,362		1,362		352		2		354		1,716
Other, predominantly Asia		—		246		246		562		33		595		841

Total		337		1,881		2,218		1,844		245		2,089		4,307

In addition to the exposures held by the shareholder-backed business, the Group held the following banks' securities at 31 December 2011 within its with-profits funds.

	Bank debt securities—participating funds

	Senior debt						Subordinated debt
	Covered		Senior		Total senior debt		Tier 2		Tier 1		Total subordinated debt		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m

Portugal		—		7		7		—		—		—		7
Ireland		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Italy		—		45		45		49		2		51		—
Greece		5		—		5		—		—		—		—
Spain		137		—		137		1		—		1		138

		142		52		194		50		2		52		246
Austria		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Belgium		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
France		—		80		80		47		17		64		144
Germany		—		7		7		—		—		—		7
Luxembourg		—		7		7		—		—		—		7
Netherlands		—		80		80		14		28		42		122
United Kingdom		319		385		704		772		74		846		1,550

Total Europe		461		611		1,072		883		121		1,004		2,076

United States		—		1,378		1,378		396		278		674		2,052
Other, predominantly Asia		1		384		385		341		20		361		746

Total		462		2,373		2,835		1,620		419		2,039		4,874

Other knock on impacts of a eurozone crisis may represent some risk to the Group, both in terms of financial market impact and potential operational issues. These third order exposures are intrinsically more difficult to quantify. However, as well as the monitoring routines noted above, Prudential has also developed tools to identify the Group's exposure to counterparties at risk (including contingent credit exposures), and has in place Group-wide processes to facilitate the management of such risks should they materialise.

In respect of operational risks, Prudential has strong investment operations, counterparty risk and change management capabilities and Prudential is confident in its ability to manage the transition to a new eurozone regime if events require it to do so.

Of the total Group loans of £9.7 billion at 31 December 2011, the following are held by shareholder-backed operations.

The Group enters into a variety of exchange traded and over-the-counter derivative financial instruments, including futures, options, forward currency contracts and swaps such as interest rate swaps, cross-currency swaps, swaptions and credit default swaps.

All over-the-counter derivative transactions, with the exception of some Asian transactions, are conducted under standardised ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association Inc) master agreements and the Group has collateral agreements between the individual Group entities and relevant counterparties in place under each of these market master agreements.

The Group's exposure to derivative counterparty credit risk is subject to the same framework of Group-wide operational limits and monitoring as its invested credit risk. Where appropriate, Prudential will reduce its exposure, purchase credit protection or make use of additional collateral arrangements to control its levels of counterparty credit risk.

The processes of determining the price of Prudential's products and reporting the results of its long-term business operations requires Prudential to make a number of assumptions. In common with other industry players, the profitability of Prudential's businesses depends on a mix of factors including mortality and morbidity trends, persistency, investment performance, unit cost of administration and new business acquisition expenses.

Prudential continues to conduct rigorous research into longevity risk using data from its substantial annuity portfolio. The assumptions that Prudential makes about future expected levels of mortality are particularly relevant in its UK annuity business. The attractiveness of reinsurance is regularly evaluated. It is used as a risk management tool where it is appropriate and attractive to do so.

Prudential's persistency assumptions reflect recent experience for each relevant line of business, and any expectations of future persistency. Persistency risk is mitigated by appropriate training and sales processes and managed proactively post sale. Where appropriate, allowance is also made for the relationship—either assumed or historically observed—between persistency and investment returns, and for the resulting additional risk.

The parent company has significant internal sources of liquidity which are sufficient to meet all of its expected requirements for the foreseeable future without having to make use of external funding. In aggregate the Group has £2.1 billion of undrawn committed facilities, expiring between 2013 and 2017. In addition, the Group has access to liquidity via the debt capital markets. For example, Prudential plc issued US$550 million perpetual subordinated Tier 1 securities in January 2011. Prudential also has in place an unlimited commercial paper programme and has maintained a consistent presence as an issuer in this market for the last decade. Liquidity uses and sources have been assessed at the Group and at a business unit level under base case and stressed assumptions. The liquidity resources available and the subsequent Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) have been assessed to be sufficient under both sets of assumptions.

Prudential is exposed to operational, business environment and strategic risk in the course of running its businesses.

With regard to operational risk, the Group is dependent on processing a large number of complex transactions across numerous diverse products, and is subject to a number of different legal and regulatory, including tax, regimes. Prudential also has a significant number of third-party relationships that are important to the distribution and processing of its products, both as market counterparties and as business partners. This results in reliance upon the operational performance of these outsourcing partners.

Prudential's systems and processes incorporate controls that are designed to manage and mitigate the operational risks associated with its activities. The Prudential Group Governance Manual was developed to make a key contribution to the sound system of internal control that the Group is expected to maintain under the UK Corporate Governance Code and the Hong Kong Code on Corporate Governance Practices. Group Head Office and business units confirm that they have implemented the necessary controls to evidence compliance with the Manual.

The Group has an operational risk management framework in place that facilitates both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of operational risk exposures. The output of this framework, in particular management information on key operational risk and control assessments, scenario analysis, internal incidents and external incidents, is reported by the business units and presented to the Group Operational Risk Committee. This information also supports business decision-making and lessons-learned activities; the ongoing improvement of the control environment; and determination of the adequacy of Prudential's corporate insurance programme.

With regard to business environment risk, the Group has a wide-ranging programme of active and constructive engagement with governments, policymakers and regulators in its key markets and with relevant international institutions. Such engagement is undertaken both directly and indirectly via trade associations. The Group has procedures in place to monitor and track political and regulatory developments. Where appropriate, the Group provides submissions and technical input to officials and others, either via submissions to formal consultations or through interactions with officials.

With regard to strategic risk, both business units and the Group Head Office are required to adopt a forward-looking approach to risk management by performing risk assessments as part of the annual strategic planning process. This supports the identification of potential threats and the initiatives needed to address them, as well as competitive opportunities. The impact on the underlying businesses and/or Group-wide risk profile is also considered to ensure that strategic initiatives are within the Group's risk appetite.

Solvency II represents a regulatory risk due to the uncertainty of what the rules will be when finalised, their potential impacts, and the timing of their introduction. The risks are that the Group may not be able to respond sufficiently quickly to the strategic implication of the change given levels of uncertainty around the content and timing; operational risk in terms of the scale and complexity of the delivery and uncertainty over timelines; and the additional capital that the Group may be required to hold. Solvency II is covered in more detail in the Capital Management section below.

Prudential is subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the European Union (EU) Insurance Groups Directive (IGD) as implemented by the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in the UK. The IGD capital adequacy requirements involve aggregating surplus capital held in Prudential's regulated subsidiaries, from which Group borrowings, except those subordinated debt issues that qualify as capital, are deducted. No credit for the benefit of diversification is permitted under this approach.

Prudential's capital position remains strong. Prudential has continued to place emphasis on maintaining the Group's financial strength through optimising the balance between writing profitable new business, conserving capital and generating cash. Prudential estimates that its IGD capital surplus is £4.0 billion at 31 December 2011 (before taking into account the 2011 final dividend), with available capital covering its capital requirements 2.75 times. This compares to a capital surplus of £4.3 billion at the end of 2010 (before taking into account the 2010 final dividend).

Prudential continues to have further options available to it to manage available and required capital. These could take the form of increasing available capital (for example, through financial reinsurance) or reducing required capital (for example, through the mix and level of new business) and the use of other risk mitigation measures such as hedging and reinsurance.

In addition to its strong capital position, on a statutory (Pillar 1) basis, the total credit reserve for the UK shareholder annuity funds also protects its capital position in excess of the IGD surplus. This credit reserve as at 31 December 2011 was £2.0 billion. This credit risk allowance represents 33 per cent of the bond portfolio spread over swap rates, compared to 43 per cent as at 31 December 2010.

As at 31 December 2011, stress testing of Prudential's IGD capital position to various events has the following results:

Prudential believes that the results of these stress tests, together with the Group's strong underlying earnings capacity, its established hedging programmes and its additional areas of financial flexibility, demonstrate that it is in a position to withstand significant deterioration in market conditions.

Prudential also uses an economic capital assessment to monitor its capital requirements across the Group, allowing for realistic diversification benefits and continue to maintain a strong position. This assessment provides valuable insights into its risk profile.

The European Union (EU) is developing a new solvency framework for insurance companies, referred to as 'Solvency II'. The Solvency II Directive, which sets out the new framework, was formally approved by the Economic and Financial Affairs Council in November 2009 and is anticipated to be transposed into local regulations and take effect for supervisors from 2013, with implementation currently anticipated from 2014. The new approach is based on the concept of three pillars—minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of firms' assessments of risk, and enhanced disclosure requirements.

Specifically, Pillar 1 covers the quantitative requirements around own funds, valuation rules for assets and liabilities and capital requirements. Pillar 2 provides the qualitative requirements for risk management, governance and controls, including the requirement for insurers to submit an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA) which will be used by the regulator as part of the supervisory review process. Pillar 3 deals with the enhanced requirements for supervisory reporting and public disclosure.

A key aspect of Solvency II is that the assessment of risks and capital requirements are intended to be aligned more closely with economic capital methodologies. Companies may be allowed to make use of internal economic capital models if approved by the local regulator.

The European Parliament is currently discussing the Omnibus II Directive which, once approved, will amend certain aspects of the Solvency II Directive, including the anticipated implementation date as described above. The Omnibus II Directive is expected to be finalised during 2012.

In addition the European Commission is continuing to develop, in consultation with stakeholders including industry, detailed rules that complement the high-level principles in the Solvency II Directive, referred to as 'implementing measures'. These are not expected to be finalised until later in 2012. Further guidance and technical standards are also currently being developed by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA). These are expected to be subject to a formal consultation and are unlikely to be finalised before early 2013.

business remain unclear and Prudential's capital position is sensitive to these outcomes. With reference to the liability discount rate, solutions to remove artificial volatility from the balance sheet have been suggested by policymakers as the regulations continue to evolve. These solutions, along with transitional arrangements for the treatment of the US business, are continuing to be considered by the European Parliament as part of the process to reach agreement on the Omnibus II Directive. There is a risk that the effect of the final measures could be adverse for Prudential, including potentially that a significant increase in capital may be required to support its business and that Prudential may be placed at a competitive disadvantage to other European and non-European financial services groups. Prudential is actively participating in shaping the outcome through its involvement in industry bodies and trade associations, including the Chief Risk Officer and Chief Financial Officer Forums, together with the Association of British Insurers (ABI) and Insurance Europe (formerly known as the Comité Européen des Assurances).

Having assessed the requirements of Solvency II, an implementation programme was initiated with dedicated teams to manage the required work across the Group. The activity of the local Solvency II teams is being coordinated centrally to achieve consistency in the understanding and application of the requirements. Prudential is continuing its preparations to adopt the regime when it eventually arrives and are undertaking in parallel an evaluation of the possible actions to mitigate its effects. Prudential regularly reviews its range of options to maximise the strategic flexibility of the Group. This includes consideration of optimising the Group's domicile, including as a possible response to an adverse outcome on Solvency II.

Over the coming months Prudential will be progressing its implementation and remaining in regular contact with the FSA as it continues to engage in the 'pre-application' stage of the approval process for the internal model.

Prudential's approach to capital allocation takes into account a range of factors, especially risk adjusted returns on capital, the impact of alternative capital measurement bases (accounting, regulatory, economic and ratings agency assessments), tax efficiency, and wider strategic objectives.

Prudential optimises capital allocation across the Group by using a consistent set of capital performance metrics across all business units to ensure meaningful comparison. Capital utilisation, return on capital and new business value creation are measured at a product level. The use of these capital performance metrics is embedded into the Group's decision-making processes for product design and product pricing.

Prudential's capital performance metrics are based on economic capital, which provides a view of its capital requirements across the Group, allowing for realistic diversification benefits. Economic capital also provides valuable insights into its risk profile and is used both for risk measurement and capital management.

Prudential manages its actual risk profile against its tolerance of risk. To do this, Prudential maintains risk registers that include details of the risks Prudential has identified and of the controls and mitigating actions it employs in managing them. Any mitigation strategies involving large transactions such as a material derivative transaction are subject to review at Group level before implementation.

Prudential uses a range of risk management and mitigation strategies. The most important of these include: adjusting asset portfolios to reduce investment risks (such as duration mismatches or overweight counterparty exposures); using derivatives to hedge market risks; implementing reinsurance

programmes to manage insurance risk; implementing corporate insurance programmes to limit the impact of operational risks; and revising business plans where appropriate.

The primary responsibility for strategy, performance management and risk control lies with the Board, which has established the Risk Committee to assist in providing leadership, direction and oversight, and with the Group Chief Executive and the chief executives of each business unit.

Meets monthly to monitor the Group's liquidity and oversee the activities of Prudential Capital.

Risk exposures are monitored and reviewed by Group-level risk committees chaired by the Group Chief Risk Officer or the Chief Financial Officer.

Group Executive Risk Committee: Meets monthly to oversee the Group's risk exposures (market, credit, liquidity, insurance and operational risks) and to monitor capital.

Group Credit Risk Committee: Reports to the Group Executive Risk Committee and meets monthly to review the Group's investment and counterparty credit risk positions.

Group Operational Risk Committee: Reports to the Group Executive Risk Committee and meets quarterly to oversee the Group's non-financial (operational, business environment and strategic) risk exposures.

Solvency II Technical Oversight Committee: Will be created when the Solvency II programme is complete, to provide ongoing technical oversight and advice to the executive and the Board in carrying out their duties with regard to the Group's Internal Model.

The committees' oversight is supported by the Group Chief Risk Officer with functional oversight provided by:

Group Security: Develop and deliver appropriate security measures to protect the Group's staff, physical assets and intellectual property.

Group Compliance: Verify compliance with regulatory standards and inform the Group's management and the Board on key regulatory issues affecting the Group.

Group Risk: Establish and embed a capital management and risk oversight framework and culture consistent with Prudential's risk appetite that protects and enhances the Group's embedded and franchise value.

Group Audit Committee: The committee, supported by Group-wide Internal Audit, provides independent assurance and oversight of the effectiveness of the Group's system of internal control and risk management.

Risk is defined as the uncertainty that Prudential faces in successfully implementing its strategies and objectives. This includes all internal or external events, acts or omissions that have the potential to threaten the success and survival of Prudential.

The control procedures and systems established within the Group are designed to manage rather than eliminate the risk of failure to meet business objectives. They can only provide reasonable and not absolute assurance against material misstatement or loss and focus on aligning the levels of risk-taking with the achievement of business objectives.

Material risks will only be retained where this is consistent with Prudential's risk appetite framework and its philosophy towards risk-taking, that is:

Framework: Design, implement and maintain a capital management and risk oversight framework consistent with the Group's risk appetite and Risk-Adjusted Profitability (RAP) model.

Monitoring: Establish a 'no surprises' risk management culture by identifying the risk landscape, assessing and monitoring risk exposures and understanding change drivers.

Control: Implement risk mitigation strategies and remedial actions where exposures are deemed inappropriate and manage the response to extreme events.

Communication: Communicate the Group risk, capital and profitability position to internal and external stakeholders and rating agencies.

Culture: Foster a risk management culture, providing quality assurance and facilitating the sharing of best practice risk measurement and management across the Group.

The Group's economic capital position and overall position against risk limits is reviewed regularly by the Group Executive Risk Committee. Key economic capital metrics, as well as risk-adjusted profitability information, are included in business plans, which are reviewed by the Group Executive Committee and approved by the Board.

The Group Risk Committee is provided with regular reports on the activities of the Group Risk function and where it affects the results of assurances under Turnbull, the Group Audit Committee receives appropriate reporting. Reports to the Group Risk Committee include information on the activities of the Group Executive Risk Committee, the Group Operational Risk Committee and Group Credit Risk Committee, as well as reports from Group-wide Internal Audit.

Group Head Office oversight functions have clear escalation criteria and processes for the timely reporting of risks and incidents by business units. As appropriate, these risks and incidents are escalated to the various Group-level risk committees and the Board.

Internal business unit routine reporting requirements vary according to the nature of the business. Each business unit is responsible for ensuring that its risk reporting framework meets both the needs of the business unit (for example, reporting to the business unit risk and audit committees) and the minimum standards set by the Group (for example, to meet Group-level reporting requirements).

Business units review their risks as part of the annual preparation of their business plans, and review opportunities and risks against business objectives regularly with Group Head Office. Group Risk reviews and reports to Group Head Office on the impact of large transactions or divergences from the business plan.

The overall financial strength of Prudential and the results, both current and future, of the insurance business are in part dependent upon the quality and performance of the various investment portfolios in the United Kingdom, the United States and Asia.

The following table shows Prudential's insurance and non-insurance investments, net of derivative liabilities, at 31 December 2011. In addition, at 31 December 2011 Prudential had £99.8 billion of external mutual funds under management. Assets held to cover linked liabilities relate to unit-linked and variable annuity products. In this table, investments are valued as set out in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

	At 31 December 2011

	UK Insurance			US Insurance			Asia Insurance			Total Insurance			Asset Management(a)			Other			Total per consolidated statement of financial position			Less: assets to cover linked liabilities and external unit holders(b)			Group excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and external unit holders

	(£ million)
Investment properties		10,712			35			10			10,757			—			—			10,757			(954	)		9,803
Investments accounted for using the equity method		70			—			—			70			—			—			70			—			70
Financial investments:
Loans		3,115			4,110			1,233			8,458			1,256			—			9,714			—			9,714
Equity securities		36,722			38,036			11,997			86,755			594			—			87,349			(53,088	)		34,261
Debt securities		77,953			27,022			17,681			122,656			1,842			—			124,498			(15,908	)		108,590
Other investments		4,568			2,376			470			7,414			78			17			7,509			(114	)		7,395
Deposits		9,287			167			1,165			10,619			89			—			10,708			(1,544	)		9,164

Total financial investments		131,645			71,711			32,546			235,902			3,859			17			239,778			(70,654	)		169,124

Total investments		142,427			71,746			32,556			246,729			3,859			17			250,605			(71,608	)		178,997
Derivative liabilities		(1,298	)		(887	)		(480	)		(2,665	)		(182	)		(207	)		(3,054	)		103			(2,951	)

Total investments		141,129			70,859			32,076			244,064			3,677			(190	)		247,551			(71,505	)		176,046

The disclosure below has been provided on a consistent basis as that included in previous Form 20-F submissions, with analysis focusing on the investments attributable to shareholders and consequently excluding those held to cover linked liabilities or attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds.

In addition to the detail provided below further analysis is included in the consolidated financial statements, in accordance with IFRS 7 'Financial Instruments: Disclosures'. The further analysis is included in notes D2, D3, D4, E2, G1 and G2 to Prudential's consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

The following table shows the income from the investments of Prudential's operations, net of derivative liabilities, by asset category for the periods indicated. This table does not include investment income from assets held to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds. Average investment return has been calculated using the average of opening and closing balances for the appropriate asset.

	Year Ended 31 December

	2011							2010						2009
	Average investment return				Amount			Average investment return			Amount			Average investment return			Amount

				(£ million)							(£ million)						(£ million)
Investment properties
Net investment income		5.6	%			557			5.6	%		564			6.6	%		700
Net realised investment (losses) gains		(1.0	)%			(101	)		0	%		4			(0.6	)%		(63	)
Net unrealised investment gains (losses)		3.5	%			354			5.2	%		527			(0.7	)%		(76	)

Ending assets						9,803						10,260						10,021

Investments accounted for using the equity method
Net realised investment gains		0	%			—			78.5	%		30			0	%		—

Ending assets						70						71						6

Loans
Net investment income		4.7	%			442			5.2	%		469			4.8	%		461
Net realised investment gains (losses)		0	%			1			(0.3	)%		(26	)		(1.1	)%		(105	)
Net unrealised investment gains (losses)		0.5	%			46			(0.1	)%		(10	)		0	%		—

Ending assets						9,714						9,261						8,727

Equity securities
Net investment income		2.8	%			995			2.6	%		948			3.9	%		1,373
Net realised investment gains		4.2	%			1,505			4.2	%		1,500			5.5	%		1,905
Net unrealised investment (losses) gains		(11.0	)%			(3,959	)		6.6	%		2,368			14.8	%		5,165

Ending assets						34,261						37,800						33,837

Debt securities
Net investment income		4.9	%			5,168			5.1	%		4,823			6.9	%		5,939
Net realised investment gains (losses)		1.9	%			2,038			1.5	%		1,422			(0.7	)%		(572	)
Net unrealised investment gains		2.6	%			2,776			2.3	%		2,209			3.9	%		3,380

Ending assets						108,590						101,398						88,387

Other investments (including derivative liabilities)
Net investment income		9.7	%			394			0.3	%		13			1.2	%		32
Net realised investment gains (losses)		0.6	%			23			(11.0	)%		(403	)		(20.0	)%		(541	)
Net unrealised investment gains (losses)		8.5	%			347			8.2	%		299			(0.8	)%		(23	)

Ending assets, net of derivative liabilities						4,444						3,693						3,604

Deposits
Net investment income		0.8	%			78			0.5	%		56			0.7	%		64

Ending assets						9,164						9,202						11,891

Total
Net investment income		4.4	%			7,634			4.2	%		6,874			5.5	%		8,569
Net realised investment gains		2.0	%			3,466			1.5	%		2,526			0.4	%		624
Net unrealised investment (losses) gains		(0.3	)%			(436	)		3.3	%		5,394			5.4	%		8,446

Ending assets, net of derivative liabilities						176,046						171,685						156,473

Prudential's insurance investments support a range of businesses operating in many geographic areas. Each of the operations formulates a strategy based on the nature of its underlying liabilities, its level of capital and its local regulatory requirements.

Prudential manages 80 per cent of its group funds principally through its fund management businesses, M&G in the United Kingdom, PPM America in the United States and Eastspring Investments in Asia. The remaining 20 per cent of the Group's funds mainly relate to assets held to back unit-linked, unit trust and variable annuity liabilities.

In each of the operations, local management analyses the liabilities and determines asset allocation, benchmarks and permitted deviations from these benchmarks appropriate for its operation. These benchmarks and permitted deviations are agreed with internal fund managers, who are responsible for implementing the specific investment strategy through their local fund management operations.

In the United Kingdom, Prudential tailors its investment strategy for long-term business, other than unit-linked business, to match the type of product a portfolio supports. The primary distinction is between with-profits portfolios and non-participating portfolios, which include the majority of annuity portfolios. Generally, the objective is to maximise returns while maintaining investment quality and asset security and adhering to the appropriate government regulations.

Consistent with the product nature, in particular regarding guarantees, the with-profits fund's investment strategy emphasises a well-diversified equity portfolio (containing some international equities), real estate (predominantly in the United Kingdom), UK and international fixed income securities and cash.

For Prudential's UK pension annuities business and other non-participating business the objective is to maximise profits while ensuring stability by closely matching the cash flows of assets and liabilities. To achieve this matching, the strategy is to invest in fixed income securities of appropriate maturity dates.

For Prudential's unit-linked business, the primary objective is to maximise investment returns subject to following an investment policy consistent with the representations Prudential has made to its unit-linked product policyholders.

The following table summarises the total investments, net of derivative liabilities, of the UK insurance business at 31 December 2011.

	At 31 December 2011

	SAIF			PAC			Other			Total			Less: assets to cover linked liabilities and external unit holders Less:(a)			Total excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and external unit holders

	(£ million)
Investment properties		571			7,890			2,251			10,712			(954	)		9,758
Investment accounted for using the equity method		—			—			70			70			—			70
Financial investments:
Loans		143			1,830			1,142			3,115			—			3,115
Equity securities		2,448			20,855			13,419			36,722			(13,017	)		23,705
Debt securities		4,349			43,329			30,275			77,953			(6,433	)		71,520
Other investments		281			3,856			431			4,568			(88	)		4,480
Deposits		693			6,391			2,203			9,287			(966	)		8,321

Total financial investments		7,914			76,261			47,470			131,645			(20,504	)		111,141

Total investments		8,485			84,151			49,791			142,427			(21,458	)		120,969
Derivative liabilities		(72	)		(939	)		(287	)		(1,298	)		98			(1,200	)

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities		8,413			83,212			49,504			141,129			(21,360	)		119,769

The following table shows additional analysis of the investments relating to Prudential's UK insurance business, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, at 31 December 2011. The 'Other' column includes

investments relating to solvency capital of unit-linked funds and investments relating to non-life long-term business.

	At 31 December 2011

	With- Profits			PRIL			SAIF			Other			Total			Total %

	(£ million)
Investment properties		7,799			1,133			571			255			9,758			8.1
Investments accounted for using the equity method		—			—			—			70			70			0.1
Financial investments:
Loans:
Mortgage loans		1,006			36			30			1,101			2,173
Policy loans		11			—			9			—			20
Other loans		813			5			104			—			922

Total loans and receivables		1,830			41			143			1,101			3,115			2.6

Equity securities:
United Kingdom:
Listed		12,681			2			1,546			98			14,327
Unlisted		450			—			45			1			496

Total United Kingdom		13,131			2			1,591			99			14,823			12.4

International:
United States		1,810			—			170			—			1,980
Europe (excluding the United Kingdom)		3,310			2			311			—			3,623
Japan		810			—			105			—			915
Pacific (excluding Japan)		916			—			129			5			1,050
Other		1,171			1			142			—			1,314

Total international		8,017			3			857			5			8,882			7.4

Total equity securities		21,150			5			2,448			104			23,705			19.8

Debt securities:
UK government		2,599			2,122			204			615			5,540
US government		69			—			182			—			251
Other		40,348			18,984			3,963			2,434			65,729

Total debt securities		43,016			21,106			4,349			3,049			71,520			59.7

Other investments:
Other financial investments		2,754			—			281			5			3,040
Derivative assets		1,039			334			63			4			1,440

Total other investments		3,793			334			344			9			4,480			3.7

Deposits		6,391			872			693			365			8,321			6.9

Total investments		83,977			23,491			8,548			4,953			120,969			101.0

Derivative liabilities		(905	)		(222	)		(72	)		(1	)		(1,200	)		(1.0	)

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities		83,073			23,269			8,476			4,952			119,769			100.0

Prudential's UK insurance operations, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, had £23,705 million invested in equities at 31 December 2011. Most of these equities support Prudential Assurance's with-profits fund and the SAIF fund, both of which are managed using the same general investment strategy.

The following table shows the geographic spread of this equity portfolio by market value in accordance with the policies described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

The UK equity holdings are well diversified. Prudential held equities in 390 UK companies at 31 December 2011. The ten largest holdings in UK equities at 31 December 2011 amounted to £5,961 million, accounting for 25.1 per cent of the total UK equity holdings of £23,705 million supporting the UK insurance operations. The following table shows the market value of the ten largest holdings in UK equities at 31 December 2011.

	At 31 December 2011

	Market Value

	(£ million)		(%)
BP		876		3.7
Vodafone Group		833		3.5
GlaxoSmithKline		732		3.1
British American Tobacco		691		2.9
Royal Dutch Shell		690		2.9
HSBC Holdings		572		2.4
Rio Tinto		558		2.4
B G Group		356		1.5
Astrazeneca		341		1.4
Tesco		312		1.3

Total		5,961		25.1

A wide variety of industry sectors are represented in Prudential's equity portfolio. At 31 December 2011, within the £14,823 million in UK equities supporting the UK insurance operations, Prudential had £12,000 million, or 80.1 per cent of the holdings, invested in ten industries. The following table shows

the primary industry concentrations based on market value of the portfolio of UK equities relating to the UK insurance business at 31 December 2011.

	At 31 December 2011

	Market Value

	(£ million)		(%)
Oil & gas producers		2,574		10.9
Banks		1,709		7.2
Pharmaceuticals & biotechnology		1,589		6.7
Mining		1,493		6.3
Mobile telecommunications		1,042		4.4
Tobacco		1,032		4.4
Travel & leisure		717		3.0
Gas, water & multi utilities		623		2.6
Aerospace & defence		615		2.6
Support services		606		2.6

Total		12,000		50.7

At 31 December 2011, of the debt securities held by the UK insurance operations, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, 91.9 per cent were issued by corporations and overseas governments other than the US, 7.7 per cent were issued or guaranteed by the UK government and 0.4 per cent were issued or guaranteed by the US government. These guarantees relate only to payment and, accordingly, do not provide protection against fluctuations in market price that may occur during the term of the fixed income securities.

The following table shows the market value of the debt securities portfolio by maturity at 31 December 2011, in accordance with the policies described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

	At 31 December 2011

	Market Value

	(£ million)		(%)
S&P—AAA		9,226		12.8
S&P—AA+ to AA-		7,835		11.0
S&P—A+ to A-		19,933		27.9
S&P—BBB+ to BBB-		14,741		20.6
S&P—Other		2,985		4.2

		54,720		76.5

Moody's—Aaa		6,525		9.1
Moody's—Aa1 to Aa3		563		0.8
Moody's—A1 to A3		957		1.3
Moody's—Baa1 to Baa3		956		1.3
Moody's—Other		205		0.3

		9,206		12.8

Fitch		466		0.7
Other		7,128		10.0

Total debt securities		71,520		100.0

Where no external ratings are available, internal ratings produced buy the Group's asset management operation, which are prepared on the Company's assessment of a comparable basis to external ratings, are used where possible. Further information is provided in note D2(d) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

At 31 December 2011, Prudential's UK insurance operations, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, had £9,758 million of investments in real estate. The following table shows the real estate portfolio by type of investment. The real estate investments are shown at market value in accordance with the policies described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Approximately 40.8 per cent of the UK held real estate investment is located in London and Southeast England with 41.7 per cent located throughout the rest of the UK and the remaining 17.5 per cent located overseas.

The investment strategy of the US insurance operations, for business other than the variable annuity business, is to maintain a diversified and largely investment grade debt securities portfolio that maintains a desired investment spread between the yield on the portfolio assets and the rate credited on policyholder liabilities. Interest rate scenario testing is continually used to monitor the effect of changes in interest yields on cash flows, the present value of future profits and interest rate spreads.

The investment portfolio of the US insurance operations consists primarily of debt securities, although the portfolio also contains investments in mortgage loans, policy loans, common and preferred stocks, derivative instruments, cash and short-term investments and miscellaneous other investments.

The following table shows total investments, net of derivative liabilities, relating to the US insurance operations at 31 December 2011.

	31 December 2011

	Variable annuity separate account assets		Fixed annuity, GIC and other business			Total

			(£ million)
Investment properties		—		35			35
Financial investments:
Loans		—		4,110			4,110
Equity securities		37,833		203			38,036
Debt securities		—		27,022			27,022
Other investments		—		2,376			2,376
Deposits		—		167			167

Total financial investments		37,833		33,878			71,711

Total investments		37,833		33,913			71,746
Derivative liabilities		—		(887	)		(887	)

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities		37,833		33,026			70,859

The following table further analyses the investments, net of derivative liabilities of the US insurance operations, excluding the separate account investments supporting the variable annuity business, at 31 December 2011.

	31 December 2011


	(£ million)			(%)
Non-institutional
Investment properties		35			0.1
Loans		3,824			11.6
Equity securities		145			0.4
Corporate securities		17,720			53.7
Government securities		2,149			6.5
Residential mortgage-backed securities		2,447			7.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		1,925			5.8
Other debt securities		511			1.5

Total debt securities		24,752			87.0

Other investments		2,149			6.5
Deposits		167			0.5
Derivative liabilities		(528	)		(1.6	)

Total non-institutional		30,544			92.5

Institutional
Investment properties		—			—
Loans		286			0.9
Equity securities		58			0.2
Corporate securities		1,759			5.3
Government securities		14			—
Residential mortgage-backed securities		144			0.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		244			0.7
Other debt securities		109			0.3

Total debt securities		2,270			7.8

Other investments		227			0.7
Deposits		—			—
Derivative liabilities		(359	)		(1.1	)

Total institutional		2,482			7.5

Total
Investment properties		35			0.1
Loans		4,110			12.4
Equity securities		203			0.6
Corporate securities		19,479			59
Government securities		2,163			6.5
Residential mortgage-backed securities		2,591			7.8
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		2,169			6.6
Other debt securities		620			1.9

Total debt securities		27,022			94.9

Other investments		2,376			7.2
Deposits		167			0.5
Derivative liabilities		(887	)		(2.7	)

Total		33,026			100.0

Under IFRS, debt securities are shown at fair value and loans are at amortised cost. Equity securities and investment properties are shown at fair value. The fair value of unlisted securities is estimated by Jackson using independent pricing services or analytically determined values.

At 31 December 2011, the US insurance operations had £19,479 million of corporate securities representing 59.0 per cent of US insurance operations total investments excluding separate account investments. Of the £19,479 million, £16,281 million consisted of debt securities that are publicly traded or trade under Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ('Rule 144A') and £3,198 million consisted of investments in non-Rule 144A privately placed fixed income securities.

For statutory reporting in the US, debt securities are classified into six quality categories specified by the Securities Valuation Office of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). The categories range from Class 1 (the highest) to Class 6 (the lowest). Performing securities are designated as Classes 1 to 5. Securities in or near default are designated Class 6. Securities designated as Class 3, 4, 5 and 6 are non-investment grade securities. Generally, securities rated AAA to A by nationally recognised statistical ratings organisations are reflected in Class 1, BBB in Class 2, BB in Class 3 and B and below in Classes 4 to 6. If a designation is not currently available from the NAIC, Jackson's investment adviser, PPM America, provides the designation for the purposes of disclosure below.

The following table shows the quality of the publicly traded and SEC Rule 144A debt securities by NAIC classifications:

The following table shows the quality of the non-SEC Rule 144A private placement portfolio by NAIC classifications:

At 31 December 2011, the US insurance operations had £2,591 million of residential mortgage-backed securities, representing 7.8 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments. At 31 December 2011, of the £2,591 million, 7.3 per cent of this total were rated AAA. (Standard & Poor's ratings have been used where available and for securities where Standard & Poor's ratings are not immediately available, those produced by Moody's and then Fitch have been used as an alternative).

The primary investment risk associated with residential mortgage-backed securities is that a change in the interest rate environment or other economic conditions could cause payment of the underlying obligations to be made slower or quicker than was anticipated at the time of their purchase. If interest rates decline, then this risk is called 'pre-payment risk' and the underlying obligations will generally be repaid quicker when the yields on reinvestment alternatives are lower. Alternatively, if interest rates rise, the risk is called 'extension risk' and the underlying obligations will generally be repaid slower when reinvestment alternatives offer higher returns. Residential mortgage-backed securities offer additional yield to compensate for these risks. The US operations can manage pre-payment risk, in part, by reducing crediting rates on its products.

At 31 December 2011, the US insurance operations had £2,169 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities, representing per 6.6 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments. 35.4 per cent of this total were rated AAA (Standard & Poor's ratings have been used where available and for securities where S&P ratings are not immediately available, those produced by Moody's and then Fitch have been used as an alternative). Due to the structures of the underlying commercial mortgages, these securities do not present the same pre-payment or extension risk as residential mortgage-backed securities.

At 31 December 2011, the US insurance operations had £2,376 million of other debt securities, representing 7.2 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments.

At 31 December 2011, loans totaled £4,110 million, representing 12.4 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments. Of the total, £3,559 million related to commercial mortgage loans and £551 million to policy loans.

At 31 December 2011, commercial mortgage loans represented 10.8 per cent of US insurance operations total investments excluding separate account investments. The average loan size is £6.6 million, collaterised by properties located in the United States.

Jackson has addressed the risk of these investments by building a portfolio that is diverse both in geographic distribution and property type.

The property types are mainly industrial, multi-family residential, suburban office, retail and hotel. The breakdown of the market value by property type is as follows:

The following table shows the geographic split of the collateral for these loans:

Commercial mortgages generally involve more credit risk than residential mortgages due to several factors, including larger loan size, general and local economic conditions, local real estate conditions and the credit quality of the underlying tenants for the properties. Jackson's investment policy and strict underwriting standards are designed to reduce these risks while maintaining attractive yields. In contrast to residential mortgage loans, commercial mortgage loans have minimal or no pre-payment and extension risk.

Policy loans represented 1.7 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments at 31 December 2011. Policy loans are fully secured by individual life insurance policies or annuity policies and are contractual arrangements made under the policy.

Equity securities supporting US insurance operations, excluding separate account investments, totaled £203 million at 31 December 2011.

Other financial investments of £2,376 million, representing 7.2 per cent of US insurance operations total investments, excluding separate account investments at 31 December 2011 were made up of £721 million of limited partnership interests and derivative assets of £1,677 million.

The largest investment in the limited partnerships category is a £110 million interest in the PPM America Private Equity Fund. The remainder of this category consists of diversified investments in 166 other partnerships managed by independent money managers that generally invest in various equity and fixed income loans and securities.

Prudential's Asian insurance operations' investments, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, largely support the business of Prudential's Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Japan operations.

The following table shows Asia's investments, net of derivative liabilities, at 31 December 2011. In this table, investments are valued in accordance with the policies described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

	31 December 2011

	With- profits business			Unit- linked assets			Other			Total			Less: assets to cover linked liabilities and external unit holders(a)			Total excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and external unit holders

	(£ million)
																			(%)
Investment properties		—			—			10			10			—			10			0.1
Financial investments:
Loans		774			—			459			1,233			—			1,233			6.2
Equity securities		2,744			8,663			590			11,997			(2,239	)		9,758			49.4
Debt securities		9,554			2,746			5,381			17,681			(9,477	)		8,204			41.5
Other investments		286			26			158			470			(26	)		444			2.2
Deposits		123			578			464			1,165			(578	)		587			3.0

Total financial investments		13,481			12,013			7,052			32,546			(12,320	)		20,226			102.3

Total investments		13,481			12,013			7,062			32,556			(12,320	)		20,236			102.4
Derivative liabilities		(330	)		(5	)		(145	)		(480	)		5			(475	)		(2.4	)

Total investment, net of derivative liabilities		13,151			12,008			6,917			32,076			(12,315	)		19,761			100.0

Prudential manages interest rate risk in Asia by matching liabilities with fixed interest assets of the same duration to the extent possible. Asian fixed interest markets however generally have a relatively short bond issue term, which makes complete matching challenging. A large proportion of the Hong Kong liabilities are denominated in US dollars and Prudential holds US fixed interest securities to back these liabilities.

The following table shows rating categorisation of the debt security investments of Prudential Corporation Asia's long-term insurance fund, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, at 31 December 2011.

	31 December 2011

	Market Value

	(£ million)		(%)
S&P—AAA		849		10.3
S&P—AA+ to AA-		3,214		39.2
S&P—A+ to A-		1,009		12.3
S&P—BBB+ to BBB-		371		4.5
S&P—Other		644		7.9

		6,087		74.2

Moody's—Aaa		251		3.1
Moody's—Aa1 to Aa3		64		0.8
Moody's—A1 to A3		182		2.2
Moody's—Baa1 to Baa3		20		0.2
Moody's—Other		18		0.2

		535		6.5

Fitch		80		1.0
Other*		1,502		18.3

Total debt securities		8,204		100.0

The following table shows a geographic analysis of equity security investments of Asia's long-term insurance fund, excluding assets to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to external unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, at 31 December 2011.

As at 31 December 2011, Prudential's UK headquartered businesses occupied approximately 43 properties in the United Kingdom, Europe, India, South Africa and Namibia. These properties are primarily offices with some ancillary storage and warehouse facilities. Prudential's global headquarters are located in London. Of the remainder, the most significant are offices in London and Reading in England, Stirling in Scotland and Mumbai in India. The property in Stirling is held on a freehold basis, and is leased by the business from PAC's long-term fund. The rest of the properties occupied by Prudential's UK based businesses, in the UK, India, South Africa and Namibia, are held leasehold. In Europe, seven of the properties are occupied leasehold and the rest (three) are short term serviced offices. The leasehold properties range in size from 500 to 125,000 sq. ft. Overall, the UK, Europe, Mumbai, South Africa and Namibia occupied property portfolio totals approximately 610,000 sq. ft.

Prudential also holds one surplus owned property and approximately 59 other leasehold properties in the United Kingdom, spread geographically throughout the country. There are also three in Dublin, Ireland. This surplus accommodation (i.e. not occupied by the Group) totals approximately 580,000 sq. ft. There is also one surplus land holding in the United Kingdom, of 43 acres.

In the United States, Prudential owns Jackson National Life's executive and principal administrative office located in Michigan. Prudential owns a total of seven facilities in Lansing, Michigan, which total 595,272 sq. ft. Prudential also leases premises in Michigan, Colorado, Tennessee, California, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, Georgia, Florida, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Indiana and North Dakota for certain of its operations. Prudential holds 27 operating leases with respect to office space, throughout the United States. The leasehold properties range in size from 500—180,000 sq. ft. In the United States, Prudential owns and leases a total of approximately 1,123,364 sq. ft. of property. In addition to the owned and leased properties, Prudential also owns a total of 238 acres of surplus land. This property is all located in Lansing, Michigan.

In Asia, Prudential owns or leases properties principally in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, China (JV), Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, India (JV), Korea, United Arab Emirates and Cambodia.

Within these countries, Prudential owns 44 property assets, ranging from office space to land holdings. The breakdown of these owned assets by country is as follows:

Prudential has (excluding India), a total of 426 operating leases, (expense and intercompany leases), totaling approximately 4.18 million square feet of property in Asia.

In India, Prudential holds a minority stake in a joint venture with ICICI who hold the property interests. The property is occupied by the ICICIPru Life and ICICIPru AMC businesses. The holding comprises approximately 2,450 properties, totaling approximately 3.4 million sq. ft. There is one owned and occupied asset comprising approximately 30,000 sq. ft in Mumbai.

Prudential Corporation Asia's real estate strategy moving forward involves consolidation of its existing property portfolio to support its local business strategies throughout the region, to take

advantage of opportunities in the regional markets in securing long-term cost savings for the business while maintaining competitive advantage.

There have been no property transactions subsequent to 31 December 2011 which would have a material impact on the financial position of Prudential.

Prudential believes that its facilities are adequate for its present needs in all material respects. Prudential confirms that Prudential's owner occupied properties and leased properties are individually and collectively not crucial and material to its operations, and that Prudential's operating leases have no material commercial value.

As set out above, Prudential owns 19 properties which Prudential also occupies, which are accounted for as owner occupied property. These properties are comprised of 11 in Asia, one in the UK and seven in the US. The total value of Prudential's owner occupied properties at 31 December 2011 was £233 million. This represents less than 0.1 per cent of Prudential's total assets.

Prudential is the lessee under 487 operating leases used as office accommodation, comprising 426 leases held by the Asian business, 27 leases held by the US business and 34 leases held by the UK businesses. For the UK based businesses, Prudential holds three short-term serviced offices and a further 62 leases that are not occupied and represent surplus accommodation.

Prudential also holds interests in properties within its investment portfolios accounted for as investment property. At 31 December 2011, the total value of investment properties was £10,757 million and comprised 504 properties held by the UK, 6 held by the US and 22 held by the Asia business. In total they comprised 3.9 per cent of Prudential's total assets. The UK business' holdings account for over 99 per cent by value of the total investment properties.

There are other significant participants in each of the financial services markets in which Prudential operates. Its competitors include both mutual and stock financial companies. In addition, regulatory and other developments in many of Prudential's markets have blurred traditional financial service industry lines and opened the market to new competitors and increased competition. In some of the Prudential's markets, other companies may have greater financial resources, allowing them to benefit from economies of scale, and may have stronger brands than Prudential does in that market.

The principal competitive factors affecting the sale of Prudential's products in its chosen markets are:

An important competitive factor is the ratings Prudential receives in some of its target markets, most notably in the United States, from recognised rating organisations. The intermediaries with whom the Prudential works, including financial advisers, tied agents, brokers, wholesalers and financial institutions consider ratings as one factor in determining which provider to purchase financial products from.

Prudential offers different products in its different markets in Asia, the United Kingdom and the United States and, accordingly, faces different competitors and different types of competition in these markets. In all of the markets in which Prudential operates, its products are not unique and, accordingly, it faces competition from market participants who manufacture a varying range of similar and identical products.

The competitive landscape across the Asia Pacific region differs widely by geographical market, reflecting differing levels of market maturity and regulation. Prudential's competitors include both the subsidiaries of global life insurers and local domestic (including state-owned) entities. Subsidiaries of global life insurance groups that operate in the Asia Pacific region tend to operate in multiple markets in the region, and some currently have top five market shares in a small number of markets. The majority of local domestic life insurers in the Asia Pacific region remain focused on their core home markets. The developed and liberalised markets of Hong Kong and Singapore are dominated by subsidiaries and branches of global life insurance groups. The developing markets in South East Asia such as Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines also see a high level of participation by global life insurance groups. The large and relatively mature markets of Korea and Taiwan are dominated by local domestic insurers. In certain countries with continued foreign ownership restrictions (such as China and India), the life insurance markets are dominated by local domestic insurers or by joint venture entities between global insurance groups and local companies.

The global life insurers that are Prudential's competitors in the Asia Pacific region include AIA, Allianz, Aviva, AXA, ING and Manulife. Other competitors relevant in one or two of Prudential's key markets include HSBC Life in Hong Kong, Korea Life, Kyobo Life and Samsung Life in Korea, Thai Life in Thailand, Great Eastern in Singapore and Malaysia, and China Life, China Pacific and Ping An in China. Prudential's principal competitors in respect of its fund management operations across the region largely comprise multinational asset managers including Fidelity Fund Management, Deutsche Asset Management, Blackrock, UBS Global Asset Management, JP Morgan Asset Management and BNP Paribas IP.

Prudential's insurance operations in the United States operate under the Jackson brand. Prudential is not affiliated with Prudential Financial, Inc. or its subsidiary, The Prudential Insurance Company of America.

Jackson's competitors in the United States include major stock and mutual insurance companies, mutual fund organisations, banks and other financial services companies. National banks, in particular, may become more significant competitors in the future for insurers who sell annuities, as a result of recent legislation, court decisions and regulatory actions. Jackson's principal life insurance company competitors in the United States include Prudential Financial, MetLife, Lincoln National, AXA Financial Inc. and Allianz.

Jackson does not have a significant career agency sales force to distribute its annuity products in the United States and, consequently, competes for distributors such as banks, broker-dealers and independent agents.

Prudential's principal competitors include many of the major retail financial services and fund management companies operating in the United Kingdom. These companies include Aviva, Legal & General, Standard Life, Resolution, Lloyds Banking Group, Aegon, AXA, Just Retirement, Zurich Financial Services, Fidelity, Invesco Perpetual, Jupiter, Threadneedle, Schroders and BlackRock. Prudential competes with other providers of financial products to be included on financial advisors' panels of preferred providers.

Prudential conducts business under the 'Prudential', 'Jackson', 'M&G' and Eastspring Investments brand names and logos. It is also the registered owner of over 100 domain names, including 'www.prudential.co.uk', 'www.prudentialcorporation-asia.com', 'www.jackson.com', 'www.mandg.co.uk', 'www.eastspringinvestments.com' and 'www.pru.co.uk'.

Prudential does not operate in the United States under the Prudential name and there have been long-standing arrangements between it and Prudential Financial, Inc. and its subsidiary, the Prudential Insurance Company of America, relating to their respective uses of the Prudential name. Under these arrangements Prudential Financial Inc has the right to use the Prudential name in the Americas and certain parts of the Caribbean, Japan, Korea and Taiwan and Prudential has the right to use the name everywhere else in the world although third parties have rights to the name in certain countries.

Prudential and its subsidiaries are involved in various litigation matters. While an adverse ruling in any individual case may not in itself be material to Prudential, if applied across all similar cases, the

potential liabilities may be more significant. Although the outcome of such matters cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that the ultimate outcome of such litigation will not have a material adverse effect on the group's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Jackson is involved as a defendant in class action and other litigation substantially similar to class action and other litigation pending against many life insurance companies including a modal premium case and allegation of misconduct in the sale and administration of insurance products. Jackson generally accrues a liability for legal contingencies with respect to pending litigation once management determines that the contingency is probable and estimable. Accordingly, at 15 March 2012 Jackson had recorded an accrual of $20 million for class action litigation. Management, based on developments to date, believes that the ultimate disposition of the litigation is not likely to have a material impact on Jackson's financial condition or results of operations.

Throughout this annual report, Prudential describes the position and ranking of its overall business and individual business units in various industry and geographic markets. The sources for such descriptions come from a variety of conventional sources generally accepted as relevant business indicators by members of the financial services industry. These sources include information available from the Annuity Specs, Asosiasi Asuransi Jiwa Indonesia, Asset management Association of Korea, Association of British Insurers, Association of Mutual Funds in India, Association of Vietnamese Insurers, Association of Unit Trusts and Investment Funds, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India, Investment Management Association, Investment Trust Association of Japan, Neilsen Net Ratings, Moody's, Propriety Research, Standard & Poor's, Fitch, UBS, Morningstar Life Insurance Marketing and Research Association (LIMRA), Lipper Inc., Townsend and Schupp, The Advantage Group, the Life Insurance Association of Singapore, the Hong Kong Federation of Insurers, Hong Kong Office of the Commissioner of Insurance, Life Insurance Association of Malaysia, Life Insurance Association of Taiwan and the Taiwanese Securities Investment Trust Consulting Association, SNL Financial and Service Quality Management Group and Wind Information Co. Ltd (China).

Prudential's principal insurance and investment operations are in Asia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Accordingly, it is subject to applicable Asian, United Kingdom and United States insurance and other financial services regulation which is discussed below.

As Prudential's "lead supervisor" for the purposes of the EU's Insurance Groups Directive (the "IGD"), the UK Financial Services Authority (the "FSA") plays a principal role in assessing and ensuring the adequacy of Prudential's solvency and financial stability on a Group-wide basis. This role in Group-level supervision will be enhanced under the new EU solvency framework, Solvency II, which is discussed further below. As well as co-ordinating EU-level local regulators in the context of the IGD, as both Prudential's parent company and a significant proportion of its global insurance operations are in the UK, the FSA also plays an important co-ordinating role in regulatory initiatives at a global level. This role is less formal than within the EU and the FSA depends principally on the various memoranda of understanding it has signed with non-EU regulators, including in the United States and Asia. In consequence, although the FSA's role as a lead supervisor does not restrict the role of individual local regulators or over-ride the local insurance and other financial services regimes described in the following sections, the FSA's rules and its regulatory agenda do impact Prudential's operations globally.

Moreover, because the FSA's regulatory framework is considerable, shaped and influenced by directives emanating from the EU, the significant Group-wide impact of FSA rules may at times result in legal and regulatory developments in the EU (including the evolving Solvency II framework discussed below) in turn having a significant impact on the business and operations of the group as a whole.

Prudential's insurance and investment businesses in the United Kingdom are regulated by the FSA, the statutory regulator granted powers under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 ("FSMA 2000"). In addition, those businesses are subject to various United Kingdom laws (for example, the Data Protection Act 1998 in relation to the processing of customer data and various Pension Acts) some of which require the relevant Prudential entity to be licensed or registered.

The FSA employs a risk-based regulatory approach to supervision under the FSMA 2000 pursuant to which each regulated firm's risk is assessed by the FSA (pending the structural changes, discussed below) using a risk assessment methodology known as ARROW (Advanced, Risk-Responsive Operating Framework). This is a high-level review aimed at assessing the significance of a particular risk posing threats to the FSA's statutory objectives under the FSMA 2000. These objectives relate to maintaining market confidence, the protection and enhancement of the stability of the UK financial system, securing consumer protection and the reduction of financial crime.

The ARROW framework, supported by a "close and continuous" relationship, is the core of the FSA's risk-based approach to regulation. Using this process, the FSA will consider the particular risks a firm might pose to its statutory objectives by assessing the impact and probability of particular risks materialising.

Prudential is regarded by the FSA as a high impact firm in view of the nature and complexity of its business and as such generally receives ARROW assessments at least once in every two year regulatory period. Between ARROW visits, the FSA meets regularly with members of senior management and persons holding controlled functions to understand developing strategy and challenges and key issues arising and in particular any significant risks identified and how Prudential is mitigating these. This "close and continuous" supervision is supported by focused (relating to a firm or group) and themed

(relating to the industry or market as a whole) visits where appropriate. In advance of discussions, the FSA requests relevant mandatory management information at prescribed intervals, which helps to frame the agenda for these meetings.

The last ARROW assessment across the Group (including Prudential UK) was conducted in July 2011 and the final letter setting out the results of the assessment and the accompanying Risk Mitigation Program which sets out the intended outcomes and follow-up work associated with the assessment was received by Prudential in December 2011.

The FSA is currently the single regulator for all authorised persons with respect to regulated activities in the financial services sector. In this regard, the FSA is empowered to make rules and issue guidance in relation to a wide sphere of activity encompassing the governance of a firm, the way it conducts its business and the prudential supervision of firms.

The UK government is reforming the current "tripartite" system of financial regulation involving the FSA, The Bank of England and HM Treasury.

The proposals envisage the FSA ceasing to exist in its current form and the establishment of three new regulators. The Financial Policy Committee (which will sit within the Bank of England) will be given responsibility for macro-prudential regulation and micro-prudential regulation will be overseen by the Prudential Regulation Authority (which will be a subsidiary of the Bank of England). The Financial Conduct Authority will also be established, separate from the Bank of England, and will have responsibility for conduct of business regulation in relation to all authorised firms, the prudential regulation of firms not regulated by the Prudential Regulation Authority and it will also inherit the majority of the FSA's market regulatory functions. The FSA is currently preparing for transition to the new regulatory regime and has introduced a shadow internal structure.

Following the publication of the draft Finance Bill in June 2011, HM Treasury published the Financial Services Bill in January 2012 and following a second reading in the House of Commons on 6 February 2012, has now passed the committee stage of the House of Commons. This Bill is intended to complete its legislative process and to receive Royal Assent by the end of 2012. The transfer to the new regulatory structure is expected to happen in early 2013.

Under the FSMA 2000, no person may carry on or purport to carry on a regulated activity by way of business in the United Kingdom unless he is an authorised person or is an exempt person. A firm which is authorised by the FSA to carry on regulated activities becomes an authorised person for the purposes of the FSMA 2000. "Regulated activities" are currently prescribed in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001 (as amended) and include insurance and investment business, as well as certain other activities such as establishing, operating and winding up stakeholder or personal pension schemes, the mediation of general insurance and certain mortgage mediation and lending activities. When authorising a firm, the FSA will limit the permissions it grants to the regulated activities in which the firm is intending to engage.

An authorised firm will be subject to a range of ongoing regulatory requirements from the FSA, including meeting at all times specified threshold conditions, including possession of adequate resources

for the carrying on of its business and being fit and proper. A key feature of the FSA regime is the existence of 11 "Principles for Businesses", by which all firms are expected to abide. These cover key areas such as the firm's relationship with the FSA and the need to act with integrity as well as to treat customers fairly.

In the wake of the recent financial crisis, the FSA has announced, and has followed, a new strategy of "intensive supervision" and a move to what it has described as "outcomes-focused regulation". This has been coupled with a publicly announced strategy of "credible deterrence", involving an increased focus on its enforcement activities.

Main features of regulation applicable to the Prudential's insurance and investment businesses

The FSA closely supervises the management of authorised firms through the "approved persons" regime, under which any appointment of persons who perform a "controlled function", including functions that enable the exercise of significant influence over an authorised firm, must be pre-approved by the FSA.

The FSA also regulates the acquisition and increase of control over UK authorised firms. Under the FSMA 2000, any person proposing to acquire control of or increase control over a UK authorised firm must first obtain the prior approval of the FSA. The assessment process and assessment criteria for this process are set out in the FSMA 2000 and associated rules. In considering whether to grant or withhold its approval to the acquisition of control, the FSA must consider, among other things, the suitability of the person seeking consent and seek to ensure the sound and prudent management of the UK authorised firm.

"Control" for these purposes includes a holding of 10 per cent or more in the share capital or voting power of an authorised firm or its parent undertaking or a holding of shares or voting power of an authorised firm or its parent undertaking as a result of which a person is able to exercise significant influence over the management of the authorised firm. When determining a person's level of control, that person's holding of shares or entitlement to exercise voting power will be aggregated with the holding or entitlements of any person with whom he is "acting in concert".

A person will be treated as increasing his control over an authorised firm, and therefore requiring further approval from the FSA, if the level of his shareholding or entitlement to voting power in the authorised firm or, as the case may be, its parent undertaking, increases by any threshold step. The threshold steps occur on the acquisition of 10 per cent, 20 per cent, 30 per cent and 50 per cent of the shares or voting power in an authorised firm or its parent undertaking.

The Acquisitions Directive was introduced across the EU on 21 March 2009, establishing EU wide procedural and evaluation criteria for the prudential assessment of acquisitions and increases of holdings in the financial sector. The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Controllers) Regulations 2009 gave effect to the Acquisitions Directive in the UK by making various changes to the FSMA 2000.

The FSA has extensive powers to investigate and intervene in the affairs of an authorised firm. The FSMA 2000 imposes on the FSA statutory obligations to monitor compliance with the requirements imposed by, and to enforce the provisions of the FSMA 2000, related secondary legislation and the rules made thereunder.

The FSA's enforcement powers, which may be exercised against both authorised firms and approved persons, include public censure, imposition of unlimited fines and, in serious cases, the variation or revocation of permission to carry on regulated activities or the removal of an approved

person's approved status. In addition, the FSA may vary or revoke an authorised firm's permission if it is desirable to protect the interests of consumers or potential consumers, or if the firm has not engaged in regulated activity for 12 months, or if it is failing (or is likely to fail) to meet the threshold conditions for authorisation. The FSA has further powers to obtain injunctions against authorised persons and to impose or seek restitution orders where persons have suffered loss, to prosecute criminal offences arising under FSMA 2000, prohibitions on insider dealing and breaches of money laundering regulations. Breaches of certain FSA rules by an authorised firm may also give a private person who suffers loss as a result of the breach a right of action against the authorised firm for damages. The FSA, although not a creditor, may seek administration orders under the Insolvency Act 1986 (as amended), present a petition for winding-up of an authorised firm, or have standing to be heard in a voluntary winding-up of an authorised firm.

The FSA's Conduct of Business Rules apply to every authorised firm carrying on regulated activities and regulate the day-to-day conduct of business standards to be observed by authorised persons in carrying on regulated activities. The Conduct of Business Rules incorporate the requirements of the EU's Markets in Financial Investments Directive ("MiFID") which relate to investment business, and now place greater reliance on principles and higher-level rules.

The scope and range of obligations imposed on an authorised firm under the Conduct of Business Rules vary according to the scope of its business and the range of its clients. Generally speaking, however, the obligations imposed on an authorised firm by the Conduct of Business Rules will include the need to categorise its clients according to their level of sophistication, provide them with information about the firm, meet certain standards of product disclosure, ensure that promotional materials which it produces are clear, fair and not misleading, assess suitability when advising on certain products, manage conflicts of interest, report appropriately to its clients and provide certain protections in relation to client assets.

The FSA's Treating Customers Fairly initiative ("TCF") is an important example of its principles-based approach to regulation. This initiative is based upon Principle 6 of the FSA's Principles for Businesses (that a firm must pay due regard to the interests of its customers and treat them fairly).

Although the FSA has, with the exception of rules relating to with-profits policyholders, refrained from making detailed rules on how to comply with TCF, it has published a number of case studies providing an indication of its expectations of authorised firms in the areas of product development, complaints handling, financial promotions and systems and controls. TCF assessments of firms are incorporated into the ARROW assessment process.

As set out above, in order to maintain authorised status under the FSMA 2000, a firm must continue to satisfy the threshold conditions, which, among other things, require the firm to have adequate resources for the carrying on of its business. The FSA has published detailed rules relating to the maintenance of minimum levels of regulatory capital for all authorised firms including insurance and investment businesses in the Prudential Standards section of its Handbook. The capital adequacy requirements set out in the Handbook which include the type of capital held must be satisfied at all times by authorised firms. The FSA's capital rules for insurers and investment firms are discussed separately below.

Authorised firms must have appropriate complaints handling procedures and the principles of complaints handling are defined in the FSA Handbook. However, once these procedures have been exhausted, qualifying complainants may turn to the Financial Ombudsman Service which is intended to provide speedy, informal and cost-effective dispute resolution of complaints made against authorised firms by individuals and small-business customers. The Ombudsman is empowered to order firms to pay fair compensation for loss and damage and may order a firm to take such steps as the Ombudsman determines to be just and appropriate in order to remedy a complaint. The Financial Ombudsman Service is funded by levies and case fees payable by businesses covered by the Ombudsman.

The FSCS is intended to compensate individuals and other groups of "eligible claimants", including certain trustees for claims against an authorised firm where the authorised firm is unable or unlikely to be able to meet those claims (generally, when it is insolvent or has gone out of business). The scheme is divided into five "classes": of deposits, investments, insurance mediation, insurance business (life and general) and home finance, reflecting the different kinds of business undertaken by authorised firms. The scheme is funded by contributions from industry participants referable to the particular class and sub-classes within each class, so as to minimise cross-subsidy between authorised persons whose businesses are not similar.

Defaults by investment advisers have resulted in additional levies on the sub-classes to which Prudential is exposed by virtue of M&G. Furthermore, defaults by a number of deposit-takers in 2007 and 2008 led to large payouts by the FSCS, which have been funded mainly by obtaining loans from the Bank of England which were later refinanced by HM Treasury. The outstanding principal on HM Treasury loan is due to be repaid from 2012. A repayment schedule will be agreed between the FSCS and HM Treasury based on market conditions closer to the time and although repayments may be funded by the "general pool" (which is in part funded by levies on the Insurance class in which Prudential sits) current indications are that recoveries from the various defaulting firms will, in large part, be sufficient to repay the outstanding loan. This reduces the possibility that repayments will be funded by the "general pool".

The FSA has recently recommenced its comprehensive review of the FSCS funding model and expects to consult on proposals in the first half of 2012.

Effecting and carrying out contracts of insurance as principal are regulated activities for the purposes of the FSMA 2000, and the carrying on of such regulated activities is referred to as insurance business. Some of Prudential's subsidiaries, including PAC, Prudential Annuities Limited, Prudential Retirement Income Limited, Prudential Pensions Limited and Prudential Holborn Life Limited carry on insurance business in the United Kingdom with the permission of the FSA and are regulated by the FSA under the FSMA 2000.

The Conduct of Business rules issued by the FSA apply differing requirements to the sale of general and long-term insurance contracts, as well as applying certain requirements to transactions in other designated investments. Authorised firms which advise and sell to retail customers packaged products such as life insurance policies are subject to detailed conduct of business obligations relating to product disclosure, assessment of suitability, the range and scope of the advice which the firm provides, and fee and remuneration arrangements.

The FSA launched the Retail Distribution Review (the "RDR") in 2006 with the specific aim of addressing shortcomings in the retail investment market around the way advisers present their service, how they are remunerated and their professional standards and qualifications. In March 2010, the FSA published a policy statement which detailed final rules around:

Later in 2010, the FSA issued further rules on qualification requirements, continuing professional development and professional standards. Where a personal recommendation is given to a retail customer, commission will be replaced by "adviser charging" whereby a firm must set and clearly disclose its tariff of charges and where these are to be facilitated by a product provider, the amount must not be determined by the provider and there must be clear distinction from any product charges . Advisers, in addition to needing to achieve a higher qualification level, will also need to demonstrate ongoing competence by structured continuing professional development (CPD), and maintenance of professional standards. Additionally, firms will have increased reporting requirements in respect of their advisers.

The changes introduced by the RDR will have broad-ranging impact on Prudential, including requiring significant system changes, affecting decisions as to which products Prudential offers and the pricing of those products as well as expanding UK regulatory reporting requirements. The new rules come into effect on 31 December 2012.

The FSA's rules which govern the prudential regulation of insurers are found in the FSA's General Prudential Sourcebook ("GENPRU"), Prudential Sourcebook For Insurers ("INSPRU") and the Interim Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers ("IPRU (INS)"). Solvency II, described further below, is the European Commission's project to reform prudential regulation of European Union insurers.

The FSA's rules require an insurer to prepare and submit to the FSA its own assessment of its capital requirements, known as an individual capital assessment ("ICA"), based on the risks it faces. If the FSA disagrees with a firm's capital requirement assessment, it will issue individual capital guidance ("ICG") which it can impose as a requirement.

Insurance companies must maintain assets sufficient to meet the relevant capital requirement at all times in respect of both long-term insurance and general insurance business undertaken by the company. The calculation of such capital requirements is dependent on the type and amount of insurance business a company writes. Under the rules in GENPRU, an insurer must hold capital resources equal at least to the Minimum Capital Requirement (the "MCR"). Insurers with with-profits liabilities of £500 million or more must hold capital equal to the higher of MCR and the Enhanced Capital Requirement (the "ECR"). The ECR is intended to provide a more risk responsive and "realistic" measure of a with-profits insurer's capital requirements, whereas the MCR is broadly speaking equivalent to the previously required minimum margin under the IPRU (INS) and satisfies the current minimum EU standards.

The ECR is determined as the higher of two separate measurements of the firm's financial resources requirements, reflecting capital as determined by reference to two bases for calculating liabilities (regulatory and realistic),which the FSA refers to as the "twin peaks" approach. The regulatory basis reflects strict contractual liabilities whereas the realistic basis includes more discretionary but expected benefits, including those required to treat customers fairly.

Long-term business assets and liabilities—those assets and liabilities relating to, broadly, life and health insurance policies—must be segregated from the assets and liabilities attributable to non-life insurance business or to shareholders. Separate accounting and other records must be maintained and a separate fund must be established to hold all receipts of long-term business.

The extent to which long-term fund assets may be used for purposes other than long-term business is restricted by the rules in INSPRU. Only the "established surplus"—the excess of assets over liabilities in the long-term fund, as determined by an actuarial investigation—may be transferred so as to be available for other purposes. Restrictions also apply to the payment of dividends by the insurance company, as described below. The rules in INSPRU require, in addition to the capital requirements referred to above, the maintenance of sufficient assets in the separate long-term insurance fund to cover the actuarially determined value of the insurance liabilities.

The FSA requires banks, building societies, insurers and investment firms to undertake reverse stress testing. Reverse stress testing requires firms to work backwards from an assumed point of business model failure, to identify the stress scenarios that could result in such adverse outcomes. Each firm must then consider whether the likelihood of these scenarios, taking into account likely management actions, is consistent with its risk appetite and, if not, must initiate actions to address any inconsistencies.

The FSA's rules require that every insurance company that carries on long-term business must appoint one or more actuaries to perform the "actuarial function" in respect of all classes of its long-term insurance business and, the "with-profits actuary function" in respect of all classes of that with-profits business (if any).

The actuary performing the "actuarial function" must prepare at least annually, a report for the company's directors determining the company's long-term liabilities attributable to the insurance company's long-term insurance business in excess of those liabilities of the assets representing the long-term insurance fund and, where any rights of long-term policyholders to participate in profits relate to particular parts of such a fund, a valuation of any excess of assets over liabilities in respect of each of those parts.

The actuary performing the "with-profits actuary function" must, amongst other responsibilities advise the firm's management on key aspects of the discretion to be exercised affecting these classes of the with-profits business of the firm, and, at least once a year report to the firm's governing body on key aspects (including those aspects of the firm's application of its Principles and Practices of Financial Management ("PPFM") on which the advice described above has been given) of the discretion exercised in respect of the period covered by his report All firms that carry on with-profits business are required to publish the PPFM that are applied in the management of their with-profits funds.

Under IPRU (INS), once an allocation of surplus in a with-profits fund has been made to policyholders, no transfer of assets representing any part of a subsequent surplus can be made, to shareholders or otherwise, unless either a defined "relevant minimum" of the surplus has been allocated to policyholders or a statutory notification procedure has been followed.

There has been considerable public debate about the rights and legitimate expectations of with-profits policyholders to assets forming part of an insurance company's surplus. The FSA confirmed in July 2009 that proprietary life insurance companies will not be able to meet future compensation and redress payments from their with-profits funds, and the FSA confirmed a rule change, meaning that

liabilities arising from operational failures (including mis-selling) after the rule came into effect from July 31, 2009 should be met by shareholder funds rather than policyholder funds.

The with-profits business has been an area of focus for the FSA's TCF initiative, including specifically, the costs charged to a with-profits fund by the firm managing the fund; penalties and charges levied on policyholders who surrender their policies early, the need for funds to be managed with the objective of ensuring that maturity payouts fall within a target range set for the fund; and the provision of information to with-profits policyholders or potential policyholders in a format that they can more readily understand.

On 7 March 2012, the FSA published a Policy Statement (PS 12/4) with further changes to rules and guidance in a number of areas concerning the operation of with-profits funds, including principally conflicts of interest with the potential to prejudice with-profits policyholders; the fair treatment of with-profits policyholders in mutually-owned funds; the terms on which new business may be written by with-profits insurers; communications and planning surrounding material reductions in new business; the application of market value reductions; the use of with-profits funds to make strategic investments; the removal of the ability of firms to reattribute excess surplus; rules surrounding reattribution of inherited estates; and changes to the rules surrounding corporate governance. The changes to rules and guidance contained in PS 12/4 give rise to uncertainties as to how such rules and guidance will be applied. Accordingly, Prudential is seeking clarification of the application of PS12/4 to its with-profits business in the UK.

In a 2011 decision, the European Court of Justice ("the ECJ") ruled that gender-related factors could not be used in determining premiums and benefits under insurance policies. The ECJ granted a transition period of relief for implementation until 21 December 2012. The full effects of the ruling and how it will be transposed into law by EU member states is uncertain for the insurance industry as a whole. In particular, it is unclear how insurance contracts that are entered into prior to the ruling but which continue in force after 21 December 2012, will be treated. The UK Government's intention is to amend the Equality Act 2012 during 2012 to give effect to the judgment.

Under IPRU (INS), insurance companies must file a number of items with the FSA, including their audited annual accounts and balance sheets and life insurers annual reports from the actuary performing the actuarial function. Returns enumerating policy sales are submitted by firms, including insurance companies on a quarterly basis.

Prudential is subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the Insurance Groups Directive ("IGD") as implemented in the FSA rules. The IGD pertains to groups whose activities are primarily concentrated in the insurance sector.

As lead supervisor of Prudential under the IGD, the FSA supervises Prudential on a group basis in addition to supervising the UK insurance companies within Prudential individually. This is referred to in the IGD as supplementary supervision and encompasses such matters as general supervision over intragroup transactions (including, inter alia, loans, guarantees and off-balance sheet transactions, investments, reinsurance, retrocession and cost sharing agreements), group risk management processes and internal control mechanisms, and reporting and accounting procedures. In accordance with the IGD, the FSA requires the calculation of group capital resources on a consolidated basis and requires that

such group capital resources are equal to or in excess of Prudential's group capital resources requirement (each as calculated in accordance with INSPRU). As lead supervisor of Prudential under the IGD, the FSA also plays a coordinating role amongst EU regulators under the IGD. Due to the geographically diverse nature of Prudential's operations, the application of these requirements to Prudential is complex. In particular, for the purposes of calculating the group capital requirement and actual group capital resources under INSPRU, for many of the Asian operations, the assets, liabilities and capital requirements have to be recalculated based on FSA regulations as if the companies were directly subject to FSA regulation.

The European Commission is continuing to develop a new prudential framework for insurance companies, "Solvency II", which will repeal and replace the existing Life, Non-life, Re-insurance and IGD directives. The main aim of this framework is to ensure the financial stability of the insurance industry and protect policyholders through establishing solvency requirements better matched to the true risks of the business.

Solvency II adopts a three-pillar approach to prudential regulation, which is similar to the "Basel II" approach that has already been adopted in the banking sector in Europe:

Although the Solvency II Directive has similarities to the current UK regime set out in GENPRU and INSPRU in terms of its risk-based approach to the calculation of capital requirements and use of capital tiering, there are also many differences both in terms of substance and terminology. For example, while both regimes share the principle of a market consistent valuation of assets and liabilities, there are differences in the detailed valuation methodologies.

A key aspect of Solvency II is the focus on a supervisory review at the level of the individual legal entity. Insurers will be encouraged to improve their risk management processes and will be allowed to make use of internal economic capital models to calculate capital requirements, subject to approval by the FSA. In addition, Solvency II requires firms to develop and embed an effective risk management system as a fundamental part of running the firm.

The new regime will require firms to disclose a considerably greater level of qualitative and quantitative information than under current rules, both to their own supervisor through Regular Supervisory Reporting ("RSR") and to the market through the publication of a Solvency and Financial Condition Report ("SFCR"). This is intended to increase transparency, allowing easier comparison across the industry and enabling supervisors to identify sooner if firms are heading for financial difficulty. In turn, increased transparency is intended to drive market discipline, arising from the reaction of ratings agencies and the capital markets to firms' performance.

The Solvency II "Level 1" Directive was formally approved by the European Council in November 2009, setting out a framework which will be supplemented by further and more detailed technical implementing measures drafted by the European Commission.

In January 2011 the European Commission published the draft Omnibus II Directive. This draft Directive proposes a number of amendments to the existing Solvency II framework, inter alia to take account of the Lisbon Treaty and the new supervisory architecture which has been implemented within

the EU. The latter has included the establishment of the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) as the successor to the Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors (CEIOPS). Omnibus II will define the scope of EIOPA's powers in the context of the Solvency II regime, including its powers to resolve disagreements between national supervisors and to act as a coordinator in "emergency situations". The proposed amendments also define the areas in which draft technical standards may be developed by EIOPA and then be made binding by the European Commission and an expanded role for EIOPA in monitoring compliance by Member States.

The opportunity has also been taken in the draft Omnibus II Directive and subsequent Presidency Compromise texts to develop Solvency II in a number of areas unrelated to EIOPA or the Lisbon Treaty, in order to ease the change to the new regime. These include extending the date of Solvency II's implementation and authorising the European Commission to implement transitional measures in certain areas (subject to specified maximum periods). The areas in which transitional measures can be adopted include a framework within which third country insurance and reinsurance prudential and supervisory regimes that do not meet the criteria for "equivalence" on the implementation of Solvency II may still be treated as equivalent for a limited period thereafter.

In its November 2011 Consultation Paper on the transposition of Solvency II (CP11/22), the FSA's planning assumption was that the implementation of Solvency II will be bifurcated, with transposition of the Solvency II Directive completed and the responsibilities of EIOPA and supervisors in force from 1 January 2013, and Solvency II requirements for firms in force from 1 January 2014. The final proposal, along with transitional measures, will be confirmed when the Omnibus II Directive is agreed (currently expected during 2012). The implementing measures are expected to be finalised later in 2012. There remains significant uncertainty regarding the outcome of this process.

Certain of Prudential's subsidiaries are authorised by the FSA to carry on investment business. These entities are subject to regulation and supervision by the FSA and must comply with the FSA Conduct of Business and Prudential Rules made under the FSMA 2000.

Conduct of business requirements for investment businesses and the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive ("MiFID")

MiFID, unlike its predecessor legislation, the Investment Services Directive, sets out detailed and specific requirements in relation to organisational and conduct of business matters for investment firms and regulated markets. In particular, MiFID and its implementing measures make specific provision in relation to, among other things, organisational requirements, outsourcing, client categorisation, conflicts of interest, best execution, client order handling and suitability and appropriateness, and investment research and financial analysis, pre- and post-trade transparency obligations and transaction reporting and make substantial changes to the responsibility for the supervision of cross-border investment services provided by firms in exercise of their single market passport rights.

On 27 October 2011, the European Commission published its final proposals for amendments to MiFID. As well as a number of specific requirements relating to electronic trading, transaction reporting and investor protection, the proposals expand the scope of MiFID, both in terms of the types of firms and instruments (eg structured deposits) its requirements encompass. The proposals would also introduce authorisation and registration regimes for additional firms, such as data reporting providers and third country firms and current exemptions would be narrowed to bring more commodities firms into the scope of MiFID. The result would be increased regulatory scrutiny and more extensive compliance obligations for firms which are not currently captured by MiFID.

The amendments to MiFID are currently under negotiation in the European Parliament and Council. Agreement is not expected until the end of 2012. Implementation timelines are still being negotiated.

The FSA's capital requirements for investment businesses are also contained in the Prudential Standards section of its Handbook, primarily in GENPRU and the Prudential Sourcebook for Banks, Building Societies and Investment Fims ("BIPRU"). These rules implement the requirements of European Union legislation relating to the prudential supervision of investment firms, including the Capital Adequacy Directive (Directive 93/6/EEC), as re-cast by the Capital Requirements Directive (Directive 2006/49/EC) ("CRD") CRD has been amended a number of times. On July 20, 2011, the European Commission proposed a legislative package known as "CRD IV" which will replace CRD in order, amongst other ends, to implement the rules proposed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, known as "Basel III".

The European Parliament agreed the AIFMD, a directive designed to regulate private equity and hedge funds, in November 2010. Implementation of the directive by national regulators is expected to be completed by mid-2013. The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) provided advice to the European Commission on the detailed rules at Level 2, which implement the Directive, on 16 November 2011. The Commission is due to send its draft implementing legislation to the Council and European Parliament for political agreement, which is expected in July 2012.

Many of Prudential's early concerns regarding the impact of the directive have been allayed with the agreement of its final text. However the way in which the regime established under the AIFMD operates in practice will in large part be determined by the Level 2 (legislation) and Level 3 (guidance) measures to be adopted by the European Commission and ESMA before the AIFMD comes into force.

On 15 September 2010, the European Commission published its final proposal for a regulation of OTC derivative transactions, central counterparties (CCPs) and trade repositories, widely known as European Market Infrastructure Regulation, or "EMIR". EMIR contains proposals intended to increase stability within the OTC derivative markets by introducing *(with limited exemptions, including from certain aspects of the proposed regime in the case of intragroup transactions): (i) a reporting obligation for OTC derivatives; (ii) a clearing obligation for eligible OTC derivatives; (iii) measures to reduce counterparty credit risk and operational risk for bilaterally cleared OTC derivatives, including through collateral requirements; (iv) common rules for CCPs and for trade repositories; and (v) rules on the establishment of interoperability between CCPs.

On 9 February 2012, the European Parliament and Council agreed on the legislation in negotiations with the Commission. A number of changes were agreed to the Commission's draft, including a phase-in exemption from central clearing for pension schemes. The European Parliament and Council must now formally approve the text before it is published and enters into force. ESMA is due to submit draft technical standards to implement the detail of legislation by end-September 2012. Central clearing is expected to begin in 2013.

One of the Prudential's UK subsidiaries, M&G Investment Management Limited, is also regulated by the United Sates' Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") so that is can act as investment adviser to a number of US mutual funds.

The laws and regulations applicable to Prudential's businesses in Asia vary from country to country, but the regulators typically grant (or revoke) licenses and therefore control the ability to operate a business.

Industry regulations are usually widely drawn and include provisions governing both financial matters and the way business is conducted in general. Examples include the registration of agents, the approval of products, asset allocation, minimum capital and the basis for calculating the company's solvency and reserves and the valuation of policyholder liabilities, conditions for outsourcing non core functions, policyholder and investor protection and regulation of product features, as well as anti-money laundering and "know your client" requirements and data protection requirements. Regulatory authorities may also regulate affiliations with other financial institutions, shareholder structures and the injection of capital and payment of dividends. Financial statements and other returns are filed with the regulators. The regulators may also conduct physical inspections of the operations from time to time.

Regulatory standards are generally being raised with, for example, greater emphasis on ensuring that products are fit for purpose and that customers fully appreciate the features of their policies. Also whereas compliance with the relevant regulations was always implicit in the way insurers ran their businesses, there is a trend towards a more explicit demonstration of this through documentation, audits and more formal management structures.

A number of jurisdictions across Asia require insurance companies to participate in policyholder protection schemes (i.e. contribute to a fund to support policyholders in the event of an insurance company failing).

Prudential Corporation Asia's ("PCA's") business units will be required to adhere to Prudential's group-wide policy designed to comply with the EU Solvency II requirements but will not each be required to be compliant on a solo entity basis. Asian regulators are monitoring closely how Solvency II is developed and implemented but are not currently requiring regulated insurance entities to comply.

Certain additional details of the regulatory regimes to which PCA's insurance operations are subject are discussed below:

The Hong Kong branch of PAC is authorised to carry on both long-term business and general business in Hong Kong under a composite license.

The Office of the Commissioner of Insurance ("OCI") is the regulatory body that administers the Insurance Companies Ordinance ("ICO"). The Office is headed by the Commissioner of Insurance who has been appointed as the Insurance Authority ("IA") for administering the ICO. The principal functions of the IA are to ensure that the interests of policyholders or potential policyholders are protected and to promote the general stability of the insurance industry, including by authorising insurers to carry on insurance business in Hong Kong, regulating insurers' conduct primarily through the examination of the annual audited financial statements and business returns insurers submit,, and development of legislation and guidelines on insurance supervision. A key supervisory responsibility relates to solvency margin requirements contemplated by the ICO, as further discussed below.

The branch is also subject to the codes and guidance developed by a self-regulatory body—the Hong Kong Federation of Insurers ("HKFI"). HKFI actively promotes its self-regulatory regime with respect to areas like conduct of insurers and insurance intermediaries, cooling off initiatives, policy

replacement and initiative on needs analysis, etc. The Insurance Agents Registration Board of the HKFI is responsible for administering the registration and approval of insurance intermediaries of insurance agents, their responsible officers and technical representatives; and handling complaints against them and providing enquiry services to and handling complaints from the public relating to insurance agents. The OCI is also exploring with the HKFI the possibility of setting up a policyholder protection fund in the event of an insurer's insolvency.

In addition, the sale of mandatory pension products by agents is regulated by the Mandatory Provident Fund Authority (the "MPFA"), which licenses and supervises the conduct of MPF intermediaries and the supervision of the conduct of MPF intermediaries.

The branch is also regulated by the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (the "SFC") for its offering of Investment Linked products.

A more robust anti-money laundering framework (including with respect to customer due diligence and record-keeping) will also come into effect in 2012, and new requirements in respect of data protection have recently been proposed.

Under the ICO, an insurer is required to maintain at all times an excess of assets over liabilities of not less than a required solvency margin. The objective is to provide a reasonable safeguard against the risk that the insurer's assets may be inadequate to meet its liabilities arising from unpredictable events, such as adverse fluctuations in its operating results or the value of its assets and liabilities.

For general business insurers, the ICO stipulates an absolute minimum solvency margin of HK$10 million, or HK$20 million in the case of insurers carrying on Statutory Business. Above these minimum levels, solvency margins are calculated on the basis of the greater of an insurer's relevant premium income or relevant outstanding claims.

For long-term business insurers, the ICO stipulates an absolute minimum solvency margin of HK$2 million. Above this minimum level, solvency margins are determined in accordance with the Insurance Companies (Margin of Solvency) Regulation (Chapter 41 F of the Laws of Hong Kong), which sets out a series of calculations to be used depending on the particular class of long-term business involved.

For composite insurers, the ICO stipulates a minimum solvency margin based on the aggregate of the solvency margin required in respect of an insurer's general business and its long-term business, both calculated as described above.

PCA Life Assurance Company Limited is licensed for conducting life insurance business in Taiwan.

The Financial Supervisory Commission ("FSC") is responsible for regulating the entire financial services industry, including the banking, securities and insurance sectors. The FSC's responsibilities include supervision, examination and investigation. The Insurance Bureau ("IB") under the FSC is responsible for the insurance sector. The Financial Examination Bureau (the "FEB") under the FSC acts as the executive supervisory authority for the FSC and principally carries out examinations and on-site visits of insurance companies, generally every two years. The Investigation Bureau under the Ministry of Justice is responsible for supervision of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing efforts.

Under legislation due to take effect in 2012, data protection requirements in Taiwan will soon change significantly, including with respect to collection, processing and use.

The Insurance Act requires all insurance companies to maintain an RBC ratio of not less than 200%. The ratio is determined as the adjusted net capital compared against the risk-based capital. This measurement takes into consideration asset, insurance, interest and other relevant risks as required in calculating the capital on a risk adjusted basis. Any company failing the threshold may be subjected to measures ranging from restrictions in business operations to the withdrawal of business license.

PCA Life Insurance Company Limited is authorised to carry on life insurance business in Korea including but not limited to casualty insurance, illness insurance, nursing insurance and incidental business and services related thereto.

Korea's financial supervision structure is composed of the Financial Services Commission (the "FSC") and the Financial Supervisory Service (the "FSS"). As Korea's principal supervisory authority, the FSC is given a broad statutory mandate to carry out three key functions: financial policy formulation, financial institution and market oversight, and anti-money laundering. It also issues regulatory licenses to financial institutions. The Financial Supervisory Service (the "FSS") acts as the executive supervisory authority for the FSC and principally carries out examination of financial institutions along with enforcement and other oversight activities as directed or charged by the FSC.

In respect of anti-money laundering, the Korea Financial Intelligence Unit ("KoFIU"), a part of the FSC leads the government's anti-money laundering and counter terrorism financing efforts.

Korean laws permit an insurer to operate only one license (life or non-life) at any one time. In the past, the FSC has been highly interventionist in setting and enforcing rules on the insurance industry. In recent years the FSC has moved away from its interventionist approach, in response to the evolving and liberalised landscape. The most prominent change has been a deregulation in asset management and product design activities. However, in connection with deregulation, the FSC has also sought to strengthen supervision. Recent additions and amendments to Korean law and regulation aimed at protecting consumers have, amongst other things, resulted in expansion of the scope of concurrent/ancillary businesses which can be conducted by insurance companies, new reporting requirements for foreign insurer's Korean offices, new regulations governing asset management by insurance companies, updated processes for development of insurance products, prohibitions on corporate insurance agents and corporate insurance brokers from engaging in other business, new additions to the list of acts prohibited when entering into insurance contracts or soliciting consumers and additional and more specific requirements in respect of data protection.

A risk-based supervision framework applies to insurers, encompassing the risk-based capital solvency requirement, the risk assessment and application system (RAAS), which assesses insurers' various risks and relevant internal controls, and risk disclosure.

Under RBC solvency, the ratio of an insurer's available capital to required capital is calculated, and the analysis of equity capital used to determine capital adequacy must take into account market, credit, operational, insurance and interest rate risks, which is not taken into consideration under the solvency margin requirement.

In the event an insurer fails to satisfy the applicable capital adequacy requirement and this poses a threat to the financial soundness of that insurer in Korea, the FSC may take corrective action, ranging from issuing a recommendation to an insurer to increase its capital reserves or to restrict its investments

in high-risk securities and other assets to issuing an order to an insurer to suspend its business or transfer it to a third party.

Prudential Assurance Company Singapore (Pte.) Limited is registered by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (the "MAS") to design and sell both life and general insurance business pursuant to the Singapore Insurance Act.

Under the Singapore Insurance Act, the MAS is responsible for insurance regulation and supervision of insurance companies. The MAS also has responsibility for supervising compliance with anti-money laundering ("AML") provisions, though suspicious transactions must be notified to the Commercial Affairs Department, an enforcement agency of the Singapore Police Force.

Another relevant regulatory authority for the business is the Central Provident Fund (the "CPF") Board, which acts as a trustee of social security savings schemes jointly supported by employees, employers and the government. The CPF Board regulates insurers in the operation of various CPF schemes including the CPF Investment Scheme where CPF monies are used by policyholders to purchase insurance policies such as annuities and investment linked policies.

The MAS and CPF Board have very detailed regulatory frameworks to govern insurance companies and the distribution of insurance products in Singapore.

MAS also regulates market conduct standards for life insurers, including the appointment and training of representatives, maximum tier structure, loans and advances, disciplinary action, product disclosure, sales processes and replacement (switching) of life policies. In addition, financial institutions are required to notify MAS when they intend to appoint a representative to provide financial advisory or capital markets services, with only those representatives whose names appear on the Public Register of Representatives allowed to conduct the same.

The MAS introduced some key changes to its regulatory framework in 2011 in response to market conditions:

The Ministry of Information, Communication and the Arts (MICA) also undertook consultations in 2011 in respect of data protection, which have now closed. Further developments are awaited.

Registered insurers in Singapore are subject to a risk based capital ("RBC") framework. The framework sets out the valuation methodology for assets and liabilities, rules relating to the operations of life insurance funds, capital requirement rules, the role of actuaries, and a set of statutory reporting standards. An insurer has to notify the MAS when it has failed or is likely to fail to comply with the mandated RBC indicators or when a financial resources warning event has occurred or is likely to occur.

A registered insurer is required at all times to maintain a minimum level of paid-up ordinary share capital and to ensure that its financial resources are not less than the greater of the sum of the aggregate of the total risk requirement of all insurance funds established and maintained by the insurer under the Singapore Insurance Act; and where the insurer is incorporated in Singapore, the total risk requirement arising from the assets and liabilities of the insurer that do not belong to any insurance fund established and maintained under the Singapore Insurance Act (including assets and liabilities of any of the insurer's branches located outside Singapore); or a minimum amount of 5 million Singapore Dollars.

The MAS also has the authority to direct that the insurer satisfy capital adequacy requirements other than those that the insurer is required to maintain under the Singapore Insurance Act if the MAS considers it appropriate.

Prudential Assurance Malaysia Berhad has composite licenses to carry on both life and general insurance business in Malaysia pursuant to the Insurance Act 1996.

In Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia ("BNM") is the regulatory body responsible for supervising and regulating the conduct of insurance business.

BNM places considerable emphasis on fair market conduct by the insurance industry and protection of consumers' interests. BNM has issued guidelines on the minimum disclosure requirements to be observed by insurers and their intermediaries. The guidelines specify the timing and minimum information that must be disclosed to a prospective policy owner at the pre-contract stage and at the point of entering into a contract to enable them to make informed decisions and during the term of the contract. Minimum information includes, for example, details of types of cover offered, product features, benefits, restrictions, premium payments and exclusions of the policy as well as any significant conditions and obligations on the policy holder and addition product specific disclosure requirements. There are additional product specific disclosure requirements to be met. The Board of Directors or a committee of the Board of Directors is expected to ensure that proper systems and processes are in place to implement the guidelines.

In addition, the Prudential Assurance Malaysia Berhad is a member of the Life Insurance Association of Malaysia and the General Insurance Association of Malaysia. The Life Insurance Association of Malaysia and the General Insurance Association of Malaysia are self-regulated bodies. Resolutions and circulars issued by these associations are binding on the member insurance companies.

Guidelines to enhance the protection of customers' interests were introduced by the Life Insurance Association of Malaysia on 2 January 2012. In addition to the implementation of customer welcome calls, the requirements for fact-find forms and benefits illustrations have been revised.

BNM has introduced an RBC framework aimed at improving the risk management practices of insurers. Under the RBC framework, insurers are required to maintain a capital adequacy level that is

commensurate with their risk profiles. Each insurer is required to determine the adequacy of the capital available in its insurance and shareholders' fund to support the total capital it requires. This serves as a key indicator of the insurer's financial resilience which is used by BNM to determine the need for supervisory interventions.

Under the RBC framework guidelines, the Board of Directors and senior management of an insurer are also expected to identify, monitor and control risks which are not adequately addressed under the framework. An insurer is also expected to manage actively its capital adequacy by taking into account the potential impact of its business strategies on its risk profile and overall financial resilience.

Prudential BSN Takaful Berhad ("Prudential Takaful") (a Prudential joint venture with Bank Simpanan Nasional) was the first overseas insurer to be granted a domestic Takaful License in Malaysia.

The Takaful business in Malaysia, like the insurance business discussed above, is also regulated by BNM. In addition, Prudential Takaful is required to be a member of the Malaysian Takaful Association ("MTA"), an association for Takaful operators that seeks to improve industry self-regulation through uniformity in market practice and to promote a higher level of co-operation. Resolutions and circulars issued by the MTA are binding on its members.

Takaful in Malaysia is considered to be part of mainstream mercantile law, and is subject to the civil court structure. It is not regulated by Shariah law in Shariah courts. However, the operations of a Takaful operator must conform to the rules and requirements of Shariah as regulated in the Takaful Act 1984, which elevates the BNM's Shariah Advisory Council to the position of sole authority on Shariah matters. A Takaful operator is required to establish a Shariah advisory body approved by BNM to which BNM's Shariah Advisory Council will give guidance and advice on the operations and business activities. Guidelines were issued in 2004 to streamline the functions and duties of Shariah advisory bodies of Takaful operators and strengthen their independence. BNM issued a new Shariah governance framework in 2010 to provide a more comprehensive guidance on the roles and responsibilities of the Shariah advisory bodies and the board management of Islamic financial institutions.

To further promote the orderly growth of Takaful business, additional guidelines which came into force in January 2012 outline parameters to govern operational processes, focusing on uniformity with Shariah principles, prudent management of Takaful funds, transparency, good governance and risk management.

BNM issued the Takaful Operational Framework which came into force on 2 January 2012. The regulations further strengthen the operational and valuation requirements of Shariah law.

CITIC-Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited (Prudential's joint venture with CITIC) is authorised to conduct life insurance business in China. To date, CITIC-Prudential Life had business across China including the key markets of Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Shandong, Shejiang, Jiangsu, Tianjin, Guangxi, Fujian and Hebei.

The body responsible for regulation of the insurance sector is the Chinese Insurance Regulatory Commission ("CIRC"). CIRC reports directly to the State Council.

CIRC is authorised to conduct the administration, supervision and regulation of the Chinese insurance market, and to ensure that the insurance industry operates in a stable manner in compliance with the law. Amongst other things, it examines and approves the establishment of insurance companies and their branches and supervises market conduct. A special department, the Inspection Bureau, was established by CIRC to strengthen the function of investigating significant non-compliance issues and the conduct of insurance companies and the handling of complaints. CIRC also has local offices in all the provinces and selected direct administrative cities and regions across the country which set and administer implementation rules and guidelines in the application of the regulations introduced by CIRC. The local offices will also regulate many aspects of the insurance companies' activities within the locations for which they are responsible, including but not limited to business, sales and agent conducts, sales licensing practices, approving new sales offices and assessing minor administrative penalties.

CIRC has focused specific attention on the area of risk prevention, with five identified lines of defense against risks, namely internal management and control systems, supervision of solvency adequacy, on-site inspection, fund management regulation and insurance security fund. In response to the global financial crisis, more importance has been attached to the supervision of internal control systems, corporate governance, and market conduct and information disclosure by insurance companies. A classification system has also been developed by the regulator to monitor risks in the industry. Under the system, insurance companies are classified into four groups based on the risk indicators relating to solvency margins, corporate governance, capital management, financial status and market conduct. Different administrative measures such as risk warning, on-site inspection, restriction of business expansion and investment, may be imposed on different groups.

In an effort to further strengthen regulation over the bancassurance channel, CIRC issued a new guideline in 2011 to disallow insurance company staff from stationing in bank branches or assisting in the selling process.

The People's Bank of China ("PBOC") is entrusted with responsibility and authority of regulating all anti-money laundering activities in China and has actively been developing rules and guidance, requiring insurance companies to abide by the PRC's main AML law and regulations in connection with capital investment, transfers and set-up of new branches, and specify senior management's responsibilities on AML.

The minimum registered paid-up capital of a foreign invested insurance company is RMB200 million. A similar requirement is imposed on a Chinese branch of a foreign insurance company. Both foreign invested insurance companies and Chinese branches of foreign insurance companies are required to maintain a solvency ratio that is not lower than 100 per cent. Under relevant PRC regulations, the solvency ratio is the ratio of actual capital to the minimum capital requirement applicable to the insurer pursuant to relevant regulations. The actual capital is the difference between the admitted assets and admitted liabilities. The CIRC requires solvency reports to be submitted quarterly, annually or ad hoc as required by the CIRC. Where an insurer is not able to meet its solvency requirement, it is required to report immediately to the CIRC.

Prudential Life Assurance (Thailand) Public Company Limited (PLT) holds a life insurance license and is authorised to offer life and general insurance products. This also includes an authorisation to offer products with an investment linked feature.

PLT is regulated and supervised by the Office of Insurance Commission ("OIC"),the independent regulatory organisation handling day-to-day insurance business affairs and reporting to the Ministry of Finance.

The OIC has the power to manage and supervise insurance companies, protect insured persons and the general public, implement policies with respect to insurance funds, and regulate the professional conduct, qualifications and licensing of insurance brokers, agents and actuaries.

In respect of AML, all life insurance businesses are also regulated by the Anti-Money Laundering Office ("AMLO"). All suspicious reporting is to be made to Thailand's Financial Intelligence Unit ("FIU").

In the private sector, the Thai Life Assurance Association and the General Insurance Association play an active development role for their membership and support the insurance business as its representative bodies.

The OIC has initiated a five-year insurance development plan 2010-2014 with the objective of strengthening the Thai insurance system, developing the quality of the system to meet international standards and preparing for free trade in the future.

Life insurers are required by law to maintain capital funds at the greater of two per cent of their insurance reserve or 50 million Thai Baht, but the OIC requires insurers to maintain capital funds of at least 150 per cent of this amount. An insurer that fails to maintain capital funds in line with OIC guidelines and does not take corrective action to address the deficiency will be subject to sanctions through restrictions on its investment and other business activities.

The 2008 amendments to the Life Insurance Act required the implementation of risk-based capital adequacy tests by 2011. Relating to this the OIC has issued guidelines in 2011 requiring audited quarterly RBC returns to be filed with them.

Pru Life Insurance Corporation of UK is licensed as a life insurance company that also offers health, accident and disability insurance.

The Insurance Code of the Philippines, as amended, ("Insurance Code") gives the power to supervise and regulate the operations and business of insurance companies to the Insurance Commission ("IC"). The IC is a government agency under the Department of Finance, and is headed by the Insurance Commissioner.

IC regulation and supervision seeks, amongst other things, to ensure that adequate insurance protection is available to the public at a fair and reasonable cost and to ensure the financial stability of the insurance industry so that all legitimate claims of the insured public are met promptly and equitably, and to safeguard the rights and interests of the insured.

The IC issues licenses to insurance companies and other insurance market participants and also has the authority to suspend or revoke such licenses in certain circumstances.

The Insurance Code empowers the IC to adjudicate in the first instance insurance claims and complaints involving loss, damage or liability, up to specified amounts, to accept informal and administrative complaints from policyholders and to assist in settling their disputes with insurance companies.

Any life insurance company existing, operating, or otherwise doing business in the Philippines with at least sixty per cent (60%) foreign equity must meet a minimum capital requirement and also adopt an RBC Framework.

ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited (Prudential's joint venture with ICICI) is authorised to carry on long-term insurance business in India.

Insurance is subject to federal regulation in India. The Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority (the "IRDA") is the key regulator for ICICI Prudential Life Insurance operations. The IRDA's duties include issuing certificates of registration to insurance companies, protecting the interests of policyholders, and regulating, promoting and ensuring the orderly growth of the insurance industry. Regulatory direction is currently focused on corporate governance and disclosures to stakeholders. The IRDA's regulations also encourage the sale of insurance to customers in rural parts of India.

In addition, a high-level body, the Financial Stability and Development Council was set up in December 2010, to institutionalise and strengthen mechanisms for maintaining financial stability without prejudice to the autonomy of regulators. Among other things this council deals with issues relating to financial sector development, macro prudential supervision of the economy, including the functioning of large financial conglomerates, and address inter-regulatory coordination issues. In late 2011, the Finance Ministry formed four committees to prepare a roadmap for the insurance industry, tasked to look into issues relating to insurance penetration, product development and the regulatory framework, these committees will engage with industry bodies, ratings agencies and the Finance Ministry.

There has been a significant volume of regulatory developments in India since 2010 designed to shift the emphasis of the industry away from products which are mostly investment oriented and encourage more traditional savings and protection. The most significant changes relate to product regulation of investment-linked policies known as unit-linked insurance policies (ULIPS) with initiatives to rationalise ULIP product features.

The IRDA has since continued issuing guidance and clarification to its 2010 product regulations particularly in respect of pensions, ULIPs and variable life products. Key regulations in 2011 include the introduction of a single pricing methodology to calculate NAV; and maintaining separate bank accounts for segregated linked funds.

In 2011 the IRDA also began to focus on conduct of business rules. Agents will now be required to source a minimum amount of business and maintain a prescribed persistency level, for the period 2011-2014. Enforcement actions for agents failing to meet the persistency levels are targeted to be implemented from 2014 onwards. The IRDA has also published an exposure draft proposing the introduction of a product matrix to supervise the sales of life insurance products as well as the introduction of an analysis form during the sales process. Consultations closed in February 2012 and further action from IRDA is awaited.

Outsourcing guidelines have also been issued which define core/non-core activities and require insurers to put in place a comprehensive outsourcing risk management program, and to report certain key outsourcing arrangements to the IRDA. Boards must approve an insurer's outsourcing policy as well as review annually the performance of third party providers.

In its attempts to grow the insurance industry the IRDA facilitated a Bancassurance Committee and a consultation paper was released in July 2011. Draft regulations were issued in November 2011. Further iterations by the ORDA are expected following industry feedback.

Another significant regulatory development in 2011 was the publication of IRDA draft guidelines allowing insurers who have been in operation for over 10 years to raise funds through IPOs. The IRDA will decide the decide the size of the issue, including limitations on the dilution of stakes by promoters and subscriptions to be allotted to foreign investors.

PT. Prudential Life Assurance is authorised to carry on long-term (for an indefinite period) insurance business in Indonesia. Prudential's operations in Indonesia are authorised to distribute life insurance products based on either conventional or Shariah principles, through Agency and Bancassurance (including direct marketing) channels. While the regulations for life products based on conventional principles are fully developed (in accordance with current market conditions), the government has promulgated new regulations in relation to life products with Shariah principles.

The insurance industry is regulated by the Insurance Bureau under the Capital Market and Financial Institution Supervisory Board ("Bapepam LK") of the Ministry of Finance ("MoF"). The Indonesian parliament has approved a bill that will create a new regulator, the Financial Services Supervisory Authority ("OJK"). The OJK will take over supervision of banks, brokerages and insurance companies from 2013.

The MoF issues decrees on, among other things, licensing of insurance companies, business conduct, auditing, solvency, fit and proper test for directors and commissioners of insurance companies, Shariah insurance and KYC principles. These decrees are usually supplemented by implementing regulations issued by the Bapepam LK.

The 2011 regulations issued by the MoF focused on Shariah governance and business conduct rules. The MoF also issued audit guidelines raising its scrutiny of insurers through regular inspections.

The local Life Insurance Association ("AAJI") continues to act as a conduit between insurers and the MoF and Bapepam LK in terms of the development of new regulations and guidelines. Insurance sales forces are licensed by the AAJI.

The implementation of anti-money laundering controls in the insurance industry is monitored by the Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (the "PPATK").

In January 2012, the MoF issued draft regulations governing product development and distribution. Insurers would be required to develop and implement strategic product plans, including relevant risks to be integrated in the organisational risk management framework. The draft regulations also detail disclosure requirements relating to product sales and marketing materials.

The Financial Services Agency of Japan (the "JFSA") regulates insurance companies and other financial institutions. In particular, the Insurance Business Division of the JFSA specifically undertakes the supervision of insurance companies. PCA Life Japan is licensed by the Prime Minister of Japan (who delegates most of the supervisory functions to the JFSA) as a life insurance company. PCA Life Japan ceased underwriting new policyholder contracts from February 15, 2010.

The JFSA has recently revised and enhanced its inspection criteria regarding reinsurers' financial strength and its integrated risk management schemes.

As of the 2012 financial year end, the standard for calculating solvency margin ratios, one of the key indicators for JFSA supervision of insurance companies will be revised to reflect stricter capital and risk measurement requirements that were introduced as a response to the recent financial crisis.

As of October 1, 2010, all life insurers have been required to enter into contracts with the Life Insurance Association of Japan (LIAJ) that designate the Arbitration Council within the LIAJ as the designated dispute settlement institution for disputes with policyholders.

Prudential Vietnam Assurance Private Limited is licensed and regulated by the Ministry of Finance of Vietnam (the "MoF") as a life insurance company. An insurance company is not permitted to operate both life and non-life insurance at the same time, except in the case of a life insurance company that offers personal health and protection care insurance as a supplement to life insurance.

The Insurance Division of the MoF specifically undertakes the supervision of insurance companies. The fundamental principles of the operation of insurance companies are set out in the Insurance Business Law.

Generally, the Insurance Business Law and its guiding regulations focus on administrative supervision of insurance operations. In practice, the Insurance Business Law reserves most of its items for insurance contracts (that is, for the terms and conditions of policies) in order to protect policyholders' interests. Furthermore, the MoF has issued the new regulation on bankruptcy procedures for insurers, securities and financial institutions in late 2008 to allow it to take timely intervention to control the solvency of insurance companies.

The updated Insurance Law 61/2010/QH came into effect on 1 July 2011. Under the new law the State Administration of Insurance Business will conduct supervision of insurance business taking the necessary measures to ensure that insurers satisfy their financial requirements for fulfilling their obligations to policyholders.

Anti-money laundering controls in the insurance industry are monitored by the Anti-Money Laundering Department under the Banking Inspection, State Bank of Vietnam.

To further protect policyholders, the MoF issued Decree no.123/2011/ND-CP at the end of December 2011, requiring insurers to pay into a Policy Owner Protection Fund.

2. Regulation of investment and funds businesses and other regulated operations

Prudential conducts investment and fund businesses through subsidiaries or joint ventures in the following countries in Asia: Hong, Kong, Japan, Korea, The People's Republic of China, India, Singapore, Malaysia, Dubai and Vietnam. All operations are authorised and licensed by the relevant authorities, or exempted from licensing under the relevant regulations.

Products and services offered by Prudential in Hong Kong are regulated under separate statutory regimes by different regulatory bodies, including the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission ("HKSFC"), the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority ("MPFA").

THE MPFA regulates the compulsory Mandatory Provident Fund ("MPF"). In addition, the selling of MPF products by agents is regulated by the MPFA. The MPFA is responsible for the licensing and supervision of trustees who wish to administer MPF schemes and MPF intermediaries.

The Securities and Futures Ordinance ("SFO") and other subsidiary legislation govern the key regulatory requirements in Hong Kong relating to licensing requirements for persons carrying out regulated activities, including dealing in securities, advising on securities, fund management, market conduct, disclosure of interests, offering document requirements for securities and products including mutual funds and unit trusts, as well as investment-linked assurance products. The HKSFC is the statutory body responsible for the administration of the SFO and the related subsidiary legislations and rules.

The Hong Kong branch of PAC is regulated by the HKSFC for its operations relating to investment linked products. It is also registered with the MPFA as a MPF corporate intermediary.

Eastspring Investments (Hong Kong) Limited, incorporated in Hong Kong, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Prudential Plc. It is licensed with the HKSFC and authorised to deal in and advise on securities and undertake asset management activities in Hong Kong. It also holds a QFII (Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors) license issued by the China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC") and a certificate of Investment Registration issued by the Korea Financial Supervisory Service ("KFFS"). The company is also registered with the KFFS as an offshore investment advisor for investment advisory business and investment discretionary management business. The funds registered in Hong Kong by Eastspring Investments (Hong Kong) are also registered in Macau with the Monetary Authority of Macau.

BOCI Prudential Asset Management Limited ("BOCIP"), incorporated in Hong Kong, is a joint venture between Prudential Corporation Holdings Limited (36 per cent) and BOC Asset Management Limited (64 per cent).BOCIP is licensed by the HKSFC and is authorised to deal in and advise on securities, advise on corporate finance, advise on futures contracts and undertake asset management activities. It is also registered with the MPFA as an MPF corporate intermediary.

BOCI-Prudential Trustee Limited is a joint venture between Prudential Corporation Holdings Limited (36 per cent) and BOC Group Trustee Company Limited (64 per cent). The company is incorporated in Hong Kong and is an approved trustee under the MPFSO and an associated entity to the BOCIP under the SFO.

Key regulatory developments in 2011 applicable to Eastspring, BOCIP, BOCI-Prudential Trustee Limited include the following:

There has been a growing trend towards greater protection of retail investors. New measures brought into force in 2011 include;

In October 2011, HKMA and SFC issued a joint consultation paper on the proposals to regulate the OTC derivatives market in Hong Kong largely in response to global efforts and G20 reforms. The proposals include:

The SFC has announced new guidelines on anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing which will come into effect in April 2012.

In November 2011 the SFC issued a consultation paper on proposed amendments to the Code of Conduct of Persons licensed or registered with the SFC, in relation to the establishment of a Financial Dispute Resolution Centre.

On 29 August 2011, the HKSFC announced new measures to improve collateral and transparency of domestic synthetic Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). Synthetic ETF managers must ensure that:

The minimum level of relevant income will be increased from HK$5,000 to HK$6,500 (monthly) and HK$160 to HK$250 (daily) for contribution purpose with effect from 1 November 2011.

Eastspring Investment Limited (known until February 2012 as PCA Asset Management Limited) is registered with the Kanto Local Finance Bureau under the Financial Services Agency ("JFSA") to engage in (a) second financial instruments business, (b) investment management business, (c) investment advisory & agency business and (d) ancillary business under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act ("FIEA").

The company is also a member of the Investment Trusts Association, Japan and the Japan Securities Investment Advisers Association. Both associations are self-regulatory bodies under FIEA. Eastspring Investment Limited is required to comply with the policies and regulations issued by these associations, which are authorised to conduct on and off-site inspection in addition to the inspection conducted by the Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission which is part of JFSA.

Under its registration in respect of the second financial instruments business, the company is permitted to explain products being sold but cannot effect actual sales of Prudential's funds directly to investors. It does not therefore set up or maintain customer accounts for purposes of investment in Prudential's funds or their settlement, which may only be opened at relevant distributors such as registered financial institutions and type one financial instruments business operators like securities companies. In 2010, Eastspring Investment Limited (while it was PCA Asset Management Limited) started an investment agency business to provide Group companies with intermediary services to conduct investment advisory or discretionary agreements with a domestic asset management company.

Prudential conducts a fund business in Korea through an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary, Eastspring Asset Management Korea Co. Ltd. The bodies responsible for the regulation of asset management companies, investment advisers and discretionary management companies are the Financial Services Commission ("FSC") and its executive arm, the Financial Supervisory Service ("FSS").

Traditionally, the FSC in Korea has operated in a prescriptive manner with a significant amount of detailed regulation that asset management companies must comply with. In recent years, the style of regulation of the indirect investment industry has been changing in line with a more general trend towards liberalisation of financial services. In particular, the FSC has focused on deregulation in asset management and product design activities and shifted increasingly towards a principles-based regulatory regime.

In November 2011, the draft Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act passed the State Council. It proposes a change in the definition of collective investment management vehicles which may have an impact on Eastspring Asset Management Korea Co. Ltd. If the draft is passed by the National Congress, it will come into force in January 2015.

The body responsible for regulation of securities investment trust enterprises ("SITE"), securities investment consulting enterprises ("SICE") and discretionary investment businesses is the Securities and Futures Bureau ("SFB") under the Financial Supervisory Commission ("FSC"). The SFB is responsible for promulgating laws, regulations and policies in relation to these business areas.

Eastspring Investment Trust Co. Ltd is registered as a SITE with the FSC. It is compulsory that all SITEs are members of the Securities Investment Trust and Consulting Association ("SITCA"), a self-regulatory organisation ("SRO"). SITCA supports the regulatory and administrative operations entrusted to the SFB by adopting self-regulatory rules and overseeing self-regulation by its members, establishing a membership disciplinary framework and carrying out matters that the SFB has authorised it to handle, such as previewing product filing documents before submission for the SFB's final review. SITCA also acts as liaison between the SFB and its members for matters of business development.

CITIC-Prudential Fund Management Company Limited, a joint venture between Prudential and CITIC Group (China International Trust and Investment Corporation), is regulated by the China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC"). The CSRC supervises the establishment of fund management companies ("FMCs") and the launch of securities investment funds.

The legislative framework of China's fund industry comprises the China Securities Investment Funds Law (the "Fund Law") and a set of ancillary regulations (the "Fund Regulations"). While the Fund Law and Fund Regulations articulate the rules and requirements which must be adhered to by all FMCs, the supervisory approach of CSRC, to a certain extent, is also principles- based. The Chinese authorities aim to protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors and other relevant parties, and thereby to promote the healthy development of securities investment funds and securities markets.The CSRC has slowly started a process of deregulation. One major deregulation measure in 2010 was to lift the control over product approvals, which enables FMCs to launch more fund products.

The National People's Congress ("NPC"), China's top legislator, has begun the process of revising the Fund Law. The key proposed changes include registration of hedge funds, individual ownership of fund management companies, lifting of personal trading and investment restrictions. In August 2011, the CSRC also issued revised guidelines on Fair Trade Rules for Fund Management companies, which include requirements to standardise transactions in the reverse direction between different portfolios and further specifying requirements for controls around the spread of transactions in the same direction between different portfolios.

A number of other initiatives took effectin 2011, including permitting fund sales institutions to collect value-added service fees from investors for certain services and revisions to existing rules relating to discretionary asset management (DAM) business by fund management companies by, amongst other things, removing minimum asset under management and capital requirements for conduct of DAM business and liberalising certain investment restrictions into DAM business and by DAM businesses.

ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company Limited ("the AMC"), a joint venture between Prudential and ICICI Bank Ltd., is approved by the Securities and Exchange Board of India ("SEBI") to act as Investment Manager of ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund (the "Fund"). The Fund was set up as a Trust sponsored by Prudential (through its wholly owned subsidiary Prudential Corporation Holdings Ltd) and ICICI Bank Ltd. ICICI Prudential Trust Limited (the "Trust Company"), is the Trustee to the Fund.

Mutual funds in India are comprehensively regulated by the guidelines and statutes promulgated under the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996, the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, relevant provisions of the Companies Act 1956 and other applicable laws. Any change of control of the AMC by virtue of 10 per cent or more of voting rights in the AMC or the right to appoint a majority of directors entitled to exercise control of the AMC will require the prior approval of the SEBI and the grant of an option to unit holders to exit the scheme at the prevailing net asset value without any exit load.

All mutual funds are required to be in the form of trusts. The trustee functions are carried out by separately established trust companies or boards of trustees. In all cases, the trust deed must be approved by the SEBI. The AMC has obtained registration from the SEBI to act as a Portfolio Manager under SEBI (Portfolio Managers) Regulations 1993.

In 2005, SEBI confirmed it had no objection to the AMC undertaking Advisory Services to Offshore Funds. The AMC has commenced the provision of Advisory Services and has also applied to set up a venture capital fund ("VCF") in India.

The Ministry of Finance has amended the service tax regulations so as to permit the Company to avail input tax credit only up to 50% of service tax paid as against 100% of service tax input credit permitted earlier. This change will likely result in escalation of operating costs.

Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Prudential plc, has been issued a Capital Markets Services ("CMS") license, to conduct the regulated activities of fund management and dealing in securities by the MAS. In addition, Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited is admitted by the Central Provident Board ("CPF") as a Fund Management Company ("FMC") under the CPF Investment Scheme ("CPFIS") and may manage unit trusts included under the CPFIS. It is also registered with the US Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; the Financial Services Commission of South Korea, as a Cross border Investment Advisor under the Capital Market Consolidation Act; and SEBI, under the SEBI (Foreign Institutional Investors) Regulations, 1995. The company is also registered as a Qualified Institutional Investor with Japan's Financial Supervisory Authority. Further, Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited, is relying on the Class Order Exemption CO 03/1102 from the Australian Securities and Investments Commission for exemption from the need to hold an Australian financial services license for provision of services to wholesale clients in Australia.

Prudential Property Investment Management (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. ("Prupim SGP") is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential plc. It is a real estate fund management company, and operates in Singapore as an exempt fund manager and exempt financial adviser under the Securities and Futures Act and the Financial Advisers Act respectively. As an exempt fund manager and exempt financial adviser, Prupim SGP provides services to not more than 30 qualified investors (for fund management services) and accredited investors (for financial advisory services).

Eastspring Investments Berhad ("EIB") was incorporated in November 2000 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of a Malaysian incorporated company, Nova Sepadu Sdn Bhd, which is in turn a subsidiary of Prudential.

Eastspring Al Wara' Investments Berhad (Al-Wara) was incorporated in June 2009 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Prudential Corporation Holdings Ltd. Al-Wara is an Islamic Shariah compliance asset management company.

EIB and Al-Wara' are both regulated by the Securities Commission ("the SC"), a statutory body formed under the Securities Commission Act 1993 (SCA) and Capital Markets Services Act 2007 (CMSA), which reports to the Minister of Finance.

The SC has the power to investigate and enforce the areas within its jurisdiction. It regulates all matters relating to unit trust schemes and Islamic asset management and supervises licensed persons dealing in assets and fund management activities and products. Underpinning all its functions is the SC's ultimate responsibility of protecting the investor. Apart from discharging its regulatory functions, the SC is also obliged by statute to encourage and promote the development of the securities and futures markets in Malaysia.

All Capital Market Services License holders carrying on one or more of regulated activities of Dealing in Securities Trading in Futures Contracts & Fund Management must be members of the Securities Industry Dispute Resolution Center (SIDREC) or an alternative dispute resolution body approved by the SC. The duties of SIDREC are to settle any dispute or claim between a client and a member; to act as a dispute resolution body by receiving references in relation to disputes or claims andresolving such disputes or claims in an accessible, efficient & effective manner, based on the principles of fairness and reasonableness. EIB & AL-Wara' became a member of SIDREC on 14 January 2011.

The SC also revised key guidelines in 2011 to enhance client asset protection and further safeguard the interests of investors in a number of areas. Fund management companies must make their clients aware of the risks inherent in the investments, including liquidity and attribution of ownership. They must provide quarterly updates on the performance of each client's portfolio against appropriate benchmarks and any subsequent changes in risk. Fund management companies are also now prohibited from recommending or investing clients fund in, products which they themselves do not fully understand in terms of structure, pricing mechanism and nature of underlying assets.

The SC in 2011 also enabled intermediaries to focus on their core strengths of intermediation by permitting them to outsource their back office functions to both foreign and domestic service providers.

In December 2011, SC issued application guidelines for fund management companies interested in becoming providers to private retirement schemes.

Eastspring Investments Limited ("EIL") was incorporated in the Dubai International Financial Centre ("DIFC") in September 2006. PAMD is an ultimately wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential Plc.

PAMD is regulated by the Dubai Financial Services Authority ("DFSA"), which is the independent regulator for DIFC. PAMD holds a license for arranging credit or deals in investments, advising on financial products or credit and has a retail endorsement on its license.

In 2011 the Central Bank circulated a consultation paper on the possibility of a new Funds regime in the UAE that would shift regulatory authority over funds from the Central Bank to the Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority. The impact of this change to EIL and DFSA regulated firms is not yet known.

Eastspring Investments Fund Management Limited Liability Company ("EIFM") was established and operates under a business registration for securities investment fund management and securities portfolio management.

EIFM is regulated by the State Securities Commission of Vietnam ("SSC"), which is overseen by the Ministry of Finance ("MoF"). In keeping with its mandate to establish and develop the securities markets, the SSC supervises the organisation, and operation of securities investment funds and fund management companies.

The Ministry of Finance passed legislation in December 2011, effective from 1 March 2012, to allow the introduction and regulation of open-ended funds.

Prudential conducts its US insurance activities through Jackson, a stock life insurance company licensed to transact its insurance business in, and subject to regulation and supervision by, the District of Columbia, the Cayman Islands and 49 of the 50 states. Jackson operates a subsidiary, Jackson National Life Insurance Company of New York, in the state of New York. The extent of such regulation varies, but most jurisdictions have laws and regulations governing the financial aspects of insurance companies, including standards of solvency, reserves, reinsurance and capital adequacy and the business conduct of insurance companies. In addition, statutes and regulations usually require the licensing of insurers and their agents and the approval of policy forms and related materials. These statutes and regulations in a US insurance company's state of domicile (Michigan in the case of Jackson) also regulate the investment activities of insurers.

Insurance regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which Jackson does business require it to file detailed quarterly and annual financial statements, and these authorities have the right to examine its operations and accounts. In addition, Jackson is generally subject to federal and state laws and regulations that affect the conduct of its business. New York and Michigan require their state insurance authorities to conduct an examination of an insurer under their jurisdiction at least once every five years. The New York insurance authorities completed a triennial examination of Jackson National Life of New York in 2010 for the examination period of 1 January 2006 through 31 December 2008. Michigan insurance authorities completed an examination of Jackson in 2010 for the period 1 January 2005

through 31 December 2008. There were no material findings in the final examination reports issued by the Michigan and New York authorities.

Jackson's ability to pay shareholder dividends is limited under Michigan insurance law. The Commissioner of the Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Regulation (the "Michigan Insurance Commissioner") may limit, or not permit, the payment of shareholder dividends if the Michigan Insurance Commissioner determines that an insurer's surplus, as regards policyholders, is not reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and is not adequate to meet its financial needs as required by Michigan insurance law. Jackson must report any shareholder dividends to the Michigan Insurance Commissioner before they can be paid. In the case of an extraordinary shareholder dividend or distribution, an insurer may not pay the dividend or distribution until 30 days after the Michigan Insurance Commissioner has received notice of the declaration and has not disapproved, or has approved, the payment within that period. For this purpose, an extraordinary dividend or distribution means any dividend or distribution of cash or other property where the fair market value, together with that of other dividends or distributions that an insurer made within the preceding twelve months, exceeds the greater of 10 per cent of the insurer's surplus, as regards policyholders as of 31 December, of the immediately preceding year, or the net gain from operations of the insurer, not including realised capital gains, for the prior year. In 2009, 2010 and 2011, Jackson paid shareholder dividends of US$250.0 million, US$275.0 million, and US$530.0 million respectively.

State regulators also require prior notice or regulatory approval of changes in control of an insurer or its holding company and of certain material transactions with affiliates. Under New York and Michigan insurance laws and regulations, no person, corporation or other entity may acquire control of an insurance company or a controlling interest in any parent company of an insurance company, unless that person, corporation or entity has obtained the prior approval of the regulator. For the purpose of each of New York and Michigan law, any person acquiring, directly or indirectly, 10 per cent or more of the voting securities of an insurance company is presumed to have acquired "control" of the company. To obtain approval of any change in control, the proposed acquirer must file an application with the New York Superintendent of Insurance or the Michigan Insurance Commissioner, as appropriate. This application requires the proposed acquirer to disclose, among other information, its background, financial condition, the financial condition of its affiliates, the source and amount of funds by which it will effect the acquisition, the criteria used in determining the nature and amount of consideration to be paid for the acquisition, proposed changes in the management and operations of the insurance company and other related matters. The Michigan Insurance Commissioner can grant an exemption from filing an application if an acquisition does not have the effect of changing or influencing control.

Each of the 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has laws requiring insurance companies doing business within their jurisdictions to participate in various types of guaranty associations or other similar arrangements. These associations and arrangements provide certain levels of protection to policyholders from losses under insurance policies issued by insurance companies that become impaired or insolvent. Typically, these associations levy assessments, up to prescribed limits, on member insurers on a basis that is related to the member insurer's proportionate share of the business in the relevant jurisdiction of all member insurers in the lines of business in which the impaired or insolvent insurer is engaged. Some jurisdictions permit member insurers to recover assessments that they paid through full or partial premium tax offsets, usually over a period of years. Prudential Group estimated its reserve for future guarantee fund assessments for Jackson to be US$24.9 million at 31 December 2010. Prudential estimated its reserve for future guarantee fund assessments for Jackson to be US$23.4million at 31 December 2011. Prudential believes this reserve to be adequate for all anticipated payments for known insolvencies.

State regulators generally require that insurers establish an asset valuation reserve that consists of two components: a "default component" to provide for future credit-related losses on fixed income investments and an "equity component" to provide for losses on all types of equity investments. The asset valuation reserve establishes statutory reserves for fixed maturity securities, equity securities, mortgage loans, real estate, derivative instruments and other invested assets. The reserve is designed to provide for a normalised level of future losses based on the credit rating of each individual investment. The level of reserves is based on both the type of investment and its rating. Contributions to the reserve may result in a reduction in Jackson's unassigned surplus, which, in turn, may reduce funds available for shareholder distributions. The extent of the impact of the asset valuation reserve on Jackson's statutory surplus depends in part on the future composition of the investment portfolio.

State regulators generally require that insurers establish an interest maintenance reserve to defer non-credit-related realised capital gains and losses, net of taxes, on fixed income investments (primarily bonds, derivative instruments and mortgage loans) which are amortised into net income over the estimated remaining periods to maturity of the investments sold and to defer material gains or losses, net of taxes, resulting from market value adjustments on policies and contracts backed by assets carried at book value. The extent of the impact of the interest maintenance reserve on earnings and surplus depends on the amount of future interest rate-related realised capital gains and losses on fixed maturity investments, derivatives and mortgage loans and deferred gains or losses resulting from market value adjustments on policies and contracts backed by assets that are valued at book value.

On the basis of statutory financial statements that insurers file with state insurance regulators, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners annually calculates 12 financial ratios to assist state regulators in monitoring the financial condition of insurance companies. A usual range of results for each ratio is used as a benchmark and departure from the usual range on four or more of the ratios can lead to inquiries from individual state insurance departments. In 2011, Jackson had three ratios fall outside the usual range for which there were no regulatory consequences.

State insurance laws require life insurance companies to conduct annually an analysis of the sufficiency of its life and annuity reserves. A qualified actuary must submit an opinion that states that the reserves, when considered in the light of the assets that an insurance company holds with respect to such reserves, make good and sufficient provision for the associated contractual obligations and related expenses of the insurance company. If a qualified actuary cannot provide such an opinion, then the insurance company must set up additional reserves by moving funds from surplus. The 2010 opinion has been submitted to the Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Regulation without any qualifications.

Michigan insurance law requires Jackson, as a domestic stock life insurance company, to maintain at least US$7,500,000 in unimpaired capital and surplus. In addition, insurance companies are required to have sufficient capital and surplus to be safe, reliable and entitled to public confidence.

As a licensed insurer in the District of Columbia and every state but New York, where it operates through a subsidiary, Jackson is subject to the supervision of the regulators of each jurisdiction. In connection with the continual licensing of Jackson, regulators have discretionary authority to limit or prohibit the new issuance of business to policyholders when, in their judgment, the regulators determine

that such insurer is not maintaining minimum surplus or capital or if the further transaction of business will be hazardous to policyholders.

Jackson has received approval from the Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Regulation regarding the use of a permitted accounting practice. This permitted practice allows Jackson to carry certain interest rate swaps at book value as if statutory hedge accounting were in place instead of at fair value as would have been otherwise required. The permitted practice is effective 31 December 2011 and expires with the period ending September 30, 2012 unless extended by the Michigan Insurance Commissioner. The effects of this permitted practice may not be considered by the company when determining the surplus available for dividends, nor the nature of dividends as ordinary or extraordinary.

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners has developed risk-based capital standards for life insurance companies as well as a model act for state legislatures to enact. The model act requires that life insurance companies report on a risk-based capital formula standard that they calculate by applying factors to various asset, premium and reserve items and separate model based calculations of risk associated primarily with variable annuity products. The risk-based capital formula takes into account the risk characteristics of a company, including asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk, market risk and business risk. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners designed the formula as an early warning tool to identify potentially inadequately capitalised companies for purposes of initiating regulatory action.

Any state adopting the model act gives the state insurance commissioner explicit regulatory authority to require various actions by, or take various actions against, insurance companies whose adjusted capital does not meet minimum risk-based capital standards. The Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Regulation takes into account the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' risk-based capital standards to determine compliance with Michigan insurance law.

At 31 December 2011 the Company's total adjusted capital under the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' definition substantially exceeded Michigan standards.

Jackson is subject to state laws and regulations that require diversification of its investment portfolio, limit the amount of investments in certain investment categories such as below investment grade fixed income securities, common stock, real estate and foreign securities and forbid certain other types of investments altogether. Jackson's failure to comply with these laws and regulations would cause investments exceeding regulatory limitations to be treated by the Michigan Insurance Commissioner as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring surplus and, in some instances, the Michigan Insurance Commissioner could require divestiture of non-qualifying investments.

Although the insurance business is regulated on a State level, US federal tax legislation and rules, including those relating to the insurance industry or insurance products, can have a significant impact on Prudential's business. Tax legislation and rules, and their interpretation, may change, possibly with retrospective effect, and proposals that would affect such changes are debated periodically by the US Congress.

Legislation incorporating provisions referred to as FATCA was passed in the US on 18 March 2010. The legislation and subsequent guidance released in February 2012, requires Foreign Financial Institutions (FFIs) (such as Prudential) to enter into an FFI agreement, which requires the FFI to undertake due diligence procedures to identify and provide information on accounts held by US persons

and US-owned foreign entities, or otherwise face a 30% withholding tax on certain payments made to the FFI. In addition, FFIs that have entered into an FFI agreement may be required to withhold on certain payments made to FFIs that have not entered into an FFI Agreement, account holders who fail to provide sufficient information to classify an account as a US or non-US account, and US account holders who do not agree to the FFI reporting certain account related information to the IRS. Final regulations are expected in late 2012, and are expected to apply to all FFIs globally. Complying with the required identification, withholding and reporting obligations is expected to require significant investment in an FFI's compliance and reporting framework. Prudential is following developments regarding FATCA closely, and are coordinating with all relevant authorities.

The USA Patriot Act, enacted in 2001, includes numerous provisions designed to fight international money laundering and to block terrorist access to the US financial system. The US Treasury Department has issued a number of regulations implementing the Patriot Act that apply certain of its requirements to financial institutions including broker-dealers and insurance companies. Among other things, the regulations impose obligations on financial institutions to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing. Jackson and, to the extent applicable, certain of its affiliates, have established policies and procedures to ensure compliance with the Patriot Act's provisions and the Treasury Department regulations.

Jackson, certain of its affiliates and certain policies and contracts that Jackson issues are subject to regulation under the federal securities laws administered by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").

The primary intent of these laws and regulations is to protect investors in the securities markets and generally grant supervisory agencies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of business for failure to comply with such laws and regulations and (in the case of broker-dealers) to impose capital and related requirements. Jackson may also be subject to similar laws and regulations in the states in which it provides investment advisory services, offers the products described above or conducts other securities-related activities.

Jackson National Asset Management, LLC ("JNAM") is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the "Investment Advisers Act"). JNAM is registered as a transfer agent pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Securities Exchange Act"). The investment companies (mutual funds) for which JNAM serves as an investment adviser are subject to SEC registration and regulation pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "Investment Company Act"). In addition, each variable annuity and variable life product sponsored by Jackson is subject to SEC registration and regulation pursuant to the Securities Act and the Investment Company Act, and applicable state insurance and securities laws. Each variable annuity and variable life product is organised as a separate account that is a unit investment trust.

Curian Capital, LLC and Jackson Investment Management LLC are registered with the SEC pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act and are also registered or notice filed in all applicable states.

Curian Clearing, LLC is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act, and is registered as a broker-dealer in all applicable states. In addition, Curian Clearing, LLC is a member firm of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (the "FINRA"), subject to its supervisory and regulatory requirements.

Jackson National Life Distributors LLC is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act, and is registered as a broker-dealer in all applicable states. In addition, Jackson National Life Distributors LLC is a member firm of the FINRA, subject to its supervisory and regulatory requirements.

National Planning Holdings, Inc. ("NPH") owns four retail broker-dealers, being IFC Holdings, Inc. (doing business as INVEST Financial Corporation), ("IFC"), Investment Centers of America, Inc ("ICA"), National Planning Corporation ("NPC") and SII Investments, Inc. ("SII"). These entities are registered as broker-dealers, investment advisers, and insurance agencies (or affiliated with insurance agencies), and are licensed and qualified to transact business pursuant to their respective registration on licensure with the SEC and state securities and insurance authorities, and membership with FINRA and the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. NPC, SII, and ICA are also members of the National Futures Association ("NFA"). Membership of the NFA is required for commodities and futures trading.

Prudential also conducts certain of its US institutional investment management activities through PPM America, Inc., which is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act. PPM America serves as the investment adviser to Jackson and as the primary institutional investment adviser for certain Prudential subsidiaries, including The Prudential Assurance Company Limited. PPM America also acts as sub-adviser to certain US and foreign advisers affiliated with Prudential with respect to certain US portfolios of accounts or products sponsored or managed by such affiliates, including US mutual funds, UK-based pooled investment vehicles, a Luxembourg-based SICAV, Japanese investment trusts, and other similar vehicles. PPM America also serves as an investment adviser to other affiliated and unaffiliated institutional clients such as CDOs or similar structured vehicles and private investment funds (in which PPM America affiliates such as Prudential UK entities and Jackson are generally investors), and a limited number of other unaffiliated accounts. The US mutual funds for which PPM America serves as sub-adviser are subject to regulation under the Securities Act and the Investment Company Act, and other similar vehicles organised outside of the US may also be subject to regulation under applicable local law.

PPM America and certain of its subsidiaries are subject to various levels of regulation under the federal securities laws that the SEC administers as well as state securities laws. In connection with providing investment advisory services to certain of its clients, PPM America may also be subject to regulation under applicable foreign laws.

To the extent that PPM America or the NPH broker-dealers maintain accounts with assets of employee benefit plans subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), or the Internal Revenue Code, they may be subject to certain restrictions imposed by ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code. Such restrictions are summarised in "Employee Benefit Plan Compliance" in the Section below. The US Department of Labor (the "Department of Labor") and the US Internal Revenue Service have interpretive and enforcement authority over the applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code.

Jackson issues certain types of general account stable value products, such as GICs and funding agreements, to employee benefit plans and to investment vehicles that pool the investments of such plans. Many of these plans are retirement plans that are subject to the fiduciary standards of ERISA and that are tax-qualified under the Internal Revenue Code. As such, Jackson may be subject to certain restrictions imposed by ERISA and taxes imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. These restrictions include:

In general, the Internal Revenue Code imposes taxes on persons involved in certain of the transactions described above.

The Department of Labor and the Internal Revenue Service have interpretive and enforcement authority over the applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code.

In the instance where an insurer issues a guaranteed benefit policy to a plan, ERISA provides that the insurer need not become a fiduciary with respect to the plan solely as a result of the issuance of the policy. Under Section 401 of ERISA, a guaranteed benefit policy means an insurance policy to the extent such policy provides for benefits the amount of which the insurer guarantees.

In 1993, in John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Harris Trust & Savings Bank, the US Supreme Court held that a portion of the funds held under a certain type of general account annuity contract did not constitute a "guaranteed benefit policy" within the meaning of ERISA, a holding which potentially exposes insurers with similar types of contracts to the application of ERISA's fiduciary and prohibited transaction provisions in connection with the management of assets in their general accounts.

Although no assurances can be given, Jackson believes that none of its contracts are of the type to which the holding in Harris Trust would be applicable. Moreover, the Department of Labor has issued PTE 95-60, which generally exempts external, unaffiliated investment transactions from ERISA's prohibited transaction provisions. If the Harris Trust holding is applied to its contracts, Jackson would be subject to ERISA's fiduciary and prohibited transaction provisions described above.

In the US, the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ("the Dodd Frank Act") which represents a comprehensive overhaul of the financial services industry within the United States, was enacted in July 2010. The full impact of the Dodd Frank Act on Prudential's businesses is not currently clear, however, as many of its provisions have a delayed effectiveness and/or require rulemaking by various US regulators over the coming years.

The Dodd Frank Act vests a newly created Financial Stability Oversight Council ("the Council") with the power to designate systemically important institutions which will be subject to special regulatory supervision and other provisions intended to prevent or mitigate the impact of future disruptions in the US financial system. If Prudential is designated as a systemically important institution, its US operations may be subject to heightened prudential standards to be promulgated and ad ministers by the US Federal Reserve Board, including, amongst other things, heightened capital, leverage and liquidity standards, risk management requirements, concentration limits, resolution plans and stress tests, and potential discretionary requirements relating to contingent capital, enhanced public disclosure and short term debt limits. This same analysis may also be applied to Jackson.

Proposed rules and guidance outlining the manner in which the Council intends to determine which companies should be so designated were released in October 2011. The proposals set forth a three-stage process of increasingly in-depth evaluation and analysis, drawing on both qualitative and quantitative information (but preserving significant Council discretion). The proposals do not, however, permit a definitive view as to whether Prudential (or Jackson) would or would not be designated as systemically important even in the event that the proposals were to be adopted by the Council in the form proposed.

Other changes in the Dodd Frank Act include: the creation of a new "Federal Insurance Office" within the Treasury Department that will, amongst other things, monitor (but not regulate) the insurance industry and, conduct a study of how to improve insurance regulation in the United States; discretionary authority for the SEC to impose a harmonised standard of care for investment advisers and broker-dealers which provide personalised advice about securities to retail customers; and requirements that certain derivatives be traded on registered exchanges and cleared through registered central counterparties.

The timing and the ultimate impact on the management and operations of Prudential and the regulations promulgated, or to be promulgated, pursuant to these statutory provisions, cannot yet be definitively determined.

Proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the financial services industry are frequently introduced in the US Congress, in the state legislatures and before the various regulatory agencies. The likelihood and timing of any proposals or legislation, and the impact they might have on Jackson, its subsidiaries, or other Prudential subsidiaries doing business in the US, cannot be determined at this time.

State legislatures and/or state insurance regulatory authorities frequently enact laws and/or regulations that significantly affect insurers supervised by such authorities. Although the US federal government does not directly regulate the insurance business, federal initiatives may also have an impact on the insurance industry.

A coalition of national insurance and banking organisations has supported the introduction of US federal legislation that would allow insurance companies to obtain a federal charter as a regulatory alternative to a state charter. A coalition of insurers has been formed that is opposed to the so-called optional federal charter. Prudential cannot predict whether any federal charter or any other federal (or state) legislative initiative to change the nature or scope of the regulation of the insurance industry will be enacted into law.

Federal and state regulators have focused on the mutual fund and variable annuity and insurance product industries including the broker-dealer system. As a result of publicity relating to widespread perceptions of industry abuses, including fraudulent and anti-competitive practices among insurance brokers and mutual funds, there have been numerous regulatory inquiries and proposals for legislative and regulatory actions that could affect the operations and management of market participants. It is difficult to predict at this time whether changes resulting from industry investigations and/or new laws and regulations will affect the Group's insurance or investment management businesses, and, if so, to what degree.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Prudential's consolidated financial statements and the related notes to Prudential's consolidated financial statements included in this document.

A summary of the critical accounting policies which have been applied to these statements is set forth in the section below entitled 'IFRS Critical Accounting Policies'.

The results discussed below are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future periods. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based on current expectations, which involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from those projected in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those set forth in the section below entitled '—Principal Factors Affecting Results of Operations' and in Item 3, 'Key Information—Risk Factors' and elsewhere in this document.

Prudential is an international retail financial services group with significant operations in Asia, the US and the UK. Prudential serves more than 26 million customers and has £351 billion of assets under management. Prudential is listed on stock exchanges in London, Hong Kong, Singapore and New York. Prudential is structured around four main business units: Prudential Corporation Asia, Jackson, Prudential UK and M&G.

Prudential is a leading life insurer in Asia operating in 12 markets. Prudential has built a high performing platform with effective, multi-channel distribution, a product portfolio centred on regular savings and protection, award winning customer services and a well respected brand. Prudential's Asian based asset management division, Eastspring Investments, is one of the region's leading fund managers and the largest onshore provider of mutual funds.

Jackson is one of the largest life insurance companies in the US, providing retirement savings and income solutions to more than 2.9 million policies and contracts in force. Jackson is also one of the top three providers of variable annuities in the US. Founded 50 years ago, Jackson has a long and successful record of providing advisers with the products, tools and support to design effective retirement solutions for their clients.

Prudential UK is a leading life and pensions provider to approximately seven million customers in the United Kingdom. Prudential believes that its expertise in areas such as longevity, risk management and multi-asset investment, together with its financial strength and highly respected brand, means that the business is strongly positioned to continue pursuing a value-driven strategy built around its core strengths in with-profits and annuities.

M&G is Prudential's UK and European fund management business with total company and external assets under management of £201 billion (at 31 December 2011). M&G has been investing money for individual and institutional clients for 80 years. It is one of Europe's largest active investment managers.

Prudential's results of operations are affected, to a greater or lesser degree, by a variety of factors, including demographics, general economic and market conditions, government policy and legislation and regulation, as discussed in greater detail below. In addition, changes in interest rates and returns from equity, real estate and other investments as well as volatility in these items may affect Prudential's profitability.

Please refer to Item 3. "Key Information—Risk Factors" and Item 4. "Information on the Company—Business of Prudential" for additional discussion of factors that may impact Prudential's results of operations.

2011 was a productive year for Prudential during which Prudential delivered strong performance across all of its key metrics and made clear progress towards its 2013 'Growth and Cash' financial objectives. These results were delivered during a particularly challenging macroeconomic environment and are testament to the quality of Prudential's franchises across Asia, the US and the UK.

Particular features for the Prudential's geographic areas of operations are shown below:

The European debt crisis is driving significant uncertainty in the global economy, however, Asia looks set to remain a world economic powerhouse as although lower external demand is impacting growth, regional and domestic demand remains robust. The Asian Development Bank⁽¹⁾ expects the Asian economies⁽²⁾ to grow by around 7 per cent in 2012, down from about 7.5 per cent in 2011 and 9 per cent in 2010, but still significantly higher than the rest of the world. Prudential is well placed to participate in this growth as one of the region's leading providers of long-term savings and protection products.

Over the last decade Asia's sustained economic growth has resulted in the rapid growth of the Asian middle class and now this is one of the fastest growing population groupings in the world. Although Asia currently has less than 25 per cent of the world's middle class population, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) sees this figure doubling in the next 15 years. This middle class now have increasing disposable income, assets and lifestyles they want to protect and the recognition of a need to plan their own financial futures, independent of any state provisions.

Asia is also seeing a significant rise in the incidence of non-communicable diseases such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes as until comparatively recently people used to die from infectious diseases and malnutrition before 'middle age' ailments could arise. However, now 'rich country diseases' have very quickly become an issue in Asia. The World Health Organisation expects the number of deaths in South-East Asia attributable to non-communicable diseases or critical illnesses to increase by 20 per cent over the next 10 years and the number of diabetics in China is expected to double by 2025. These critical illnesses not only have the potential to decimate individual families' finances, they also impose a huge burden on the economy due to lost working time through sick leave and acquired skills exiting the work force. Raising awareness of lifestyle and related health issues together with the promotion of regular check ups, for example in relation to underwriting insurance policies, is becoming increasingly important as economies continue to develop.

Aligning to these developments, Asia is seeing a significant expansion of its savings and protection industry supported by governments and regulators. For example, regulators in China, Singapore and Malaysia have all recently stressed the importance of continuing to increase the rates of insurance penetration in their markets. Regulatory standards are also being raised with, for example, greater emphasis on ensuring that products are fit for purpose and that customers fully appreciate the features of their policies. Whereas compliance with the relevant regulations was always implicit in the way insurers ran their businesses, there is a trend towards a more explicit demonstration of this through documentation, audits and more formal management structures.

Despite the attractiveness of these markets, the competitive environment in Asia has remained fairly constant over the past few years as barriers to entry remain high due to the material capital requirements combined with a shortage of the strategic and executional expertise needed for securing licences, establishing brands, building quality distribution and launching and administering products. Distribution in the region remains dominated by traditional tied agency forces, but banks are becoming increasingly significant distributors. The industry's growth has typically been constrained by the pace at which the insurers can build out distribution and assemble the infrastructures needed to administer and manage the increasing volumes of premiums generated by the business.

The size and significance of Asian insurers has increased in recent years. A consequence of this has been their increased presence in the capital markets. Today there is far more disclosure and analysis of the financial performance of the businesses than was the case a few years ago, but there is still some way to go before the industry has common reporting standards and accounting practices. Market leadership is still typically gauged by simple sales metrics although this is changing as metrics that emphasise value generated using a risk-based assessment of returns to policyholders and shareholders are becoming more prevalent. Regulators are now taking a broader view of market leadership too; leaders are expected to behave in an exemplary manner at all times, to drive improvements in all aspects of the business and to champion a variety of social initiatives.

The United States is the world's largest retirement savings market. Each year, many of the 78 million 'baby boomers'⁽³⁾ reach retirement age, which will trigger a shift from savings accumulation to retirement income generation for more than US$10 trillion of accumulated wealth over the next decade⁽⁴⁾.

During 2011, the US equity markets continued to be challenging for the financial services industry, with higher volatility returning during the second half of the year, along with a decline of interest rates to historically low levels. Despite a very volatile year, the S&P 500 index recovered from the large falls in the third quarter to finish flat for the year. Implied volatility ended the year higher than that at year end 2010. Overall, rates on 10-year treasuries reached new historical lows during the second half of 2011, finishing the year below 2 per cent, while AA corporate spreads widened from year end 2010 levels.

In such an environment, Jackson's asset and liability management continues to incorporate equity and interest rate exposure on an aggregate basis in order to ensure that total economic risk is hedged effectively within Prudential's established policy limits. Jackson continues to adapt its hedging programme to market conditions in order to ensure continued strong risk management. Despite historically low interest rates, volatile equity markets and the fluctuations in equity volatility experienced in 2011, Jackson's hedging programme continued to perform well, mitigating the impact of the macroeconomic challenges and supporting Prudential's robust capital position. Jackson's approach to pricing and hedging has always been to adopt a conservative stance and Prudential believes that this positions Jackson well to outperform its peers during periods of market dislocation. Policyholder behaviour in 2011 continued to trend in line with both Prudential's pricing and reserving expectations.

The uncertain environment continues to provide an advantage to companies with good financial strength ratings and a track record of financial discipline. Companies that were hardest hit by the market disruptions over the last few years still have to work to regain market share as customers and distributors seek product providers that offer consistency, stability and financial strength. Jackson continues to benefit significantly from this flight to quality and heightened risk aversion.

Thanks to Prudential's financial stability and innovative products, Prudential continues to enhance its reputation as a high-quality and reliable business partner, with sales increasing as more advisers have recognised the benefits of working with Jackson. A significant part of Jackson's growth continues to come from an increase in its distribution penetration with sales through distributors who either did not previously sell Jackson's products or simply did not sell variable annuities. In the second half of 2011, Jackson entered into another wirehouse distribution agreement further extending Jackson's ability to reach all major wirehouse firms in the US on attractive terms.

Jackson's strategy focuses on balancing value, volume, capital efficiency, balance sheet strength and strict pricing discipline for both variable and fixed annuities. Fixed annuity sales have slowed as a result of the current interest rate environment.

Jackson was predominantly a spread-based business until recently, with the majority of its assets invested in fixed income securities. Recently its fee-based business has become more prominent and now represents a significant part of Jackson's business mix.

In general, Jackson's results are heavily affected by fluctuations in economic and market conditions, especially interest rates, credit conditions and equity markets. The profitability of Jackson's spread-based business depends in large part on its ability to manage interest rate spreads, as well as the credit and other risks inherent in its investment portfolio. Jackson designs its US products and manages the investments supporting this business to reduce interest rate sensitivity. This has the effect of moderating the impact on Prudential's results of changes in prevailing interest rates.

Changes in interest rates either upward or downward, including changes in the difference between the levels of prevailing short-term and long-term rates, can expose Jackson to the risk of not earning anticipated spreads between the rate earned on investments and the rate credited on its policies. For example, if interest rates go up and/or competitors offer higher crediting rates, withdrawals on annuity contracts may increase as policyholders seek higher investment returns elsewhere. In response, Jackson could (i) raise its crediting rates to stem withdrawals, decreasing its spread; (ii) sell assets which may have depressed values in a high interest rate environment, creating realised investment losses; or (iii) pay out existing cash which would otherwise have earned interest at the higher interest rates. Moreover, to the extent that Jackson holds illiquid private placements and commercial mortgages, there is a risk that it will incur losses if it needs to sell those assets.

Conversely, if interest rates decrease, withdrawals from annuity contracts may decrease relative to original expectations, creating more cash than expected to be invested at lower rates. Jackson may have the ability to lower the rates it credits to policyholders as a result, but may be forced to maintain crediting rates for competitive reasons or because there are minimum interest rate guarantees in certain contracts. In either case, the spread earned by Jackson would be lowered.

The profitability of Jackson's fee-based business depends in large part on its ability to manage equity market risk. As the investment return on the separate account assets is attributed directly to the contract holders, Jackson's profit arises from the fees charged on the contracts, less the expenses incurred, which include the costs of guarantees. In addition to being a profitable book of business in its own right, the variable annuity book also provides an opportunity to utilise the offsetting equity risk among various lines of business to manage Jackson's equity exposure in a cost-effective fashion. Jackson believes that the internal management of equity risk coupled with the utilisation of external derivative instruments where necessary, continues to provide a cost-effective method of managing equity exposure. Profits in the variable annuity book of business will continue to be subject to the impact of market movements both on sales and allocations to the variable accounts and the effects of the economic hedging program. While Jackson hedges its risk on an economic basis, the nature and duration of the hedging instruments, which are recorded at fair value through the income statement, will fluctuate and produce some accounting volatility.

Jackson continues to believe that, on a long-term economic basis, its equity exposure remains well managed.

The UK life & pensions market, which is mature and the third largest in the world, is characterised by a concentration of wealth in the 45 to 74 age group and an ageing population, as the 'baby boomers' get older and progressively move into retirement. Many of these individuals are insufficiently prepared financially for the prospect of spending longer in retirement and as a result, are considering extending their working lives while adopting a more flexible approach towards retirement. Prudential UK is well positioned to help the 'baby-boomers and subsequent generations meet their financial needs both as they approach and during retirement through its range of market leading with-profits and annuity products.

In the United Kingdom, where Prudential's with-profits fund invests in debt and other fixed income securities, equity securities and real estate, shareholders' profits under IFRS are strongly related to the bonuses it declares. The most important influences on the bonus rates are the overall rate of return earned on investments and Prudential's expectation of future investment returns. Further information on with-profits products is provided in Item 5 'Basis of Profits', '—With-Profits Products' and '—Bonus Rates' below. In addition, shareholders' profits under IFRS are significantly influenced by the contribution from the growing shareholder backed annuity business. The key factors affecting the profitability of this business are described in note D2 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Changes in government policy or legislation applying to companies in the financial services and insurance industries in any of the jurisdictions in which Prudential operates, particularly in Asia, the United Kingdom and the United States, may adversely affect the result of its operations. These include possible changes in the tax treatment of financial products and services, government pension arrangements and policies, the regulation of selling practices and solvency standards.

These changes may affect Prudential's existing and future business by, for example, causing customers to cancel existing policies, requiring Prudential to change its range of products and services, redesign its technology or other systems, retrain staff, pay increased tax or incur other costs.

In recent years, the insurance sectors in the markets in which Prudential operates have seen considerable regulatory change. Failure to comply with local regulation may result in sanctions, which could take the form of a financial penalty.

In the United States, Jackson has been the subject of class action litigation which is discussed in more detail in Item 4 'Information on the Company—Business of Prudential—Legal Proceedings'. Whilst the outcome of such matters cannot be predicted with certainty, Prudential believes that the ultimate outcome of such litigation and regulatory issues will not have a material adverse effect on Prudential's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Changes in pension, financial services and tax regulation could have an impact on Prudential's results.

Due to the geographical diversity of Prudential's businesses, it is subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. Prudential's international operations in Asia, the United States and Europe, which represent a significant proportion of total group income and expenses, generally write policies and invest in the same local currency, which although limiting the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on local operating results, can lead to fluctuations in Prudential's consolidated financial information upon translation of results into pounds sterling.

Prudential's discussion and analysis of its financial condition and results of operations are based upon Prudential's audited consolidated financial statements, prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and as endorsed by the European Union (EU). EU-endorsed IFRS may differ from IFRS as issued by the IASB if, at any point in time, new or amended IFRSs have not been endorsed by the EU. As at 31 December 2011, there were no unendorsed standards effective for the three years ended 31 December 2011 affecting the consolidated financial information of Prudential, and there were no differences between IFRS endorsed by the EU and IFRS issued by the IASB in terms of their application to Prudential. Accordingly, Prudential's financial information for the three years ended 31 December 2011 is prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Prudential adopts mandatory requirements of new or altered EU-adopted IFRS standards where required, and may consider earlier adoption where permitted and appropriate in the circumstances.

The preparation of these financial statements requires Prudential to make estimates and judgements that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, Prudential evaluates its estimates, including those related to long-term business provisioning, the fair value of assets and the declaration of bonus rates. Prudential bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgements about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgements and uncertainties, and potentially give rise to different results under different assumptions and conditions. Prudential believes that its critical accounting policies are limited to those described below.

The critical accounting policies in respect of the items discussed below are critical for Prudential's results insofar as they relate to Prudential's shareholder-financed business. In particular, this applies for Jackson, which is the largest shareholder-backed business in Prudential. The policies are not critical in respect of Prudential's with-profits business. This distinction reflects the basis of recognition of profit and accounting treatment of unallocated surplus of with-profits funds as a liability.

Additional explanation is provided below and in cross-referenced notes within the consolidated financial statements in Item 18, as to why the distinction between with-profits business and shareholder-backed business is relevant.

The items discussed below and in cross-referenced notes within the consolidated financial statements in Item 18 explain the effect of changes in estimates and the effect of reasonably likely changes in the key assumptions underlying these estimates as of the latest statement of financial position date so as to provide analysis that recognises the different accounting effects on profit and loss or equity. In order to provide relevant analysis that is appropriate to the circumstances applicable to Prudential's businesses, the explanations refer to types of business, fund structure, the relationship between asset and policyholder liability measurement, and the differences in the method of accounting

permitted under IFRS 4 for accounting for insurance contract assets, policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of Prudential's with-profits funds.

Determining the fair value of financial investments when the markets are not active

The Group holds certain financial investments for which the markets are not active. These can include financial investments which are not quoted on active markets and financial investments for which markets are no longer active as a result of market conditions eg market illiquidity. When the markets are not active, there is generally no or limited observable market data to account for financial investments at fair value. The determination of whether an active market exists for a financial investment requires management's judgement.

If the market for a financial investment of the Group is not active, the fair value is determined by using valuation techniques. The Group establishes fair value for these financial investments by using quotations from independent third-parties, such as brokers or pricing services or by using internally developed pricing models. Priority is given to publicly available prices from independent sources when available, but overall the source of pricing and/or the valuation technique is chosen with the objective of arriving at a fair value measurement which reflects the price at which an orderly transaction would take place between market participants on the measurement date. The valuation techniques include the use of recent arm's length transactions, reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis, option adjusted spread models and, if applicable, enterprise valuation and may include a number of assumptions relating to variables such as credit risk and interest rates. Changes in assumptions relating to these variables could positively or negatively impact the reported fair value of these financial investments.

The financial investments measured at fair value are classified into the following three level hierarchy on the basis of the lowest level of inputs that is significant to the fair value measurement of the financial investment concerned:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable either directly or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).

Level 3: Significant inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).

At 31 December 2011, £4,565 million (2010: £4,573 million) of the financial investments (net of derivative liabilities) valued at fair value were classified as level 3. Of these £800 million (2010: £866 million) are held to back shareholder non-linked business and so changes to these valuations will directly impact shareholders' equity. Further details of the classification of financial instruments are given in note G1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Financial investments carried on an available-for-sale basis are represented by Jackson's debt securities portfolio. The consideration of evidence of impairment requires management's judgement. In making this determination the factors considered include, for example:

For Jackson's residential mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, all of which are classified as available-for-sale, the model used to analyse cash flows, begins with the current delinquency experience of the underlying collateral pool for the structure, by applying assumptions about how much of the currently delinquent loans will eventually default, and multiplying this by an assumed loss severity. Additional factors are applied to anticipate ageing effect. After applying a cash flow simulation an indication is obtained as to whether or not the security has suffered, or is anticipated to suffer, contractual principal or interest payment shortfall. If a shortfall applies an impairment charge is recorded. The difference between the fair value and book cost for unimpaired securities designated as available-for-sale, is accounted for as unrealised gains or losses, with the movements in the accounting period being included in other comprehensive income.

The Group's review of fair value involves several criteria, including economic conditions, credit loss experience, other issuer-specific developments and future cash flows. These assessments are based on the best available information at the time. Factors such as market liquidity, the widening of bid/ask spreads and a change in cash flow assumptions can contribute to future price volatility. If actual experience differs negatively from the assumptions and other considerations used in the consolidated financial statements, unrealised losses currently in equity may be recognised in the income statement in future periods. The preceding note in this section provides explanation on how fair value is determined when the markets for the financial investments are not active. Further, additional details on the impairments of the available-for-sale securities of Jackson are described in notes D3 and G5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Impairment losses recognised on available-for-sale securities amounted to £62 million (2010: £124 million; 2009: £630 million). Of this amount, 34 per cent (2010: 90 per cent; 2009: 86 per cent) has been recorded on structured asset-backed securities, primarily due to reduced cash flow expectations on such securities that are collateralised by diversified pools of primarily below investment grade securities. Of the losses related to the impairment of fixed maturity securities, the top five individual corporate issuers made up 75 per cent (2010: 32 per cent; 2009: 11 per cent), reflecting a deteriorating business outlook of the companies concerned. The impairment losses have been recorded in 'investment return' in the income statement.

these losses related to the disposal of fixed maturity securities of 10 (2010: 15; 2009: five) individual issuers, which were disposed of as part of risk reduction programmes intended to limit future credit loss exposure. Of the £43 million (2010: £ 160 million; 2009: £134 million), £32 million (2010: £99 million; 2009: £6 million) relates to losses on sales of impaired and deteriorating securities.

The effect of those reasonably likely changes in the key assumptions underlying the estimates that underpin the assessment of whether impairment has taken place depends on the factors described above. A key indicator of whether such impairment may arise in future, and the potential amounts at risk, is the profile of gross unrealised losses for fixed maturity securities accounted for on an available-for-sale basis by reference to the time periods by which the securities have been held continuously in an unrealised loss position and by reference to the maturity date of the securities concerned.

In 2011 there was a movement in the statement of financial position value for debt securities classified as available-for-sale from a net unrealised gain of £1,210 million to a net unrealised gain of £2,057 million. The gross unrealised gain in the statement of financial position increased from £1,580 million at 31 December 2010 to £2,303 million at 31 December 2011 (31 December 2009: £966 million), while the gross unrealised loss decreased from £370 million at 31 December 2010 to £246 million at 31 December 2011 (31 December 2009: £970 million).

(a) Fair value of available-for-sale securities as a percentage of book value

The following table shows the fair value of the debt securities in a gross unrealised loss position for various percentages of book value at 31 December:

Included within the table above are amounts relating to sub-prime and Alt-A securities of:

(c) Age analysis of unrealised losses for the years indicated for available-for-sale securities

The following table shows the age analysis of all the unrealised losses in the portfolio by reference to the length of time the securities have been in an unrealised loss position:

At 31 December 2011, the gross unrealised losses in the statement of financial position for the sub-prime and Alt-A securities in an unrealised loss position were £53 million (2010: £40 million). Of these losses £10 million (2010: £1 million) relate to securities that have been in an unrealised loss position for less than one year and £43 million (2010: £39 million) to securities that have been in an unrealised loss position for more than one year.

As shown in the table (a) above, £158 million of the £246 million of gross unrealised losses at 31 December 2011 (2010: £224 million of the £370 million of gross unrealised losses) related to securities whose fair value was below 80 per cent of the book value. The analysis of the £158 million (2010: £224 million), by category of debt securities and by age analysis indicating the length of time for which their fair value was below 80 per cent of the book value, is as follows:

	2011					2010

Category analysis	Fair value		Unrealised loss			Fair value		Unrealised loss

	£m		£m			£m		£m
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Prime (including agency)		38		(16	)		88		(39	)
Alt—A		12		(3	)		15		(4	)
Sub-prime		58		(32	)		41		(20	)

		108		(51	)		144		(63	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities.		6		(29	)		8		(29	)
Other asset-backed securities		65		(58	)		123		(105	)

Total structured securities		179		(138	)		275		(197	)
Corporates		29		(20	)		64		(27	)

Total		208		(158	)		339		(224	)

Financial assets classified as loans and receivables under IAS 39 are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method. Certain mortgage loans of the UK insurance operations have been designated at fair value through profit and loss as this loan portfolio is managed and evaluated on a fair value basis and these are included within loans in the balance sheet. The loans and receivables include loans collateralised by mortgages, deposits and loans to policyholders. In estimating future cash flows, the Group looks at the expected cash flows of the assets and applies historical loss experience of assets with similar credit risks that has been adjusted for conditions in the historical loss experience which no longer exist or for conditions that are expected to arise. The estimated future cash flows are discounted using the financial asset's original or variable effective interest rate and exclude credit losses that have not yet been incurred.

The risks inherent in reviewing the impairment of any investment include the risk that market results may differ from expectations; facts and circumstances may change in the future and differ from estimates and assumptions; or the Group may later decide to sell the asset as a result of changed circumstances.

IFRS 4 requires contracts written by insurers to be classified as either 'insurance contracts' or 'investment contracts' depending on the level of insurance risk transferred. Insurance risk is a pre-existing risk, other than financial risk, transferred from the contract holder to the contract issuer. If significant insurance risk is transferred by the contract then it is classified as an insurance contract. Contracts that transfer financial risk but not significant insurance risk are termed investment contracts. Furthermore, some contracts, both insurance and investment, contain discretionary participating features representing the contractual right to receive additional benefits as a supplement to guaranteed benefits:

Accordingly, insurers must perform a product classification exercise across their portfolio of contracts issued to determine the allocation to these various categories. IFRS 4 permits the continued usage of previously applied GAAP for insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participating features. Except for UK regulated with-profits funds, this basis has been applied by the Group.

For investment contracts that do not contain discretionary participating features, IAS 39 and, where the contract includes an investment management element, IAS 18, apply measurement principles to assets and liabilities attaching to the contract.

The Group's with-profits funds write with-profits and other protection type policies classified as insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participating features. For UK regulated with-profits funds, the contract liabilities are valued by reference to the UK Financial Services Authority's (FSA) realistic basis. In aggregate, this basis has the effect of placing a value on the liabilities of UK with-profits contracts, which reflects the amounts expected to be paid based on the current value of investments held by the with-profits funds and current circumstances.

The basis of determining liabilities for the Group's with-profits business has little or no effect on the results attributable to shareholders. This is because movements on liabilities of the with-profits funds are absorbed by the unallocated surplus. Except through indirect effects, or in remote circumstances as described below, changes to liability assumptions are therefore reflected in the carrying value of the unallocated surplus, which is accounted for as a liability rather than shareholders' equity. A detailed explanation of the basis of liability measurement is contained in note D2(g)(ii) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

The Group's other with-profits contracts are written in with-profits funds that operate in some of the Group's Asian operations. The liabilities for these contracts and those of Prudential Annuities Limited, which is a subsidiary company of the PAC with-profits fund, are determined differently. For these contracts the liabilities are estimated using actuarial methods based on assumptions relating to premiums, interest rates, investment returns, expenses, mortality and surrenders. The assumptions to which the estimation of these reserves is particularly sensitive are the interest rate used to discount the provision and the assumed future mortality experience of policyholders.

For liabilities determined using the basis described above for UK regulated with-profits funds, and the other liabilities described in the preceding paragraph, changes in estimates arising from the likely range of possible changes in underlying key assumptions have no direct impact on the reported profit.

This lack of sensitivity reflects the with-profits fund structure, basis of distribution, and the application of previous GAAP to the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds as permitted by IFRS 4. Changes in liabilities of these contracts that are caused by altered estimates are absorbed by the unallocated surplus of the with-profits funds with no direct effect on shareholders' equity. The Company's obligations and more detail on such circumstances are described in note H14 in the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Contracts, other than those of with-profits funds, are written in shareholder-backed operations of the Group. The significant shareholder-backed product groupings and the factors that may significantly affect IFRS results due to experience against assumptions or changes of assumptions vary significantly between business units. For some types of business the effect of changes in assumptions may be significant, whilst for others, due to the nature of the product, assumption setting may be of less significance. The nature of the products and the significance of assumptions are discussed in notes D2, D3 and D4 in the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. From the perspective of shareholder results the key sensitivity relates to the assumption for allowance for credit risk for UK annuity business, as described in note D2(g)(iii) in the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Jackson offers individual fixed annuities, fixed index annuities, immediate annuities, variable annuities, individual and variable life insurance and institutional products. With the exception of institutional products and an incidental amount of business for annuity certain contracts, which are accounted for as investment contracts under IAS 39, all of Jackson's contracts are accounted for under IFRS 4 as insurance contracts by applying US GAAP, the previous GAAP used before IFRS adoption. The accounting requirements under these standards and the effect of changes in valuation assumptions are considered below for fixed annuity, variable annuity and traditional life insurance contracts.

Fixed annuity contracts, which are investment contracts under US GAAP terminology, are accounted for by applying in the first instance a retrospective deposit method to determine the liability for policyholder benefits. This is then augmented by potentially three additional amounts, namely deferred income, any amounts previously assessed against policyholders that are refundable on termination of the contract, and any premium deficiency, i.e., any probable future loss on the contract. These types of contracts contain considerable interest rate guarantee features. Notwithstanding the accompanying market risk exposure, except in the circumstances of interest rate scenarios where the guarantee rates included in contract terms are higher than crediting rates that can be supported from assets held to cover liabilities, the accounting measurement of Jackson's fixed annuity products is not generally sensitive to interest rate risk. This position derives from the nature of the products and the US GAAP basis of measurement.

Variable annuity contracts written by Jackson may provide for guaranteed minimum death, income, or withdrawal benefit features. In general terms, liabilities for these benefits are accounted for under US GAAP by using estimates of future benefits and fees under best estimate assumptions. For variable annuity business the key assumption is the investment return from the separate accounts, which for all years included was 8.4 per cent per annum (after deduction of external fund management fees) determined using a mean reversion methodology. Under the mean reversion methodology, projected returns over the next five years are flexed (subject to capping) so that, combined with the actual rates of return for the current and the previous two years the 8.4 per cent rate is maintained. The projected rates of return are capped at no more than 15 per cent for each of the next five years. Further details are explained in note D3(g) in the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

These returns affect the level of future expected profits through their effects on the fee income with consequential impact on the amortisation of deferred acquisition costs as described below and the required level of provision for guaranteed minimum death benefit claims.

For traditional life insurance contracts, provisions for future policy benefits are determined using the net level premium method and assumptions as of the issue date as to mortality, interest, policy lapses and expenses plus provisions for adverse deviation.

Except to the extent of mortality experience, which primarily affects profits through variations in claim payments and the guaranteed minimum death benefit reserves, the profits of Jackson are relatively insensitive to changes in insurance risk. This reflects the principally spread and fee-based nature of Jackson's business.

The insurance products written in the Group's Asian operations principally cover with-profits business, unit-linked business, and other non-participating business. The results of with-profits business are relatively insensitive to changes in estimates and assumptions that affect the measurement of policyholder liabilities. As for the UK business, this feature arises because unallocated surplus is accounted for by the Group as a liability. The results of Asian unit-linked business are also relatively insensitive to changes in estimates or assumptions.

The remaining non-participating business in Asia has some limited sensitivity to interest rates. Further details are provided in D4(j) in the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Significant costs are incurred in connection with acquiring new insurance business. Except for acquisition costs of with-profits contracts of the UK regulated with-profits funds, which are accounted for under the realistic FSA regimes as described in note A4 as described in the consolidated financial statement in Item 18, these costs are accounted for in a way that is consistent with the principles of the ABI SORP with deferral and amortisation against margins in future revenues on the related insurance policies. In general, this deferral is presentationally shown by an explicit carrying value for deferred acquisition costs (DAC) in the balance sheet. However, in some Asian operations the deferral is implicit through the reserving methodology. The recoverability of the explicitly and implicitly deferred acquisition costs is measured and are deemed impaired if the projected margins are less than the carrying value. To the extent that the future margins differ from those anticipated, then an adjustment to the carrying value will be necessary.

The deferral and amortisation of acquisition costs is of most relevance to the Group's results for shareholder-financed long-term business of Jackson and Asian operations. The majority of the UK shareholder-backed business is individual and group annuity business where the incidence of acquisition costs is negligible.

For term business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected premiums. For annuity business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected gross profits on the relevant contracts. For interest-sensitive business, the key assumption is the long-term spread between the earned rate and the rate credited to policyholders, which is based on the annual spread analysis. In addition, expected gross profits depend on mortality assumptions, assumed unit costs and terminations other than deaths (including the related charges), all of which are based on a combination of Jackson's actual industry experience and future expectations. A detailed analysis of actual experience is measured by internally developed mortality studies.

For variable annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term level of equity market returns as described above.

The level of acquisition costs carried in the statement of financial position is also sensitive to unrealised valuation movements on debt securities held to back the liabilities and solvency capital. Further details are explained in notes D3(g) and H1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

For those territories applying US GAAP to insurance assets and liabilities, as permitted by the ABI SORP, principles similar to those set out in the Jackson paragraph above are applied to the deferral and amortisation of acquisition costs. For other Asian territories, the general principles of the ABI SORP are applied with, as described above, deferral of acquisition costs being either explicit or implicit through the reserving basis.

US GAAP, costs that can be deferred and amortised are those that 'vary with and are primarily related to the acquisition of insurance contracts'. The Update requires insurers to capitalise only those incremental costs directly related to acquiring a contract for financial statements for reporting periods starting after 15 December 2011. All other indirect acquisition expenses are required to be charged to the income statement as incurred expenses. Accordingly, the main impact of the Update is to disallow insurers from deferring costs that are not directly related to successful sales.

Under the Group's IFRS reporting, Prudential has the option to either continue with its current basis of measurement or improve its accounting policy under IFRS 4 to acknowledge the issuance of the Update. Prudential has chosen to continue with its current basis of measurement for reporting of its 2011 results and improve its policy in 2012 to apply the US GAAP update on the retrospective basis to the results of its US insurance operation Jackson National Life. The reason and timing for the change is to achieve consistency with the basis expected to be applied by peer competitor companies in the US market in their US GAAP financial statements. To ensure consistency it is also intended to make the change on the retrospective basis in 2012 for the Asian operations that historically have effectively applied US GAAP for measuring insurance assets and liabilities.

Further details are provided in note (c) under "Other results based information" of this section.

The Group applies the requirements of IAS 19, 'Employee benefits' and associated interpretations including IFRIC 14 'IAS 19—The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction', to its defined benefit pension schemes. The principal defined benefit pension scheme is the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). For PSPS the terms of the trust deed restrict shareholders' access to any underlying surplus. Accordingly, applying the interpretation of IFRIC 14, any underlying IAS 19 basis surplus is not recognised for IFRS reporting. The financial position for PSPS recorded in the IFRS financial statements reflects the higher of any underlying IAS 19 deficit and any obligation for deficit funding.

The economic participation in the surplus or deficits attaching to the PSPS and the smaller Scottish Amicable Pensions Scheme (SAPS) are shared between the PAC with-profits sub-fund (WPSF) and shareholder operations. The economic interest reflects the source of contributions over the scheme life, which in turn reflects the activity of the members during their employment.

In the case of PSPS, movements in the apportionment of the financial position for PSPS between the WPSF and shareholders' funds in 2011 reflect the ⁷⁰/30 ratio applied to the base deficit position as at 31 December 2005 but with service cost and contributions for ongoing service apportioned by reference to the cost allocation for activity of current employees. For SAPS the ratio is estimated to be approximately 50/50 between the WPSF and shareholders' funds.

Due to the inclusion of actuarial gains and losses in the income statement rather than being recognised in other comprehensive income, the results of the Group are affected by changes in interest rates for corporate bonds that affect the rate applied to discount projected pension payments, changes in mortality assumptions and changes in inflation assumptions.

The table below shows the sensitivity of the underlying PSPS and the other scheme liabilities at 31 December 2011 to changes in discount rate, inflation rates and mortality rates.

2011

Assumption	Change in assumption	Impact in scheme liabilities on IAS 19 basis
Discount rate	Decrease by 0.2% from 4.7% to 4.5%	Increase in scheme liabilities by:
		PSPS	3.3%
		Other schemes	4.8%
Discount rate	Increase by 0.2% from 4.7% to 4.9%	Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
		PSPS	3.1%
		Other schemes	4.5%
Rate of inflation	RPI: Decrease by 0.2% from 2.9% to 2.7%	Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
	CPI: Decrease by 0.2% from 1.9% to 1.7% with consequent reduction in salary increases	PSPS Other schemes	0.6% 4.1%
Mortality rate	Increase life expectancy by 1 year	Increase in scheme liabilities by:
		PSPS	2.7%
		Other schemes	2.4%

The sensitivity of the underlying pension scheme liabilities to changes in discount, inflation and mortality rates as shown above does not directly equate to the impact on the profit or loss attributable to shareholders or shareholders' equity due to the effect of the application of IFRIC 14 on PSPS and the allocation of a share of the interest in financial position of the PSPS and Scottish Amicable schemes to the PAC with-profits fund as described above.

The sensitivity to the changes in the key variables as shown in the table above has no significant impact on the pension costs included in the Group's operating results. This is due to the pension costs charged in each of the periods presented being derived largely from market conditions at the beginning of the period. After applying IFRIC 14 and to the extent attributable to shareholders, any residual impact from the changes to these variables is reflected as actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes within the supplementary analysis of profits. The relevance of this is described further below.

For PSPS, the underlying surplus of the scheme of £1,588 million (2010: £485 million) has not been recognised under IFRIC 14. Any change in the underlying scheme liabilities to the extent that it is not sufficient to alter PSPS into a liability in excess of the deficit funding provision will not have an impact on the Group's results and financial position. Based on the underlying financial position of PSPS as at 31 December 2011, none of the changes to the underlying scheme liabilities for the changes in the variables shown in the table above have had an impact on the Group's 2011 results and financial position.

extent of the amounts attributable to shareholder operations. The amounts attributable to the PAC with-profits fund are absorbed by the liability for unallocated surplus and have no direct effect on the profit or loss attributable to shareholders or shareholders' equity.

The deficit of the Scottish Amicable pension scheme has been allocated approximately 50 per cent to the PAC with-profits fund and 50 per cent to the shareholders. Accordingly, half of the changes to its scheme liabilities, which at 31 December 2011 were £527 million (2010: £572 million), due to the changes in the variables shown in the table above would have had an impact on the Group's shareholder results and financial position.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that they are regarded as recoverable, that is to the extent that, on the basis of all the available evidence, it can be regarded as more likely than not that there will be suitable taxable profits against which the losses can be relieved. The taxation regimes applicable across the Group apply separate rules to trading and capital profits and losses. The distinction between temporary differences that arise from items of either a capital or trading nature may affect the recognition of deferred tax assets. The judgements made, and uncertainties considered, in arriving at deferred tax balances in the financial statements are discussed in note H4 to the consolidated financial statement in Item 18.

Goodwill impairment testing requires the exercise of judgement by management as to prospective future cash flows. Further information is disclosed in note H1 to the consolidated financial statement in Item 18.

Other features of IFRS accounting that are of particular significance to an understanding of Prudential's results

The other features that are of particular significance relate to: the timing of adoption of certain IFRS standards and their consequential impact upon the financial statements; the accounting for UK with-profits funds; and the presentation of certain items in the financial statements.

With the exception of certain contracts described in note D1 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18, the contracts issued by the Group's life assurance business are classified as insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participating features. As permitted by IFRS 4, assets and liabilities of these contracts are accounted for under previously applied GAAP. Accordingly, except as described below, the modified statutory basis (MSB) of reporting as set out in the revised Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) issued by the Association of British Insurers (ABI) has been applied.

In 2005 the Group elected to improve its IFRS accounting for UK regulated with-profits funds by the voluntary application of the UK accounting standard FRS 27, 'Life Assurance'. Under this standard, the main accounting changes that were required for UK with-profits funds were:

The results included in the financial statements for 2011, 2010 and 2009 reflect this basis.

Unallocated surplus represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities for the Group's with-profits funds that have yet to be appropriated between policyholders and shareholders. The Group

has elected to account for unallocated surplus wholly as a liability with no allocation to equity. This treatment reflects the fact that shareholders' participation in the cost of bonuses arises only on distribution. Shareholder profits on with-profits business reflect one-ninth of the cost of declared bonus.

For Jackson, applying the MSB as applicable to overseas operations which permits the application of local GAAP in some circumstances, the assets and liabilities of insurance contracts are accounted for under insurance accounting prescribed by US GAAP. For the assets and liabilities of insurance contracts of Asian operations, the local GAAP is applied with adjustments, where necessary, to comply with UK GAAP. For the operations in India, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam countries where local GAAP is not appropriate in the context of the previously applied MSB, accounting for insurance contracts is based on US GAAP. For participating business the liabilities include provisions for the policyholders' interest in realised investment gains and other surpluses that, where appropriate, have yet to be declared as bonuses.

The usage of these bases of accounting has varying effects on the way in which product options and guarantees are measured. For UK regulated with-profits funds, options and guarantees are valued on a market consistent basis. The basis is described in note D2(g)(ii) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. For other operations a market consistent basis is not applied under the accounting basis described in note A4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. Details of the guarantees, basis of setting assumptions, and sensitivity to altered assumptions are described in notes D3 and D4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Valuation and accounting presentation of fair value movements of derivatives and debt securities of Jackson

Under IAS 39, 'Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement', derivatives are required to be carried at fair value. Unless net investment hedge accounting is applied, value movements on derivatives are recognised in the income statement.

For derivative instruments of Jackson, the Group has considered whether it is appropriate to undertake the necessary operational changes to qualify for hedge accounting so as to achieve matching of value movements in hedging instruments and hedged items in the performance statements. In reaching the decision a number of factors were particularly relevant. These were:

Taking account of these considerations the Group has decided that, except for certain minor categories of derivatives, it is not appropriate to seek to achieve hedge accounting under IAS 39. As a result of this decision the total income statement results are more volatile as the movements in the value of Jackson's derivatives are reflected within it.

Under IAS 39, unless carried at amortised cost (subject to impairment provisions where appropriate) under the held-to-maturity category, debt securities are also carried at fair value. The Group has chosen not to classify any financial assets as held-to-maturity. Debt securities of Jackson are designated as available-for-sale with value movements, unless impaired, being recorded as movements within other comprehensive income. Impairments are recorded in the income statement.

The total tax charge for the Group reflects tax that in addition to relating to shareholders' profits is also attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds and unit-linked policies. This is explained in more detail in note F5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. However, pre-tax profits are determined after transfers to or from unallocated surplus of with-profits funds. These transfers are in turn determined after taking account of tax borne by with-profits funds. Consequently reported profit before the total tax charge is not representative of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders. In order to provide a measure of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders the Group has chosen to adopt an income statement presentation of the tax charge and pre-tax results that distinguishes between policyholder and shareholder components.

The Group uses operating profit based on longer-term investment returns as the segmental measure of its results. The basis of calculation is disclosed in this Item 5 'Results of Operations and Financial Condition' entitled 'Analysis of IFRS basis operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and IFRS total profit in note A4(d) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

For shareholder-backed business, with the exception of debt securities held by Jackson and assets classified as loans and receivables, all financial investments and investment property are designated as assets at fair value through profit and loss. Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on such assets held by with-profits funds, do not affect directly reported shareholder results. This is because (i) the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds is accounted for as liabilities and (ii) excess or deficits of income and expenditure of the funds over the required surplus for distribution are transferred to or from unallocated surplus. However, for shareholder-backed businesses the short-term fluctuations affect the result for the year and the Group provides additional analysis of results before and after short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

The following table shows Prudential's consolidated total profit for the years indicated.

	Year Ended 31 December

		2011			2010			2009

	(£ million)
Total revenue, net of reinsurance			35,401			47,646			48,099
Total charges, net of reinsurance			(33,475	)		(45,574	)		(46,535	)

Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)*			1,926			2,072			1,564
Tax attributable to policyholders' returns			17			(611	)		(818	)

Profit before tax attributable to shareholders			1,943			1,461			746

Tax charge			(432	)		(636	)		(873	)
Less: tax attributable to policyholders' returns			(17	)		611			818

Tax charge attributable to shareholders' returns			(449	)		(25	)		(55	)

Profit from continuing operations after tax			1,494			1,436			691
Discontinued operations (net of tax)			—			—			(14	)

Profit for the year			1,494			1,436			677

Under IFRS, the pre-tax GAAP measure of profits is profit before policyholder and shareholder taxes. This measure is not relevant for reflecting pre-tax results attributable to shareholders for two reasons. Firstly, this profit measure represents the aggregate of pre-tax results attributable to shareholders and a pre-tax amount attributable to policyholders. Secondly, the amount is determined after charging the transfer to the liability for unallocated surplus, which in turn is determined in part by policyholder taxes borne by the ring-fenced with-profits funds. It is noted that this circular feature is specific to with-profits funds in the UK, and other similarly structured overseas funds, and should be distinguished from other products, which are referred to as 'with-profits' and the general accounting treatment of premium or other policy taxes.

Accordingly, Prudential has chosen to explain its consolidated results by reference to profits for the year, reflecting profit after tax. In explaining movements in profit for the year, reference is made to trends in profit before shareholder tax and the shareholder tax charge. The explanations of movement in profit before shareholder tax are shown below by reference to the profit analysis applied for segmental disclosure as shown in note B1 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. This basis is used by management and reported externally to Prudential's UK, Hong Kong and Singapore shareholders and to the UK, Hong Kong and Singapore financial markets. Separately, in this section, analysis of movements in profits before shareholder tax is provided by nature of revenue and charges.

Explanation of Movements in Profits After Tax and Profits Before Shareholder Tax by Reference to the Basis Applied for Segmental Disclosure

Profit for the year after tax for 2011 was £1,494 million compared to £1,436 million for 2010. The increase of £58 million reflects the movement in total profit before tax attributable to shareholders, which improved from a profit of £1,461 million in 2010 to £1,943 million in 2011, which was offset by an increase in tax charge attributable to shareholders from £25 million in 2010 to £449 million in 2011.

The total profit before tax attributable to shareholders was £1,943 million in 2011, compared with £1,461 million in 2010. The improvement reflects the increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, and the fact that in 2010 the profit was reduced by the terminated AIA transaction costs of £377 million.

The effective rate of tax at the total profit level was 23 per cent in 2011, compared to two per cent in 2010. In 2010 tax charge attributable to shareholders' profit includes a credit of £158 million which primarily relates to the impact of a settlement agreed with the UK authorities. Adjusting the rate in 2010 to exclude the exceptional tax credit of £158 million gives an underlying tax rate at the total profit level for 2010 of 13 per cent. In both 2011 and 2010, Prudential has benefited from a reduction in the main UK corporate tax rate from 28 per cent to 26.5 per cent offset by an increase in the Asia tax rate following the resolution of outstanding issues. Further details are provided in note F5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Profit for the year after tax for 2010 was £1,436 million compared to £677 million for 2009. The increase of £759 million predominantly reflects movement in results from continuing operations after tax which has improved from £691 million in 2009 to £1,436 million in 2010 and a loss from discontinued operations in 2009 of £14 million.

The increase in profit from continuing operations after tax reflects an increase in profits before tax attributable to shareholders of £715 million, from profit of £746 million in 2009 to £1,461 million in 2010 and a decrease in tax charge attributable to shareholders of £30 million, from £55 million charge in 2009 to a £25 million charge in 2010. The effective tax rate for 2010 was two per cent, compared to an effective tax rate of seven per cent for 2009. Further details are provided in note F5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

The total profit before tax from continuing operations attributable to shareholders was £1,461 million in 2010, compared with £746 million in 2009. The improvement reflects the increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and the impact of one-off items. The profit in 2010 was reduced by the terminated AIA transaction costs of £377 million, whereas 2009 was adversely impacted by the £621 million loss recorded as part of the disposal of the Taiwan Agency business and IGD hedge costs of £235 million.

The Group's operating segments as determined under IFRS 8 are insurance operations split by territories in which the Group conducts business, which are Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom, and asset management operations split into M&G, which is the Group's UK and European asset management business, Eastspring Investments, which is the Asian asset management business and the US broker-dealer and asset management business (including Curian).

The following table shows Prudential's IFRS consolidated total profit/(loss) for the years indicated presented by summary business segment and geographic region. The accounting policies applied to the segments below are the same as those used in the Group's consolidated accounts.

Total profit from insurance operations in 2011 was £1,591 million compared to £1,564 million in 2010 and £859 million in 2009. All of the profits from insurance operations in 2011, 2010 and 2009 were from continuing operations. The 2009 figure included the loss on sale of £559 million for the

Taiwan agency business, the disposal of which was completed in June 2009 but did not qualify as a discontinued operation under IFRS. The movement in profits for insurance operations can be summarised as follows:

The increase of £150 million in profit before tax attributable to shareholders in 2011 compared to 2010 reflects an increase in operating profits based on longer term investment returns combined with a reduction in the overall negative short-term fluctuations for the insurance operations.

The effective shareholder tax rate on profits from insurance operations increased from 20 per cent in 2010 to 25 per cent in 2011. The increase primarily relates to increased profits in the US and the recent fiscal developments in Indonesia affecting the life assurance industry offset by the reduction in the UK tax rate.

The increase of £936 million in profit before tax attributable to shareholders in 2010 compared to 2009 primarily reflects an increase in operating profits based on longer term investment returns and the results of 2009 being impacted by the loss on sale of the Taiwan agency business of £559 million. The increase over 2009 resulting from these factors was partially offset by a negative movement in short term fluctuations in investment returns.

The effective shareholder tax rate on profits from insurance operations increased from 16 per cent in 2009 to 20 per cent in 2010. This was due to a number of factors including:

In order to understand how Prudential's results are derived it is necessary to understand how profit emerges from its business. This varies from region to region, primarily due to differences in the nature of the products and regulatory environments in which Prudential operates.

The assets and liabilities of contracts classified as insurance under IFRS 4 are determined in accordance with methods prescribed by local GAAP and adjusted to comply, where necessary, with UK GAAP. Under IFRS 4, subject to the conditions of that standard, the continued application of UK GAAP in this respect is permitted.

For Asian operations in countries where local GAAP is not well established and in which the business is primarily non-participating and linked business, 'grandfathered' US GAAP is used as the most appropriate reporting basis. This basis is applied in India, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam. For with-profits

business in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, the basis of profit recognition is bonus driven as described under 'United Kingdom—Basis of Profits' section below.

The following table shows the movement in profit/(loss) arising from Asian insurance operations for 2011, 2010 and 2009:

The 2011 profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £612 million represented a decrease of £34 million as against the comparable 2010 figureof £646 million which primarily reflects an increase of £172 million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns offset by an adverse change of £206 million in short-term fluctuations in investment returns for shareholder-backed business.

The effective shareholder tax rate changed from 10 per cent in 2010 to 20 per cent in 2011, with the movement principally due to the recent fiscal developments in Indonesia affecting the life assurance industry.

The 2010 profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £646 million represented an increase of £826 million over the loss incurred in 2009 of £180 million. The increase was primarily due to the one-off loss in 2009 of £559 million, arising on the sale of the Taiwan agency business completed in June 2009; an increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £122 million in 2010 over 2009 and a positive change in short term fluctuations in investment returns of £83 million. A one off credit of £63 million arose in 2009 as a result of replacing the methodology for valuing the liabilities of the Malaysia life business by a method based on the Malaysian authority's risk based capital framework on 1 January 2009.

The effective shareholder tax rate changed from negative 21 per cent in 2009 to 10 per cent in 2010 principally due to there being no tax relief on the loss relating to the sale of the Taiwan agency business in June 2009.

The underlying profit on Jackson's business predominantly arises from spread income from interest-sensitive products, such as fixed annuities, institutional products and fee income on variable annuity business with the insurance assets and liabilities of the business measured on a US GAAP basis. In addition, the results in any period include the incidence of gains and losses on assets classified as available-for-sale, and fair value movements on derivatives and securities classified as fair valued through profit and loss.

The following table shows the movement in profit arising from US insurance operations for 2011, 2010 and 2009:

The increase in profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £144 million in 2011 compared to 2010 was due to a decrease of £139 million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns which was more than offset by a favourable change of £283 in short-term fluctuations in investment returns reflected in the income statement. The decrease in the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was due to the accounting impact of accelerated amortization of deferred acquisition costs (DAC) of £232 million in the year. Excluding the impact of accelerated DAC amortization, the US insurance operations' earnings continued to grow during 2011. The favourable change of £283 million in the short-term fluctuations in investment returns was primarily due to lower negative fluctuations from the US operations' derivative hedging programmes in 2011 compared to 2010.

The effective tax rate on profit/(loss) from US operations changed from 26 per cent in 2010 to a 28 per cent in 2011.

The decrease in profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £31 million for 2010 compared to 2009 was due to a negative change of £246 million in the short-term fluctuations in investment returns reflected in the income statement, partially offset by an increase of £215 million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. The increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was primarily due to higher separate account fee income and higher spread income in 2010 compared to 2009. The negative change of £246 million in the short-term fluctuations in investment returns was primarily due to the movements relating to the US operations' derivative and embedded derivative value movements which changed from a negative net equity hedge accounting effect of £74 million in 2009 to a negative £365 million in 2010.

The effective tax rate on profit/(loss) from US operations changed from a negative 21 per cent in 2009 to a 26 per cent in 2010. The change was due to the 2009 rate having reflected the reversal of the valuation allowance set up in 2008 in respect of carried forward losses and thus being negative.

Prudential's results comprise an annual profit distribution to shareholders from its UK long-term with-profits fund, hereafter referred to as the with-profits fund, as well as profits from its other businesses. For most of Prudential's operations, other than its UK long-term insurance businesses, the IFRS basis of accounting matches items of income and related expenditure within the same accounting period. This is achieved through the deferral of acquisition costs and application of the accruals concept.

For Prudential's UK insurance operations, the primary annual contribution to shareholders' profit comes from its with-profits products. With-profits products are designed to provide policyholders with smoothed investment returns through a mix of regular and final bonuses.

Shareholders' profit in respect of bonuses from with-profits products represents an amount of up to one-ninth of the value of that year's bonus declaration to policyholders. The Board of directors of the subsidiary companies that have with-profits operations, using actuarial advice, determine the amount of regular and final bonuses to be declared each year on each group of contracts. The smoothing inherent in the bonus declarations provides for relatively stable annual shareholders' profit from this business.

Bonus rates are applied to with-profits policies in the UK and similar products in Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia. The most significant with-profits fund is in the UK where, as at 31 December 2011, liabilities to with-profits policyholders were in aggregate of £67.1 billion. Liabilities to with-profits policyholders in Asia as at 31 December 2011 were £12.6 billion. The details that follow are in respect of the UK with-profits business. The method by which bonuses for Prudential's Asia with-profits business are determined is substantially similar to the method by which bonuses for Prudential's UK with-profits business are determined.

The main factors that influence the determination of bonus rates are the return on the investments of the with-profits fund, the effect of inflation, taxation, the expenses of the fund chargeable to policyholders and the degree to which investment returns are smoothed. The overall rate of return earned on investments and the expectation of future investment returns are the most important influences on bonus rates. A high proportion of the assets backing the with-profits business are invested in equities and real estate. If the financial strength of the with-profits fund were adversely affected, then a higher proportion of fixed interest or similar assets might be held by the fund.

Further details on the determination of the two types of bonus ('regular' and 'final'), the application of significant judgment, key assumptions and the degree of smoothing of investment returns in determining the bonus rates are provided below.

For regular bonuses, the bonus rates are determined for each type of policy primarily by targeting the bonus level at a prudent proportion of the long-term expected future investment return on underlying assets. The expected future investment return is reduced as appropriate for each type of policy to allow for items such as expenses, charges, tax and shareholders' transfers. However, the rates declared may differ by product type, or by the date of payment of the premium or date of issue of the policy or if the accumulated annual bonuses are particularly high or low relative to a prudent proportion of the achieved investment return.

When target bonus levels change the PAC board of directors (PAC Board) has regard to the overall strength of the long-term fund when determining the length of time over which it will seek to achieve the amended prudent target bonus level.

In normal investment conditions, PAC expects changes in regular bonus rates to be gradual over time, and these are not expected to exceed one per cent per annum over any year. However, the PAC Directors retain the discretion whether or not to declare a regular bonus each year, and there is no limit on the amount by which regular bonus rates can change.

A final bonus which is normally declared yearly, may be added when a claim is paid or when units of a unitised product are realised.

The rates of final bonus usually vary by type of policy and by reference to the period, usually a year, in which the policy commences or each premium is paid. These rates are determined by reference to the asset shares for the sample policies but subject to the smoothing approach, explained below.

In general, the same final bonus scale applies to maturity, death and surrender claims except that:

The application of the above method for determining bonuses requires the PAC Board to apply significant judgement in many respects, including in particular the following:

As noted above, the overall rate of return on investments and the expectation of future investment returns are the most important influences in bonus rates, subject to the smoothing described below. Prudential determines the assumptions to apply in respect of these factors, including the effects of reasonably likely changes in key assumptions, in the context of the overarching discretionary and smoothing framework that applies to its with-profits business as described above. As such, it is not possible to specifically quantify the effects of each of these assumptions or of reasonably likely changes in these assumptions.

Prudential's approach, in applying significant judgement and discretion in relation to determining bonus rates, is consistent conceptually with the approach adopted by other firms that manage a with-profits business. It is also consistent with the requirements of UK law, which require all UK firms that carry out a with-profits business to define, and make publicly available, the Principles and Practices of Financial Management (PPFM) that are applied in the management of their with-profits funds.

Accordingly, Prudential's PPFM contains an explanation of how it determines regular and final bonus rates within the discretionary framework that applies to all with-profits policies, subject to the general legislative requirements applicable. The purpose of Prudential's PPFM is therefore to:

Furthermore, in accordance with industry-wide regulatory requirements, the PAC Board has appointed:

In determining bonus rates for the UK with-profits policies, smoothing is applied to the allocation of the overall earnings of the UK with-profits fund of which the investment return is a significant element. The smoothing approach differs between accumulating and conventional with-profits policies to reflect the different contract features. In normal circumstances, Prudential does not expect most payout values on policies of the same duration to change by more than 10 per cent up or down from one year to the next, although some larger changes may occur to balance payout values between different policies. Greater flexibility may be required in certain circumstances, for example following a significant rise or fall in market values, and in such situations the PAC Board may decide to vary the standard bonus smoothing limits in order to protect the overall interests of policyholders.

The degree of smoothing is illustrated numerically by comparing in the following table the relatively 'smoothed' level of policyholder bonuses declared as part of the surplus for distribution with the more volatile movement in investment return and other items of income and expenditure of the UK component of the PAC with-profits fund for each year presented.

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Net income of the fund:
Investment return		4,094			8,815			10,461

Claims incurred		(6,411	)		(6,390	)		(6,253	)
Movement in policyholder liabilities		(614	)		(4,301	)		(3,692	)
Add back policyholder bonuses for the year (as shown below)		1,945			2,019			1,827

Claims incurred and movement in policyholder liabilities (including charge for provision for asset shares and excluding policyholder bonuses)		(5,080	)		(8,672	)		(8,118	)
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance		3,404			3,148			3,063
Other income		17			9			(2	)
Acquisition costs and other expenditure		(696	)		(600	)		(842	)
Tax charge		(63	)		(528	)		(640	)

Net income of the fund before movement in unallocated surplus		1,676			2,172			3,922
Movement in unallocated surplus		485			70			(1,893	)

Surplus for distribution		2,161			2,242			2,029

Surplus for distribution allocated as follows:
—90% policyholders bonus (as shown above)		1,945			2,019			1,827
—10% shareholders' transfers		216			223			202

		2,161			2,242			2,029

The unallocated surplus represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities for the Group's with-profits funds. As allowed under IFRS 4, the Group has opted to continue to record unallocated surplus of with-profits funds wholly as a liability. The annual excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure of the with-profits funds, after declaration and attribution of the cost of bonuses to policyholders and shareholders, is transferred to (from) the unallocated surplus each year through a charge (credit) to the income statement. The balance retained in the unallocated surplus represents cumulative income arising on the with-profits business that has not been allocated to policyholders or shareholders. The balance of the unallocated surplus is determined after full provision for deferred tax on unrealised appreciation on investments.

Changes to the level of the unallocated surplus do not directly impact shareholders' results or funds. After allowing for differences in the basis of preparation of the financial information and UK regulatory returns, movements in the level of the unallocated surplus are broadly indicative of movements in the excess of regulatory basis assets over liabilities of the fund. Differences in the basis of preparation of financial statements and UK regulatory returns arise principally from the treatment of certain regulatory basis liabilities, such as mismatching reserves (that are accounted for as reserves within the unallocated surplus), and asset valuation differences and admissibility deductions reflected in the regulatory returns. Except to the extent of any second order effects on other elements of the regulatory returns, such changes can be expected to have a consequent effect on the excess of assets over liabilities of the fund for the purposes of solvency calculations, and the related free asset ratio which is an indicator of the overall financial strength of the fund. Similar principles apply to Prudential's Asian with-profits business.

The liability for unallocated surplus comprises amounts Prudential expects to pay to policyholders in the future, the related shareholder transfers and surplus assets. These surplus assets have accumulated over many years from a variety of sources and provide the with-profits fund with working capital. This working capital permits Prudential to invest a substantial portion of the assets of the with-profits fund in equity securities and real estate, smooth investment returns to with-profits policyholders, keep its products competitive, write new business without being constrained as to cash flows in the early policy years and demonstrate solvency.

In addition, Prudential can use surplus assets to absorb the costs of significant events, such as fundamental strategic change in its long-term business and, with the consent of the UK regulator, the cost of its historical pensions mis-selling, without affecting the level of distributions to policyholders and shareholders. The costs of fundamental strategic change may include investment in new technology, redundancy and restructuring costs, cost overruns on new business and the funding of other appropriate long-term insurance related activities, including acquisitions.

Prudential's with-profits fund also includes the SAIF and the wholly-owned subsidiary, PAL. All assets of the SAIF business are solely attributable to former policyholders of Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society (predating the acquisition of Scottish Amicable by Prudential in October 1997). Since PAL is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the with-profits fund, profits from this business affect shareholders' profits only to the extent that they affect the annual with-profits bonus declaration and resultant transfer to shareholders.

For with-profits business (including non-participating business of Prudential Annuities Limited which is owned by the PAC with-profits fund), adjustments to liabilities and any related tax effects are recognised in the income statement. However, except for any impact on the annual declaration of bonuses, shareholder profit for with-profits business is unaffected. This is because IFRS basis profits for the with-profits business, which are determined on the same basis as on preceding UK GAAP, solely reflect one-ninth of the cost of bonuses declared for the year.

Changes in the fair value of assets of Prudential's long-term with-profits funds will primarily be reflected in the excess of assets over liabilities recorded as the unallocated surplus. Shareholders' profits from with-profits business and shareholders' funds are not directly impacted by movements in the fair values of the assets. However, current investment performance is a factor that is taken into account in the setting of the annual declaration of bonuses which, in turn, affects UK shareholder profits to the extent of one-ninth of the cost of bonus.

For with-profits business, investment returns together with other income and expenditure are recorded within the income statement. However, the difference between net income of the fund and the cost of bonuses and related statutory transfers is reflected in an amount transferred to, or from, the unallocated surplus within the income statement. Except to the extent of current investment returns being taken into account in the setting of a bonus policy, the investment returns of a with-profits fund in a particular year do not affect shareholder profits or with-profits funds.

The results for this type of business are prepared in accordance with the UK Modified Statutory Basis. The results reflect the inclusion of investment return including realised and unrealised gains. The charge for benefits reflects the valuation rate of interest applied to discount future anticipated payments to policyholders. This rate in turn reflects current market yields adjusted for factors including default risks on the assets backing the liabilities. The level of allowance for default risk is a key assumption. Details are included in note D2 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

The following table shows the movement in profit arising from UK insurance operations for 2011, 2010 and 2009:

Profit after tax from UK insurance operations increased by £25 million from £646 million in 2010 to £671 million in 2011.

The increase in profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £40 million from £860 million in 2010 to £900 million in 2011 reflected an increase of £4 million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, a favourable change of £43 million in the value of short-term fluctuations in

investment returns of the shareholder-backed business and a favourable change of £23 million in the shareholders' share of actuarial gains/losses in defined benefit pension schemes. These increases was partially offset by a gain of £30 million recorded in 2010 upon the dilution of the UK insurance operations' holding in PruHealth, as described further below under section (c) "Explanation of Movements in Profits After Tax and Profits Before Shareholder Tax by Reference to the Basis Applied for Segmental Disclosure".

The effective shareholder tax rate on profits from UK insurance operations for 2011 of 25 per cent is consistent with an effective tax rate of 25 per cent in 2010. The rate in 2011 remained the same as 2010 primarily due to adverse routine reversions to prior period tax returns being offset by the reduction in the UK tax rate.

The increase in 2010 in profit before tax attributable to shareholders of £141 million primarily reflects the increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns of £62 million, a small positive change in short-term fluctuations in investment returns of £8 million and a decrease in shareholders' share of actuarial losses on defined benefit pension scheme of £41 million. In addition, a gain of £30 million was recorded in 2010 upon the dilution of the UK insurance operations' holding in PruHealth, as mentioned above. The improvement in the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns compared to 2009 reflects the benefit of cost saving initiatives, higher with-profits income and increased annuity profits.

The effective shareholder tax rate on profits from UK insurance operations for 2010 of 25 per cent compared with the effective tax rate of 32 per cent in 2009 was due to favourable routine revisions to prior period tax returns in 2010.

The following table shows the movement in profits from asset management for 2011, 2010 and 2009:

Profit before tax attributable to shareholders from asset management increased from £420 million in 2010 to £436 million in 2011. The £16 million increase in profit before tax attributable to shareholders from 2010 to 2011 reflects improvements experienced across M&G of £6 million, Eastspring Investments of £8 million and the US broker-dealer and asset management operations of £2 million.

The £6 million increase in profit before tax attributable to M&G reflected an increase of £73 million million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns from £284 million in 2010 to £357 million in 2011, which was due to rising revenues and a fall in the cost-income ratio. Further, the increase also reflected a favourable change in actuarial gains/losses on defined benefit pension scheme of £9 million. These increases were partially offset by a negative year on year change in the short-term fluctuations of £76 million.

The effective tax rate on profits from asset management operations increased slightly from 27 per cent in 2010 to 28 per cent in 2011.

The £67 million increase from 2009 to 2010 in profit before tax attributable to shareholders resulted from an increase in profit generated by M&G, which increased from a profit before tax of

£294 million in 2009 to a profit before tax of £326 million in 2010. The Group's profit before shareholder tax for the Asian asset management operations increased by £17 million and for the US broker-dealer operations decreased by £18 million from 2009 to 2010. The £32 million increase in profit before tax attributable to M&G reflects an increase of £46 million in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, a decrease of £9 million in the actuarial loss on its defined benefit scheme, partially offset by a negative change in the short-term fluctuations in investment returns of £23 million. The increase in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was primarily driven by favourable equity market levels and exceptionally strong net inflows particularly from the retail business over 2009 and 2010.

The effective tax rate on profits from asset management operations increased from 25 per cent in 2009 to 27 per cent in 2010. The increase in the effective tax rate was a result of less non taxable income in the UK compared to prior years.

Total net of charges for unallocated corporate activity decreased by £25 million from £435 million in 2010 to £410 million in 2011 and by £3 million from £432 million in 2009 to £435 million in 2010.

The following table shows the movement in the unallocated corporate result for 2011, 2010 and 2009.

The loss before shareholder tax in 2010 of £920 million included costs of £377 million incurred in relation to the terminated transaction to purchase AIA Group Limited. Further details of these costs are presented in note B1 of consolidated financial statements in Item 18 of this annual report. Excluding these termination costs, the loss before shareholder tax increased by £61 million from 2010 to 2011. The year-on-year movement resulted from a favourable movement of £9 million in other income and expenditure (including restructuring and Solvency II implementation costs) from £521 million in 2010 to £512 million in 2011 which was more than offset by a negative change in short-term fluctuations in investment returns of £69 million and small negative change of £1 million in the actuarial gains and losses of Prudential's defined benefit pension scheme.

The favourable movement of £9 million in net other expenditure includes a credit of £42 million resulting from Prudential's alteration of its inflation measure basis for future statutory increases to pension payments for certain tranches of Prudential's UK defined benefit schemes. This reflects the UK Government's decision to replace the Retail Prices Index (RPI) basis of indexation with the Consumer Prices Index (CPI).

The effective tax rate on unallocated corporate result decreased from 53 per cent in 2010 to 32 per cent in 2011. This was primarily due to 2010 containing both an exceptional UK tax credit primarily relating to the impact of the settlement agreed with the UK tax authorities and the ability to recognise a deferred tax credit on various tax losses which Prudential was previously unable to recognise.

In addition to the inclusion of the AIA costs of £377 million in the 2010 loss before shareholder tax, the year on year movement in loss before shareholder tax from 2009 to 2010 primarily also resulted from an adverse movement in other income and expenditure (including restructuring and Solvency II implementation costs) of £103 million, from £418 million in 2009 to £521 million in 2010, partially offset

by a positive change of £178 million in short-term fluctuations in investment returns from a loss of £200 million in 2009 to a loss of £22 million in 2010 and a positive change of £14 million in actuarial gains and losses on Prudential's defined benefit pension scheme.

The increase of £103 million in net other expenditure primarily reflects an increase in interest payable on core structural borrowings and Solvency II implementation costs of £45 million incurred in 2010.

The positive change of £178 million in short-term fluctuations in investment returns was mainly due to a one-off £235 million cost arising from the hedge temporarily put in place during the first quarter of 2009 to protect the Group's IGD capital surplus in the light of exceptional market conditions at that time. During the severe equity market conditions experienced in the first quarter of 2009 coupled with historically high equity volatility, the Group entered into exceptional short-dated hedging contracts to protect against potential tail-events on the IGD capital position, in addition to the regular operational hedging programs. The hedge contracts expired in 2009 and were not renewed.

The effective tax rate on the unallocated corporate result increased from 32 per cent in 2009 to 53 per cent in 2010. This was due to an exceptional tax credit which primarily relates to the impact of the settlement agreed in 2010 with the UK tax authorities and the ability to recognise a deferred tax credit on various tax losses which Prudential was previously unable to recognise, partly offset by the inability to fully recognise a tax credit in respect of non deductable capital costs incurred in relation to the terminated AIA transaction.

(c) Additional explanation of performance measures and analysis of consolidated results by business segment and geographical region

Prudential uses a performance measure of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. The directors believe that this performance measure better reflects underlying performance. It is the basis used by management for the reasons outlined below. It is also the basis on which analysis of the Group's results has been provided to UK shareholders and the UK financial market for some years under long standing conventions for reporting by proprietary UK life assurers.

Prudential determines and presents operating segments based on the information that is internally provided to the Group Executive Committee ("GEC"), which is Prudential's chief operating decision maker.

An operating segment is a component of Prudential that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, including revenues and expenses that relate to transactions with any of Prudential's other components. An operating segment's operating results are reviewed regularly by the GEC to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance, and for which discrete financial information is available.

The operating segments identified by Prudential reflect its organisational structure, which is by both geography (Asia, US and UK) and by product line (insurance operations and asset management).

The Group's operating segments determined in accordance with IFRS 8, are as follows:

The Group's operating segments are also its reportable segments with the exception of Prudential Capital which has been incorporated into the M&G operating segment for the purposes of segment reporting.

The performance measure of operating segments utilised by the Company is IFRS operating profit attributable to shareholders based on longer-term investment returns. This measure excludes the recurrent items of short-term fluctuations in investment returns and the shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes. In addition for 2010 this measure excluded costs associated with the terminated AIA transaction and gain arising upon the dilution of the Group's holding in PruHealth. For 2009 it excluded the non-recurrent cost of hedging the Group IGD capital surplus included within short-term fluctuations in investment returns and the loss on sale and the results of the Taiwan agency business during the period of ownership. Operating earnings per share is based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, after tax and non-controlling interests.Further details on the determination of the performance measure of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is provided below in note A4 (d) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Segments results that are reported to the Group Executive Committee include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis. Unallocated items are mainly in relation to the Group Head Office and the Asian Regional Head Office.

Except in the case of the assets backing the UK annuity business, unit-linked and US variable annuity separate account liabilities, operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for shareholder-financed business is determined on the basis of expected longer-term investment returns. In the case of assets backing the UK annuity business, unit-linked and US variable annuity separate account liabilities, the basis of determining operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is as follows:

In the case of other shareholder-financed business, the measurement of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns reflects the particular features of long-term insurance business where assets and liabilities are held for the long-term and for which the accounting basis for insurance liabilities under current IFRS is not generally conducive to demonstrating trends in underlying performance of life businesses exclusive of the effects of short-term fluctuations in market conditions. In

determining the profit on this basis, the following key elements are applied to the results of the Group's shareholder-financed operations as reflected in the segment results.

Longer-term investment returns for both debt and equity-type securities comprise longer-term actual income receivable for the period (interest/dividend income) and longer-term capital returns.

In principle, for debt securities, the longer-term capital returns comprise two elements. The first element is a risk margin reserve (RMR) based charge for the expected level of defaults for the period, which is determined by reference to the credit quality of the portfolio. The difference between impairment losses in the reporting period and the RMR charge to the operating result is reflected in short-term fluctuations in investment returns. The second element is for the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses to operating results based on longer-term investment returns to the date when sold bonds would have otherwise matured.

The shareholder-backed operation for which the distinction between impairment losses and interest-related realised gains and losses is in practice relevant to a significant extent is Jackson. Jackson has used the ratings by Nationally Recognised Statistical Ratings Organisations (NRSRO) or ratings resulting from the regulatory ratings detail issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) developed by external third parties such as PIMCO or Black Rock Solutions to determine the average annual RMR. Further details of the RMR charge, as well as the amortisation of interest related realised gains and losses, for Jackson are shown in note B1(iv) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

For debt securities backing non-linked shareholder-financed business of the UK insurance operations (other than the annuity business) and of the Asian insurance operations, the realised gains and losses are principally interest related. Accordingly, all realised gains and losses to date for these operations are being amortised over the period to the date those securities would otherwise have matured, with no explicit RMR charge.

At 31 December 2011 the level of unamortised interest-related realised gains and losses related to previously sold bonds for the Group was a net gain of £462 million (31 December 2010: £373 million;31 December 2009: net gain of £225 million).

For equity-type securities, the longer-term rates of return are estimates of the long-term trend investment return for income and capital having regard to past performance, current trends and future expectations. Equity-type securities held for shareholder-financed operations other than the UK annuity business, unit-linked and US variable annuity are of significance for the US and Asian insurance operations. Different rates apply to different categories of equity-type securities.

As at 31 December 2011, the equity-type securities for US insurance non-separate account operations amounted to £902 million (31 December 2010: £852 million; 31 December 2009: £784 million). For these operations, the longer term rates of return for income and capital applied in 2011 ranged from 5.9 per cent to 7.5 per cent for equity-type securities such as common and preferred stock and portfolio holdings in mutual funds and from 7.9 per cent to 9.5 per cent for certain other equity-type securities such as investments in limited partnerships and private equity funds (2010: 6.5 per cent to 7.9 per cent and 8.5 per cent to 9.9 per cent, respectively; 2009: 6.7 per cent to 7.9 per cent and 8.7 per cent to 9.9 per cent, respectively).

101 million; 31 December 2009: £63 million) investment is in the nature of a trade investment for which the determination of longer-term investment returns is on the basis as described in note (iv)(c) below. For the investments representing the other equity securities which had year end balances of £502 million (31 December 2010: £405 million; 31 December 2009: £204 million), the rates of return applied in the years 2011 , 2010 and 2009 ranged from 1.7 per cent to 13.8 per cent with the rates applied varying by territory.

The longer-term rates of return discussed above for equity-type securities are determined after consideration by the Group's in-house economists of long-term expected real government bond returns, equity risk premium and long-term inflation. These rates are broadly stable from period to period but may be different between countries, reflecting, for example, differing expectations of inflation in each territory. The assumptions are for returns expected to apply in equilibrium conditions. The assumed rates of return do not reflect any cyclical variability in economic performance and are not set by reference to prevailing asset valuations.

The following value movements for Jackson's variable and fixed index annuity business are excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns:

Note: US operations—Embedded derivatives for variable annuity guarantee features

The Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit (GMIB) liability, which is fully reinsured, subject to a deductible and annual claim limits, is accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 944-80 Financial Services—Insurance—Separate Accounts (formerly SOP 03-1) under IFRS using 'grandfathered' US GAAP. As the corresponding reinsurance asset is net settled, it is considered to be a derivative under IAS 39 and the asset is therefore recognised at fair value. As the GMIB benefit is economically reinsured the mark to market element of the reinsurance asset is included as a component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

Generally, derivative value movements are excluded from operating results based on longer-term investment returns (unless those derivative value movements broadly offset changes in the accounting value of other assets and liabilities included in operating profit). The principal example of non-equity based derivatives (for example interest rate swaps and swaptions) whose value movements are excluded from operating profit arises in Jackson. Non-equity based derivatives are primarily held by Jackson as part of a broadly-based hedging programme for features of Jackson's bond portfolio (for which value movements are booked in the statement of comprehensive income rather than the income statement), product liabilities (for which US GAAP accounting as grandfathered under IFRS 4 does not fully reflect

the economic features being hedged), and the interest rate exposure attaching to equity based embedded derivatives.

(iv) Other liabilities to policyholders and embedded derivatives for product guarantees

Under IFRS, the degree to which the carrying values of liabilities to policyholders are sensitive to current market conditions varies between territories depending upon the nature of the 'grandfathered' measurement basis. In general, in those instances where the liabilities are particularly sensitive to routine changes in market conditions, the accounting basis is such that the impact of market movements on the assets and liabilities is broadly equivalent in the income statement, and operating profit based on longer-term investments returns is not distorted. In these circumstances, there is no need for the movement in the liability to be bifurcated between the elements that relate to longer-term market conditions and short-term effects.

However, for some types of business movements in liabilities do require bifurcation to ensure that at the net level (i.e. after allocated investment return and change for policyholder benefits) the operating result reflects longer-term market returns.

For the participating business in Vietnam the liabilities include policyholders' interest in investment appreciation and other surplus. Bonuses paid in a reporting period and accrued policyholders' interest in investment appreciation and other surpluses primarily reflect the level of realised investment gains above contract specific hurdle levels. For this business, operating profit based on longer-term investment returns includes the aggregate of longer-term returns on the relevant investments, a credit or charge equal to movements on the liability for the policyholders' interest in realised investment gains (net of any recovery of prior deficits on the participating pool), less amortisation over five years of current and prior movements on such credits or charges.

The overall purpose of these adjustments is to ensure that investment returns included in operating results equal longer-term returns but that in any one reporting period movements on liabilities to policyholders caused by investment returns are substantially matched in the presentation of the supplementary analysis of profit before tax attributable to policyholders.

Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit (GMDB) product featuresNon-participating business

For unhedged GMDB liabilities accounted for under IFRS using 'grandfathered' US GAAP, such as in the Japanese business, the change in carrying value is determined under FASB ASC subtopic 944-80, Financial Services—Insurance—Separate Accounts (formerly SOP 03-1), which partially reflects changes in market conditions. Under the company's segmental basis of reporting the operating profit reflects the change in liability based on longer-term market conditions with the difference between the charge to the operating result and the movement reflected in the total result included in short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

With one exception, the operating result based on longer-term investment returns reflects the impact of all value movements on policyholder liabilities for annuity business in PRIL and the PAC non-profit sub-fund.

The exception is for the impact on credit risk provisioning of actual downgrades during the period. As this feature arises due to short-term market conditions, the effect of downgrades, if any, in a particular period, on the overall provisions for credit risk is included in the category of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

The effects of other changes to credit risk provisioning are included in the operating result, as is the net effect of changes to the valuation rate of interest due to portfolio rebalancing to align more closely with the Group's internal benchmark.

For these businesses it is inappropriate to include returns in the operating result on the basis described above. Instead, it is appropriate to generally include realised gains and losses (including impairments) in the operating result with unrealised gains and losses being included in short-term fluctuations. For this purpose impairments are calculated as the credit loss determined by comparing the projected cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate to the carrying value. In some instances it may also be appropriate to amortise realised gains and losses on derivatives and other financial instruments to operating results over a time period that reflects the underlying economic substance of the arrangements.

Actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes principally reflect short-term value movements on scheme assets and the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions. Under Prudential's accounting policies these items are recorded within the income statement, rather than through other comprehensive income, solely due to the interaction of Prudential's approach to adoption of IFRS 4 for with-profits funds and the requirements of IAS 19.

Reconciliation of total profit (loss) by business segment and geography to IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns

Analysis of IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and IFRS total profit

A reconciliation of profit (loss) before tax (including tax attributable to policyholders' returns) to profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders and loss for the period is shown below.

	2011


	(£ million)
Insurance business
Long-term business⁽ⁱⁱ⁾
Asia		709		536		416
US		694		833		618
UK		683		673		606
Development expenses		(5	)	(4	)	(6	)

Long-term business operating profit		2,081		2,038		1,634
UK general insurance commission⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		40		46		51
Asset management business
M&G		357		284		238
Eastspring Investments		80		72		55
US broker-dealer and asset management		24		22		4

		2,582		2,462		1,982

Other income and expenditure		(483	)	(450	)	(395	)
RPI to CPI inflation measure change on defined benefit pension schemes^(iv)		42		—		—
Solvency II implementation costs		(55	)	(45	)	—
Restructuring costs^(v)		(16	)	(26	)	(23	)

Total IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns⁽ⁱ⁾		2,070		1,941		1,564
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns^(vi)
Insurance operations		(28	)	(148	)	7
IGD hedge costs		—		—		(235	)
Other operations		(120	)	25		105

Total short-term fluctuations in investment returns		(148	)	(123	)	(123	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes^(vii)		21		(10	)	(74	)
Costs of terminated AIA transaction^(viii)		—		(377	)	—
Gain on dilution of Group's holdings		—		30		—
Loss on sale and results of Taiwan agency business^(ix)		—		—		(621	)

Profit before tax from continuing operations attributable to shareholders		1,943		1,461		746
Tax charge attributable to shareholders' returns		(449	)	(25	)	(55	)
Discontinued operations (net of tax)		—		—		(14	)

Profit for the year		1,494		1,436		677
Non-controlling interests		(4	)	(5	)	(1	)

Total profit for the year attributable to equity holders of Prudential		1,490		1,431		676

Reconciliation of IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns to IFRS total profit

The following tables reconcile Prudential's operating profit based on longer-term investment returns to Prudential's total profit after tax for 2011, 2010 and 2009.

	Year ended 31 December 2011

	Insurance operations								Asset management
	UK		US			Asia			M&G			US		Eastspring Investments		Total segment			Unallocated corporate			Total

	(£ million)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		723		694			704			357			24		80		2,582			(512	)		2,070
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business		159		(95	)		(92	)		(29	)		—		—		(57	)		(91	)		(148	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		18		—			—			4			—		—		22			(1	)		21

Profit (loss) from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders		900		599			612			332			24		80		2,547			(604	)		1,943

Tax attributable to shareholders																							(449	)

Profit for the year																							1,494

	Year ended 31 December 2010

	Insurance operations								Asset management
	UK			US			Asia		M&G			US		Eastspring Investments		Total segment			Unallocated corporate			Total

	(£ million)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		719			833			532		284			22		72		2,462			(521	)		1,941
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business		116			(378	)		114		47			—		—		(101	)		(22	)		(123	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		(5	)		—			—		(5	)		—		—		(10	)		—			(10	)
Cost of terminated AIA transaction		—			—			—		—			—		—		—			(377	)		(377	)
Gain on dilution of holding in PruHealth		30															30						30

Profit (loss) from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders		860			455			646		326			22		72		2,381			(920	)		1,461

Tax attributable to shareholders																							(25	)

Profit for the year																							1,436

	Year ended 31 December 2009

	Insurance operations									Asset management
	UK			US			Asia			M&G			US		Eastspring Investments		Total segment			Unallocated corporate			Total

	(£ million)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		657			618			410			238			4		55		1,982			(418	)		1,564
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business		108			(132	)		31			70			—		—		77			(200	)		(123	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		(46	)		—			—			(14	)		—		—		(60	)		(14	)		(74	)
Loss on sale and results for Taiwan agency business(i)		—			—			(621	)		—			—		—		(621	)		—			(621	)

Profit (loss) from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders		719			486			(180	)		294			4		55		1,378			(632	)		746

Tax attributable to shareholders																								(55	)

Profit (loss) from continuing operations after tax																								691
Discontinued operations																								(14	)

Profit for the year																								677

In 2011, the Group's IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was £2,070 million, an increase of 7 per cent from 2010. The operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for 2009 was £1,564 million.

In Asia, IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for long-term business increased by 32 per cent from £532 million in 2010 to £704 million in 2011. Profits from in-force business grew by 29 per cent between the two periods from £593 million to £763 million, reflecting the continued growth of the business in the region. New business strain of £54 million (2010: £56 million)⁽⁵⁾ was lower despite higher sales due to favourable product and country mix.

Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia, Prudential's largest markets in Asia, continue to see profits grow strongly, with operating profits based on longer-term investment returns from long-term business⁽⁶⁾ up 27 per cent from £434 million in 2010 to £552 million in 2011. The growth in Indonesia operating profit⁽⁶⁾ based on longer-term investment returns has been particularly strong, up 35 per cent from £157 million to £212 million, reflecting the organic growth of that business over recent years.

Hong Kong's operating profit⁽⁶⁾ based on longer-term investment returns increased 35 per cent to £69 million (2010: £51 million), reflecting the continued growth of the portfolio. Singapore increased by 29 per cent to £167 million⁽⁶⁾ (2010: £129 million) and Malaysia increased by 7 per cent from £97 million to £104 million⁽⁶⁾. Other territories contributed operating profits based on longer-term investment returns of £114 million before non-recurring items (2010: £79 million) an increase of 43 per cent and have all made positive contributions to this metric for the first time.

The US long-term business operating profit based on longer-term investment returns decreased by 17 per cent from £833 million in 2010 to £694 million in 2011 and was after charging £232 million (2010: £11 million) of accelerated DAC amortisation as anticipated. This charge, which is described further under "Explanation of Movements in Profits before Shareholder Tax by Nature of Revenue and Charges_Acquisition costs and other expenditure_United States" below, arises as a result of market movements and their interaction with the mean reversion methodology. It has the effect of masking an underlying improvement in the earnings of the US business, reflecting higher fees from variable annuity business following the growth of separate account balances in recent years. The benefit of higher fees is partially offset by administration expenses which have also increased broadly in line with the scale of business.

In Prudential's UK business, total IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was slightly higher than the prior year at £723 million (2010: £719 million), with long-term business generating £683 million (2010: £673 million). The year on year comparisons are distorted by the effect of bulk annuity transactions which are infrequent and vary in size between financial periods. Prudential's approach to these is very selective and Prudential will only write this business when it meets its strict profitability criteria. Two such transactions were completed in 2011 contributing £23 million to IFRS profits, compared to one transaction in 2010 with an IFRS profit contribution of £63 million.

Life business in the UK (excluding the impact of the bulk annuity transactions), contributed operating profits based on longer-term investment returns of £660 million in 2011, 8 per cent higher than the £610 million generated in 2010. The contribution from with-profits business was lower at £293 million (2010: £310 million). Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns from non-profit annuity and other life business was £67 million higher at £367 million, reflecting higher annuity profits. Profit from UK general insurance commission were lower at £40 million (2010: £46 million) following the expected decline of the in-force policy numbers as the business matures.

In Asia, operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for long-term business increased by 30 per cent from £410 million in 2009 to £532 million in 2010, with the £410 million in 2009 being inclusive of a £63 million one-off credit relating to changes to the Malaysia reserving basis. Profits from in-force business grew by 20 per cent from £494 million in 2009 to £593 million in 2010 reflecting the continued build-up of the business in the region and the positive impact of currency fluctuations. New business strain reduced from £72 million⁽⁷⁾ in 2009 to £56 million⁽¹⁾ in 2010, reflecting a significant improvement taking into account the increased level of sales and demonstrated management's continued focus on capital efficient growth.

There was a continued strong performance across the Asian region. Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia accounted for 81 per cent or £434 million of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns (2009: £390 million, including the impact of the one-off credit recorded in Malaysia). Strong underlying improvements were reported in Indonesia with operating profits higher by 54 per cent to £157 million reflecting both the success of Prudential's product offering and the growing maturity of this business. Malaysia operating profit based on longer-term investment returns,

excluding the one-off credit in 2009, were also higher by 49 per cent to £97 million reflecting the growing size of our book of business and the strong earnings profile of our health and protection business. The contribution to IFRS profits from the other Asian businesses is also improving. The closure of Japan to new business has substantially reduced the IFRS losses of this business and Taiwan saw an improvement in the year as it refocused on bancassurance business. Korea benefited from improved in-force profits in the period and Vietnam was up 43 per cent to £43 million. Changes to reserving bases in India and China contributed a £19 million one-off profit, with both countries showing improvement in their underlying results excluding this change.

The US long-term business operating profit based on longer-term investment return increased by 35 per cent from £618 million in 2009 to £833 million in 2010, reflecting strong growth in spread and fee income, up £195 million and £182 million respectively, as Jackson's policyholder liability balances grew. Jackson undertook various transactions in 2010 to more closely match the overall asset and liability duration. This contributed £108 million to operating profit based on longer-term investment return in the period. These positive contributions to profits have been partially offset by increased costs and DAC amortisation primarily reflecting Jackson's growth.

Jackson's operating profit based on longer-term investment return net of related DAC amortisation excluded the net equity hedge accounting effect of negative £367 million (2009: negative effect of £159 million) reflecting the treatment following a change in the presentation of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns in 2010 as previously described.

In the UK business, total IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns grew by nine per cent to £719 million in 2010 reflecting higher retail profits and the bulk annuity transaction agreed in the last quarter of 2010. Profit from UK general insurance commission decreased by £5 million to £46 million in 2010 in line with the decline in the in-force policy numbers as the business matures.

Total operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for 2011 from M&G (including Prudential Capital) was £357 million, an increase of 26 per cent from £284 million in 2010. This performance is driven by improved revenues reflecting the strong net inflows received in recent periods, with funds under management of £201 billion at 31 December 2011, compared with £198 billion at 31 December 2010, together with a continued focus on cost discipline which saw a 3 percentage point reduction in the cost/income ratio.

Eastspring Investments reported operating profits based on longer-term investment returns of £80 million, an increase of 11 per cent from the £72 million recognised in 2010. This improvement is driven both by increased operating revenues from higher average funds under management during 2011 and continued cost discipline resulting in a 2 percentage point improvement in the cost/income ratio.

M&G's operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for 2010 was £284 million, an increase of 19 per cent from £238 million in 2009, primarily reflecting the continuation of exceptionally strong net inflows, including increased sales of higher margin equity products, and higher equity market levels. In 2010, M&G had net inflows of £9.1 billion, the second highest annual level of flows after 2009.

The Asian asset management operations reported operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for 2010 of £72 million, up by 31 per cent from £55 million in 2009, driven by increased operating revenues as a result of higher funds under management (FUM). Strong net inflows for retail and institutional business of £1.8 billion together with positive market and currency movements have contributed to a 22 per cent increase in FUM (including internal funds) to £52 billion at the end of 2010.

Operating loss based on longer term investment results for 2011 of £512 million comprised of a charge for other income and expenditure of £483 million, Solvency II implementation costs of £55 million, restructuring costs of £16 million and £42 million one-off credit explained below.

Operating loss based on longer term investment results for 2010 of £521 million comprised a charge for other income and expenditure of £450 million, Solvency II implementation costs of £45 million and restructuring costs of £26 million. Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for 2009 of £418 million comprised a charge for other income and expenditure of £395 million and restructuring costs of £23 million.

Following the UK Government's decision to change the basis of indexation from RPI to CPI, the Group altered its assumptions for future statutory increases to pension payments for its UK defined benefit pension schemes. This resulted in a one-off credit to operating profit of £42 million in 2011 and will not recur going forward.

A total of £55 million of Solvency II implementation costs were incurred in 2011 (2010: £45 million) as Prudential moves closer to the implementation of the new regime.

The £33 million increase in the charge for other income and expenditure from £450 million in 2010 to £483 million in 2011 primarily reflects an increase in interest payable on core structural borrowings, following additional debt raised in January 2011 to repay debt in December 2011.

The £55 million increase in the charge for other income and expenditure from £395 million in 2009 to £450 million in 2010 primarily reflects an increase in interest payable on core structural borrowings.

Analysis of long-term insurance business pre-tax IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns by driver

This information classifies the Group's pre-tax operating earnings from long-term insurance operations into the underlying drivers of those profits, using the following categories:

	2011

	Asia			US			UK			Unallocated			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Spread income		88			730			247			—			1,065
Fee income		131			680			59			—			870
With-profits		38			—			293			—			331
Insurance margin		477			232			27			—			736
Margin on revenues		1,199			—			226			—			1,425
Expenses
Acquisition costs		(766	)		(890	)		(127	)		—			(1,783	)
Administration expenses		(503	)		(412	)		(128	)		—			(1,043	)
DAC adjustments		14			271			(5	)		—			280
Expected return on shareholder assets		26			83			91			—			200

Long-term business operating profit		704			694			683			—			2,081
Asset management operating profit		80			24			357			—			461
GI commission		—			—			40			—			40
RPI to CPI inflation measure change on defined benefit pension schemes		—			—			—			42			42
Other income and expenditure*		—			—			—			(554	)		(554	)

Total operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		784			718			1,080			(512	)		2,070

	2010**

	Asia			US			UK			Unallocated			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Spread income		70			692			251			—			1,013
Fee income		122			506			60			—			688
With-profits		32			—			310			—			342
Insurance margin		392			188			12			—			592
Margin on revenues		1,018			—			194			—			1,212
Expenses
Acquisition costs		(656	)		(851	)		(138	)		—			(1,645	)
Administration expenses		(467	)		(344	)		(113	)		—			(924	)
DAC adjustments		2			517			(1	)		—			518
Expected return on shareholder assets		19			125			98			—			242

Long-term business operating profit		532			833			673			—			2,038
Asset management operating profit		72			22			284			—			378
GI commission		—			—			46			—			46
Other income and expenditure*		—			—			—			(521	)		(521	)

Total operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		604			855			1,003			(521	)		1,941

	2009**

	Asia			US			UK			Unallocated			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Spread income		31			524			198			—			753
Fee income		80			324			54			—			458
With-profits		29			—			281			—			310
Insurance margin		253			154			41			—			448
Margin on revenues		766			—			252			—			1,018
Expenses
Acquisition costs		(605	)		(690	)		(169	)		—			(1,464	)
Administration expenses		(382	)		(259	)		(173	)		—			(814	)
DAC adjustments		150			467			(3	)		—			614
Expected return on shareholder assets		25			98			125			—			248
Non-recurrent release of reserves for Malaysia life operations		63			—			—			—			63

Long-term business operating profit		410			618			606			—			1,634
Asset management operating profit		55			4			238			—			297
GI commission		—			—			51			—			51
Other income and expenditure*		—			—			—			(418	)		(418	)

Total operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		465			622			895			(418	)		1,564

The following analysis expresses certain of the Group's sources of operating profit as a margin of policyholder liabilities or other suitable driver. Details of the Group's average policyholder liability balances are given in D2(c), D3(c) and D4(c) in the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

	Total

	2011								2010***								2009***
Long-term business	Profit			Average Liability*		Margin			Profit			Average Liability*		Margin			Profit			Average Liability*		Margin

	£m			£m		bps			£m			£m		bps			£m			£m		bps
Spread income		1,065			57,417		185			1,013			53,894		188			753			49,655		152
Fee income		870			68,298		127			688			56,822		121			458			41,754		110
With-profits		331			93,056		36			342			89,693		38			310			84,063		37
Insurance margin		736								592								448
Margin on revenues		1,425								1,212								1,018
Expenses
Acquisition costs**		(1,783	)		3,681		(48	)%		(1,645	)		3,492		(47	)%		(1,464	)		2,896		(51	)%
Administration expenses		(1,043	)		125,715		(83	)		(924	)		110,716		(83	)		(814	)		91,409		189
DAC adjustments		280								518								614
Expected return on shareholder assets		200								242								248
Non-recurrent release of reserve for Malaysia Life		—								—								63

Operating profit based on longer-term returns		2,081								2,038								1,634

	Asia

	2011								2010								2009
Long-term business	Profit			Average Liability		Margin			Profit			Average Liability		Margin			Profit			Average Liability		Margin

	£m			£m		bps			£m			£m		bps			£m			£m		bps
Spread income		88			5,623		157			70			4,393		159			31			3,152		98
Fee income		131			12,370		106			122			11,222		109			80			8,107		99
With-profits		38			11,775		32			32			10,135		32			29			8,371		35
Insurance margin		477								392								253
Margin on revenues		1,199								1,018								766
Expenses
Acquisition costs*		(766	)		1,660		(46	)%		(656	)		1,508		(44	)%		(605	)		1,261		(48	)%
Administration expenses		(503	)		17,993		(280	)		(467	)		15,615		(299	)		(382	)		11,259		(339	)
DAC adjustments		14								2								150
Expected return on shareholder assets		26								19								25
Non-recurrent release of reserve for Malaysia Life		—								—								63

Operating profit based on longer-term returns		704								532								410

	US

	2011								2010								2009
Long-term business	Profit			Average Liability*		Margin			Profit			Average Liability*		Margin			Profit			Average Liability*		Margin

	£m			£m		bps			£m			£m		bps			£m			£m		bps
Spread income		730			28,274		258			692			28,532		243			524			29,248		179
Fee income		680			34,452		197			506			25,247		200			324			17,589		184
With-profits		—								—								—
Insurance margin		232								188								154
Margin on revenues		—								—								—
Expenses
Acquisition costs**		(890	)		1,275		(70	)%		(851	)		1,164		(73	)%		(690	)		912		(76	)%
Administration expenses		(412	)		62,726		(66	)		(344	)		53,779		(64	)		(259	)		46,837		(55	)
DAC adjustments		271								517								467
Expected return on shareholder assets		83								125								98

Operating profit		694								833								618

	UK

	2011								2010**								2009
Long-term business	Profit			Average Liability		Margin			Profit			Average Liability		Margin			Profit			Average Liability		Margin

	£m			£m		bps			£m			£m		bps			£m			£m		bps
Spread income		247			23,520		105			251			20,969		120			198			18,600		106
Fee income		59			21,476		27			60			20,353		29			54			17,677		31
With-profits		293			81,281		36			310			79,558		39			281			75,692		37
Insurance margin		27								12								41
Margin on revenues		226								194								275
Expenses
Acquisition costs*		(127	)		746		(17	)%		(138	)		820		(17	)%		(192	)		723		(27	)%
Administration expenses		(128	)		44,996		(28	)		(113	)		41,322		(27	)		(173	)		36,277		(48	)
DAC adjustments		(5	)							(1	)							(3	)
Expected return on shareholder assets		91								98								125

Operating profit		683								673								606

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for Asian operations are analysed as follows:

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
China		11			5			4
Hong Kong		69			51			48
India		43			24			12
Indonesia		212			157			102
Japan		2			(6	)		(18	)
Korea		17			12			6
Malaysia
—underlying results		104			97			65
—exceptional credit^{note (iv)}		—			—			63
Philippines		5			2			2
Singapore		167			129			112
Taiwan bancassurance business^{note (v)}		1			(4	)		(7	)
Thailand		4			2			(1	)
Vietnam		35			43			30
Other		1			5			(2	)
Non-recurrent items^{note (iii)}		38			19			—

Total insurance operations^{note (i)}		709			536			416

Development expenses		(5	)		(4	)		(6	)

Total long-term business operating profit		704			532			410
Eastspring Investments		80			72			55

Total Asian operations		784			604			465

(iii): Non-recurrent items of £38 million (2010: £19 million) represents a small number of items that are not anticipated to reoccur in subsequent periods.
(iv): For the Malaysia life business, under the basis applied prior to 2009, IFRS basis liabilities were determined on the local regulatory basis using prescribed interest rates such that a high degree of prudence resulted. As of 1 January 2009, the local regulatory basis was replaced by the Malaysian authority's risk-based capital (RBC) framework. In the light of this development; the Company re-measured the liabilities by reference to the method applied under the new RBC framework, which is more realistic than the previous approach, but with an overlay constraint to the method such that negative reserves derived at an individual policyholder level are not included. This change resulted in a one-off release from liabilities at 1 January 2009 of £63 million.
(v): In order to facilitate comparisons of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns that reflect the Group's retained operations, the results attributable to the Taiwan agency business for which the sale process was completed in June 2009 were excluded from analysis of operating profit.

The strain reflects the aggregate of the pre-tax regulatory basis strain to net worth after IFRS adjustments for deferral of acquisition costs and deferred income where appropriate.

Analysis of asset management operating profit based on longer-term investment returns

	2011

	M&G(i)			Eastspring Investments(i)			PruCap			US			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Operating income before performance-related fees		706			196			122			249			1,273
Performance-related fees		21			6			—			—			27

Operating income*		727			202			122			249			1,300
Operating expense		(426	)		(122	)		(66	)		(225	)		(839	)

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		301			80			56			24			461

Average funds under management (FUM)**		199.8 bn			51.1 bn
Margin based on operating income**		36 bps			40 bps
Cost/income ratio***		60	%		62	%

In calculating the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, longer-term investment return assumptions are used rather than actual investment returns arising in the year. The difference between actual investment returns recorded in the income statement and longer-term returns is shown in the analysis of profits as short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for the Group's insurance operations comprise negative £92 million for Asia, negative £95 million for US operations and positive £159 million in the UK.

The negative short-term fluctuations of £92 million for Prudential's Asian operations in part reflects equity market falls in Taiwan and a partial reversal of unrealised gains recognised in prior years on the Group's investment in China Life Insurance Company of Taiwan.

Negative fluctuations of £95 million arising in Prudential's US operation comprise negative £183 million from short-term fluctuations offset by positive £88 million relating to Jackson's debt securities portfolio. These gains arise as a result of a high level of realised investment gains in 2011, following management's credit risk reduction programme.

The positive short-term fluctuations of £159 million for Prudential's UK operations principally reflect net valuation gains arising in the period on fixed income assets backing the capital of the shareholder-backed annuity business.

Short-term fluctuations for other operations were negative £120 million representing unrealised losses on investments, principally on centrally held swaps to manage foreign exchange and certain macro-economic exposures of the Group.

In 2010, short-term fluctuations in investment returns of negative £123 million comprised positive £114 million for Asia, negative £378 million for US operations, positive £116 million in the UK and positive £25 million for other operations.

The positive short-term fluctuations of £114 million in 2010 for Prudential's Asian operations primarily reflected unrealised gains on the shareholder debt portfolio, as well as a £30 million unrealised gain on the Group's 8.66 per cent stake in China Life Insurance Company of Taiwan.

The negative short-term fluctuations of £378 million in 2010 for Prudential's US operations principally arose on derivative and embedded derivative value movements. They included the negative net equity hedge accounting effect (net of related DAC amortisation)⁽¹⁴⁾ of £367 million. The strong rise in the S&P Index in the last quarter of 2010 resulted in fair value reductions in the free-standing derivatives backing the guarantees embedded in Jackson's variable and fixed index annuity products. As a substantial proportion of these guarantees are not fair valued for accounting purposes, there is insufficient accounting offset to these value movements. Other US short-term fluctuations were negative £11 million.

The positive short-term fluctuations of £116 million in 2010 for Prudential's UK operations reflect principally value movements on fixed income assets backing the capital of the shareholder-backed annuity business, brought about by the falls in yields during 2010.

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for other operations in 2010 were positive £25 million and mainly represent unrealised appreciation on Prudential Capital's debt securities portfolio offset by unrealised value movements on centrally held derivatives.

In 2009, short-term fluctuations of negative £123 million comprised a positive £7 million relating to insurance operations offset by a negative £130 million in respect of other operations and represented a significant increase over the negative short-term fluctuations of £1,650 million recognised in 2008.

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for insurance operations of positive £1 million in 2009 comprised £31 million for Asia, negative £132 million for US operations and £108 million in the UK.

The positive short-term fluctuations of £31 million for Asian insurance operations in 2009 primarily reflected strong market performance in Taiwan and Japan partially offset by the impact of unrealised losses on the debt securities portfolio in Vietnam.

The short-term fluctuations of negative £132 million for US insurance operations in 2009 comprised negative £414 million in respect of debt securities, negative £159 million for the equity hedge accounting effect⁽¹⁵⁾ positive £385 million for market value movements on the free-standing derivatives used to manage the fixed annuity and other general account business and positive £56 million of other items. The negative £414 million for debt securities reflected the levels of realised gains and losses (including write-downs) in excess of the allowance for longer-term defaults and amortisation of interest-related gains included in the operating result adjusted for associated deferred acquisition costs.

The positive short-term fluctuations of £108 million for UK insurance operations in 2009 reflected principally value movements on the assets backing the capital of the shareholder-backed annuity business.

For other operations, the principal component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns in 2009 of negative £130 million was a one-off £235 million cost arising from the hedge temporarily put in place during the first quarter, to protect Prudential IGD capital surplus in the light of exceptional market conditions. During the severe equity market conditions experienced in the first quarter of 2009, coupled with historically high equity volatility, Prudential entered into exceptional short-dated hedging contracts to protect against potential tail-events on the IGD capital position, in addition to its regular operational hedging programs. The residual short-term fluctuations in investment returns for other operations of positive £105 million included £66 million for unrealised appreciation on Prudential Capital's debt securities portfolio and £28 million on swaps held centrally to manage Prudential's assets and liabilities.

Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes

The shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes of positive £21 million mainly reflects favourable experience in the year in respect of the Scottish Amicable scheme combined with the impact of assumption changes, primarily from lower inflation and lower expected salary increases, applied to the liabilities of both the Scottish Amicable and M&G schemes.

During 2010 Prudential incurred pre-tax costs in relation to the AIA transaction of £377 million. This comprises the termination break fee of £153 million, the costs associated with foreign exchange hedging of £100 million, underwriting fees of £58 million and adviser and other fees totaling £66 million. After expected tax relief, the post-tax cost is £284 million.

On 1 August 2010, Discovery Holdings of South Africa, the Group's joint venture partner in its investment in PruHealth, completed the acquisition of the entire share capital of Standard Life

Healthcare, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Standard Life Group, for £138 million. Discovery funded the purchase of the Standard Life Healthcare transaction, and contributed Standard Life Healthcare to PruHealth as a capital investment on completion. As a result of the transaction, Discovery have increased their shareholding in PruHealth from the previous level of 50 per cent to 75 per cent, and Prudential's shareholding reduced from 50 per cent of the previous joint venture structure to 25 per cent of the new structure of the much enlarged business.

As a result of this dilution in holding and the consequential loss of control, PruHealth has been reclassified from a joint venture to an associate and the entity is no longer proportionally consolidated from the date of the transaction. In accordance with IAS 31 'Interests in joint ventures' a gain of £30 million arose in 2010 upon the dilution, representing the difference between the fair value of the enlarged 25 per cent investment still held and the IFRS book value of the original 50 per cent investment holding.

On 20 February 2009 Prudential announced its agreement to transfer the assets and liabilities of the agency distribution business in Taiwan, including the capital consuming in-force book, to China Life Insurance Limited (Taiwan). The transaction completed on 19 June 2009 following regulatory approval being given on that day. The transfer resulted in a one-off negative pre-tax impact of £621 million in 2009. After allowing for tax, and other adjustments, the effect on shareholders' equity was negative £607 million. The overall size of loss reflected the carrying value of the IFRS equity of the business as applied in the calculation of the loss on sale and the application of 'grandfathered' US GAAP under IFRS 4 for insurance assets and liabilities. US GAAP does not and is not designed to include the costs of holding economic capital to support the legacy interest rate guaranteed products. The loss on sale reflected this element of the economic value. Separately, it is to be noted that under IFRS there was no recognition of the enhanced IGD capital surplus position arising on completion.

The effective rate of tax on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns was 22 per cent (2010: 11 per cent; 2009: 24 per cent). For 2010, adjusting the reported tax rate to exclude the exceptional tax credit of £158 million which primarily relates to the impact of a settlement agreed with the UK tax authorities, the underlying tax rate operating profit was 19 per cent. The 2010 effective tax rate is lower than 2009 primarily due to 2010 benefiting from revisions to prior period tax returns in the UK and an increase in the proportion of income in Asia which attracts lower tax.

The effective rate of tax at the total IFRS profit level was 23 per cent (2010: 2 per cent). Adjusting the rate in 2010 to exclude the exceptional tax credit of £158 million gives an underlying tax rate at the total IFRS profit level of 13 per cent. In both 2011 and 2010, Prudential has benefited from a reduction in the main UK corporate tax rate from 28 per cent to 26.5 per cent. In 2010, and to a lesser extent in 2011, Prudential also benefited from utilising carried forward tax losses for which no deferred tax asset was previously established.

Explanation of Movements in Profits Before Shareholder Tax by Nature of Revenue and Charges

The following table shows Prudential's consolidated total revenue and consolidated total charges for the periods presented:

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Gross premiums earned^(a)		25,706			24,568			20,299
Outward reinsurance premiums		(429	)		(357	)		(323	)

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance		25,277			24,211			19,976
Investment return^(b)		9,360			21,769			26,889
Other income		1,869			1,666			1,234

Total revenue, net of reinsurance		36,506			47,646			48,099

Benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance^(c)		(29,289	)		(40,518	)		(41,195	)
Acquisition costs and other expenditure^(d)		(5,005	)		(4,799	)		(4,572	)
Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		(286	)		(257	)		(209	)
Loss on sale of Taiwan agency business		—			—			(559	)

Total charges, net of reinsurance		(34,580	)		(45,574	)		(46,535	)

Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)*		1,926			2,072			1,564
Tax credit (charge) attributable to policyholders' returns		17			(611	)		(818	)

Profit before tax attributable to shareholders		1,943			1,461			746

Tax charge		(432	)		(636	)		(873	)
Less: tax attributable to policyholders' returns		(17	)		611			818

Tax charge attributable to shareholders' returns**		(449	)		(25	)		(55	)

Profit from continuing operations after tax		1,494			1,436			691
Discontinued operations (net of tax)***		—			—			(14	)

Profit for the year		1,494			1,436			677

Gross earned premiums for insurance operations totalled £25,706 million in 2011, up 5 per cent from £24,568 million in 2010. The increase of £1,138 million was driven by growth of £998 million in the Asian operations and £833 million in the US operations which were partially offset by a decrease of £693 million in the UK operations.

Gross earned premiums for insurance operations totaled £24,568 million in 2010, up 21 per cent from £20,299 million in 2009. The increase of £4,269 million was driven by growth of £2,620 million in the US operations; £1,035 million in the Asian operations and £614 million in the UK operations.

Gross earned premiums increased by 16 per cent from £6,380 million in 2010 to £7,378 million in 2011 and by 19 per cent from £5,345 million in 2009 to £6,380 million in 2010 . The premiums reflect the aggregate of single and recurrent premiums of new business sold in the year and premiums on annual business sold in previous years. The growth in earned premiums reflects increases for both factors.

Overall, Asia's life insurance industry saw a sharp recovery in new business volumes during 2010 as the markets moved beyond the 2008/2009 financial crisis. New business sales of the Group for the fourth quarter of 2010 was a new record representing an increase over the same period in 2009, which was already a record quarter. New business sales of the Group for 2011 was a record breaking high despite the more challenging external market conditions seen during the year.

Central to Prudential's success in Asia is distribution. Agency continues to be its largest distribution channel, consistent with our customers' preference for face-to-face contact when buying life, health and protection products. In addition, and in parallel, Prudential has a number of highly successful bancassurance partnerships across the region. Prudential's distribution through bank branches complements well its agency distribution and gives it a broader and more diversified footprint. These partnership agreements include regional relationships with international banks such as Standard Chartered, which this year was extended to an 11th country, the Philippines, and local banks such as E.Sun in Taiwan. 2011 has been the first full year in Prudential's relationship with UOB. Prudential has already extended its relationship beyond the three original markets of Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia to include Malaysia and China.

Prudential's product mix continues to reflect its ongoing focus on regular premium savings with protection.

Gross earned premiums increased by 7 per cent from £11,817 million in 2010 to £12,650 million in 2011, driven principally by the increase in sales of new single variable annuity business and an addition of modest institutional sales partially offset by decreases in fixed annuity and fixed index annuity sales. For the variable annuity sales, Jackson continued to benefit from its customers' and distributors' flight to quality.

Jackson's strategy continues to focus on balancing value, volume and capital consumption for its various annuity products. Jackson's product diversity allows the company to quickly adapt to changing market conditions and sustain appropriate sales levels in all phases of the business cycle. During the second half of 2011, sales slowed relative to the first half run rate due to proactive changes Jackson made to its product offerings and shifts in the competitive environment. During the third quarter, Jackson implemented various product initiatives to enhance product diversity and margins and further optimise the balance between growth, capital and profitability.

Gross earned premiums increased by 28 per cent from £9,197 million in 2009 to £11,817 million in 2010, driven principally by the increase in sales of new single variable annuity business. In 2010, Jackson continued to be innovative in its variable annuity product offerings, implementing various changes to increase sales, to comply with revised regulations or to enhance risk management flexibility and/or increase profitability.

While the equity markets rebounded in 2010, reaching two-year highs in December, and in light of continued volatility in US equity markets and historically low interest rates, customers continue to seek to mitigate equity risk while receiving an acceptable return through the purchase of variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits. Jackson is a beneficiary of this trend while being well placed to benefit from the huge wave of baby boomers starting to retire, as they increasingly use variable annuities to structure their retirement income. The significant increase in variable annuity sales in 2010 over 2009 was partially offset by decreases in the fixed annuity sales as customer demand for the products fell due to the continued low interest rate environment and the decrease in the fixed index annuity sales as Jackson focused its marketing efforts on the higher margin variable annuity products.

Gross earned premiums for UK operations decreased from £6,371 million in 2010 to £5,678 million in 2011 primarily reflecting lower bulk annuities in 2011 with total new business premiums of £336 million compared to a total of £945 million in 2010, reductions in the sales of individual annuities as Prudential UK continues proactively to manage the flow of external conventional new business to control capital consumption and reductions in premiums for annual business sold in prior years. These decreases are partially offset by increase in sales of with-profits bonds. During 2011, Prudential UK reintroduced PruFund Protected Growth Fund, with a range of guarantees added to both the Growth and Cautious funds. The PruFund range comprised 74 per cent of with-profits bond sales.

Gross earned premiums increased by 11 per cent from £5,757 million in 2009 to £6,371 million in 2010 primarily reflecting a bulk annuity buy-in insurance agreement with total new business premiums of £885 million signed in the fourth quarter of 2010, increase in the sales of with-profits bonds partially offset by reductions in premiums for annual business sold in prior years.

The above performance is a reflection of Prudential UK's strategy to allocate capital to opportunities that play to the core strengths of the business rather than pursuing top-line sales growth.

Investment return principally comprises interest income, dividends, investment appreciation/depreciation (realised and unrealised gains and losses) on investments designated as fair value through profit and loss and realised gains and losses, including impairment losses, on Jackson's debt securities designated as available-for-sale. Movements in unrealised appreciation/depreciation of Jackson's debt securities designated as available-for-sale are not reflected in investment return but are recorded in other comprehensive income.

Investment return is attributable to policyholders and shareholders. A key feature of the accounting policies under IFRS is that the investment return included in the income statement relates to all investment assets of the Group, irrespective of whether the return is attributable to shareholders, or to policyholders or the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, the latter two of which have no net

impact on shareholders' profit. The table below provides a breakdown of the investment return for each regional operation attributable to each type of business.

	Year Ended 31 December

	2011			2010			2009

	(£ million)
Asian operations
Policyholder returns
Assets backing unit-linked liabilities		(812	)		1,279			2,539
With-profits business		756			1,039			1,519

		(56	)		2,318			4,058

Shareholder returns		341			429			373

Total		285			2,747			4,431

US operations
Policyholder returns
Assets held to back (separate account) unit-linked liabilities		(869	)		3,520			3,760

Shareholder returns
Realised gains and losses (including impairment losses on available-for-sale bonds)		(238	)		21			(529	)
Value movements on derivative hedging programme for general account business		841			20			340
Interest/dividend income and value movements on other financial instruments for which fair value movements are booked in the income statement		1,714			1,016			1,567

		2,317			1,057			1,378

Total		1,448			4,577			5,138

UK operations
Policyholder returns
Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF)		321			1,075			1,438
Assets held to back unit-linked liabilities		208			2,119			2,947
With-profits fund (excluding SAIF)		4,094			8,815			10,461

		4,623			12,009			14,846

Shareholder returns
Prudential Retirement Income Limited (PRIL)		2,153			1,717			1,827
Other business		956			834			1,113

		3,109			2,551			2,940

Total		7,732			14,560			17,786

Unallocated corporate
Shareholder returns		(105	)		(115	)		(466	)

Group Total
Policyholder returns		3,698			17,847			22,664
Shareholder returns		5,662			3,922			4,225

Total		9,360			21,769			26,889

The returns as shown in the table above, are delineated between those returns allocated to policyholders and those allocated to shareholders. In making this distinction, returns allocated to policyholders are those from investments in which shareholders have no direct economic interest, namely:

The investment return related to the types of business above does not impact shareholders' profits directly. However, there is an indirect impact, for example, investment-related fees or the effect of investment return on the shareholders' share of the cost of bonuses of with-profits funds.

Investment returns for unit-linked and similar products have reciprocal impact on benefits and claims, with a decrease in market returns on the attached pool of assets affecting policyholder benefits on these products. Similarly for with-profits funds there is a close correlation between increases or decreases in investment returns and the level of combined charge for policyholder benefits and movement on unallocated surplus that arises from such returns.

For shareholder-backed non-participating business of the UK (comprising PRIL and other non-linked non-participating business) and of the Asian operations, the investment return is not directly attributable to policyholders and therefore does impact shareholders' profit directly. However, it should be noted that for UK shareholder-backed annuity business, principally PRIL, where the durations of asset and liability cash flows are closely matched, the discount rate applied to measure liabilities to policyholders (under 'grandfathered' UK GAAP and under IFRS 4) reflects movements in asset yields (after allowances for the future defaults) of the backing portfolios. Therefore, the net impact on the shareholders' profits of the investment return of the assets backing liabilities of the UK shareholder-backed annuity business is after taking into account the consequential effect on the movement in policyholder liabilities.

Changes in shareholder investment returns for US operations reflect primarily movements in the investment income, movements in the value of derivative instruments and realised gains and losses. The derivatives are held to manage general account assets and liabilities, and variable annuity guarantees under a dynamic hedging programme. Separately reflecting Jackson's types of business an allocation is made to policyholders through the application of crediting rates.

The majority of the investments held to back the US general account business are debt securities for which the available-for-sale designation is applied for IFRS basis reporting. Under this designation the return included in the income statement reflects the aggregate of investment income and realised gains and losses (including impairment losses). However, movements in unrealised appreciation or depreciation are recognised in other comprehensive income. The return on these assets is attributable to shareholders.

With two exceptions, all Prudential investments are carried at fair value in the statement of financial position with fair value movements, which are volatile from year to year, recorded in the income statement. The exceptions are for:

Subject to the effect of these two exceptions, the year-on-year changes in investment return primarily reflect the generality of overall market movements for equities, debt securities and, in the UK, for investment property. In addition, for Asian and US separate account business, foreign exchange rates affect the sterling value of the translated income. Consistent with the treatment applied for other items of income and expenditure, investment returns for overseas operations are translated at average exchange rates.

The table below provides an analysis of investment return attributable to Asian operations for the years presented:

In Prudential's Asian operations, debt securities accounted for 46 per cent, 46 per cent and 43 per cent of the total investment portfolio as at 31 December 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, with equities comprising 47 per cent; 47 per cent and 48 per cent respectively. The remaining seven per cent, seven per cent and nine per cent of the total investment portfolio, respectively, primarily comprised loans and deposits with credit institutions. In Asia, investment return decreased from £2,747 million in 2010 to £285 million in 2011. This decrease was due to a decrease of £105million in in interest and dividend income (including foreign exchange gains and losses) and a decrease of £2,357 million in investment appreciation. The decrease of £2,357 million in investment appreciation was driven primarily by adverse movements in the Asian equity markets in 2011.

Investment return decreased by £1,684 million from £4,431 million 2009 to £2,747 million in 2010. The decrease was primarily due to a lower investment appreciation in 2010 at £2,140 million compared to £3,806 million in 2009, reflecting a strong Asian financial market performance in 2010, which, though strong was to a lesser extent than the significant improvements in 2009.

The table below provides an analysis of investment return attributable to US operations for the periods presented:

In the US, investment return decreased from £4,577 million in 2010 to £1,448 million in 2011. This £3,129 million adverse change was due to a £259 million decrease in realised gains including gains on debt securities classified as available-for-sale, as well as a decrease in investment return of the investments backing the US variable separate account liabilities of £4,389 million offset by an increase of £1,519 million in other investment return. Realised losses were £238 million in 2011 compared with realised gains of £21 million in 2010. The primary driver for the decrease in US investment return was a decrease in the returns on investments backing the US variable annuity separate account liabilities as a result of adverse movements in the US equity markets in 2011 as compared to the favourable movements in 2010. The investment return of investment assets backing US separate account liabilities decreased from a gain of £3,520 million in 2010 to a loss of £869 million in 2011. The increase of £1,519 million in other investment return was mainly accounted for by the movements in the fair value of derivatives held to manage the general account business and of the equity-related derivatives.

In Prudential's US operations, investment return decreased by £561 million in 2010 from £5,138 million in 2009 to £4,577 million in 2010. The £561 million adverse change was due to a £550 million increase in realised gains (including gains on debt securities classified as available-for-sale) which was more than offset by a decrease in investment return of investments backing US separate account liabilities of £240 million and a decrease in other investment return of £871 million. Realised losses in 2009, which included mainly write downs of bonds and losses on the sale of bonds, was £529 million compared to a realised gain of £21 million in 2010 reflecting primarily the improvement in the bond markets in 2010 and active management of the investment portfolio by Jackson to reduce certain investment risks. The investment return of investments backing US separate account liabilities of a positive £3,520 million in 2010 reflected the overall favorable movements in the US equity markets in the year but to a lesser extent than the movements in 2009. The decrease of £871 million in other investment return was mainly accounted for by the movements in the fair value of derivatives held to manage the general account business and of the equity related derivatives.

The table below provides an analysis of investment return attributable to UK operations for the periods presented:

In Prudential's UK operations, equities accounted for 28 per cent, 28 per cent and 28 per cent of the total investment portfolio as at 31 December 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Debt securities comprised 52 per cent, 52 per cent and 51 per cent, respectively, with investment properties accounting for 8 per cent, 8 per cent and 8 per cent of the total investment portfolio in each respective year. The remaining 12 per cent, 12 per cent and 13 per cent of the total investment portfolio as at 31 December 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, related to loans, deposits with credit institutions, investment in partnerships in investment pools and derivative assets. Within debt securities of £76 billion (2010: £76 billion) as at 31 December 2011, 74 per cent (2010: 82 per cent) was comprised of corporate debt securities. In the UK, the investment return declined by £6,828 million, from £14,560 million in 2010 to £7,732 million in 2011. This decline was primarily driven by a decrease of £6,929 million in investment appreciation, partly offset by favourable movements in foreign exchange gains and losses of £115 million, from a negative of £48 million in 2010 to a positive £67 million in 2011. The foreign exchange movement in 2011 related mainly to gains in foreign currency forwards of the UK with-profits fund. Interest and dividend income of £6,135 million in 2011 was in line with the £6,149 million in 2010.

In the UK, investment return decreased by £3,226 million in 2010, from £17,786 million in 2009 to £14,560 million in 2010. This change comprised a decrease in interest and dividend income of £479 million, a decrease in foreign exchange gains of £969 million from a gain of £921 million in 2009 to a loss of £48 million in 2010 and a decrease in investment appreciation of £1,778 million. The reduction in interest and dividend income of £479 million in 2010 primarily reflected the continued combined effects of lower interest rates and portfolio changes. The foreign exchange losses of £48 million in 2010 related mainly to losses from foreign currency forwards of the UK with-profits fund as sterling depreciated slightly below those levels in 2009. The investment appreciation of £8,459 million in 2010 primarily reflected the overall improvements in the UK financial markets during the year but to a lesser extent than the significant recovery seen in 2009. The investment appreciation mainly reflected movement on equities and debt securities.

Investment return for unallocated corporate and intragroup elimination in 2011 of negative £105 million was in line with the negative £115 million in 2010.

Investment return for unallocated corporate and intragroup elimination increased by £351 million to a negative £115 million in 2010 compared to a negative £466 million in 2009. The changes from 2009 to 2010 were mainly due to a one-off £235 million IGD hedge cost incurred in 2009.

(c) Benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance

Benefits and claims represent payments, including final bonuses, to policyholders in respect of maturities, surrenders and deaths plus the change in technical provisions (which primarily represents the movement in amounts owed to policyholders). Benefits and claims are amounts attributable to policyholders. The movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds represents the transfer to (from) the unallocated surplus each year through a charge (credit) to the income statement of the annual excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure of the with-profits funds, after declaration and attribution of the cost of bonuses to policyholders and shareholders.

The underlying reasons for the year-on-year changes in benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus in each of Prudential's regional operations are changes in the incidence of claims incurred, increases or decreases in policyholders' liabilities, and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds.

Total benefit and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds decreased by £11,229 million in 2011 to a charge of £29,289 million compared to a charge of £40,518 million in 2010 and a charge of £41,195 in 2009. The amounts of this year on year charge attributable to each of the underlying reasons as stated above are shown below.

Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds net of reinsurance can be further analysed as follows.

The benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus, net of reinsurance charge of £29,289 million in 2011 (2010: £40,518 million; 2009: £41,195 million) shown in the table above includes the effect of accounting for investment contracts without discretionary participation features (as defined by IFRS 4) in accordance with IAS 39 to reflect the deposit nature of the arrangement.

Additionally the movement in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds represents the amount recognised in the income statement and therefore excludes the effect of foreign exchange translation differences on the policyholder liabilities of foreign subsidiaries and the movement in liabilities arising on acquisition and disposals of subsidiaries in the year.

The principal driver for variations in amounts allocated to policyholders is changes to investment return reflected in the statement of financial position measurement of liabilities for Prudential's with-profits, SAIF and unit-linked policies (including US separate account business). In addition, for those

liabilities under IFRS, in particular, liabilities relating to the UK annuity business (principally PRIL), where the measurement reflects the yields on assets backing the liabilities, the year to year changes in investment yields also contribute significantly to variations in the measurement of policyholder liabilities. The principal driver for variations in the change in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds is the value movements on the investment assets of the with-profits funds to the extent not reflected in policyholder liabilities.

The principal variations are for the increases or decreases in policyholder liabilities and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds for each regional operation are discussed below.

In 2011, benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds totalled £5,365 million, representing a decrease of £1,369 million compared to the charge of £6,734 million in 2010. In 2010, benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds totalled £6,734 million, representing an increase of £978 million compared to the charge of £7,710 million in 2010.

The amounts of the year-on-year change attributable to each of the underlying reasons are shown below:

The growth in the policyholder liabilities in Asia over the three-year period partially reflected the increase due to the strong growth in new business in the region. The variations in the increases or decreases in policyholder liabilities in individual years were, however, primarily due to movement in investment returns. This was as a result of asset value movements that are reflected in the unit value of the unit-linked policies, which represent a significant proportion of the Asian operations' business. In addition, the policyholder liabilities of the Asian operations' with-profits policies also fluctuated with the investment performance of the funds.

Accordingly, due to the fall in market returns in 2011, there was a related decrease in the charge for benefits and claims. Conversely, due to positive market returns in 2010, there was a related increase in the charge for benefits and claims in the year, though to a lesser extent than the increase in 2009 where a more significant improvement in the market returns occurred.

Except for institutional products and certain term annuities which are classified as investment products under IAS 39 for the purposes of IFRS reporting, deposits into the US operations' products are recorded as premiums, withdrawals and surrenders and are included in benefits and claims, and the resulting net movement is recorded under other reserve movements within benefits and claims. Benefits and claims also include interest credited to policyholders in respect of deposit products less fees charged on these policies.

In 2011, the accounting charge for benefits and claims decreased by £2,772 million to £12,651 million compared to £15,423 million in 2010. In 2010, the accounting charge for benefits and claims increased by £2,138 million to £15,423 million compared to £13,285 million in 2009.

The amounts of the year-on-year change attributable to each of the underlying reasons are shown below:

The movements year-on-year in the claims incurred for the US operations as shown in the table above also included the effects of translating the US dollar results into pounds sterling at the average exchange rates for the relevant years.

The charges in each year comprise amounts in respect of variable annuity and other business. For variable annuity business, there are two principal factors that contribute to the variations in the charge, and for which the fluctuations in the years presented broadly offset each other. First, the investment return on the assets backing the variable annuity separate account liabilities changed to a £869 million charge in 2011 from a £3,520 million credit in 2010 and a £3,760 million credit in 2009 as shown in the section 'Investment return (b) United States' above. The second principal effect is the growth of the variable annuity business in force. This can be illustrated by the net cash flows of the US insurance operations' variable annuity separate account liabilities in note D3 (c) 'Reconciliation of movement in policyholder liabilities' to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18 of this annual report. The net flows of the variable annuity separate account liabilities shown in that note for 2011 were £6,978 million as compared with £5,758 million for 2010. In addition, the net flows of the variable annuity separate account liabilities for 2009 were £3,586 million.

Overall, benefits and claims and the movement in unallocated surplus recorded in the income statement was a £11,273 million charge in 2011 compared to a £18,361 million charge in 2010 and a £20,200 million credit in 2009. The year-on-year changes attributable to each of the underlying reasons are shown below, together with a further analysis of the amounts included in respect of the movements in policyholder liabilities by type of business:

	Year Ended 31 December

	2011			2010			2009

	(£ million)
Claims incurred		(10,103	)		(9,941	)		(9,875	)
Decrease/(increase) in policyholder liabilities

SAIF		1,198			212			37
PRIL		(1,788	)		(2,142	)		(1,746	)
Unit-linked and other non-participating business		(451	)		(2,258	)		(3,031	)
With-profits (excluding SAIF)		(614	)		(4,301	)		(3,692	)

		(1,655	)		(8,490	)		(8,432	)
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		485			70			(1,893	)

Benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus		(11,273	)		(18,361	)		(20,200	)

Claims incurred in the UK operations in 2011 were £10,103 million, compared to £9,941 million in 2010 and £9,875 million in 2009.

As has been explained above, the principal driver for variations in amounts allocated to the policyholders is changes to investment returns.

In aggregate, as a result of the less positive market returns in 2011 compared to 2010 and 2009 there has been a corresponding impact on benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds in the year, moving from a net charge of £20,200 million and £18,361 million in 2009 and 2010, respectively to a net charge of £11,273 million in 2011.

SAIF is a ring-fenced fund with no new business written. The decrease in policyholder liabilities in SAIF reflects the underlying decreasing policyholder liabilities as the liabilities run off. The variations from year to year are, however, affected by the market valuation movement of the investments held by SAIF, which are wholly attributable to policyholders.

For PRIL, the increases and decreases in policyholder liabilities reflect the effect of altered investment yield reflected in the discount rate applied in the measurement of the liabilities, together with other factors such as changes in premium income for new business and altered assumptions.

For unit-linked business, the variations in the increases and decreases in the policyholder liabilities relating to the unit-linked business were primarily due to the movement in the market value of the unit-linked assets as reflected in the unit value of the unit-linked policies.

The part of Prudential where variations in amounts attributed to policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus are most significant is the UK with-profits business (excluding SAIF). As explained in note D2 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18, the liabilities for UK with-profits policyholders are determined on an asset-share basis that incorporates the accumulation of investment returns and all other items of income and outgo that are relevant to each policy type. Accordingly, the movement in policyholder liabilities in the income statement will fluctuate with the investment return of the fund. Separately, the excess of assets over liabilities of the fund represents the unallocated surplus. This surplus will also fluctuate on a similar basis to the market value movement on the investment assets of the fund with the movement reflected in the income statement. In addition, other items of income and expenditure affect the level of movement in policyholder liabilities (to the extent reflected in assets shares) and unallocated surplus.

The correlation between total net income (loss) before benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus, on the one hand, and the (charge) credit for benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus, on the other, for the UK component of the PAC with-profits fund (excluding SAIF) is illustrated numerically by the table below for each of the years presented. In summary, the correlation principally arises due to the following factors:

	Year Ended 31 December

	2011			2010			2009

	(£ million)
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance⁽ⁱ⁾		3,404			3,148			3,063
Investment return		4,094			8,815			10,461
Other income		17			9			(2	)
Acquisition costs and other expenditure		(696	)		(600	)		(842	)
Tax (charge)		(63	)		(528	)		(640	)

Total net income before benefit and claims and movement in unallocated surplus, net of reinsurance		6,756			10,844			12,040

Charges of:
Claims incurred		(6,411	)		(6,390	)		(6,253	)
(Increase)/decrease in policyholder liabilities⁽ⁱ⁾		(614	)		(4,301	)		(3,692	)
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		485			70			(1,893	)

Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance		(6,540	)		(10,621	)		(11,838	)

Shareholders' profit after tax		216			223			202

Separately, the cost of current year bonuses which is attributable to policyholders is booked within the movement in policyholder liabilities. One-ninth of the declared cost of policyholders' bonus is attributable to shareholders and represents the shareholders' profit. Both of these amounts, by comparison with the investment return, movement in other constituent elements of the change in policyholder liabilities and the change in unallocated surplus, are relatively stable from period to period.

In 2011, the income statement of the UK component of the PAC with-profits funds was credited with a transfer of £485 million from the unallocated surplus. This transfer, together with a corresponding transfer in the unallocated surplus of the Asia with-profits funds and the effect of exchange rate movements, resulted in an increase in Prudential's unallocated surplus from £10.3 billion in 2010 to £9.2 billion in 2011. This movement reflected the net effect of changes in the value of assets, liabilities (incorporating policyholder bonuses and other elements of asset shares attributable to policyholders), and the shareholders' share of the cost of bonuses for 2011.

The surplus for distribution in future years will reflect the aggregate of policyholder bonuses and the cost of bonuses attributable to shareholders, which is currently set at 10 per cent. The policyholder bonuses comprise the aggregate of regular and final bonuses. When determining policy payouts, including final bonuses, Prudential considers asset shares of specimen policies.

Prudential does not take into account the surplus assets of the long-term fund, or the investment return, in calculating asset shares. Asset-shares are used in the determination of final bonuses, together with treating customers fairly, the need to smooth claim values and payments from year to year and competitive considerations.

In the unlikely circumstance that the depletion of excess assets within the long-term fund was such that Prudential's ability to treat its customers fairly was adversely affected, it might become necessary to restrict the annual distribution to shareholders or to contribute shareholders' funds to the long-term funds to provide financial support.

The factors that the PAC Board considers in setting bonus rates are described in more detail in the section headed 'With-profits products' in Item 4, in the section headed 'United Kingdom—Basis of profits—Bonus Rates' in Item 5 and are summarised in note D2 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Total acquisition costs and other expenditure of £5,005 million in 2011 was four per cent higher than the £4,799 million incurred in 2010. Total acquisition costs and other expenditure of £4,799 million in 2010 was five per cent higher than the £4,572 million incurred in 2009.

Total acquisition costs and other expenditure for Asia in 2011 were £1,774 million, a decrease of £67 million or four per cent as against 2010. This decrease was primarily due to increased acquisition costs, net of change in deferred acquisition costs being more than offset by decreased other operating expenses and a decrease in the charge for investment gains attributable to external unit-holders relating to investment funds managed on behalf of third parties which are consolidated but have no recourse to Prudential.

Total acquisition costs and other expenditure for Asia in 2010 were £1,841 million, an increase of £143 million or eight per cent over 2009. This increase was primarily due to increased acquisition costs, net of change in deferred acquisition costs, and increased other operating expenses, partially offset by a decrease in the charge for investment gains attributable to external unit-holders relating to investment funds managed on behalf of third parties which are consolidated but have no recourse to Prudential.

Total acquisition costs and other expenditure for the US increased by £359 million from £971 million in 2010 to £1,330 million in 2011. The increase related to increase in acquisition costs, net of change in deferred acquisition costs and also increase in other operating expenses. Acquisition costs have increased in absolute terms compared to 2010 due to the growth in sales volumes. The DAC amortisation charge for the US increased in 2011 to £619 million from £334 million in 2010. This comprises a core charge of £387 million (2010: £323 million) and an accelerated charge of £232 million (2010: £11 million). The higher core charge is in line with the increase in fee income and spread profits. The accelerated charge reflects the anticipated additional amortisation of £166 million relating to the reversal of the benefit received in 2008 from the mean reversion formula and a charge of £66 million caused by lower than assumed separate account returns. Other operating expenses increased primarily due to higher asset based commissions paid on the larger 2011 separate account balance.

Total acquisition costs and other expenditure for the US increased by £92 million from £879 million in 2009 to £971 million in 2010. The increase related to an increase in other operating expenses which was partly offset by a decrease in acquisition costs, net of change in deferred acquisition costs.

Total UK acquisition costs and other expenditure were £1,943 million compared to £1,721 million in 2010. This increase arises primarily from the increase in acquisition costs, net of change in deferred acquisition costs and underlying increases in expenditure of M&G.

Total UK acquisition costs and other expenditure in 2010 were £1,721 million compared to £2,013 million in 2009. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the charge for investment gains attributable to external unit-holders relating to investment funds managed on behalf of third parties that have been consolidated but have no recourse to Prudential. The decrease in the charge reflected the increase in the overall returns in 2010 in these consolidated investment funds but lower than those experienced in 2009.

Other net expenditure of a credit of £42 million in 2011, a charge of £266 million in 2010 and a credit of £18 million in 2009 comprises both the other expenditure of the unallocated corporate and elimination of intragroup income and expenses. The principal reason for the year on year movement as shown above was that the amount in 2010 included the costs incurred in relation to the terminated AIA transaction. Of the £377 million total costs before tax of the terminated AIA transaction in 2010, £277 million was recorded as "Other expenditure" within "Acquisition costs and other expenditure" in the consolidated income statement. The remaining £100 million associated with foreign exchange hedging was recorded within "Investment return".

The following table sets forth a summary of the movement in Prudential's IFRS shareholders' funds for 2011, 2010 and 2009:

	2011


	(£ million)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		2,070		1,941		1,564
Items excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		(127	)	(480	)	(818	)

Total profit before tax		1,943		1,461		746
Exceptional tax credit		—		158		—
Tax, discontinued operations and non-controlling interests		(453	)	(188	)	(70	)

Profit for the year		1,490		1,431		676
Exchange movements, net of related tax		(100	)	251		(195	)
Unrealised gains and losses on Jackson securities classified as available-for-sale, net of related changes to deferred acquisition costs and tax		312		478		1,043
Dividends		(642	)	(511	)	(481	)
New share capital subscribed		17		75		141
Other		9		36		29

Net increase in shareholders' funds		1,086		1,760		1,213
Shareholders' funds at beginning of year		8,031		6,271		5,058

Shareholders' funds at the end of year		9,117		8,031		6,271

Statutory IFRS basis shareholders' funds at 31 December 2011 were £9.1 billion. This compares to £8.0 billion at 31 December 2010 and represents an increase of £1.1 billion, equivalent to 14 per cent.

The movement primarily reflects the profit for the period after tax and non-controlling interests of £1,490 million and the increase in the level of net unrealised gains on Jackson's debt securities of £312 million from the position at 31 December 2010, offset by the payment of dividends of £642 million and exchange translation losses of £100 million.

	2011


	(£ million)
Goodwill attributable to shareholders		1,465	1,466
Investments		250,605	239,297
Holding company cash and short-term investments		1,200	1,232
Other		20,310	18,811

Total assets		273,580	260,806
Less: Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities		227,075	214,727
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		9,215	10,253

		236,290	224,980
Core structural borrowings of shareholders' financed operations		3,611	3,676
Other liabilities including non-controlling interests		24,562	24,119

Total liabilities and non-controlling interests		264,463	252,775

Net assets net of non-controlling interests		9,117	8,031

Share capital and premium		2,000	1,983
Shareholders' reserves		7,117	6,048

Shareholders' equity		9,117	8,031

	2011			2010


	£m			£m
Asian operations
Insurance operations

Net assets of operation		2,114			1,913
Acquired goodwill		235			236

Total		2,349			2,149

Eastspring Investments

Net assets of operation		211			197
Acquired goodwill		61			61

Total		272			258

Total		2,621			2,407

US operations
Jackson (net of surplus note borrowings)		4,271			3,815
Broker-dealer and asset management operations:

Net assets of operation		113			106
Acquired goodwill		16			16

Total		129			122

Total		4,400			3,937

UK operations
Insurance operations

Long-term business operations		2,552			2,115
Other		29			33

Total		2,581			2,148

M&G

Net assets of operation		229			254
Acquired goodwill		1,153			1,153

Total		1,382			1,407

Total		3,963			3,555

Other operations
Holding company net borrowings		(2,001	)		(2,035	)
Shareholders' share of provision for future deficit funding of the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (net of tax)		(5	)		(10	)
Other net assets		139			177

Total		(1,867	)		(1,868	)

Total of all operations		9,117			8,031

	2011												2010


Shareholder—backed business	Asia			US			UK			Total			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
At 1 January		17,716			60,523			43,944			122,183			100,061
Premiums		3,807			12,914			3,575			20,296			19,584
Surrenders		(1,735	)		(4,270	)		(1,970	)		(7,975	)		(6,724	)
Maturities/Deaths		(233	)		(820	)		(2,262	)		(3,315	)		(3,165	)

Net cash flows		1,839			7,824			(657	)		9,006			9,695
Investment related items and other movements		(909	)		136			2,761			1,988			9,249
Acquisition of UOB Life Assurance Limited		—			—			—			—			464
Dilution of holding in PruHealth														(27	)
Foreign exchange translation difference		(377	)		706			—			329			2,741

At 31 December		18,269			69,189			46,048			133,506			122,183

With-profits funds
—Policyholder liabilities											93,569			92,544
—Unallocated surplus											9,215			10,253

Total at 31 December											102,784			102,797

Total policyholder liabilities including unallocated surplus at 31 December											236,290			224,980

Policyholder liabilities related to shareholder-backed business grew by £11.3 billion from £122.2 billion at 31 December 2010 to £133.5 billion at 31 December 2011.

The increase reflects positive net flows (premiums less surrenders and maturities/deaths) of £9,006 million in 2011 (2010: £9,695 million), driven by strong inflows in the US (£7,824 million) and Asia (£1,839 million). Net flows in Asia have increased by 42 per cent to £1,839 million in 2011 (2010: £1,298 million). Additionally, the rate of surrenders in Asia (expressed as a percentage of opening liabilities) was 4.4 per cent in the second half of 2011, an improvement compared with 5.1 per cent in the first half of 2011 and 6.4 per cent in the second half of 2010. The overall rate of surrender in 2011 was 9.8 per cent compared with 13.8 per cent in 2010.

Other movements include positive foreign exchange movements of £329 million (2010: £2,741 million) together with investment related and other items of £1,988 million. Investment related and other items fell from £9,249 million in 2010 to £1,988 million in 2011 principally as a result of the weaker equity markets.

During 2011, the unallocated surplus, which represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities for the Group's with-profits funds on an IFRS basis, reduced by 10 per cent from £10.3 billion at 31 December 2010 to £9.2 billion at 31 December 2011.

	Asian operations				US operations				UK operations				Total

	2011		2010		2011		2010		2011		2010		2011		2010

	£bm		£bm		£bm		£bm		£bm		£bm		£bm		£bm
Investment properties⁽ⁱ⁾		—		—		—		0.1		10.7		11.5		10.7		11.6
Equity securities		12.0		14.5		38.1		31.5		37.3		40.7		87.4		86.7
Debt securities		17.7		14.1		27.1		26.4		79.8		75.9		124.6		116.4
Loans and receivables		2.4		1.3		4.3		4.2		13.7		3.8		20.4		9.3
Other investments		0.5		1.0		2.4		1.4		4.8		13.3		7.7		15.7

Total		32.6		30.9		71.9		63.6		146.3		145.2		250.8		239.7

overseas subsidiaries are also translated at closing exchange rates. The impact of these translations is recorded as a component of the movement in shareholders' equity.

IFRS basis results	As published 2011 note (i)			Memorandum 2010 note (i)			Memorandum 2009 note (i)


	£m			£m			£m
Asian operations:
Long-term operations		709			533			454
Development expenses		(5	)		(4	)		(6	)

Total Asian insurance operations after development costs		704			529			448
Eastspring Investments		80			73			58

Total Asia operations		784			602			506

US operations
Jackson		694			803			603
Broker-dealer, asset management and Curian operations		24			21			4

Total US operations		718			824			607

UK operations
Long-term business		683			673			606
General insurance commission		40			46			51

Total UK insurance operations		723			719			657
M&G		357			284			238

Total UK operations		1,080			1,003			895

Total segment profit		2,582			2,429			2,008

Other income and expenditure		(483	)		(449	)		(396	)
RPI to CPI inflation measure change on defined benefit pension schemes		42			—			—
Solvency II implementation costs		(55	)		(45	)
Restructuring costs		(16	)		(26	)		(23	)

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		2,070			1,909			1,589

Shareholders' funds		9,117			8,007			6,461

(c) Adoption of altered US GAAP requirements to Group IFRS reporting in 2012

Under the Group's accounting policies the measurement of insurance assets and liabilities reflects the application of UK GAAP under the Modified Statutory Basis (MSB). This has been applied from when the Company first adopted IFRS in 2005, subject to subsequent policy improvements under IFRS 4. The MSB in turn is based on the codification in the 2003 ABI Statement of Recommended Practise which, subject to various restrictions, permits the use of local bases for overseas operations. Accordingly, since 2005, the insurance assets and liabilities of the Group's US operations have been measured using US GAAP. This basis has also been explicitly applied to those Asian operations (namely India, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam) where the local regulatory basis is not appropriate as a starting point for deriving MSB compliant results.

In October 2010, the Emerging Issues Task Force of the US Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Update No 2010-26 on 'Accounting for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts'. The update was issued to address perceived diversity by companies preparing financial statements in accordance with US GAAP as regards the types of acquisition costs being deferred. Under US GAAP, costs that can be deferred and amortised are those that 'vary with and are primarily related to the acquisition of insurance contracts'. The Update requires insurers to capitalise only those incremental costs directly related to acquiring a contract for financial statements for reporting periods starting after 15 December 2011. All other indirect acquisition expenses are required to be charged to the income statement as incurred expenses. Accordingly, the main impact of the Update is to disallow insurers from deferring costs that are not directly related to successful sales.

Under the Update, US insurers preparing financial statements under US GAAP can choose to make a prospective or a retrospective application. Under the prospective basis the change is confined to the income statement from the date of adoption to incorporate the additional charge for non deferrable expenses for the activity of the reporting period. No changes are made to the results of comparative periods.

By contrast, under retrospective application, the deferred acquisition costs balances in the statement of financial position for comparative periods are reset so as to only defer those costs permitted by the Update. In the income statement the net effect of the Update reflects;

Under the Group's IFRS reporting, Prudential has the option to either continue with its current basis of measurement or improve its accounting policy under IFRS4 to acknowledge the issuance of the Update. Prudential has chosen to continue with its current basis of measurement for reporting of its 2011 results and improve its policy in 2012 to apply the US GAAP update on the retrospective basis to the results of its US insurance operation Jackson National Life. The reason and timing for the change is to achieve consistency with the basis expected to be applied by peer competitor companies in the US market in their US GAAP financial statements. To ensure consistency it is also intended to make the change on the retrospective basis in 2012 for the Asian operations that historically have effectively applied US GAAP for measuring insurance assets and liabilities.

The results impact of the policy improvement to adopt the Update in 2012 is summarised in the tables shown below.

Effect of policy improvement in 2012 on comparative results for 2011 and full year 2010




Analysis of profit and earnings per share	As reported under current policy			Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012			As reported under current policy			Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012			As reported under current policy			Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
*Analysis of profit*
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
Asian insurance operations (note (a))		704			—			704			324			(2	)		322			532			(10	)		522
US insurance operations note (b)		694			(43	)		651			368			(28	)		340			833			(105	)		728
Other operations		672			—			672			366						366			576						576

Total		2,070			(43	)		2,027			1,058			(30	)		1,028			1,941			(115	)		1,826
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		(148	)		(72	)		(220	)		113			(20	)		93			(123	)		(75	)		(198	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		21			—			21			(7	)		—			(7	)		(10	)		—			(10	)
Costs of terminated AIA transaction																				(377	)		—			(377	)
Gain on dilution of Group holdings																				30			—			30

Profit before tax attributable to shareholders (including actual investment returns)		1,943			(115	)		1,828			1,164			(50	)		1,114			1,461			(190	)		1,271

Tax attributable to shareholders—operating profit
Excluding, for 2010, exceptional tax credit
Asian insurance operations		(122	)		—			(122	)		(39	)		1			(38	)		(58	)		2			(56	)
US insurance operations		(200	)		15			(185	)		(110	)		10			(100	)		(249	)		37			(212	)
Other operations		(126	)		—			(126	)		(91	)		—			(91	)		(64	)		—			(64	)

		(448	)		15			(433	)		(240	)		11			(229	)		(371	)		39			(332	)
Exceptional 2010 tax credit related primarily to the impact of settlement agreed with the UK tax authorities											—			—			—			158			—			158

Total		(448	)		15			(433	)		(240	)		11			(229	)		(213	)		39			(174	)
Tax attributable to shareholders—non-operating profit		(1	)		25			24			(61	)		7			(54	)		188			26			214
Non-controlling interests—operating profit		(4	)		—			(4	)		(2	)		—			(2	)		(5	)		—			(5	)

Profit after tax and non-controlling interests		1,490			(75	)		1,415			861			(32	)		829			1,431			(125	)		1,306




Analysis of profit and earnings per share	As reported under current policy		Effect of change		Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012		As reported under current policy		Effect of change		Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012		As reported under current policy		Effect of change		Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Operating profit after tax and non-controlling interests
Excluding, for 2010, exceptional tax credit		1,618		(28)		1,590		816		(19)		797		1,565		(76)		1,489
Exceptional 2010 tax credit		—						—		—		—		158		—		158

Total		1,618		(28)		1,590		816		(19)		797		1,723		(76)		1,647

*Earnings per Share (pence)*
Operating (basic)—excluding, for 2010, exceptional tax credit (pence)		63.9p		(1.1)p		62.8p		32.2p		(0.8)p		31.4p		62.0p		(3.0)p		59.0p
Operating (diluted)—excluding, for 2010, exceptional tax credit (pence)		63.8p		(1.1)p		62.7p		32.1p		(0.8)p		31.3p		61.9p		(3.0)p		58.9p
Total (diluted) (pence)		58.7p		(3.0)p		55.7p		33.9p		(1.3)p		32.6p		56.6p		(4.9)p		51.7p

Notes on effect of change on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns

a Asian insurance operations
New business
Acquisition costs on new contracts not able to be deferred				(16)						(10)						(20)
Business in force at beginning of period
Reduction in amortisation on reduced
DAC balance				16						8						10

Total				—						(2)						(10)

Arising in the following insurance operations:
India				4						2						1
Japan				—						—						—
Taiwan				1						(1)						(3)
Vietnam				(5)						(3)						(8)

Total				—						(2)						(10)

b US insurance operations
New business
Acquisition costs on new contracts not able to be deferred				(156)						(80)						(159)
Business in force at beginning of period
Reduction in amortisation on reduced
DAC balance				113						52						54

Total				(43)						(28)						(105)




Changes in equity and balance sheet	As reported under current policy			Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012			As reported under current policy			Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012			As reported under current policy			Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
*Changes in equity*
Profit for the year net of non-controlling interests		1,490			(75	)		1,415			861			(32	)		829			1,431			(125	)		1,306
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges, net of related tax		(32	)		(5	)		(37	)		(75	)		13			(62	)		251			(14	)		237
Available-for-sale securities
US operations classified as available-for-sale		811			—			811			237			—			237			1,221			—			1,221
Related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs		(331	)		56			(275	)		(97	)		26			(71	)		(496	)		86			(410	)
Related tax		(168	)		(19	)		(187	)		(49	)		(8	)		(57	)		(247	)		(31	)		(278	)

Total comprehensive income for the year net of non-controlling interests		1,770			(43	)		1,727			877			(1	)		876			2,160			(84	)		2,076
Dividends		(642	)		—			(642	)		(439	)		—			(439	)		(511	)		—			(511	)
New share capital and other movements		(42	)		—			(42	)		32			—			32			111			—			111

Net increase in equity		1,086			(43	)		1,043			470			(1	)		469			1,760			(84	)		1,676
At beginning of year		8,031			(510	)		7,521			8,031			(510	)		7,521			6,271			(426	)		5,845

At end of year		9,117			(553	)		8,564			8,501			(511	)		7,990			8,031			(510	)		7,521




Changes in equity and balance sheet	As reported under current policy		Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012		As reported under current policy		Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012		As reported under current policy		Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012

	£m		£m			£m		£m		£m			£m		£m		£m			£m
*Balance sheet*
Assets
Deferred acquisition costs attributable to shareholders:
Insurance operations
Asia		744		(50	)		694		741		(52	)		689		758		(52	)		706
US		3,880		(785	)		3,095		3,639		(717	)		2,922		3,543		(714	)		2,829
UK		111		—			111		115		—			115		116		—			116
Asset management		12		—			12		9		—			9		9		—			9

		4,747		(835	)		3,912		4,504		(769	)		3,735		4,426		(766	)		3,660
Investments and other assets		268,833		—			268,833		264,962		—			264,962		256,380		—			256,380

Total assets		273,580		(835	)		272,745		269,466		(769	)		268,697		260,806		(766	)		260,040

Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		236,290		—			236,290		232,304		—			232,304		224,980		—			224,980
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		3,611		—			3,611		3,998		—			3,998		3,676		—			3,676
Deferred tax liabilities		4,211		(282	)		3,929		4,194		(258	)		3,936		4,224		(256	)		3,968
Other liabilities		20,308		—			20,308		20,423		—			20,423		19,851		—			19,851

Total liabilities		264,420		(282	)		264,138		260,919		(258	)		260,661		252,731		(256	)		252,475

Equity
Shareholders' equity
Asian insurance operations		2,349		(43	)		2,306		2,269		(45	)		2,224		2,149		(45	)		2,104
US insurance operations		4,271		(510	)		3,761		3,764		(466	)		3,298		3,815		(465	)		3,350
Rest of Group		2,497		—			2,497		2,468		—			2,468		2,067		—			2,067

		9,117		(553	)		8,564		8,501		(511	)		7,990		8,031		(510	)		7,521
Non-controlling interests		43		—			43		46		—			46		44		—			44

Total equity		9,160		(553	)		8,607		8,547		(511	)		8,036		8,075		(510	)		7,565

Total liabilities and equity		273,580		(835	)		272,745		269,466		(769	)		268,697		260,806		(766	)		260,040

Prudential Capital operates a central treasury function for Prudential, which has overall responsibility for managing Prudential's capital funding program as well as its central cash and liquidity positions. Prudential arranges the financing of each of its subsidiaries primarily by raising external finance either at the parent company level (including through finance subsidiaries whose obligations the parent company guarantees) or at the operating company level.

After making enquiries the directors of Prudential have a reasonable expectation that the Company and the Group have adequate resources to continue their operations for the foreseeable future.

Prudential's consolidated cash flow includes the movement in cash included within both policyholders' and shareholders' funds, such as cash in the with-profits fund. Prudential therefore believes that it is more relevant to consider individual components of the movement in holding company cash flow which relate solely to the shareholders.

Prudential continues to manage cash flows across the Group with a view to achieving a balance between ensuring sufficient net remittances from the businesses to cover the progressive dividend (after corporate costs) and maximising value for shareholders through the retention of the free surplus generated at business unit level, so that it can be reinvested in the profitable opportunities available to the Group. On this basis, the holding company cash flow statement at an operating level should ordinarily balance close to zero before exceptional cash flows, but from time to time additional remittances from business operations will be made to provide the Group with greater financial flexibility at the corporate centre.

Operating holding company cash flow for 2011 before the shareholder dividend was £809 million, £100 million higher than 2010. After deducting the higher level of shareholder dividend paid following the upward rebasing at the end of 2010 and the cancellation of the scrip dividend option, the operating holding company cash flow was positive £167 million (2010: £260 million).

The holding company received £1,105 million of net cash remittances from the business units in 2011, an increase of £170 million from 2010.

Asia continues to be cash positive, with its remittances to the Group during 2011 at £206 million (2010: £233 million). 2010 benefited from a one-off remittance of £130 million from Malaysia, representing the accumulation of historic distributable reserves. Excluding this amount Asia has doubled its net remittances in 2011. Asia remains on track to meet its objective of £300 million net remittances in 2013.

Cash received from Jackson was £322 million in 2011 (2010: £80 million), above the 2013 sustainable remittance target of £200 million. Jackson's remittance to the Group for 2011 was taken in the first half, with £200 million representing the remittances for the year and a further £122 million representing releases of excess surplus to Group. These exceptional releases reflect the success that Jackson has enjoyed in rebuilding its balance sheet strength post the 2008 financial crisis and in writing business at high internal rates of return (IRRs) and with fast payback.

The UK insurance operations remitted £297 million in 2011 (2010: £420 million). Total shareholder-backed business net remittances in 2011 were £74 million (2010: £218 million) with 2010 including £120 million as a result of one-off release of surplus and net financing payments during that year. Cash from the annual with-profits transfer to shareholders increased from £202 million to £223 million in 2011. The UK remains on track to deliver £350 million of cash to the Group in 2013.

The Group's UK asset management operations remit substantially all of their annual post-tax earnings to the Group. M&G and PruCap collectively remitted £280 million (2010: £202 million).

In the course of 2009 and 2010, the Group raised certain financing contingent on future profits of the UK and Hong Kong life insurance operations which increased the cash remitted by business units by £245 million in aggregate. This was done in order to increase the financial flexibility of the Group during the investment market crisis.

Since then principal and interest repayments have reduced the cash available to be remitted to the Group by these businesses. Based on our current plans, the remaining balance of £145 million will impact the net remittances from these businesses in 2012.

Central outflows increased to £296 million in 2011 (2010: £226 million). Lower corporate activities spend in 2011 was offset by increased net interest payments, following the additional debt raised in 2011, and higher Solvency II implementation spend as Prudential draws closer to the date that this regime comes into effect.

After central costs, there was a net cash inflow before dividend of £809 million in 2011 compared to £709 million for 2010. The dividend paid was £642 million in 2011 compared to £449 million (net of scrip of £62 million) in 2010.

During the first half of 2011 Prudential raised £340 million, net of costs, from the issue of new subordinated debt. Substantially all of these proceeds (£333 million) were used to repay the €500 million Tier 2 subordinated debt in December 2011.

Outside of the normal recurring central cash flow items we incurred £205 million of other cash payments in 2011. These comprise the first instalment to the UK tax authorities following the settlement reached last year on historic tax issues and the prepayment of fees in relation to new distribution agreements in Asia. A further amount relating to the settlement with the UK tax authorities of £135 million will be paid evenly over the course of 2012 and 2013.

The overall holding company cash and short-term investment balances at 31 December 2011 was broadly level with the balance held at the end of 2010 at £1.2 billion. The company seeks to maintain a central cash balance in excess of £1 billion.

The total cost of dividends (excluding scrip dividends which were replaced by the Dividend Re-investment Plan (DRIP) as of the 2010 final dividend) settled by Prudential were £642 million and £511 million for the years ended 31 December 2011 and 2010, respectively. The dividend paid net of scrip was £449 million for the year ended 31 December 2010.

In light of the continued strong performance of the business and the Group's focus on a growing dividend, the Board has recommended a final dividend of 17.24 pence per share (2010: 17.24 pence), giving a full 2011 dividend of 25.19 pence (2010: 23.85 pence), representing an increase of 5.6 per cent over 2010. The 2011 final dividend of 17.24 pence per ordinary share will be paid in May 2012.

Debt service costs charged to profit in respect of core borrowings paid by Prudential in 2011 were £286 million compared with £257 million in 2010. Of total consolidated borrowings of £7,923 million as at 31 December 2011, the parent company had core borrowings of £3,201 million outstanding, all of which have contractual maturity dates of more than five years.

The parent company held cash and short-term investments of £1,200 million, £1,232 million and £1,486 million as at 31 December 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The sources of cash in 2011 included dividends, loans and interest received from operating subsidiaries. Prudential received £1,285 million in cash remittances from business units in 2011, compared to £1,122 million received in 2010 and £914 million received in 2009. These remittances primarily comprise dividends from business units and the shareholders' statutory transfer from the PAC long-term with-profits fund (UK Life Fund) relating to earlier bonus declarations. Offset against these cash remittances were £180 million, £187 million and £226 million of capital invested in 2011, 2010 and 2009 respectively. Overall net remittances from business units had increased from £935 million in 2010 to £1,105 million in 2011.

In 2011, PAC declared a total surplus of £2,293 million from PAC's primary with-profits sub-fund, of which £2,064 million was added to with-profits policies and £229 million was distributed to shareholders. In 2010, PAC declared a total surplus of £2,367 million from PAC's primary with-profits

sub-fund, of which £2,131 million was added to with-profits policies and £236 million was distributed to shareholders. In 2009, PAC declared total surplus of £2,149 million from PAC's primary with-profits sub-fund, of which £1,935 million was added to with-profits policies and £214 million was distributed to shareholders.

Under UK company law, dividends can only be paid if a company has distributable reserves sufficient to cover the dividend. In PAC, Prudential's largest operating subsidiary, distributable reserves are created mainly by the statutory long-term business profit transfer to shareholders that occurs upon the declaration of bonuses to policyholders of with profit products. See 'Shareholders' statutory transfer' above. Prudential's insurance and fund management subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends and loans to the parent company is restricted by various laws and regulations. Jackson is subject to state laws that limit the dividends payable to its parent company. Dividends in excess of these limitations generally require approval of the state insurance commissioner. The table below shows the dividends, loans and other amounts received by Prudential from the principal operating subsidiaries for 2011 and 2010:

Each of Prudential's main operations generates sufficient profits to pay dividends to the parent. The amount of dividends paid by the operations is determined after considering the development, growth and investment requirements of the operating businesses. Prudential does not believe that the legal and regulatory restrictions constitute a material limitation on the ability of businesses to meet their obligations or pay dividends to Prudential.

During 2010 Prudential completed the acquisition of UOB Life for total cash consideration, of SGD 495 million (£220 million), giving rise to goodwill of £141 million. This acquisition accompanied a long-term strategic partnership with UOB facilitating distribution of Prudential's life insurance products through UOB's bank branches in Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand.

In 2010, Prudential also announced the acquisition of Standard Life Healthcare by its PruHealth joint venture partner Discovery and its combination with the existing PruHealth business. This led to a reduction in its shareholding in the enlarged combined businesses from 50 per cent to 25 per cent effective from 1 August, the date of the acquisition.

	31 December

	2011			2010

	£m			£m
Perpetual subordinated capital securities (Innovative Tier 1)		1,823			1,463
Subordinated notes (Lower Tier 2)		829			1,255

		2,652			2,718
Senior debt:
2023		300			300
2029		249			249

Holding company total		3,201			3,267

Prudential Capital		250			250
Jackson surplus notes (Lower Tier 2)		160			159

Total		3,611			3,676
Less: Holding company cash and short-terms investments		(1,200	)		(1,232	)

Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		2,411			2,444

The Group's core structural borrowings at 31 December 2011 totalled £3.6 billion on an IFRS basis, compared with £3.7 billion at 31 December 2010.

In January 2011, the Company issued US$550 million 7.75 per cent Tier 1 subordinated debt, primarily to retail investors. The proceeds, net of costs, were US$539 million (£340 million) and financed the repayment of the €500 million Tier 2 subordinated notes in December 2011.

After adjusting for holding company cash and short-term investments of £1,200 million, net core structural borrowings at 31 December 2011 were £2,411 million compared with £2,444 million at 31 December 2010. The decrease of £33 million represents the net fall in borrowings of £65 million, reflecting the debt repayment and issue described above together with foreign exchange movements in the year, offset by a £32 million fall in holding company cash and short-term investments.

In addition to its core structural borrowings set out above, Prudential also has in place an unlimited global commercial paper programme. As at 31 December 2011, Prudential had issued commercial paper under this programme totalling £736 million, US$2,539 million, €342 million, CHF62 million and AU$12 million. The central treasury function also manages Prudential's £5 billion medium-term note (MTN) programme, covering both core and non-core borrowings. In April and October 2011 Prudential refinanced an existing internal £200 million issue under this programme. In total, at 31 December 2011 the outstanding subordinated debt under the programme was £835 million, US$1,300 million and €20 million, while the senior debt outstanding was £550 million. In addition, Prudential's holding company has access to £2.1 billion of syndicated and bilateral committed revolving credit facilities, provided by 17 major international banks, expiring between 2013 and 2017. Apart from small drawdowns to test the process, these facilities have never been drawn, and there were no amounts outstanding at 31 December 2011. The commercial paper programme, the MTN programme and the committed revolving credit facilities are all available for general corporate purposes and to support the liquidity needs of Prudential's holding company and are intended to maintain a strong and flexible funding capacity.

Prudential manages the Group's core debt within a target level consistent with its current debt ratings. At 31 December 2011, the gearing ratio (debt, net of cash and short-term investments, as a proportion of EEV shareholders' funds plus net debt) was 10.9 per cent, compared with 11.8 per cent at 31 December 2010. Prudential plc has strong debt ratings from Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch. Prudential's long-term senior debt is rated A+, A2 and A from Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch, while short-term ratings are A-1, P-1 and F1 respectively.

The financial strength of PAC is rated AA by Standard & Poor's, Aa2 by Moody's and AA by Fitch.

Jackson National Life Insurance Company's financial strength is rated AA by Standard & Poor's, A1 by Moody's and AA by Fitch.

The liquidity sources for Prudential's UK life insurance businesses comprise premiums, deposits and charges on policies, investment income, proceeds from the sale and maturity of investments, external borrowings and capital contributions from the parent company. The liquidity requirements comprise benefits and claims, operating expenses, interest on debt, purchases of investments and dividends to the parent company.

The liquidity requirements of Prudential's UK life insurance businesses are regularly monitored to match anticipated cash inflows with cash requirements. Cash needs are forecast and projected sources and uses of funds, as well as the asset, liability, investment and cash flow assumptions underlying these projections are reviewed periodically. Adjustments are made periodically to the investment policies with respect to, among other things, the maturity and risk characteristics of the investment assets to reflect changes in the business' cash needs and also to reflect the changing competitive and economic environment.

The liquidity of Prudential's UK insurance operations is affected by the payment of guaranteed benefits and terminal bonuses on maturing and surrendering policies by the UK insurance operations. In addition, the non-cash bonus declaration to policyholders results in a cash transfer to shareholders' funds. A large proportion of Prudential's liabilities contains discretionary surrender values or surrender charges. In addition, pension annuity policies cannot be surrendered by the policyholder.

As at 31 December 2011, 2010 and 2009, PAC's long-term fund assets in excess of its minimum capital requirements were £16,675 million, £17,406 million and £13,288 million, respectively. The 'with-profits insurance capital component' of the enhanced capital requirement, as at 31 December 2011, 2010 and 2009 amounted to £9,674 million, £9,089 million and £5,570 million respectively.

The principal liquidity source for M&G is fee income for managing retail, institutional and the internal investment funds of Prudential's UK operations. The principal liquidity requirements are for operating expenses and to facilitate the investment activities of Prudential Capital as referred to in note E2 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 18. Amounts are distributed to the parent company after considering capital requirements. Capital requirements are driven by the regulatory stipulations based on fixed operating expenses and other operating considerations. As at 31 December 2011, M&G met the relevant regulatory requirements.

The liquidity sources for Jackson are its cash, short-term investments and publicly traded bonds, premium income deposits received on certain annuity and institutional products, investment income, reverse repurchase agreements, utilisation of a short-term borrowing facility with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis and capital contributions from the parent company.

Liquidity requirements are principally for purchases of new investments and businesses, repayment of principal and interest on intercompany debt, payments of interest on surplus notes, funding of insurance product liabilities including payments for policy benefits, surrenders, maturities and new policy

loans, and funding of expenses including payment of commissions operating expenses and taxes. As at 31 December 2011, Jackson's outstanding notes and bank debt included:

Significant increases in interest rates and disintermediation can create sudden increases in surrender and withdrawal requests by policyholders and contract holders. Other factors that are not directly related to interest rates can also give rise to disintermediation risk, including but not limited to changes in ratings from rating agencies, general policyholder concerns relating to the life insurance industry (eg the unexpected default of a large, unrelated life insurer) and competition from other products, including non-insurance products such as mutual funds, certificates of deposit and newly developed investment products. Most of the life insurance, annuity and institutional products Jackson offers permit the policyholder or contract holder to withdraw or borrow funds or surrender cash values. At 31 December 2011, a majority of Jackson's fixed annuity reserves include policy restrictions such as surrender charges and market value adjustments to discourage early withdrawal of policy and contract funds.

Jackson uses a variety of asset-liability management techniques to provide for the orderly provision of cash flow from investments and other sources as policies and contracts mature in accordance with their normal terms. Jackson's principal sources of liquidity to meet unexpected cash outflows associated with sudden and severe increases in surrenders and withdrawals are its portfolio of liquid assets and its net operating cash flows. As at 31 December 2011, the portfolio of cash, short-term investments and publicly traded bonds and equities amounted to US$35.5 billion. Operating net cash inflows for Jackson in 2011 were US$1.2 billion.

As at 31 December 2011, the statutory capital and surplus of Jackson was US$3.6 billion, which was in excess of the requirements set out under Michigan insurance law. Jackson is also subject to risk-based capital guidelines that provide a method to measure the adjusted capital that a life insurance company should have for regulatory purposes, taking into account the risk characteristics of Jackson's investments and products. As at 31 December 2011, Jackson's total risk based capital ratio under the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' definition exceeded model act standards.

The liquidity sources for Prudential's Asia life insurance businesses comprise premiums, deposits and charges on policies, investment income, proceeds from the sale and maturity of investments, external borrowings and capital contributions from the parent company. The liquidity requirements comprise benefits and claims, operating expenses, interest on debt, purchases of investments and dividends to the parent company.

The liquidity requirements of Prudential's Asia life insurance businesses are regularly monitored to match anticipated cash inflows with cash requirements. Cash needs are forecast and projected sources and uses of funds, as well as the asset, liability, investment and cash flow assumptions underlying these projections are reviewed periodically. Adjustments are made periodically to the investment policies with respect to, among other things, the maturity and risk characteristics of the investment assets to reflect changes in the business cash needs and also to reflect the changing competitive and economic environment.

These derivatives are used for efficient portfolio management to obtain cost effective and efficient exposure to various markets in accordance with the Group's investment strategies and to manage exposure to interest rate, currency, credit and other business risks.

The Group uses various interest rate derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps to reduce exposure to interest rate volatility.

The UK insurance operations use various currency derivatives in order to limit volatility due to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations arising on securities denominated in currencies other than sterling. In addition, total return swaps and interest rate swaps are held for efficient portfolio management.

Some of the Group's products, especially those sold in the US, have certain guarantee features linked to equity indexes. A mismatch between guaranteed product liabilities and the performance of the underlying assets backing them, exposes the Group to equity index risk. In order to mitigate this risk, the relevant business units purchase swaptions, equity options and futures to match asset performance with liabilities under equity-indexed products.

The US operations and some of the UK operations hold large amounts of interest-rate sensitive investments that contain credit risks on which a certain level of defaults is expected. These entities have purchased some swaptions in order to manage the default risk on certain underlying assets and hence reduce the amount of regulatory capital held to support the assets.

The Group has provided, from time to time, certain guarantees and commitments to third-parties including funding the purchase or development of land and buildings and other related matters. The contractual obligations to purchase or develop investment properties at 31 December 2011 were £9 million (2010: £28 million).

At 31 December 2011, Jackson has unfunded commitments of £341 million (2010: £363 million) related to its investments in limited partnerships and of £77 million (2010: £88 million) related to commercial mortgage loans. These commitments were entered into in the normal course of business and the directors do not expect a material adverse impact on the operations to arise from them.

Contractual obligations with specified payment dates as at 31 December 2011 were as follows:

	Total		Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years


	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Policyholder liabilities⁽ⁱ⁾		381,754		20,626		42,042		40,646		278,440
Long-term debt⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		3,711		115		135		—		3,461
Other borrowings⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		4,212		3,466		255		162		329
Capital lease obligations		127		6		12		11		98
Operating lease obligations		311		66		87		86		72
Purchase obligations⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		427		427
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements		3,114		3,114
Other long-term liabilities^(iv)		4,243		4,007		196		40		—

Total		397,899		31,827		42,727		40,945		282,400




Reconciliation to consolidated statement of financial position:
Total contractual obligations per above			397,899
Difference between policyholder liabilities per above (based on undiscounted cash flows) and total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds per balance sheet:
Total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds per the consolidated statement of financial position	236,290
Policyholder liabilities (undiscounted) per above	(381,754	)	(145,464	)

Other short-term/non-contractual obligations:
Current tax liabilities	930
Deferred tax liabilities	4,211
Accruals and deferred income	736
Other creditors (excluding capital and operating lease obligations and purchase obligations)	2,544
Derivative liabilities	3,054
Other liabilities	1,249		12,724

Other items			(739	)

Total liabilities per consolidated statement of financial position			264,420

Notes

(i): Amounts shown in respect of policyholder liabilities represent estimated undiscounted cash flows for Prudential's life assurance contracts. In determining the projected payments, account has been taken of the contract features, in particular that the amount and timing of policyholder benefit payments reflect either surrender, death, or contract maturity. In addition, the undiscounted amounts shown include the expected payments based on assumed future investment returns on assets backing policyholder liabilities. The projected cash flows exclude the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds. As at 31 December 2011, on the IFRS basis of reporting, the unallocated surplus was £9,215 million. The unallocated surplus represents the excess of assets over liabilities, including policyholder 'asset share' liabilities, which reflect the amount payable under the realistic Peak 2 reporting regime of the FSA. Although accounted for as a liability, as permitted by IFRS 4, there is currently no expected payment date for the unallocated surplus.
(ii): The amounts represent the contractual maturity of amounts of borrowings included in the consolidated statement of financial position (i.e. excludes future interest payments) as shown in note H13 to Prudential's consolidated financial statements in Item 18. Long-term debt comprises the core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations and the £100 million 8.5 per cent undated subordinated guaranteed bonds of Scottish Amicable Finance plc. Other borrowings comprise operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations and borrowings attributable to with-profits operations but excluding the £100 million 8.5 per cent undated subordinated guaranteed bonds of Scottish Amicable Finance plc.
(iii): Comprising unfunded commitments for investments in limited partnerships of £341 million (2010: £339 million) and unfunded commitments related to mortgage loans of £77 million (2010: £88 million) and commitments to purchase or develop investment properties of £9 million (2010: £28).
(iv): Amounts due in less than one year include amounts attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds of £3,840 million.

The discussion that follows is based on the consolidated statement of cash flows prepared under IFRS and presented in Item 18 of this Form 20-F.

Net cash inflows (outflows) in 2011 were £1,738 million from operating activities, £(167) million from investing activities, and £(913) million from financing activities. Net cash inflows (outflows) in 2010 were £1,948 million from operating activities, £(234) million from investing activities, and £(446) million from financing activities. In 2009, net cash inflows (outflows) were £108 million from operating activities, £(554) million from investing activities, and £16 million from financing activities.

The Group held cash and cash equivalents of £7,257 million at 31 December 2011 compared with £6,631 million and £5,307 million at 31 December 2010 and 2009, respectively.

In January 2011, John Foley and Mike Wells were appointed as executive directors, with John becoming the Group Chief Risk Officer and Mike taking over as President and Chief Executive Officer of Jackson National Life Insurance Company. James Ross retired from the Board at the conclusion of the Annual General Meeting held on 19 May 2011 and Bridget Macaskill stepped down from the Board on 30 September 2011. In January 2012, Kai Nargolwala and Alistair Johnston joined the board as non-executive directors and the Company announced that Kathleen O'Donovan will step down from the Board with effect from 31 March 2012. Harvey McGrath, Chairman of the Board, has signalled his intention to retire during 2012 once a suitable successor has been found.

Set forth below are the names, ages, positions, business experience and principal business activities performed by the current directors of Prudential, as well as the dates of their initial appointment as directors. Ages given are as at 30 March 2012.

Harvey McGrath was appointed as an independent non-executive director of Prudential in September 2008 and became the Chairman and Chairman of the Nomination Committee in January 2009. Harvey has a long and distinguished career in the international financial services industry, having started his career at Chase Manhattan Bank in London and New York. From 1980 to 2007 he worked for the Man Group, first as Treasurer, then Finance Director, then President of Man Inc. in New York before being appointed as Chief Executive of Man Group plc in London in 1990 and then Chairman in 2000. He left Man Group in 2007.

Harvey is also Chairman of the London Development Agency which works for the Mayor of London coordinating economic development and regeneration across London. He is the former Chairman of both London First and the East London Business Alliance and former Vice Chairman of the London Skills and Employment Board from 2006 to 2011. In July 2011, Harvey was appointed as co-chair of the new Board of the London Enterprise Partnership (LEP).

Harvey is Chairman of Governors of Birkbeck College and trustee of a number of charities. These include New Philanthropy Capital, a research based charity which gives advice and guidance to donors and charities; the Royal Anniversary Trust which operates the Queen's Anniversary Prizes for Higher and Further Education; Children and Families Across Borders (CFAB), which protects the rights and welfare of children and vulnerable adults across borders; icould, an online careers resource; and the Prince's Teaching Institute, which promotes subject based professional development for teachers. Harvey will retire from the Board in 2012 once a successor has been found. Age 60.

Tidjane Thiam has been an executive director of Prudential since 25 March 2008. He was the Chief Financial Officer until 30 September 2009 and became Group Chief Executive with effect from 1 October 2009.

Tidjane was previously Group Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer, Europe at Aviva where he worked from 2002 to 2008 and held successively the positions of Group Strategy and Development Director and Managing Director, Aviva International. Tidjane spent the first part of his professional career with McKinsey & Company in Paris and New York, serving insurance companies and banks. He then spent a number of years in Africa where he was Chief Executive and later Chairman of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development in Cote d'Ivoire and a cabinet member as Secretary of

Planning and Development. Tidjane returned to France to become a partner with McKinsey & Company and one of the leaders of their Financial Institutions practice before joining Aviva in 2002.

Tidjane was a non-executive director of Arkema in France until November 2009. He is a member of the Board of the Association of British Insurers (ABI) and a member of the Council of the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) in London. Tidjane is a member of the Africa Progress Panel chaired by Kofi Annan and a sponsor of Opportunity International. In January 2011, he was appointed to chair the G20 High Level Panel for Infrastructure Investment, which reported to the G20 Leaders at the G20 Summit in Cannes in November 2011. Tidjane is a member of the UK-ASEAN Business Council and of the Strategic Advisory Group on UK Trade and Investment. In January 2012, Tidjane was appointed to the Prime Minister's Business Advisory Group. Tidjane was awarded the Légion d'Honneur by the French President in July 2011. Age 49.

Nic Nicandrou has been an executive director of Prudential and Chief Financial Officer since October 2009. Before joining Prudential, he worked at Aviva, where he held a number of senior finance roles, including Norwich Union Life Finance Director and Board Member, Aviva Group Financial Control Director, Aviva Group Financial Management and Reporting Director and CGNU Group Financial Reporting Director. Nic started his career at PriceWaterhouseCoopers where he worked in both London and Paris. Age 46.

Rob Devey has been an executive director of Prudential and Chief Executive, Prudential UK and Europe since November 2009. Rob joined Prudential from Lloyds Banking Group where he worked from 2002 in a number of senior leadership roles across insurance and retail banking. Prior to joining Lloyds Banking Group Rob was a consultant with the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in the UK, US and Europe.

Rob chairs the London Leadership Team of Business in The Community and is also a trustee of the LloydsTSB Foundation for England and Wales. Age 43.

John Foley has been an executive director of Prudential and Group Chief Risk Officer since January 2011. He joined Prudential as Deputy Group Treasurer in 2000 before being appointed Managing Director, Prudential Capital (formerly Prudential Finance (UK)) and Group Treasurer in 2001. He was appointed Chief Executive of Prudential Capital and to the Group Executive Committee in 2007. Prior to joining Prudential, John spent three years with National Australia Bank as General Manager, Global Capital Markets. John began his career at Hill Samuel & Co Limited where, over a 20 year period, he worked in every division of the bank, culminating in senior roles in risk, capital markets and treasury of the combined TSB and Hill Samuel Bank. Age 55.

Michael McLintock has been an executive director of Prudential since September 2000. He is also Chief Executive of M&G, a position he held at the time of M&G's acquisition by Prudential in 1999. Michael joined M&G in 1992. He previously also served on the board of Close Brothers Group plc as a non-executive director from 2001 to 2008. Since October 2008, he has been a Trustee of the Grosvenor

Estate and was appointed as a non-executive director of Grosvenor Group Limited in March 2012. He has also been a member of the Finance Committee of the MCC since October 2005. Age 50.

Barry Stowe has been an executive director of Prudential since November 2006, and Chief Executive, Prudential Corporation Asia since October 2006. He has been a member of the Board of Visitors of Lipscomb University since May 2009 and was a director of the Life Insurance Marketing Research Association (LIMRA) and the Life Office Management Association (LOMA) from October 2008 to October 2011. Previously, Barry was President, Accident & Health Worldwide for AIG Life Companies. He joined AIG in 1995, and prior to that was President and CEO of Nisus, a subsidiary of Pan-American Life, from 1992 to1995. Before joining Nisus, Barry spent 12 years at Willis Corroon in the US. Age 54.

Mike Wells has been an executive director of Prudential since January 2011 when he succeeded Clark Manning as President and CEO of Jackson National Life Insurance Company. Mike has served in a variety of senior and strategic positions at Jackson over the last 15 years, including President of Jackson National Life Distributors. Mike has been Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer of Jackson for the last nine years. During this period he has led the development of Jackson's variable annuity business and been responsible for IT, strategy, operations, communications, distributions, Curian and the retail broker-dealers. Age 51.

Keki Dadiseth FCA
Non-executive director and member of the Remuneration Committee

Keki Dadiseth has been a non-executive director of Prudential since April 2005. He is a member of the Remuneration Committee and was a member of the Audit Committee from 2005 to 2007. During 2006, he was appointed as a non-executive director of ICICI Prudential Life Assurance Company Limited and ICICI Prudential Trust Limited. Keki is also a director of Britannia Industries Limited, Piramal Healthcare Limited, Siemens Limited, The Indian Hotels Company Limited and Godrej Properties Limited, all of which are quoted on the Bombay Stock Exchange. In addition, he acts as adviser to Goldman Sachs, Fleishman-Hillard Inc and Chairman of Marsh & McLennan Companies Group, India. He is Chairman of the Breach Candy Hospital Trust and a trustee for a number of Indian charities. Keki is the non-executive Chairman of Omnicom India Marketing Advisory Services Private Limited, an unquoted Indian company, and is also a board member of various other unquoted Indian companies. He serves as Chairman of Sony India Pvt Ltd and Senior Advisor to Sony Group in India.

Before he retired from Unilever in 2005, Keki was Director, Home and Personal Care, responsible for the HPC business of Unilever worldwide, a Board member of Unilever PLC and Unilever N.V., and a member of Unilever's Executive Committee. He joined Hindustan Lever Ltd in India in 1973 and in 1987, he joined the Board of Hindustan Lever and became Chairman in 1996. Age 66.

Sir Howard Davies
Non-executive director, Chairman of the Risk Committee and member of the Audit Committee

Sir Howard has been a non-executive director of Prudential and Chairman of the Risk Committee since October 2010. He joined the Audit Committee in November 2010. Sir Howard was the Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) from September 2003 to April 2011. Prior to joining the LSE, he was Chairman of the Financial Services Authority, the UK's financial regulator. He is a Professor at the Institut d'Études Politiques (Sciences Po), a director of Morgan Stanley Inc, an

external adviser to the Government Investment Corporation of Singapore and a member of the International Advisory Board of the China Banking Regulatory Commission. Age 61.

Michael Garrett has been a non-executive director of Prudential and a member of the Remuneration Committee since September 2004. He worked for Nestlé from 1961, becoming Head of Japan from 1990 to 1993, and then Zone Director and Member of the Executive Board, responsible for Asia and Oceania. In 1996 his responsibilities were expanded to include Africa and the Middle East. Michael retired as Executive Vice President of Nestlé in 2005. He served the Government of Australia as Chairman of the Food Industry Council and as a Member of the Industry Council of Australia, and was also a member of the Advisory Committee for an APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Food System, a Member of The Turkish Prime Minister's Advisory Group and the WTO (World Trade Organization) Business Advisory Council in Switzerland.

Michael remains a director of Nestlé in India, and was appointed Chairman of the Evian Group, a think tank and forum for dialogue promoting free trade, from 2001 to 2011. He also serves as a non-executive director on the Boards of the Bobst Group in Switzerland, Hasbro Inc. in the USA, and Gottex Fund Management Holdings Limited in Guernsey. In addition, he is a Member of the Swaziland International Business Advisory Panel under the auspices of the Global Leadership Foundation (GLF) London, as well as being a member of the Development Committee of the International Business Leaders Forum (IBLF) until stepping down in 2011. Age 69.

Ann Godbehere FCGA
Non-executive director, Chairman of the Audit Committee and member of the Risk Committee

Ann Godbehere has been a non-executive director of Prudential since August 2007. She has been a member of the Audit Committee since October 2007, becoming its Chairman in October 2009, and joined the Risk Committee in November 2010. Ann began her career in 1976 with Sun Life of Canada, joining Mercantile & General Reinsurance Group in 1981, where she held a number of management roles rising to Senior Vice President and Controller for life and health and property/casualty businesses in North America in 1995. In 1996 Swiss Re acquired Mercantile & General Reinsurance Group and Ann became Chief Financial Officer of Swiss Re Life & Health, North America. In 1997 she was made Chief Executive Officer of Swiss Re Life & Health, Canada. She moved to London as Chief Financial Officer of Swiss Re Life & Health Division in 1998 and joined the Property & Casualty Business Group, based out of Zurich, as Chief Financial Officer on its establishment in 2001. From 2003 until February 2007, Ann was Chief Financial Officer of the Swiss Re Group.

Ann is also a non-executive director of Rio Tinto plc, Rio Tinto Limited, UBS AG, Ariel Holdings Limited, Atrium Underwriting Group Limited and Atrium Underwriters Limited. From its nationalisation in 2008 until January 2009 Ann was Interim Chief Financial Officer and Executive Director of Northern Rock. Ann joined the Board of British American Tobacco plc in October 2011 as a non-executive director. Age 56.

Alexander (Alistair) Johnston CMG FCA
Non-executive director and member of the Audit Committee

Alistair Johnston has been a non-executive director of Prudential and a member of the Audit Committee since January 2012.

Alistair was a partner of KPMG from 1986 to 2010. He joined KPMG (then Peat Marwick Mitchell) in 1973 and held a number of senior leadership positions. These included Vice Chairman of UK Financial

Services and Head of UK Insurance Practice, International Managing Partner—Global Markets and UK Vice Chairman. Latterly he served as a Global Vice Chairman of the firm from 2007 to 2010.

Alistair acted as a non-executive director of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office from 2005 to 2010 and chaired the audit committee until 2009. He was an Association Member of BUPA until January 2012. Alistair is a member of the Strategy and Development Board and a Visiting Professor at Cass Business School. In February 2012 Alistair was appointed as a Trustee of the Design Museum in London. Age 59.

Paul Manduca
Senior independent non-executive director and member of the Audit, Remuneration and Nomination Committees

Paul Manduca has been a non-executive director of Prudential since October 2010 and succeeded James Ross as the Board's Senior Independent Director in January 2011. He joined the Audit and Remuneration Committees in November 2010 and became a member of the Nomination Committee in January 2011.

Paul was appointed as a non-executive director of Wm Morrison Supermarkets Plc (Morrisons) in September 2005. He was the Senior Independent Director, a member of the Nomination Committee and Chairman of the Remuneration Committee of Morrisons. He previously chaired the Audit Committee and stepped down from the Board of Morrisons in March 2011. He is also Chairman of Aon Limited, a non-executive director and Chairman of the Audit Committee of KazmunaiGas Exploration & Production Plc, Chairman of Henderson Diversified Income Limited and Chairman of JPM European Smaller Companies Investment Trust Plc. Paul was a director of Development Securities plc until March 2010, Chairman of Bridgewell Group plc until 2007 and a director of Henderson Smaller Companies Investment Trust plc until 2006. Paul was European CEO of Deutsche Asset Management from 2002 to 2005, global CEO of Rothschild Asset Management from 1999 to 2002 and founding CEO of Threadneedle Asset Management Limited from 1994 to 1999 when he was also a director of Eagle Star and Allied Dunbar. Paul is a member of the Securities Institute. Age 60.

Kaikhushru Nargolwala FCA
Non-executive director and member of the Risk and Remuneration Committees

Kai Nargolwala has been a non-executive director of Prudential and a member of the Risk and Remuneration Committees since January 2012. Until December 2011 he was the non-executive Chairman of Credit Suisse Asia Pacific, having joined Credit Suisse in 2008 as a member of the Executive Board and CEO of the Asia Pacific region.

From 1998 to 2007, Kai worked for Standard Chartered PLC where he was a Group Executive Director responsible for Asia Governance and Risk. His responsibilities included developing strategy and business performance across Asia, as well as strategic merger and acquisition activity. Prior to that, he spent 19 years at Bank of America and from 1990 was based in Asia as Group Executive Vice President and Head of the Asia Wholesale Banking Group. From 2004 to 2007, he was a non-executive director at Tate & Lyle plc and at Visa International, where he served on the Asia Pacific Board.

Kai is currently a non-executive director and lead independent director of Singapore Telecommunications Limited, a member of the Board of the Casino Regulatory Authority of Singapore and a member of the Governing Board of the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School. Age 61.

Kathleen O'Donovan ACA
Non-executive director and member of the Audit and Nomination Committees

Kathleen O'Donovan has been a non-executive director of Prudential since May 2003. She has been a member of the Audit Committee since 2003 and was its Chairman from May 2006 until September 2009. Kathleen joined the Nomination Committee in November 2010. Kathleen is also a director and Chairman of the Audit Committee of Trinity Mirror plc, the Senior Independent Director and Chairman of the Audit Committee of ARM Holdings plc and Chairman of the Invensys Pension Scheme.

Previously, Kathleen was a non-executive director and Chairman of the Audit Committees of Great Portland Estates PLC, EMI Group plc and the Court of the Bank of England, and a non-executive director of O₂ plc. From 1991 to 2002, Kathleen was Chief Financial Officer of BTR and Invensys and prior to that she was a partner at Ernst & Young. Kathleen retires from the Prudential Board with effect from 31 March. Age 54.

Lord Turnbull KCB CVO
Non-executive director, Chairman of the Remuneration Committee and member of the Risk and Nomination Committees

Lord Turnbull has been a non-executive director of Prudential since May 2006. He joined the Risk Committee and the Remuneration Committee in November 2010, and became Chairman of the Remuneration Committee and a member of the Nomination Committee in June 2011. From January 2007 to November 2010 he was a member of the Audit Committee. He entered the House of Lords as a Life Peer in 2005. In 2002 he became Secretary of the Cabinet and Head of the Home Civil Service until he retired in 2005. Prior to that he held a number of positions in the Civil Service, including Permanent Secretary at HM Treasury; Permanent Secretary at the Department of the Environment (later Environment, Transport and the Regions); Private Secretary (Economics) to the Prime Minister; and Principal Private Secretary to Margaret Thatcher and then John Major. He joined HM Treasury in 1970.

Lord Turnbull is Chairman of BH Global Limited and a non-executive director of Frontier Economics Limited and The British Land Company PLC, and was formerly a non-executive director of the Arup Group from 2006 to 2007. He also worked part-time as a Senior Adviser to the London partners of Booz and Co (UK) until February 2011. Age 67.

The heads of Prudential's business units, Prudential UK and Europe, M&G, Jackson National Life Insurance Company and Prudential Corporation Asia, are also directors of Prudential as set forth above. For information relating to the compensation paid or accrued to all Prudential directors see Item 6, 'Compensation'.

The table below summarises the Company's policies as they were applied during 2011:

ELEMENT	PURPOSE	APPROACH

Total compensation	Adopts appropriate compensation structures and reward payouts to attract high calibre executive directors.	Benchmarked against the relevant market(s) for the role, taking into account the individual's contribution and experience. Market position is compared with companies of similar size and complexity to Prudential in the relevant market(s) for the role. Consideration is also given to remuneration arrangements and levels offered to other Prudential employees.

Base salary	Along with benefits, provides the guaranteed element of remuneration necessary to recruit and retain the best people to lead our business.	Based on the scope of role and market position, as well as the individual's contribution and experience, taking into account total remuneration, market movement of salaries in comparator organisations and salary increases for employees generally. The Committee reviews salaries annually. Changes in base salaries are generally effective from 1 January.

ELEMENT	PURPOSE	APPROACH

Annual bonus	Rewards the achievement of business results and individual objectives in a given year. Deferral reinforces the need for annual results to be grounded in business performance which is sustained over the longer term.	Executive directors have annual bonus plans based on the achievement of Group and business unit financial performance measures and personal objectives. 2011 Group and business unit targets focused on profitability, cash flow and capital preservation. Executive directors are required to defer between 30 per cent and 50 per cent of annual bonus (for Michael McLintock, 50 per cent of bonus over £500,000 is deferred) into Prudential shares for three years. Bonuses are not pensionable.

Long-term incentive	Rewards executive directors for delivering sustainable long-term returns for shareholders.	All executive directors participate in the Group Performance Share Plan (GPSP) under which awards vest based on relative TSR (Total Shareholder Return, a combination of share price growth and dividends paid) performance relative to an index of international insurers. Business unit Chief Executives also participate in business unit plans that focus on financial measures which contribute to the long-term success of the business unit and, therefore, the Group. Given the cash-generative priorities of the UK business unit, the Chief Executive of UK & Europe participates in a plan using the same TSR measures as the GPSP.

Shareholding guidelines	Encourage executives to build an interest in the Company's shares and support alignment with shareholder interests.	The Group Chief Executive and Chief Executive of M&G are required to build up and hold shares equal to 200 per cent of base salary. Other executive directors are required to build up and hold shares equal to 100 per cent of base salary.

ELEMENT	PURPOSE	APPROACH

All-employee share plans	Offer all employees an opportunity to participate in the success of the Company.	The structure of plans is determined by local market practice and legislation. Executive directors are eligible to participate in all-employee plans on the same basis as other employees in their location.

Benefits	Provide health and security benefits as part of the fixed element of remuneration.	Set at an appropriate level. Executive directors receive benefits, for example participation in medical insurance schemes, health assessments, the use of a car and driver, and security arrangements. No benefits are pensionable.

Pension	Provides opportunities for executive directors to save for an income in retirement in a cost efficient manner.	It is the Company's policy to provide efficient pension plans to allow executive directors to save for their retirement. The Company's policy for all external appointments since June 2003 has been to provide a pension contribution as a fixed percentage of salary. The level of the Company's pension contribution is related to competitive practice in the executive directors' employment markets.

On a policy basis, the package for 2011 offered the following proportions of fixed and variable and short- and long- term reward for our executive directors.

Remuneration based on good and superior performance (average of executive directors):

'Good' performance results in the payment of 2011 annual bonus at plan and 2011 long-term incentive awards vesting at the threshold level. 'Superior' performance generates maximum payment of 2011 annual bonuses and 2011 long-term incentive awards vesting in full.

The 2011 annual bonus plans for the majority of executive directors included Group and business unit performance measures based on:

These performance measures have been selected because they recognise the importance of generating profit while maintaining cash flow and capital coverage. Please see the Financial Statements and the Risk and Capital Management section of the Business Review for full definitions of these measures. Michael McLintock's annual bonus plan incorporated business unit measures including M&G investment performance and M&G IFRS operating profit (excluding PruCap). The performance measures for Mike Wells' annual bonus included Jackson's IFRS pre-tax operating income and EEV new business profit.

A portion of the annual bonus for each executive director is based on the achievement of personal objectives. These objectives include the executive's contribution to Group strategy as a member of the Board and specific goals related to their functional and/or business unit role (for instance, project measures relating to the implementation of Solvency II requirements). In addition, all employees are required to comply with the regulatory, governance and risk management practices and policies as these relate to their role and business area. Specifically, all business units must act within the Group's risk appetite.

A proportion of each executive director's annual bonus is not paid in cash and must be deferred. This portion is deferred for three years in the form of the Company's shares. This deferral aligns the interests of our executive directors with our shareholders and helps to ensure a focus on the sustainable success of the Company.

Executive directors' bonus opportunities, the weighting of performance measures for 2011 and the proportion of annual bonuses deferred are set out below.

2011 Executive directors' bonus opportunities, the weighting of performance measures and the proportion of annual bonuses deferred:

During 2011, the Group delivered growth in new business profits, IFRS profits and cash generation. In each of these three important areas, the Group exceeded both the performance achieved in 2010 and the stretching targets set by the Committee at the start of 2011, notwithstanding challenging global market conditions. All other financial targets set for the 2011 annual bonus plan were also exceeded,

with achievement against most reaching or approaching the level required for maximum bonus payments. On the basis of this performance, the Committee approved the 2011 bonus payments set out in the 2011 emoluments table.

All executive directors participate in the Group Performance Share Plan (GPSP). Those executive directors with responsibility for a business unit also participate in plans linked to the long-term success of the relevant unit. The Committee will continue to keep the performance measures used in the long-term incentive plans under review to ensure their relevance.

Details of the awards made under these plans in 2011 can be found in the Directors' outstanding long-term incentive awards section. Additional discussion on the Group's share award and share option plans may be found in note I4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

All executive directors participate in the GPSP. Awards vest on the basis of the Group's Total Shareholder Return (TSR) performance over a three year period. Total Shareholder Return is the combination of the share price growth and the dividends paid. Prudential's TSR performance over the performance period is compared with the TSR performance of an index composed of 10 international insurers (see box below). This performance measure was selected because it focuses on the value delivered to shareholders. TSR is measured on a local currency basis since this has the benefits of simplicity and directness of comparison.

Peer Companies used within the Index for 2011 GPSP awards
Aegon, Allianz, Aviva, Axa, Generali, ING, Legal & General, Manulife, Old Mutual and Standard Life.

For any GPSP award to vest, the Committee must be satisfied that the quality of the Company's underlying financial performance justifies the level of reward delivered at the end of the performance period. To ensure close alignment with our shareholders' long-term interests, participants receive the value of reinvested dividends over the performance period for those shares which ultimately vest. If performance measures are not achieved in full, the unvested portion of any award lapses and performance cannot be retested.

On 31 December 2011, the performance period for the 2009 GPSP award (which began on 1 January 2009) came to an end. The peer group used for this award was the 10 companies listed above plus Friends Provident (Friends Provident is included in the calculation until its delisting in November 2009). Since the peer group's TSR index was 100 at the start of the 2009-2011 performance period and was 120 at the end of the period, (as illustrated below) in order for the 2009 GPSP awards to vest in full, Prudential's TSR index over the period had to increase from 100 to at least 144 (i.e. 120 × 1.2). The Committee believes that this is a stretching requirement that requires exceptional performance, relative to other international insurance companies, for awards to be released in full.

Prudential's TSR performance over this period was 201.84, equal to 169 per cent of the peer index. The Committee, having satisfied itself about the quality of the Company's underlying financial performance, confirmed vesting of 100 per cent of the 2009 GPSP award (for reference, 100 per cent of the 2008 GPSP award vested).

The line chart below compares Prudential's Total Shareholder Return (TSR) during the three years from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2011 with that of the peer group against which TSR is measured for the purposes of the GPSP.

Prudential TSR v peer group total returns index % over the 3 years to December 2011

For executives with regional responsibilities, the Business Unit Performance Plan (BUPP) provides awards which vest subject to performance over a three-year period.

For any BUPP award to vest, the Committee must be satisfied that the quality of underlying financial performance of the relevant business unit justifies the level of reward delivered at the end of the performance period. To ensure close alignment with our shareholders' long-term interests, participants receive the value of reinvested dividends over the performance period for those shares which ultimately vest. If the performance conditions are not achieved in full, the unvested portion of any award lapses and cannot be retested.

In 2009, 2010 and 2011 Barry Stowe was granted Asia BUPP awards with a performance measure based on the growth of the Shareholder Capital Value (SCV) of the Asian business. SCV represents shareholders' capital and reserves on a European Embedded Value (EEV) basis for each business unit.

Over this period Prudential redirected the key metrics so that the performance of the Asian business has been managed and measured based on three core metrics of new business profit, IFRS profit and cash remittance. Given the success of this approach, SCV has been de-emphasised in the way that Prudential manages and measure the PCA business and the associated reward mechanisms.

The Committee therefore felt that it was appropriate to revise the performance conditions attached to outstanding awards to align them with the business plan and the long-term objectives of the Asian business. Vesting of these awards will now be dependent on the new business profit, IFRS profit and cash remittance performance of the Asian business. Each of these measures will determine vesting of one third of each award. For the 2009, 2010 and 2011 BUPP awards, performance will be measured over the periods 2009 to 2011, 2010 to 2013 and from 2011 to 2014 respectively. The Committee is satisfied that these conditions are more relevant than the original SCV measure and that they are broadly equivalent in their degree of stretch. This revision is also consistent with the change made to the performance condition of the UK BUPP award in 2010.

On 31 December 2011, the performance period for the 2009 Asia BUPP award (which began on 1 January 2009) came to an end. Over the period, the new business profit, IFRS profit and cash remittance achieved by the Asian business meant that the Committee, having satisfied itself as to the quality of the business units' underlying financial performance, confirmed vesting of 86.50 per cent of Barry Stowe's 2009 Asia BUPP award (for reference, 30 per cent of Barry Stowe's 2008 Asia BUPP award vested).

In 2011 Mike Wells was granted a Jackson BUPP award with vesting dependent on the increase in Jackson's Shareholder Capital Value (SCV) over the performance period.

The levels of SCV growth required for vesting of Mike Wells' award are set out in the table below. Vesting occurs between these performance levels on a straight line basis. On 31 December 2011, the performance period for the 2009 Jackson BUPP award came to an end. Although no current executive director had a 2009 award under this plan the vesting level for other participants was 93.75 per cent (for reference, the SCV performance measure attached to the 2008 Jackson BUPP award was not achieved and so no part of that award vested).

In 2009, 2010 and 2011 Rob Devey was granted UK BUPP awards. Given the cash-generative priorities of the UK business unit, UK BUPP awards are assessed using the same relative TSR measure applied to GPSP awards. As a result, all Rob Devey's outstanding UK BUPP awards have the same TSR conditions applied to them as the GPSP awards made in the same year.

On 31 December 2011, the performance period for the 2009 UK BUPP (which began on 1 January 2009) came to an end. As detailed above, Prudential's TSR over this period was equal to 169 per cent of the peer index. The Committee, having satisfied itself as to the quality of the business unit's underlying financial performance, confirmed vesting of 100 per cent of Rob Devey's 2009 UK BUPP award (for reference, no current executive director had a 2008 UK BUPP award).

The rules of the GPSP and BUPP set a limit on the value of shares which may be awarded to an executive in a financial year. The combined value of shares awarded under the two plans may not exceed a maximum of 550 per cent of salary although the awards made in a particular year are often significantly below theis limit. On a change in control of Prudential, vesting of awards made under these arrangements would be prorated for performance and to reflect the elapsed portion of the performance period.

In 2009, 2010 and 2011 Michael McLintock was granted M&G Executive LTIP awards. Under this plan an annual award of phantom shares is made with a notional starting share price of £1. The phantom share price at vesting is determined by the increase or decrease in M&G's profitability over the three-year performance period with profit and investment performance adjustments also applied:

The value of phantom shares vesting will be adjusted by a profit measure as follows:

The value of phantom shares vesting will be adjusted by an investment performance measure as follows:

The value of the vested phantom shares will be paid in cash after the end of the three-year performance period.

On 31 December 2011, the performance period for the 2009 award under the M&G Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan (which began on 1 January 2009) came to an end. M&G's profit grew by 103 per cent over the period and M&G's investment performance was in the second quartile. The Committee, having satisfied itself about the quality of M&G's underlying financial performance,

confirmed vesting of Michael McLintock's 2009 award with a value of £2.96 per share (for reference, the 2008 award vested with a value of £2.62 per share).

The number of phantom shares awarded depends on the performance of M&G and Michael McLintock's individual contribution in the financial year prior to the year in which the award is made. Therefore, the number of phantom shares to be awarded in 2012 relates to M&G's performance in 2011 and is calculated on the basis of the award's expected value. The expected value of the award is determined by a third party (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP). Based on 2011 performance, an award of 952,960 phantom shares with an anticipated value of £1,238,849 will be made to Michael McLintock in 2012. The ultimate value of the award will be determined with reference to the profit and investment performance of M&G over the three years from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2014. Based on 2010 performance, an award of 1,318,148 phantom shares with an anticipated value of £1,779,500 was made to Michael McLintock in 2011.

Prior to his appointment as an executive director, Mike Wells participated in the two long-term incentive plans offered to senior staff within Jackson. Mike Wells was awarded ADRs under the JNL US Performance Share Plan and cash-based awards under the JNL Long-Term Incentive Plan. Awards made under both plans have a performance period of four years and vesting is dependent on the achievement of shareholder value targets. Up to 150% of the original number of ADRs awarded under the JNL Performance Share Plan may be released if stretch performance targets are achieved.

Outstanding awards made to Mike Wells before his appointment as an executive director will remain subject to the original performance conditions and vesting schedule. No further awards will be made to Mike Wells under these plans.

On 31 December 2011, the performance periods for the 2008 awards under the JNL long-term incentive plans (which began on 1 January 2008) came to an end. Over the period the shareholder value of the US business grew by 18.1 per cent per annum (on a compound basis) and 94.7 per cent over the performance period. This resulted in vesting of 150 per cent of Mike Wells' 2008 JNL US Performance Share Plan award and 95 per cent of his 2008 cash-settled JNL Long-Term Incentive Plan award.

It is important that all employees are offered the opportunity to own shares in Prudential, connecting them both to the success of the Company and to the interests of other shareholders. Executive directors are invited to participate in these plans on the same basis as other staff in their location.

UK-based executive directors are eligible to participate in the Prudential HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) approved UK SAYE scheme and Barry Stowe is invited to participate in the equivalent International Share Ownership Scheme. These schemes allow employees to save towards the exercise of options over Prudential plc shares with the option price set at the beginning of the savings period at a discount of up to 20 per cent of the market price.

Participants elect to enter into savings contracts of up to £250 per month for a period of three or five years. At the end of this term, participants may exercise their options within six months and purchase shares. If an option is not exercised within six months, participants are entitled to a refund of their cash savings plus interest if applicable under the rules. Shares are issued to satisfy those options which are exercised. No options may be granted under the schemes if the grant would cause the number of shares which have been issued, or which remain issuable pursuant to options granted in the

preceding 10 years under the scheme and any other option schemes operated by the Company, or which have been issued under any other share incentive scheme of the Company, to exceed 10 per cent of the Company's ordinary share capital at the proposed date of grant.

UK-based executive directors are also eligible to participate in the Company's HMRC approved Share Incentive Plan (SIP). This allows all UK based employees to purchase Prudential plc shares up to a value of £125 per month from their gross salary (partnership shares). For every four partnership shares bought, an additional matching share is awarded which is purchased by Prudential on the open market. Dividend shares accumulate while the employee participates in the plan. Partnership shares may be withdrawn from the scheme at any time. If the employee withdraws from the plan within five years, matching shares are forfeited.

No directors or other employees are provided with loans to enable them to buy shares.

As a condition of serving, all executive and non-executive directors are required to have beneficial ownership of a minimum of 2,500 ordinary shares in the Company. This interest in shares must be acquired within 12 months of appointment to the Board if the director does not have such an interest upon appointment.

Executive directors should have a substantial shareholding to maximise the community of interest between them and other shareholders. This may be built up over a period of five years. Shares earned and deferred under the annual incentive plan are included in calculating the executive director's shareholding.

For executive directors based in the UK and Asia, it is the Company's policy to provide a supplement in lieu of pension of 25 per cent of base salary. This includes, where relevant, any Company contributions to the staff defined contribution pension, which UK executive directors may choose to join and which has no salary cap. Executives are provided with life assurance cover of up to four times salary plus a dependants' pension.

Before becoming an executive director, John Foley participated in the Company's defined benefit pension arrangement on the same basis as other employees who joined the Group before 2003. John

Foley elected to become a deferred member of this arrangement on 31 December 2010 and to join the defined contribution scheme with effect from 1 April 2011.

Michael McLintock participates in a contributory defined benefit scheme that provides a target pension of two thirds of final pensionable earnings on retirement at age 60 for an employee with 30 years or more potential service, for which his contribution is four per cent of base salary. Michael McLintock participates on the same basis as other employees who joined M&G at the same date. Benefits under the plan are subject to a notional scheme earnings cap (set at £123,600 for the 2010/11 tax year and at £129,600 for the 2011/12 tax year) which replicates the HMRC earnings cap in force before A-Day (6 April 2006). Michael McLintock is entitled to supplements based on his salary above the notional earnings cap.

Other executive directors based in the UK and Asia have elected to receive their pension benefits in the form of a cash supplement. Barry Stowe also receives a payment to the Hong Kong Mandatory Provident Fund.

Mike Wells is eligible to participate in Jackson's Defined Contribution Retirement Plan, a qualified 401(k) retirement plan, on the same basis as all other US-based employees. The Company provides matching contributions of 6 per cent of base salary (Mike Wells' salary for pension purposes is limited to $245,000). He is also eligible to participate in the profit sharing element of the plan which provides eligible participants with an annual profit sharing contribution, depending on the financial results of Jackson for the plan year, to a maximum of an additional 6 per cent of pensionable salary. An annual profit sharing contribution equivalent to 5 per cent of pensionable salary was made in 2011 (in 2010, the profit share contribution was 5 per cent of pensionable salary). Mike Wells is provided with life assurance cover of two times salary.

Prudential's remuneration structures for 2012 are unchanged from those used in 2011, detailed in the preceding pages. A review of these structures will take place in 2012 for implementation in 2013, subject to shareholder approval (if required) at the 2013 AGM.

In December 2011 the Remuneration Committee undertook a review of the compensation levels of the executive directors. The Committee considered the performance, experience and internal relativities for each director as well as the business performance of Prudential over recent financial years (illustrated opposite). To provide context for this review, each director's remuneration was benchmarked against appropriate market reference point(s). The Committee felt that the benchmarks used represent the markets from which Prudential would be most likely to recruit future executives, and to which the Group might lose leaders, if reward were not to be competitive.

Director	Role	Benchmark(s) used to assess remuneration


Rob Devey	Chief Executive, UK & Europe	—FTSE 40 —International Insurance Companies
John Foley	Group Chief Risk Officer	—FTSE 40
Michael McLintock	Chief Executive, M&G	—PwC UK Asset Management Survey —McLagan UK Investment Management Survey
Nic Nicandrou	Chief Financial Officer	—FTSE 40 —International Insurance Companies
Barry Stowe	Chief Executive, PCA	—Towers Watson Asian Insurance Survey
Tidjane Thiam	Group Chief Executive	—FTSE 40 —International Insurance Companies
Mike Wells	President & CEO, JNL	—Towers Watson US Financial Services Survey —LOMA US Insurance Survey

Over the same period (2007 to 2011), the base salary for the Group Chief Executive has been largely unchanged while total remuneration delivered to the Group Chief Executive rose by an average of 4.8 per cent per annum on a compound basis; substantially lower than the growth in the key performance metrics (above) used to assess business performance.

In light of the Remuneration Committee's compensation review and the Company's sustained performance, changes were made to the remuneration for the executive directors for 2012. In 2012, executive directors will be rewarded on the basis set out below:

					2012 Annual Bonus				Long-term incentives (2012 award as a percentage of salary)

Director	Role		Base Salary at 1 January 2012		Maximum % of salary		Deferral requirement		Group Performance Share Plan (GPSP)		Business Unit Performance Plan (BUPP)		Total

Rob Devey		Chief Executive, UK & Europe		£600,000		160%		40% of total bonus		112.5%		112.5%		225.0%
John Foley		Group Chief Risk Officer		£610,000		160%		40% of total bonus		250.0%		—		250.0%
Michael McLintock		Chief Executive, M&G		£360,000		note 1		50% of bonus above £500,000		100.0%		344.1%		444.1%
Nic Nicandrou		Chief Financial Officer		£630,000		175%		40% of total bonus		225.0%		—		225.0%
Barry Stowe		Chief Executive, PCA		£641,000		160%		40% of total bonus		112.5%		112.5%		225.0%
Tidjane Thiam		Group Chief Executive		£1,000,000		200%		50% of total bonus		400.0%		—		400.0%
Mike Wells		President & CEO, JNL		£655,000		note 2		30% of total bonus		230.0%		230.0%		460.0%

On a policy basis, the package for 2012 will offer the following proportions of fixed and variable and short- and long- term reward to executive directors.

Remuneration based on good and superior performance (average of executive directors):

'Good' performance results in the payment of plan annual bonuses in respect of 2012 and 2012 long-term incentive awards vesting at the threshold level. 'Superior' performance generates maximum payment of annual bonuses in respect of 2012 and 2012 long-term incentive awards vesting in full.

The normal notice of termination that the Company is required to give executive directors is 12 months. Accordingly, in normal circumstances, a director whose contract is terminated would be entitled to one year's salary and benefits in respect of their notice period. Additionally, outstanding awards under annual and long-term incentive plans may vest depending on the circumstances and according to the rules of the plans. When considering the termination of any service contract, the Remuneration Committee will have regard to the specific circumstances of each case, including the director's obligation to mitigate his loss. Payments are phased over the notice period.

Subject to the Group Chief Executive's or Chairman's approval, executive directors are able to accept external appointments as non-executive directors of other organisations. Any fees paid may be retained by the executive director. During 2011, Michael McLintock received £45,000 as a trustee of another organisation (for reference, Michael McLintock received £42,500 for this role in 2010). Other directors served as non-executive directors on the boards of educational and cultural organisations without receiving a fee for such services.

Non-executive directors do not have service contracts but are appointed pursuant to letters of appointment with notice periods of six months without liability for compensation.

Under the terms of their letters of appointment, continuation of the non-executive directors' appointment is contingent on satisfactory performance and re-election by shareholders. Non-executive directors are typically expected to serve two three year terms from the date of their election by shareholders. Thereafter, the Board may invite the Director to serve for an additional period.

Non-executive director	Appointment by the Board


Keki Dadiseth⁽¹⁾	1 April 2005	AGM 2005	6 months	AGM 2012
Howard Davies	15 October 2010	AGM 2011	6 months	AGM 2014
Michael Garrett⁽¹⁾	1 September 2004	AGM 2005	6 months	AGM 2012
Ann Godbehere	2 August 2007	AGM 2008	6 months	AGM 2014
Alistair Johnston⁽²⁾	1 January 2012	AGM 2012	6 months	AGM 2015
Bridget Macaskill⁽³⁾	1 September 2003	AGM 2004	6 months	n/a
Paul Manduca	15 October 2010	AGM 2011	6 months	AGM 2014
Kaikhushru Nargolwala⁽²⁾	1 January 2012	AGM 2012	6 months	AGM 2015
Kathleen O'Donovan⁽⁴⁾	8 May 2003	AGM 2004	6 months	n/a
James Ross⁽⁵⁾	6 May 2004	AGM 2005	6 months	n/a
Lord Turnbull	18 May 2006	AGM 2006	6 months	AGM 2012

Non-executive directors are not eligible to participate in annual bonus plans, long-term incentive plans or pension arrangements. Their fees are determined by the Board and reflect their individual responsibilities, including chairmanship and membership of committees where appropriate. The Board reviews fees annually and revised fees, for the first time since 2008, with effect from 1 July 2011 (see the table below for details of the fee structure in place from this date). The fee levels established in 2011 recognise the impact that the increased size, complexity and the burden of regulatory scrutiny of

the Group have had on the time commitment required from non-executive directors since fee levels were last varied in 2008.

Please see the 2011 emoluments table for details of the fees received by individual non-executive directors during 2011.

Until July 2011, non-executive directors used the net value of £25,000 of their total annual fees to purchase shares in the Company. In July 2011, this arrangement was replaced with a share ownership requirement for non-executive directors, described below.

In July 2011, a new share ownership requirement for non-executive directors was introduced. Non-executive directors are required to hold shares with a value equivalent to one times the annual basic fee (excluding additional fees for chairmanship and membership of any committees). Non-executive directors will be expected to attain this level of share ownership within three years of the implementation of this requirement (or within three years of their date of appointment, if later). The Chairman is required to hold shares with a value equivalent to one times his annual base fee and is expected to attain this level of share ownership within five years of the date of his appointment.

Harvey McGrath was appointed as a non-executive director on 1 September 2008 and became Chairman on 1 January 2009. He is paid an annual fee of £500,000. A contractual notice period of 12 months by either party applies. Harvey McGrath is provided with life assurance cover of four times his annual fees and the use of a car and driver. No pension allowance is paid and he is not a member of any Group pension scheme. Harvey McGrath is also entitled to medical insurance coverage but he has not taken up this benefit.

Harvey McGrath will retire from the Board in 2012 when a successor has been found.

The interests of directors in ordinary shares of the Company are set out below. This includes shares acquired under the Share Incentive Plan (detailed in the Shares acquired under Shares Incentives Plan),

deferred annual incentive awards and interests in shares awarded on appointment (detailed in the 'Other Share Awards' table). All interests are beneficial.




Keki Dadiseth	30,655	32,196	32,196	0.001
Howard Davies	575	3,083	3,083	0.0001
Rob Devey	78,261	126,006	126,006	0.005
John Foley	535,386	364,378	364,378	0.014
Michael Garrett	36,972	39,233	39,233	0.002
Ann Godbehere	14,628	15,914	15,914	0.001
Alistair Johnston^{note 1}	—	`-	—	—
Bridget Macaskill^{note 2}	44,006	—	—	—
Paul Manduca	1,260	2,500	2,500	0.0001
Harvey McGrath	299,540	300,636	300,636	0.01
Michael McLintock	604,390	595,363	595,363	0.02
Kaikhushru Nargolwala^{note 3}	—	—	16,000	0.001
Nic Nicandrou^{note 4}	133,555	167,655	167,724	0.007
Kathleen O'Donovan	23,484	24,425	24,425	0.001
James Ross^{note 5}	21,190	—	—	—
Barry Stowe^{note 6}	264,437	274,575	274,575	0.01
Tidjane Thiam	273,025	650,116	650,116	0.03
Lord Turnbull	15,589	16,624	16,624	0.001
Mike Wells^{note 7}	293,842	438,718	438,718	0.02




(£ thousand)
Chairman
Harvey McGrath	500	—	—	—	82	—	582	—
Executive directors
Rob Devey	550	479	319	798	111	138	1,597	1,544
John Foley^{(note 1)}	550	518	345	863	139	100	1,652	—
Michael McLintock	350	779	279	1,058	93	96	1,597	6,005
Nic Nicandrou	550	507	338	845	84	138	1,617	2,020
Barry Stowe^{(note 2)}	641	579	386	965	544	160	2,310	2,341
Tidjane Thiam	900	785	785	1,570	116	225	2,811	1,910
Mike Wells^{(notes 1 and 3)}	624	1,660	711	2,371	64	—	3,059	1,369

Total executive directors	4,165	5,307	3,163	8,470	1,151	857	14,643	15,189

Non-executive directors
Keki Dadiseth^{(note 4)}	102						102
Howard Davies	153						153
Michael Garrett	93						93
Ann Godbehere	158						158
Bridget Macaskill^{(note 5)}	65						65
Paul Manduca	156						156
Kathleen O'Donovan	98						98
James Ross^{(note 6)}	33						33
Lord Turnbull	129						129

Total non-executive directors	987						987

Overall total	5,652	5,307	3,163	8,470	1,233	857	16,212	15,189




(£ thousand)
Chairman
Harvey McGrath	500	—	—	—	43	—	543	—
Executive directors
Rob Devey^{(note 1)}	550	496	331	827	43	154	1,574	—
Michael McLintock	350	1,052	552	1,604	53	87	2,094	3,312
Nic Nicandrou^{(note 2)}	550	512	341	853	43	161	1,607	—
Barry Stowe^{(note 3)}	666	625	417	1,042	285	167	2,160	937
Tidjane Thiam	900	—	1,570	1,570	64	225	2,759	2,099

Total executive directors	3,016	2,685	3,211	5,896	488	794	10,194	6,348

Non-executive directors
Keki Dadiseth^{(note 4)}	87						87
Howard Davies	27						27
Michael Garrett	77						77
Ann Godbehere	119						119
Bridget Macaskill	89						89
Paul Manduca	18						18
Kathleen O'Donovan	87						87
James Ross	108						108
Lord Turnbull	88						88

Total non-executive directors	700						700

Overall total	4,216	2,685	3,211	5,896	531	794	11,437	6,348

The 2008 Directors' remuneration report provided details of the remuneration arrangements which applied to Mark Tucker following his resignation as Group Chief Executive. These arrangements were implemented as intended by the Committee.

On 31 December 2010, the performance period for Mark Tucker's 2008 GPSP award came to an end. His GPSP award was prorated for service (21/36ths) and its vesting remained dependent on TSR performance achieved over the three-year performance period. Since this condition was met in full, Mark Tucker's prorated 2008 GPSP award vested and was released at the same time as for all other participants in the GPSP. This award was the last that Mark Tucker had outstanding under a Prudential long-term incentive plan.

The 2009 Directors' remuneration report provided details of the remuneration arrangements that would apply to Nick Prettejohn after he resigned from the position of Chief Executive UK & Europe. These arrangements were implemented as intended by the Committee.

The performance periods of Nick Prettejohn's GPSP and UK BUPP awards for 2008 and 2009 ended on 31 December 2010 and 31 December 2011 respectively. Vesting was prorated based on service (i.e. 21/36ths and 9/36ths). Vesting remained dependent on performance achieved over the performance period and shares were released at the same time as for all other participants in these plans.

The performance condition attached to the 2008 GPSP award was met in full and 100 per cent of the proportion of the award which was outstanding was released in 2011. Achievement of the SCV performance measure attached to the 2008 UK BUPP award was not achieved and so no part of the award vested.

The performance condition attached to the 2009 GPSP award was met in full and 100 per cent of the proportion of the award which was outstanding will be released during 2012. Achievement of the SCV performance measure attached to the 2009 UK BUPP award was 12.5 per cent per annum (on a compound basis), so 87.5 per cent of the outstanding portion of this award will be released during 2012.

Clark Manning stepped down from his role as President and Chief Executive of Jackson and as an executive director on 31 December 2010. Clark Manning remained Chairman of Jackson until 30 April 2011 and acted in an advisory role until 31 December 2011. The 2010 Directors' remuneration report provided details of the remuneration arrangements that would apply to Clark Manning after his resignation. These arrangements were implemented as intended by the Committee.

The performance condition attached to the 2009 GPSP award was met in full and 100 per cent of the award will be released during 2012. Achievement of the SCV performance measure attached to the 2009 Jackson BUPP award was 11.5 per cent per annum (on a compound basis), so 93.75 per cent of the outstanding portion of this award will be released during 2012.

Outstanding awards made under the GPSP and BUPP will vest (subject to the achievement of performance conditions) on the same schedule as awards made to other executive directors. These awards will be prorated to reflect the portion of the performance periods which had elapsed on 31 December 2011.

No awards were made to Clark Manning under any long-term incentive plan during 2011 and none will be made in any subsequent year.

No other amounts were paid during the financial year or were receivable by directors (or past directors) in connection with leaving the organisation.

Shares awards made to Tidjane Thiam and Nic Nicandrou in connection with their appointment were released, as scheduled, during 2011. Details of these awards were originally set out in the Directors' remuneration reports for 2008 and 2009. Please see the Other Share Awards table for details.

No amounts were paid to Mike Wells or John Foley in connection with their appointment as executive directors.

The table below sets out the outstanding share awards under the Group Performance Share Plan and Business Unit Performance Plans.

Plan name


Rob Devey
GPSP	2009	120,898		639				120,898	31 Dec 11
BUPP	2009	120,897		639				120,897	31 Dec 11
GPSP	2010	104,089		568.5				104,089	31 Dec 12
BUPP	2010	104,089		568.5				104,089	31 Dec 12
GPSP	2011		76,242	733.5				76,242	31 Dec 13
BUPP	2011		76,242	733.5				76,242	31 Dec 13

		449,973	152,484					602,457

John Foley
GPSP	2011		152,484	733.5				152,484	31 Dec 13

			152,484					152,484

Michael McLintock
GPSP	2008	48,330		674.5	5,696	48,330		—	31 Dec 10
GPSP	2009	92,022		455.5				92,022	31 Dec 11
GPSP	2010	66,238		568.5				66,238	31 Dec 12
GPSP	2011		48,517	733.5				48,517	31 Dec 13

		206,590	48,517		5,696	48,330		206,777

Nic Nicandrou
GPSP	2009	316,328		639				316,328	31 Dec 11
GPSP	2010	208,179		568.5				208,179	31 Dec 12
GPSP	2011		152,484	733.5				152,484	31 Dec 13

		524,507	152,484					676,991

Barry Stowe
GPSP	2008	107,988		674.5	12,728	107,988		—	31 Dec 10
BUPP	2008	53,994		674.5	1,908	16,198	37,796	—	31 Dec 10
GPSP(note 1)	2009	196,596		455.5				196,596	31 Dec 11
BUPP(note 1)	2009	196,596		455.5				196,596	31 Dec 11
GPSP(note 1)	2010	129,076		568.5				129,076	31 Dec 12
BUPP(note 1)	2010	129,076		568.5				129,076	31 Dec 12
GPSP(note 1)	2011		88,270	733.5				88,270	31 Dec 13
BUPP(note 1)	2011		88,270	733.5				88,270	31 Dec 13

		813,326	176,540		14,636	124,186	37,796	827,884

Tidjane Thiam
GPSP	2008	314,147		674.5	37,035	314,147		—	31 Dec 10
GPSP	2009	299,074		455.5				299,074	31 Dec 11
GPSP	2010	510,986		568.5				510,986	31 Dec 12
GPSP	2011		374,279	733.5				374,279	31 Dec 13

		1,124,207	374,279		37,035	314,147		1,184,339

Mike Wells(note 2)
JNL PSP(note 4)	2007	85,500		700.0		85,500		—	31 Dec 10
JNL PSP(note 4)	2008	84,900		546				84,900	31 Dec 11
JNL PSP(note 4)	2009	218,100		455.5				218,100	31 Dec 12
JNL PSP(note 4)	2010	141,000		568.5				141,000	31 Dec 13
GPSP	2011		197,648	733.5				197,648	31 Dec 13
BUPP	2011		197,648	733.5				197,648	31 Dec 13

		529,500	395,296			85,500		839,296

Details of all outstanding awards under cash-based long-term incentive plans are set out in the table below. The performance period for all M&G Executive LTIP awards is three years while the performance period for all JNL LTIP awards is four years:

		Face value of conditional awards outstanding at 1 January 2011


		(£ thousand)
Michael McLintock
M&G Executive LTIP	2008		1,141		2,990	—	31-Dec-10
M&G Executive LTIP	2009		1,830			1,830	31-Dec-11
M&G Executive LTIP	2010		987			987	31-Dec-12
M&G Executive LTIP	2011			1,318		1,318	31-Dec-13

Total cash payments made in 2011					2,990

Mike Wells
JNL LTIP	2007		699		858	—	31-Dec-10
JNL LTIP	2008		756			756	31-Dec-11
JNL LTIP	2009		894			894	31-Dec-12
JNL LTIP	2010		906			906	31-Dec-13

Total cash payments made in 2011					858

Under the M&G Executive LTIP, the value of each unit at award is £1. The value of units changes based on M&G's profit growth and investment performance over the performance period. For the 2008 award of 1,141,176 units, the unit price at the end of the performance period was £2.62. This resulted in a payment of £2,989,881 to Michael McLintock. For the 2009 awards of 1,830,189 units, the unit price at the end of the performance period was £2.96, which will result in a payment of £5,417,359 to Michael McLintock during 2012.

In the 2010 Annual Report, the value shown for Michael McLintock's 2010 M&G Executive LTIP award was the expected value rather than the face value of the award. This has been amended in the table above.

See the long-term incentives section for a description of the JNL LTIP. Performance over the period from 2007 to 2010 resulted in a payment of £857,617 to Mike Wells in 2011. Performance over the period from 2008 to 2011 will result in a payment of £826,975 to Mike Wells during 2012. The awards above were made before Mike Wells became an executive director. Mike Wells was not made a 2011 JNL LTIP award and it is anticipated that no further awards will be made to him under this Plan.

The sterling face value of Mike Wells' JNL LTIP awards have been calculated using the average exchange rate for the year in which the grant was made. The face value of conditional share awards outstanding on 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2011 was $5,600,000 and $4,200,000 respectively.

The table below sets out the share awards that have been made to executive directors under their appointment terms and those deferred from annual incentive plan payouts. The number of shares is calculated using the average share price over the three business days commencing on the day of the announcement of the Group's annual financial results for the relevant year. For the awards from the 2010 annual incentives, made in 2011, the average share price was 735 pence. Details of shares acquired under the Share Incentive Plan are provided separately.




Rob Devey
Awards under appointment terms	2009	50,575				50,575	31 Mar 12			639
Deferred 2009 annual incentive award	2010	27,686		1,051		28,737	31 Dec 12			552.5
Deferred 2010 annual incentive award	2011		44,987	1,707		46,694	31 Dec 13			721.5

John Foley
Deferred 2008 deferred PruCap award	2010	233,333		8,858	242,191	—	16 Dec 11	242,191	16 Dec 11	612	609.5
Deferred 2009 deferred PruCap award	2010	166,667		6,326		172,993	14 Dec 12			612

Michael McLintock
Deferred 2007 annual incentive award	2010	68,385			68,385	—	31 Dec 10	68,385	10 Mar 11	519.5	735
Deferred 2008 annual incentive award	2010	132,664		5,036		137,700	31 Dec 11			519.5
Deferred 2009 annual incentive award	2010	72,104		2,736		74,840	31 Dec 12			552.5
Deferred 2010 annual incentive award	2011		75,136	2,852		77,988	31 Dec 13			721.5

Nic Nicandrou
Awards under appointment terms	2009	13,898			13,898	—	31 Mar 11	13,898	30 Mar 11	639	721.5
		16,059			16,059	—	31 Mar 11	16,059	30 Mar 11	639	721.5
		68,191				68,191	31 Mar 12			639
Deferred 2009 annual incentive award	2010	25,380		962		26,342	31 Dec 12			552.5
Deferred 2010 annual incentive award	2011		46,394	1,761		48,155	31 Dec 13			721.5

Barry Stowe
Deferred 2007 annual incentive award	2008	45,339			45,339	—	31 Dec 10	45,339	10 Mar 11	635	735
Deferred 2008 annual incentive award	2009	21,815		828		22,643	31 Dec 11			349.5
Deferred 2009 annual incentive award	2010	37,650		1,438		39,088	31 Dec 12			552.5
Deferred 2010 annual incentive award	2011		54,244	2,072		56,316	31 Dec 13			721.5

Tidjane Thiam
Awards under appointment terms	2008	49,131			49,131	—	31 Mar 11	49,131	30 Mar 11	662	721.5
Deferred 2008 annual incentive award	2010	67,367		2,557		69,924	31 Dec 11			552.5
Deferred 2009 annual incentive award	2010	60,928		2,312		63,240	31 Dec 12			552.5
Deferred 2010 annual incentive award	2011		213,550	8,107		221,657	31 Dec 13			721.5

Mike Wells
2009 After Tax(notes 1 & 3)
Deferral Program award	2010	32,250				32,250	15 Mar 13			520
Deferred 2010 Group Deferred Bonus Plan award(note 1)	2011		87,508	3,346		90,854	31 Dec 13			721.5

The table above provides information about shares purchased under the SIP together with Matching shares (awarded on a 1:4 basis) and Dividend shares. The total number of shares will only be released if Nic Nicandrou remains in employment for five years.

The following table sets out the share options held by the directors in the UK Savings Related Share Option Scheme (SAYE) as at the end of the period. No other directors held shares in any other option scheme.

Releases from Prudential's GPSP and BUPP are satisfied using new issue shares rather than by purchasing shares in the open market. Shares relating to options granted under all-employee share plans are also satisfied by new issue shares. The combined dilution from all outstanding shares and options at 31 December 2011 was 0.2 per cent of the total share capital at the time. Deferred shares will continue to be satisfied by the purchase of shares in the open market.

The Company's pension policy is set out in the Pension and long-term savings section. Details of directors' pension entitlements under HMRC approved defined benefit schemes and supplements in the form of contributions to pension arrangements paid by the Company are set out in the following table:

							Additional pension earned during year ended 31 December 2011

															Increase in transfer value less contributions made by directors during 2011
					Accrued benefit at 31 December 2011 (£ per annum)		Ignoring inflation on pension earned to 31 December 2010(1)		Allowing for inflation on pension earned to 31 December 2010(2)
			Years of pensionable service at 31 December 2011								Transfer value of accrued benefit at 31 December(3)						Contributions to pension and life assurance arrangements(4)
	Age at 31 December 2011										Transfer value of accrued benefit at 31 December(3)
	Age at 31 December 2011										2011		2010

					(£ thousand)		(£ thousand)		(£ thousand)		(£ thousand)		(£ thousand)		(£ thousand)		(£ thousand)
Rob Devey		43																5
John Foley		55																37
Michael McLintock		50		19		55		5		3		1102		856		232		22
Nic Nicandrou		46																5
Barry Stowe		54																2
Tidjane Thiam		49																9
Mike Wells		51																19

No enhancements to retirement benefits were paid to or receivable by directors or former directors other than the discretionary pension increases awarded to all pensioners which have been made during the year.

Total contributions to directors' pension and life assurance arrangements in 2011, including cash supplements for pension purposes, were £957,960 (2010: £624,921) of which £100,960 (2010: £44,608) related to money purchase schemes.

As required by the Companies Act, the line chart below compares Prudential's Total Shareholder Return (TSR) during the five years from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2011, with that of the peer group against which TSR is measured for the purposes of the Group Performance Share Plan. Our performance is also shown relative to the FTSE 100 since Prudential is a major company within this

index. This chart is prepared using the methodology stipulated in the Companies Act remuneration regulations:

Prudential TSR v FTSE 100 and peer group index total returns index % over the 5 years to December 2011

The current shareholding policy and the interests of directors in ordinary shares of Prudential are shown under the sections "Compensation Shareholding guidelines" and "Compensation Directors' Shareholdings" above.

Prudential is not owned or controlled directly or indirectly by another corporation or by any government or by any other natural or legal person severally or jointly and Prudential does not know of any arrangements that might result in a change in Prudential's control.

In addition, Prudential's directors held, as at 12 March 2012, options to purchase 10,454 shares, all of which were issued under Prudential's SAYE scheme. These options and plans are described in more detail below under 'Options to purchase securities from Prudential' in this section.

The Savings Related Share Option Scheme (SAYE) is open to all UK and certain overseas employees. Options under this scheme up to HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) limits are granted at a 20 per cent discount and cannot normally be exercised until a minimum of three years has elapsed. No payment is made for the grant of any options.

The share options held by the directors and other executive officers as at the end of period are shown under the section "Compensation Outstanding share options" above.

As of 12 March 2012, 13,143,226 options were outstanding, which Prudential issued under the SAYE schemes. As of 12 March 2012 directors and other executive officers held 10,454 of such

outstanding options. Except as described above in 'Outstanding options of directors and other executive officers', each option represents the right of the bearer to subscribe for one share at a particular pre-determined exercise price at a pre-set exercise date.

As of 12 March 2012, 2,574 options were outstanding under the RSP. Such outstanding options held by directors or other executive officers at 31 December 2011 are included in the shares set forth under 'Long-term incentive plans' in the 'Compensation' section above.

As of 12 March 2012, 3,394,608 shares were outstanding under the Prudential Jackson National Life US Performance Share Plan. Such outstanding awards held by directors or other executive officers at 31 December 2011, are included in the shares set forth under 'Long-term incentive plans' in the 'Compensation' section above.

As of 12 March 2012, 22,623,547shares were outstanding under other awards. Of those, 1,086,522 shares were outstanding under the Annual Incentive Plan, 816,284 shares were outstanding under the PruCap Deferred Bonus Plan, 496,560 shares were outstanding under the Momentum Retention Plan, 1,726,132 shares were outstanding under the One Off Awards, 7,907,113 shares were outstanding under the GPSP, 2,656,826 shares were outstanding under the BUPP, 1,323,833 shares were outstanding under the Deferred Share Plans and 6,338,777 shares were outstanding under the PCA LTIP and 271,500 were outstanding under the Prudential Agency Long-Term Incentive Plan. Such outstanding awards held by directors or other executive officers at 31 December 2011 are included under 'Long-term incentive plans' in the 'Compensation' section above.

The aggregate proceeds that would arise if all outstanding options under the SAYE schemes were exercised is £44 million. The latest expiration dates for exercise or release of the securities underlying the options or awards and the number of options or shares are set out in the table below.

Year of Expiration	Shares Outstanding Under the Prudential Jackson National Life US Performance Share Plan		Options Outstanding Under Restricted Share Plan		Options Outstanding Under Savings Related Share Option Scheme		Shares Outstanding Under Other Awards		Total


	(In Millions)		(In Millions)		(In Millions)		(In Millions)		(In Millions)
2011
2012		0.819				5.669		6.928		13.416
2013		0.749				0.451		8.08		9.28
2014		1.283				4.192		6.804		12.279
2015		0.544		0.003		1.641		0.612		2.8
2016						0.703		0.199		0.902
2017						0.487				0.487

Total		3.395		0.003		13.143		22.623		39.164

Information concerning the Group's share award and share option plans for its employees is provided in "Compensation" above as well as in note I4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

In accordance with Prudential's Articles of Association the Board, or the members in a general meeting, may appoint up to 20 directors. In line with UK corporate governance guidelines, all directors submit themselves for annual re-election by shareholders at the Annual General Meeting and any director appointed by the Board will retire at the first Annual General Meeting following his or her appointment and offer himself or herself for election by shareholders.

Non-executive directors of Prudential are usually appointed for an initial three-year term, commencing with their election by shareholders at the first Annual General Meeting following their appointment. Each appointment is reviewed towards the end of the three-year term against performance and the requirements of the Group's businesses. Non-executive directors are typically expected to serve for two terms of three years from their initial election by shareholders, although the Board may invite them to serve for an additional period. Their appointment is subjected to continued performance and re-election by shareholders.

The Company Secretary supports the Chairman in providing tailored induction programs for new directors and on-going development for all directors. On appointment, all directors embark upon a wide-ranging induction program covering, amongst other things, the principal bases of accounting for the Group's results, the role of the Board and its key committees, and the ambit of the internal audit and risk management functions. In addition, they receive detailed briefings on the Group's principal businesses, its product range, the markets in which it operates and the overall competitive environment. Other areas addressed include the directors' obligations under the different listing regimes to which Prudential is subject, legal issues affecting directors of financial services companies, the Group's governance arrangements, its investor relations program, as well as its remuneration policies.

Directors have a statutory duty to avoid conflicts of interest with the Company. The Company's Articles of Association allow the directors to authorise conflicts of interest, and the Board has adopted a policy and effective procedures on managing and, where appropriate, approving conflicts or potential conflicts of interest. Under these procedures directors are required to declare all directorships or other appointments to companies which are not part of the Group as well as other situations which could result in conflicts or could give rise to a potential conflict. The Nomination Committee, or the Board where appropriate, evaluates and approves each such situation individually where applicable.

The Company has arranged appropriate insurance cover in respect of legal action against directors and senior managers of companies within the Prudential Group. In addition, the Articles of Association of the Company permit the directors and officers of the Company to be indemnified in respect of liabilities incurred as a result of their office. Prudential also provides protections for directors and certain senior managers of companies within the Group against personal financial exposure they may incur in their capacity as such. These include qualifying third party indemnity provisions (as defined where relevant by the Companies Act 2006) for the benefit of directors of Prudential plc and other such persons including, where applicable, in their capacity as directors of other companies within the Group. These indemnities were in force during 2011 and remain in force.

Executive directors may accept external directorships and retain any fees earned from those directorships subject to prior discussion with the Group Chief Executive and always provided this does not lead to any conflicts of interest. In line with the UK Corporate Governance Code, executive directors would be expected to hold no more than one non-executive directorship, nor the chairmanship, of a FTSE 100 company. Some of our executive directors hold directorships or trustee positions of unquoted companies or institutions. Details of any fees retained are included in Item 6, 'Service Contracts' on

page 237 and major commitments of our executive directors are detailed in their biographies on pages 217 to 219.

Non-executive directors may serve on a number of other boards provided that they are able to demonstrate satisfactory time commitment to their role at Prudential and that they discuss any new appointment with the Chairman prior to accepting. This ensures that they do not compromise their independence and that any potential conflicts of interest and any possible issues arising out of the time commitments required by the new role can be identified and addressed appropriately. The major commitments of our non-executive directors are detailed in their biographies set out on page 219 to 222.

The Board has established audit, remuneration, nomination and risk committees as principal standing committees of the Board. Each committee has written terms of reference which are kept under regular review. These committees are key elements of the Group's corporate governance framework and reports on each committee are included below.

The responsibilities of the Group Audit Committee (the Committee) and the activities it carried out during the year are set out below.

The Committee's principal responsibilities consist of oversight over financial reporting, the effectiveness of the internal control systems and monitoring auditor independence. Its duties include gaining assurance on the control over financial processes and the integrity of the Group's financial reports, monitoring the performance, objectivity and independence of the external auditor, and reviewing the work of the internal auditor.

In performing its duties, the Committee has access to employees and their financial or other relevant expertise across the Group and to the services of the Group-wide Internal Audit Director and the Company Secretary. The Committee may also seek external professional advice at the Group's expense.

The Committee's terms of reference, which are approved by the Board and kept under regular review, are available on our website at http://www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/aboutpru/corporategoverna nce/ Alternatively, copies may be obtained by writing to the Company Secretary at the registered office.

The Committee is comprised exclusively of non-executive directors as set out below:

The membership is selected to provide a broad set of financial, commercial and other experience relevant to meet the Committee's objectives.

Full biographical details of the members of the Committee are set out in their biographies on page 219 to 222.

The Committee meets at least five times a year and gives consideration to the financial statements of the Group and the Group's system of internal control, as well as its internal and external audit providers.

By invitation, the Chairman of the Board, the Group Chief Executive, the Chief Financial Officer, the Group General Counsel and Company Secretary, the Group-wide Internal Audit Director, the Group Chief Risk Officer and other senior staff from the group finance, internal audit, risk, compliance and security functions attended some of the meetings to contribute to the discussions relating to their respective areas of expertise. The lead and other partners of the external auditor also attended the meetings.

A detailed forward agenda has been in operation for a number of years and is reviewed and updated continually to ensure all matters for which the Committee is responsible are addressed at the appropriate time of year.

The Committee also received in-depth presentations on a range of topics and received the minutes of both the Disclosure Committee and the Assumptions Approval Committee. Further information on risk governance appears on pages 64 to 66 respectively.

The Committee Chairman reported to the Board on matters of particular significance after each meeting and the minutes were circulated to all Board members. The Committee regularly reviews its Terms of Reference, which were last refreshed and recommended to the Board for approval in December 2011.

The Committee recognises the need to meet without the presence of executive management. Such sessions were held with the external auditor in February and July 2011, and with the internal auditor in

February and October 2011. At all other times management and auditors had open access to the Chairman and the Committee.

As part of its review of financial statements prior to recommending their publication to the Board, the Committee focused on the critical accounting policies and practices, and any changes or decisions requiring a major element of judgement, unusual transactions, clarity of disclosures, significant audit adjustments (of which there were none in 2011), the going concern assumption, compliance with accounting standards, and compliance with obligations under applicable laws, regulations and governance codes.

In addition, the Committee is regularly briefed by management on developments in International Financial Reporting Standards.

One of the standing agenda items of the Committee is to review a report on the use of the confidential reporting procedures, which are available to employees to enable them to communicate confidentially, and anonymously if they so wish, on matters of concern and actions taken in response to these communications. No material control implications were raised through these procedures during the year.

Each business unit has its own audit committee to provide oversight to the respective business unit and to assist the Committee in its oversight responsibilities for the Group. The members and chairmen are comprised primarily of senior management who are independent of the respective business unit. The minutes of these committees are reported regularly to the Committee and their meetings are attended by senior management of the respective business unit, including the business units' heads of Finance, Risk, Compliance and Group-wide Internal Audit. Business unit audit committees have adopted standard terms of reference across the Group with minor variations to address local requirements or particular requirements of the business. The terms of reference of those committees were reviewed during the year and all include escalation of significant matters to the Committee, recommendations for approval of the business unit internal audit plans and overseeing the adequacy of internal audit resources. During the year the business unit audit committees reviewed their respective internal audit plans, resources and the results of internal audit work, and both external and internal auditors were able to discuss any relevant matters with the Chairman and members of the Committee as required.

Group-wide Internal Audit has reviewed the effectiveness of each business unit audit committee using an established evaluation tool. The evaluation comprises an Annual Review questionnaire which is divided into specific areas for appraisal and a walk through of each committee's terms of reference, assessing whether these are appropriate for the business unit and if the committee has fulfilled its responsibilities under the terms. A memorandum summarising the findings of the review, as well as any action points, is compiled for each business unit audit committee.

The findings were reviewed by the Group-wide Internal Audit business unit audit director in conjunction with the Chairman and discussed by the respective business unit audit committees. In addition, the Chairman of each business unit audit committee has confirmed that, in their opinion, the current members have the appropriate balance of skills, knowledge and expertise to oversee the relevant business unit.

On completion of the review, Group-wide Internal Audit concluded that the overall arrangements for the business unit audit committees remained appropriate for the nature and purpose of each business unit and that each business unit audit committee continued to meet the responsibilities as set out in their respective terms of reference.

The Committee reviewed the Group's statement on internal control systems prior to its endorsement by the Board.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Group undertakes an annual assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Further details are provided below.

The Committee regards its relationship with the internal audit function as pivotal to the effectiveness of its own activities. Group-wide Internal Audit plays an important role in supporting the Committee to fulfil its responsibilities under the UK Corporate Governance Code and the Code of Corporate Governance Practices in Appendix 14 of the Hong Kong Listing Rules, as well as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and provides independent assurance on the Group's processes of identification and control of risk. Each of the Group's business units has an internal audit team, the heads of which report to the Group-wide Internal Audit Director. Internal audit resources, plans and work are overseen by the Committee and by the business unit audit committees. Total approved internal audit headcount across the Group was 136 at 31 December 2011. The Group-wide Internal Audit Director reports functionally to the Committee and for management purposes to the Chief Financial Officer.

The Committee assesses the effectiveness of the internal audit function by means of regular reviews, some of which are carried out by external advisers, and through ongoing dialogue with the Group-wide Internal Audit Director. An external review of Group-wide Internal Audit arrangements and standards was undertaken in respect of the period 1 January 2010 to 31 March 2011, the findings of which were reported to the Committee in detail in July 2011. The purpose of the review was to ensure that the activities and resources of internal audit continue to be effectively organised to support the oversight responsibilities of the Committee. The review, performed by PwC, confirmed that Group-wide Internal Audit is "Generally Conforming" with the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) International Standards, the highest classification available.

The Committee approved the Group-wide Internal Audit annual audit plan of assurance work to be undertaken during 2012.

The main details of the Group Audit Committee's responsibilities in respect of the external audit are set out in Item 16C, 'Principal Accountant Fees and Services' on page 290.

The responsibilities of the Remuneration Committee (the Committee) and the activities it carried out during the year are set out below.

The Remuneration Committee (the "Committee") determines the remuneration packages of the Chairman and executive directors. It also monitors the level and structure of remuneration for a defined population of management and for individuals with the opportunity to earn over £1,000,000 per annum.

The Committee's terms of reference, which are set by the Board and kept under regular review, are available on our website at http://www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/aboutpru/corporate governance/ Alternatively, copies may be obtained by writing to the Company Secretary at the registered office.

Each business unit also has its own remuneration committee, with similar terms of reference, to ensure effective remuneration governance in all our businesses.

The Committee is comprised exclusively of non-executive directors, as set out below:

The Committee meets at least three times a year and more often if required. In 2011, the Committee met seven times. Some key activities during the year are set out below:

The Chairman of the Committee is responsible for reporting formally to the Board on the Committee's proceedings after each meeting on all matters within its duties and responsibilities.

The responsibilities of the Nomination Committee (the Committee) and the activities it carried out during the year are set out below.

The Committee in consultation with the Board, evaluates the balance of skills, knowledge and experience of the Board, taking into account the Group's business and with due regard for the benefits of diversity, including gender, identifies the roles and capabilities required to meet the demands of the business. Candidates are considered on merit against specific criteria and the Committee makes recommendations to the Board regarding suitable candidates for appointment to the Board.

The Committee also reviews the conflicts of interest or potential conflicts of interest raised by directors between Board meetings or for prospective new Board members. In cases where there might be an actual or potential conflict of interest the Committee has powers to authorise any such actual or potential conflict situation on behalf of the Board, imposing any terms and conditions it deems appropriate, or to make recommendations to the Board as to whether the conflict or potential conflict should be authorised and on what terms.

The Committee's terms of reference, which are set by the Board and kept under regular review, are available on our website at http://www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/aboutpru/corporate governance/ Alternatively, copies may be obtained by writing to the Company Secretary at the registered office.

The Committee is comprised exclusively of non-executive directors and the Chairman, as set out below:

The Committee meets at least twice a year to consider the Board composition and membership of the principal Committees and to consider the suitability of all directors standing for re-election at the

AGM. In addition, the Committee meets to consider candidates for appointment to the Board. The Group Chief Executive is closely involved in the work of the Committee and is invited to attend and contribute to meetings.

The appointments of Kai Nargolwala and Alistair Johnston, made by unanimous decision of the Board, was the culmination of a comprehensive search process which commenced in the first half of the year under the direction of the Committee. With the assistance of external search consultants, a number of candidates meeting the criteria set by the Committee were identified. As part of the process, Alistair and Kai met the Chairman and Group Chief Executive, as well as a number of other directors prior to being appointed to the Board. The Committee will continue to play a key role in the search for a successor to the current Chairman, Harvey McGrath.

The Committee Chairman reported to the Board on matters of particular significance after each meeting.

The responsibilities of the Group Risk Committee (the Committee) and the activities it carried out during the year are set out below.

The Committee provides leadership, direction and oversight in relation to the Group's overall risk appetite and tolerance and the risk management framework. Oversight of the framework includes reviewing the Group's risk policies and standards, supporting risk limits, methodologies adopted and the processes and controls in place for assessing the Group's risks.

The Committee also provides oversight in respect of the Group Chief Risk Officer's responsibilities and the Group Chief Risk Officer has open access to the Committee Chairman and the Committee.

In performing its duties, the Committee has access to employees and their relevant expertise across the Group and to the services of the Group Chief Risk Officer, the Group-wide Internal Audit Director and the Company Secretary. The Committee may also seek external professional advice at the Group's expense.

The Committee's terms of reference, which are set by the Board and kept under regular review, are available on our website at http://www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/aboutpru/corporate governance/ Alternatively, copies may be obtained by writing to the Company Secretary at the registered office.

The Committee is comprised exclusively of non-executive directors as set out below:

The Committee meets at least four times a year to consider the Group's risk appetite and provide oversight to the management of risk within the Group. The Chairman of the Committee is a member of the Group Audit Committee and works closely with that Committee in fulfilling the Committee's responsibilities.

The Chairman of the Board, the Group Chief Executive, the Chief Financial Officer and the General Counsel and Company Secretary are invited to attend the meetings. The Group Chief Risk Officer is closely involved in the work of the Committee and is invited to attend and contribute to the meetings. The Group-wide Internal Audit Director and the Group Risk Director are also invited to attend.

The Committee was constituted in November 2010 and agreed the work plan for its first year of operation early in 2011. The Committee undertook a comprehensive analysis of the Group's key risks and received presentations by the relevant managers in these areas. The Committee further received presentations from certain of the business units on the particular risks inherent in those businesses, as well as the systems and controls in place to monitor and manage those risks. The Group Chief Risk Officer briefed the Committee on the structure and organisation of the Group Risk function. The Committee worked closely with the Group Audit Committee to ensure any risk assurance relevant to financial reporting was referred to the Group Audit Committee and with the Remuneration Committee on providing risk adjustment measures for executive remuneration.

The Chairman reviewed the work of the Committee, and the risk framework with the FSA as part of the regular processes of supervision.

The Committee received regular reports from the Group-wide Internal Audit Director, the Group Executive Risk Committee, the Group Operational Risk Committee and the Group Credit Risk Committee.

The effectiveness of the Committee was reviewed as part of the externally facilitated review of the Board and its committees. The findings will be discussed by the Board in March 2012.

The Committee Chairman reported to the Board on matters of particular significance after each meeting and the minutes were circulated to all Board members.

NYSE Corporate Governance Rules compared to Prudential plc's Corporate Governance Practice

Pursuant to NYSE rule 303A Prudential has disclosed the differences between the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules and its Corporate Governance Practice on its website at

www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/aboutpru/nyse_corpgov. See also Item 16G, 'Corporate Governance' on page 293.

The average numbers of staff employed by the Prudential group, excluding employees of the Venture investment subsidiaries of the PAC with-profits fund, for the following periods were:

At 31 December 2011, Prudential employed 24,358 persons with the increase in the year from the 23,010 persons as at 31 December 2010. Most of the increase relates to Asia, is due to regular business growth, supporting growth in operations along with branch expansions in certain countries. Of the 24, 358 employees, approximately 18 per cent were located in the United Kingdom and 66 per cent in Asia and 16 per cent in the United States. In the United Kingdom at 31 December 2011, Prudential had 476 employees paying union subscriptions through the payroll. At 31 December 2011, Prudential had 480 temporary employees in the United Kingdom, 2,316 in Asia and 128 in the United States. At 31 December 2011, Prudential had 117 fixed term contractors in the United Kingdom, 104 in the United States and 636 in Asia.

The Disclosure and Transparency Rules issued by the Financial Services Authority provide that a person or corporate entity that acquires an interest of 3 per cent or more in Prudential ordinary shares is required to notify Prudential of that interest. If such interest subsequently reaches, exceeds or falls below a whole percentage point, this must also be notified. Similarly, a notification is required once the interest falls below 3 per cent. At 12 March 2012 Prudential had received the following notifications:

In November 2009, Norges Bank notified Prudential that it had an interest of 78,052,980 shares, which represented 3.08 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In December 2009, BlackRock Inc. notified Prudential that it had an interest in 161,785,637 ordinary shares or 6.39 per cent of the ordinary share capital. Also in December 2009, Capital Research and Management Company notified Prudential that its interest had increased to 253,972,863 ordinary shares, or 10.03 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In January 2010, Legal and General Assurance (Pensions Management) Limited (PMC) notified Prudential that its holdings had increased to 127,270,971 or 5.02 per cent of the ordinary share capital. Later in January, Legal and General Assurance (Pensions Management) Limited (PMC) notified Prudential that its holdings had fallen to below 5 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In March 2010 Legal and General Assurance (Pensions Management) Limited (PMC) notified Prudential that its holdings had decreased to 101,114,567 shares or 3.98 per cent of the ordinary share capital. Also in March 2010, Capital Research and Management Company notified Prudential that it had an interest of 280,291,176 ordinary shares, or 11.07 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In April 2010, Capital Research and Management Company notified Prudential that it had an interest of 305,167,458 ordinary shares or 12.04 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In May 2010, Legal and General Group plc notified Prudential that it had an interest of 101,114,567 ordinary shares or 4.03 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In May 2010, Capital Research and Management Company notified Prudential

that it had an interest of 329,934,111 shares, which represented 13.02 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In June 2010, Legal and General Assurance (Pensions Management) Limited (PMC) notified Prudential that it had an interest of 98,291,088 shares, which represented 3.87 per cent of the ordinary share capital.

In July 2010, Capital Research and Management Company notified Prudential that it had an interest of 329,847,111 shares, which represented 12.99 per cent of the ordinary share capital and later in the same month, they increased their interest to 330,456,135 shares, which represented 13.01 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In August 2010, BlackRock Inc notified Prudential that it had an interest of 126,912,539 shares, which represented 4.99 per cent of the ordinary share capital and the following day, notified that it had increased its interest to 126,965,629 shares, which represented 5.0 per cent of the ordinary share capital. Also in August 2010, Janus Capital Management LLC notified Prudential that it had an interest of 76,770,894 shares, which represented 3.02 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In September 2010, BlackRock Inc notified Prudential that it had decreased its interest to 125,634,073 shares, which represented 4.95 per cent of the ordinary share capital. Later in the month, BlackRock Inc notified Prudential that their holding increased to 127,010,669 shares representing 5.0 per cent of the ordinary capital. In September 2010, Legal and General Assurance (Pensions Management) Limited (PMC) notified Prudential that it had an interest of 102,426,001 shares, which represented 4.03 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In September 2010, Capital Research and Management Company notified Prudential that it had an interest of 330,673,911 shares, which represented 12.99 per cent of the ordinary share capital.

In October 2010, BlackRock Inc notified Prudential that it had an interest of 124,987,739 shares, which represented 4.91 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In November 2010, Capital Research and Management Company notified Prudential of a decrease in its interest to 296,189,505 shares, which represented 11.64 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In November 2010, Norges Bank notified Prudential that it had an interest of 102,495,000 shares, which represented 4.03 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In December 2010, Legal and General Assurance (Pensions Management) Limited (PMC) notified Prudential that it had an interest of 101,803,187 shares, which represented 3.99 per cent of the ordinary share capital.

In January 2011, BlackRock Inc notified Prudential that it had an interest of 127,614,906 shares, which represented 5.01 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In March 2011, Capital Research and Management Company notified Prudential of a decrease in its interest to 281,048,317 shares representing 11.04 per cent of the ordinary share capital. Also in March 2011, BlackRock Inc notified Prudential of a decrease in their interest of 126,093,582 shares representing 4.95 per cent of ordinary share capital and then in a further notification, of an increase in their interest to 127,414,496 shares representing 5.0 per cent of the ordinary share capital. BlackRock Inc made two notifications up to 15 April 2011; the first notification was of a decrease in their interest to 126,974,810 shares representing 4.98 per cent of the ordinary share capital and the second was of an increase in their interest to 128,470,662 shares representing 5.04 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In April 2011, BlackRock Inc notified a decrease in their interest in Prudential shares of 126,930,350, representing 4.98 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In May 2011 BlackRock Inc notified an increase in shares to 127,401,807, representing 5 per cent of the ordinary share capital and later in May, notified a decrease in their interest to 126,991,833 representing 4.95 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In May 2011, Capital Research and Management Company notified a decrease in their interest to 279,316,829 shares, representing 10.96 per cent of the ordinary share capital.

In June 2011, BlackRock Inc notified an increase to 127,695,916 shares representing 5.01 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In July 2011, Capital Research and Management Company notified a decrease to 252,448,407 shares, representing 9.91 per cent of the ordinary share capital. In August 2011, BlackRock Inc notified a decrease in interest to 125,132,015 shares, representing 4.91 per cent of the ordinary share capital and in November 2011, notified an increase to 127,422,766 shares,

representing 5 per cent of the ordinary share capital. Later in November 2011, BlackRock Inc notified a decrease to 127,201,756 shares representing 4.99 per cent of the ordinary share capital.

Major shareholders of Prudential have the same voting rights per share as other shareholders. See Item 10, 'Additional Information Memorandum and Articles of Association—Voting Rights'.

As of 12 March 2012, there were 131 shareholders with a US address on Prudential's register of shareholders. These shares represented approximately 0.01 per cent of Prudential's issued ordinary share capital. As of 12 March 2012 there were 44 registered Prudential ADR holders. The shares represented by these ADRs amounted to approximately 1.77 per cent of Prudential's issued ordinary share capital.

Prudential does not know of any arrangements which may at a subsequent date result in a change of control of Prudential.

Transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries are eliminated on consolidation.

In addition, the Company has transactions and outstanding balances with certain unit trusts, OEICs, collateralised debt obligations and similar entities which are not consolidated and where a Group company acts as manager. These entities are regarded as related parties for the purposes of IAS 24. The balances are included in the Group's statement of financial position sheet at fair value or amortised cost in accordance with their IAS 39 classifications. The transactions are included in the income statement and include amounts paid on issue of shares or units, amounts received on cancellation of shares or units and paid in respect of the periodic charge and administration fee. Further details of the aggregate assets, liabilities, revenues, profits or losses and reporting dates of entities considered to be associates under IFRS are disclosed in note H8 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Executive officers and directors of the Company may from time to time purchase insurance, asset management or annuity products marketed by Group companies in the ordinary course of business on substantially the same terms as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons.

Apart from the transactions with directors referred to below, no director had interests in shares, transactions or arrangements that require disclosure, other than those given in Item 6 'Directors, Senior management and Employees'. Key management remuneration is disclosed in note I5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

In 2011, 2010 and 2009, other transactions with directors were not deemed to be significant both by virtue of their size and in the context of the directors' financial positions. As indicated above, all of these transactions are on terms broadly equivalent to those that prevail in arm's length transactions.

The tables below set forth the highest and lowest closing middle-market quotations for Prudential shares, as derived from the Daily Official List of the London Stock Exchange, the actual ADRs high and low closing sale prices for the periods indicated on the New York Stock Exchange and the highest and lowest closing prices on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Singapore Stock Exchange.

	Prudential Ordinary Shares				Prudential ADRs				Prudential Ordinary Shares (Hong Kong)*				Prudential Ordinary Shares (Singapore)*


Quarter	High		Low		High		Low		High		Low		High		Low

	(pence)				(US Dollars)				(HK Dollars)				(US Dollars)
2010
First quarter		645.5		487.5		20.67		14.6
Second quarter		587.5		508.5		18.09		14.5		66.7		57.2		8.66		7.41
Third quarter		637.5		489.2		20.17		15.04		77.85		57.7		9.81		7.41
Fourth quarter		681		568		21.26		17.89		81.1		70		10.5		8.77
2011
First quarter		749		654.5		24.32		21.04		98		80.5		11.92		10.6
Second quarter		777		683		25.84		21.86		100		84.9		12.58		11.48
Third quarter		614.5		546.5		19.55		16.82		78.6		64		10.10		8.45
Fourth quarter		681		509		22.27		16.22		84.8		62.35		10.55		7.97

Prudential ordinary shares are listed on the Premium Listing segment of the Official List of the UK Listing Authority and traded on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol 'PRU'. On 25 May 2010, Prudential ordinary shares were admitted to listing on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and are traded in board lots of 500 shares with the short name 'PRU' and stock code 2378; and as a secondary listing on the Singapore Stock Exchange, also traded in board lots of 500 shares, with the abbreviated name 'PRU 500'.

Prudential American Depositary Shares (ADSs) have been listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange since 28 June 2000 under the symbol 'PUK'.

Prudential plc is incorporated and registered in England and Wales, under registered number 1397169. Under the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 which came into force on 1 October 2009 a UK company's objects are unrestricted unless a company's Articles of Association provide otherwise. To avail the Company of this flexibility, the shareholders passed a resolution at the Annual General Meeting on 14 May 2009 (which became effective on 1 October 2009) removing the objects clause from the Company's Memorandum and Articles of Association.

The following is a summary of both the rights of Prudential shareholders and certain provisions of Prudential's Memorandum and Articles of Association. Rights of Prudential shareholders are set out in Prudential's Articles of Association or are provided for by English law. This document is a summary and, therefore, does not contain full details of Prudential's Memorandum and Articles of Association. A complete copy of Prudential's Memorandum and Articles of Association, adopted at the Annual General Meeting on 14 May 2009 and effective on 1 October 2009, was filed as an exhibit to Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2008. In addition, both the Memorandum and Articles of Association may be viewed on Prudential's website at: www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/aboutpru/memorandum/

On 31 December 2011, the Company's issued share capital, which is set out in note H11 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18, consisted of 2,548,039,330 (2010: 2,545,594,506) ordinary shares of 5 pence each, all fully paid up and listed on the London Stock Exchange and the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. Subject to applicable local securities law, the Company's shares may be registered on the main register in the UK or the Company's branch registers in Ireland or Hong Kong. The number of accounts on the share registers at 31 December 2011 was 63,338 (2010: 66,048). The Company maintains secondary listings on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depositary Receipts which are referenced to ordinary shares on the main UK register, under a depositary agreement with J.P. Morgan, and on the Singapore Stock Exchange in the form of interests in shares, which are referenced to the shares on the Hong Kong register under a depository agreement with the Central Depository (Pte) Limited (the "CDP").

In compliance with the Hong Kong Listing Rules, the Company has maintained a sufficiency of public float throughout the period.

A number of dividend waivers are in place and these relate to shares issued but not allocated under the Group's employee share plans. These shares are held by the Trustees and will, in due course, be used to satisfy requirements under the Group's employee share plans.

The issued share capital of Prudential is not currently divided into different classes of shares. The Companies Act 2006 abolished the requirement for a company to have an authorised share capital.

As at 12 March 2012, the directors retained authority granted at the Annual General Meeting on 19 May 2011 to allot before the earlier of 30 June 2012 and the following Annual General Meeting, ordinary shares of up to an aggregate nominal value of £42,461,520 subject to limitations and reductions in certain circumstances. Of those shares, directors would retain authority to allot equity securities for cash up to a maximum nominal value of £6,369,234 without first being required to offer such securities to shareholders in proportion with their existing holding. In the case of a rights issue, directors retained authority to allot equity securities in favour of ordinary shareholders up to an aggregate nominal amount equal to £84,923,041 subject to reduction in certain circumstances.

At the Annual General Meeting scheduled to be held on 17 May 2012, the shareholders are to vote on granting the directors similar authorities to allot ordinary shares, before the earlier of 30 June 2013 and the following Annual General Meeting.

In addition the directors have authority to allot Sterling preference shares up to a maximum nominal amount of £20 million, Dollar preference shares up to a maximum nominal amount of US$20 million, and Euro preference shares up to a maximum nominal value of €20 million, the terms of which will be determined by the Board on allotment.

The Board shall determine whether the preference shares are to be redeemable, their dividend rights, their rights to a return of capital or to share in the assets of the Company on a winding up or liquidation and their rights to attend and vote at general meetings of the Company prior to the date on which the preference shares are allotted. Under the Company's Articles of Association (which came into effect on 1 October 2009), the Board has discretion to determine the terms and manner of redemption of redeemable shares when the shares are allotted.

The Board may only capitalise any amounts available for distribution in respect of any series or class of preference shares if to do so would mean that the aggregate of the amounts so capitalised would be less than the multiple, if any, determined by the Board of the aggregate amount of the dividends payable in the 12 month period following the capitalisation on the series or class of preference shares and on any other preference shares in issue which rank pari passu in relation to participation in profits. This restriction may be overturned with either: (i) the written consent of the holders of at least three-quarters in nominal value; or (ii) a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the class or series of preference shares.

Under English law, Prudential may pay dividends only if distributable profits are available for that purpose. Distributable profits are accumulated, realised profits not previously distributed or capitalised, less accumulated, realised losses not previously written off in a reduction or reorganisation of capital. Even if distributable profits are available, Prudential may only pay dividends if the amount of its net assets is not less than the aggregate of its called-up share capital and undistributable reserves, including, for example, the share premium account, and the payment of the dividend does not reduce the amount of the net assets to less than that aggregate. Subject to these restrictions, Prudential's directors may recommend to ordinary shareholders that a final dividend be declared, recommend the amount of any such dividend, determine whether to pay a distribution by way of an interim dividend, and the amount of any such interim dividend out of the profits of the Company, but must take into account Prudential's financial position. Final dividends become a legal liability of a company upon the later of the date they are declared by shareholders and the date the shareholder approval expresses them to be payable. Interim dividends only become a legal liability of a Company at the moment they are paid, unless a company's Articles of Association provide for declaration of interim dividends by directors. The Company's Articles do not provide for declaration of interim dividends.

The Company or its directors determine the date on which Prudential pays dividends. Prudential pays dividends to the shareholders on the register on the record date in proportion to the number of

shares held by each shareholder. There are no fixed dates on which entitlements to dividends arise. Interest is not payable on dividends or other amounts payable in respect of shares.

Prudential's directors have the discretion to offer shareholders the right to elect to receive shares instead of a cash dividend. The aggregate value of shares that a shareholder may receive under such an election is as nearly as possible equal to (but not greater than) the cash amount the shareholder would have received. Prudential does not issue fractions of shares. Prudential's directors may exclude shareholders from the right to receive shares instead of cash dividends if Prudential's directors believe that extending the election to such shareholders would violate the laws of any territory or for any other reason the directors consider in their absolute discretion appropriate.

If a shareholder does not claim a dividend within 12 years of such dividend becoming due for payment, such shareholder forfeits their right to receive it. Such unclaimed amounts may be invested or otherwise used for Prudential's benefit.

English law provides for shareholders to exercise their power to decide on corporate matters at general meetings. In accordance with English law, the Company is required to call and hold annual general meetings. At annual general meetings, shareholders receive and consider the statutory accounts and the reports by the Company's auditor and its directors, approve the directors' remuneration report, elect and re-elect directors, declare final dividends, approve the appointment of the Company's auditor, authorise the directors to determine the auditor's remuneration, and transact any other business which ought to be transacted at a general meeting, either pursuant to the Articles of Association or English law. General meetings to consider specific matters may be held at the discretion of Prudential's directors and must be convened, in accordance with English law, following the written request of shareholders representing at least five per cent of the voting rights of the issued and paid-up share capital. The quorum required under Prudential's Articles of Association for a general meeting is two shareholders present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote on the business to be transacted.

Under the Shareholders' Rights Directive (which was implemented in the UK with effect from 3 August 2009) notice periods for all general meetings have to be 21 days, except for a meeting (i) which is not an Annual General Meeting, (ii) for which an electronic facility for voting and appointing proxies is available to all members, and (iii) in respect of which a company obtains shareholder approval annually to retain the shorter 14-day notice period. Prudential has been able to call general meetings (other than annual general meetings) on 14-days' notice and obtained shareholder approval at the Annual General Meeting on 19 May 2011 to enable it to continue to do so after the implementation of the Directive. The approval will be effective until the Company's Annual General Meeting in 2012 when a similar resolution will be proposed.

Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by show of hands unless the Company's intention to call a poll on the resolution is stated in the notice to the general meeting or, before or on the declaration of the result of a vote on the show of hands or on the withdrawal of any other demand for a poll, a poll is duly demanded. A poll may be demanded as described below. On a show of hands every shareholder holding ordinary shares who is present in person, or a duly appointed proxy or in the case of a corporation, its duly authorised corporate representative, has one vote. On a poll, every shareholder who is present in person or by proxy and every duly authorised corporate representative has one vote for every share held. Only the holders of fully paid shares are allowed to attend, be counted in the quorum at meetings and vote. If more than one joint shareholder votes, only the vote of the shareholder whose name appears first in the register is counted. A shareholder whose shareholding is registered in the name of a nominee may only attend and vote at a general meeting if appointed by his or her nominee as a proxy or a corporate representative.

Resolutions of Prudential's shareholders generally require the approval of a majority of the shareholders to be passed. Such resolutions, referred to as ordinary resolutions, require:

Some resolutions, referred to as special resolutions, such as a resolution to amend the Articles of Association, require a 75 per cent majority. Such special resolutions require:

Any shareholder who is entitled to attend and vote at a general meeting may appoint one or more proxies to attend and vote at the meeting on his or her behalf.

Transfers of shares may be made by an instrument of transfer. An instrument of transfer must be signed by or on behalf of the transferor and, unless the share is fully paid, by or on behalf of the transferee. The transferor remains the holder of the relevant shares until the name of the transferee is entered in the share register. Transfers of shares may also be made by a computer-based system transferred without a written instrument in accordance with English law. The directors may in certain circumstances refuse to register transfers of shares, but only if such refusal does not prevent dealings in the shares from taking place on an open and proper basis. If the directors refuse to register a transfer they must send the transferee notice of the refusal within two months stating the reason(s) for such refusal.

Directors require authority to allot from shareholders before issuing new shares. The class and other rights attaching to new classes of shares may be determined by resolution of the shareholders or may be delegated by the shareholders to the directors. The following changes in share capital may only take place after approval by an ordinary resolution of the shareholders:

Reductions in Prudential's issued share capital and share premium account must be approved by a special resolution of the shareholders and must be confirmed by an order of the court.

If the share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights of any class of shares may be changed or taken away only if such measure is approved by a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the members of that class, or with the written consent of at least three quarters of the members of that class. Two persons holding or representing by proxy at least one-third in nominal amount of the issued shares of the class must be present at such a meeting in person or by proxy to constitute a quorum.

The Board may not authorise, create or increase the amount of, any shares of any class or any security convertible into shares of any class or any security which is convertible into shares of any class ranking, as regards rights to participate in the profits or assets in the company, in priority to a series or class of preference shares without the consent in writing of at least three- quarters in nominal value of, or the sanction of a special resolution of, the holders of such series or class of preference shares.

Accidental omission to send notice of a meeting to any person entitled to receive it, or the non-receipt for any reason of any such notice, shall not invalidate the proceedings of that meeting.

There are no limitations on non-resident or foreign shareholders' rights to own Prudential securities or exercise voting rights where such rights are given under English company law.

Prudential's Board of directors manages the Company business. However, the Company's shareholders must approve certain matters, such as changes to the share capital and the election and re-election of directors. Directors are appointed subject to Prudential's Articles of Association. The Board may appoint directors to fill vacancies and appoint additional directors who hold office until the next Annual General Meeting. The Articles of Association require that each director must have beneficial ownership of a given number of ordinary shares. The number of shares is determined by ordinary resolution at a general meeting and is currently 2,500. The minimum number of directors is eight and the maximum number is twenty. Shareholders may vary the limits on the number of directors by ordinary resolution. There are currently seventeen directors on Prudential's Board.

At every Annual General Meeting, any director who has been appointed by the Board since the last Annual General Meeting; or who held office at the time of the two preceding Annual General Meetings and who did not retire at either of them; or who has held office with the Company, other than employment or executive office, for a continuous period of nine years or more at the date of the meeting, shall retire from office and may offer himself or herself for re-election by shareholders. Shareholders may remove any director before the end of his or her term of office by ordinary resolution and may appoint another person in his or her place by ordinary resolution. The UK Corporate Governance Code, contains a provision recommending that directors stand for annual re-election at the

Annual General Meeting. In line with these provisions, all directors are expected to stand for re-election at each Annual General Meeting commencing at the 2012 Annual General Meeting.

The directors may exercise all the powers of Prudential to borrow money and to mortgage or charge any of its assets provided that the total amount borrowed does not, when aggregated with the total borrowing (which excludes, amongst other things, intra-group borrowings and amounts secured by policies, guarantees, bonds or contracts issued or given by Prudential or its subsidiaries in the course of its business) of all of Prudential's subsidiaries, exceed the aggregate of the share capital and consolidated reserves and of one-tenth of the insurance funds of Prudential and each of its subsidiaries as shown in the most recent audited consolidated balance sheet of the Group prepared in accordance with the English law.

There is no age restriction applicable to directors in Prudential's Articles of Association.

There are no provisions in Prudential's Articles of Association that require persons acquiring, holding or disposing of a certain percentage of Prudential's shares to make disclosure of their ownership percentage. The basic disclosure requirement under Part 6 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 and Rule 5 of the Disclosure and Transparency Rules of the Financial Services Authority imposes a statutory obligation on a person to notify Prudential and the Financial Services Authority of the percentage of the voting rights in Prudential he or she directly or indirectly holds or controls, or has rights over, through his direct or indirect holding of certain financial instruments, if the percentage of those voting rights:

The Disclosure and Transparency Rules set out in detail the circumstances in which an obligation of disclosure will arise, as well as certain exemptions from those obligations for specified persons. Under section 793 of the UK Companies Act 2006, Prudential may, by notice in writing, require a person that Prudential knows or has reasonable cause to believe is or was during the three years preceding the date of notice interested in Prudential's shares, to indicate whether or not that is the case and, if that person does or did hold an interest in Prudential's shares, to provide certain information as set out in that Act.

Where a company serves notice under the provisions described above on a person who is or was interested in shares of the company and that person fails to give the company the information required by the notice within the time specified in the notice, the company may apply to an English court for an order directing that the shares in question be subject to restrictions prohibiting, among other things, any transfer of those shares, the exercise of voting rights in respect of those shares and, other than in liquidation, payments in respect of those shares.

In addition, under Prudential's Articles of Association, a shareholder may lose the right to vote his shares if he or any other person appearing to be interested in those shares fails to comply within a prescribed period of time with such a request to give the required information with respect to past or present ownership or interests in those shares, or makes a statement in response to such a request which is in the opinion of the directors false or misleading in any material manner. In the case of holders of 0.25 per cent or more of the issued share capital of Prudential (or any class of the share capital), in addition to disenfranchisement, the sanctions that may be applied by Prudential under its Articles of Association include withholding the right to receive payment of dividends on those shares, and restrictions on transfers of those shares. In the case of holders of less than 0.25 per cent of the issued share capital of Prudential, the sanction is disenfranchisement alone.

The Disclosure and Transparency Rules further deal with the disclosure by certain persons, including directors, of interests in shares of the listed companies of which they are directors, and in derivatives or other financial instruments relating to those shares. The City Code on Takeovers and Mergers also imposes strict disclosure requirements with regard to dealings in the securities of an offeror or offeree company on all parties to a takeover and also on their respective associates during the course of an offer period.

A director may hold positions with or be interested in other companies and, subject to applicable legislation, contract with the Company or any other company in which Prudential has an interest.

A director may not vote or be counted in the quorum in relation to any resolution of the Board in respect of any contract in which he or she has an interest. This prohibition does not, however, apply to any resolution where that interest cannot reasonably be regarded as likely to give rise to a conflict of interest or where that interest arises only from certain matters specified in the Articles of Association (filed as an exhibit to Form 20-F), including the following:

The Company may by ordinary resolution suspend or relax these provisions to any extent or ratify any contract not properly authorised by reason of a contravention of these provisions contained in its Articles of Association.

In accordance with English company law, the Articles of Association allow the Board to authorise any matter which would otherwise involve a director breaching his duty under the Companies Act 2006 to avoid conflicts of interest or potential conflicts of interest and the relevant director is obliged to conduct himself or herself in accordance with any terms imposed by the Board in relation to such authorisation.

A director shall not vote on or be counted in the quorum in relation to any resolution of the Board concerning his own appointment, or the settlement or variation of the terms or the termination of his own appointment, as the holder of any office or place of profit with the Company or any other company in which the Company is interested.

The remuneration of the executive directors and the Chairman is determined by the Remuneration Committee, which consists of non-executive directors. The remuneration of the non-executive directors is determined by the Board. For further details see Item 6, 'Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation'.

Prudential may only grant a loan or quasi-loan, or provide security or financial accommodation, to its directors and their connected persons if approval has been obtained from shareholders at a general meeting.

In accordance with English law, Prudential must obtain the approval of members in general meeting before making a payment in cash or non-cash benefits to a director or past director or any connected person as compensation for loss of any office (including as a director) or employment with Prudential or any of its subsidiary undertakings, and before making any payment in connection with his retirement. However, approval is not required for a payment made in good faith in discharge of an existing legal obligation, such as under an employment contract which has no connection with the event giving rise to the payment for loss of office.

There is no specific provision in Prudential's Articles of Association that would have an effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of Prudential and that would operate only with respect to a merger, acquisition or corporate restructuring involving Prudential, or any of its subsidiaries.

Under Prudential's Articles of Association, any proceeding, suit or action between a shareholder and Prudential and/or its directors arising out of or in connection with the Articles of Association or otherwise, between Prudential and any of its directors (to the fullest extent permitted by law), between a shareholder and Prudential's professional service providers and/or between Prudential and Prudential's professional service providers (to the extent such proceeding, suit or action arises in connection with a proceeding, suit or action between a shareholder and such professional service provider) may only be brought in the courts of England and Wales.

Other than the requirement to report certain events and transactions to HM Revenue and Customs, there are currently no UK laws, decrees or regulations that restrict the export or import of capital, including, but not limited to, foreign exchange controls, or that affect the remittance of dividends or other payments to non-UK residents or to US holders of Prudential's securities, except as otherwise set forth under '—Taxation' in this section.

The following is a summary, under current law and practice, of the principal UK tax, US federal income tax, Hong Kong and Singapore tax considerations relating to an investment by a US taxpayer in Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs. This summary applies to you only if:

This summary does not address any tax consideration other than certain UK tax, US federal income tax, Hong Kong tax and Singapore tax considerations and does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to any particular investor, and does not address the tax treatment of investors that are subject to special rules. Prudential has assumed that you are familiar with the tax rules applicable to investments in securities generally and with any special rules to which you may be subject. You should consult your own tax advisers regarding the tax consequences of the ownership of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs in the context of your own particular circumstances.

The discussion is based on laws, treaties, judicial decisions, and regulatory interpretations in effect on the date hereof, all of which are subject to change possibly retrospectively.

Beneficial owners of ADSs will be treated as owners of the underlying Prudential ordinary shares for US federal income tax purposes and for purposes of the 24 July 2001 Treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom. Deposits and withdrawals of Prudential ordinary shares in exchange for ADSs generally will not result in the realisation of gain or loss for US federal income tax purposes.

UK tax is not required to be withheld in the United Kingdom at source from cash dividends paid to US resident holders.

A holder of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs who for UK tax purposes is a US corporation that is not resident in the United Kingdom will not be liable for UK taxation on capital gains realised on the disposal of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs unless at the time of disposal:

Subject to the comments in the following paragraph, a holder of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs who, for UK tax purposes, is an individual who is neither resident nor ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom will not be liable for UK taxation on capital gains realised on the disposal of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs unless at the time of the disposal:

A holder of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs who (1) is an individual who has ceased to be both resident and ordinarily resident for UK tax purposes in the United Kingdom, (2) was resident or ordinarily resident for UK tax purposes in the United Kingdom for at least four out of the seven UK tax years immediately preceding the year in which he or she ceased to be both resident and ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom, (3) continues to be neither resident nor ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom for a period of less than five tax years and (4) disposes of their Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs during that period of non-residence may also be liable, upon becoming resident or ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom again for UK tax on capital gains, subject to any available exemption or relief, even though he or she was not resident or ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom at the time of the disposal.

Prudential ordinary shares which are registered on the main Prudential share register are assets situated in the United Kingdom for the purposes of UK inheritance tax (the equivalent of US estate and gift tax). Prudential ADSs are likely to be treated in the same manner as the underlying Prudential ordinary shares are situated in the United Kingdom. Subject to the discussion of the UK-US estate tax treaty in the next paragraph, UK inheritance tax may apply if an individual who holds Prudential ordinary shares which are registered on the main Prudential share register or ADSs gifts them or dies even if he or she is neither domiciled in the United Kingdom nor deemed to be domiciled there under UK law. For inheritance tax purposes, a transfer of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs at less than full market value may be treated as a gift for these purposes. Special inheritance tax rules apply (1) to gifts if the donor retains some benefit, (2) to close companies and (3) to trustees of settlements. Prudential ordinary shares which are registered on the Hong Kong or Irish branch register should not be treated as situated in the United Kingdom for the purpose of UK inheritance tax.

However, as a result of the UK-US estate tax treaty, Prudential ordinary shares which are registered on the main Prudential share register or ADSs held by an individual who is domiciled in the United States for the purposes of the UK-US estate tax treaty and who is not a UK national will, subject to special rules relating to trusts and settlements, not be subject to UK inheritance tax on that individual's death or on a gift of the Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs unless the Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs:

The UK-US estate tax treaty provides a credit mechanism if the Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs are subject to both UK inheritance tax and to US estate and gift tax.

Relevant legislation provides that UK stamp duty is payable on a transfer of, and UK stamp duty reserve tax ('SDRT') is payable upon a transfer or issue of, Prudential ordinary shares to the depositary of Prudential ordinary shares that is responsible for issuing ADSs (the 'ADS Depository'), or a nominee or agent of the ADS depositary, in exchange for American Depository Receipts ('ADRs') representing ADSs. For this purpose, the current rate of stamp duty and stamp duty reserve tax is 1.5 per cent (rounded up, in the case of stamp duty, to the nearest £5). Where Prudential ordinary shares are transferred to the ADS depository, the rate is applied under the legislation, in each case, to the amount or value of the consideration given for the Prudential ordinary shares or, in some circumstances where consideration is not in money or money's worth, to the value of the Prudential ordinary shares at the time of transfer. To the extent that such stamp duty is paid on any such transfer of Prudential ordinary shares, no stamp duty reserve tax should be payable on that transfer.

Where Prudential ordinary shares are issued to the ADS depository the rate is applied, in such case, to the issue price. Following a ruling of the European Court of Justice in 2009 and subsequent announcements by the HMRC, the 1.5 per cent charge to stamp duty reserve tax on the issue of shares by a limited liability company incorporated under English law (i) into a clearance service within the EU or (ii) to an issuer of depositary receipts within the EU pursuant to an arrangement for the issue of depositary receipts representing such shares no longer applies. The position in relation to the issue of shares into clearance systems or depositary receipt schemes outside the EU, such as to the ADS Depository, and the treatment of transfers of shares after they have been placed into clearance services or depositary receipt schemes remains unclear and the law in this area may be particularly susceptible to change. In addition, Section 54 of the Finance Act 2010 has removed certain exemptions which applied to transfers from clearance systems or issuers of depositary receipts based in the EU to clearance systems or issuers of depositary receipts based outside the EU. It is recommended that, where this charge could arise, independent professional tax advice be sought.

Provided that the instrument of transfer is not executed in the United Kingdom no UK stamp duty should be required to be paid on any transfer of Prudential ADRs representing ADSs. Based on Prudential's understanding of HMRC's application of the exemption from SDRT for depository receipts a transfer of Prudential ADRs representing ADSs should not, in practice, give rise to a liability to stamp duty reserve tax.

Subject to the special rules relating to clearance systems and issuers of depository receipts, a transfer for value of Prudential ordinary shares (but excluding Prudential ordinary shares registered on the Hong Kong or Irish branch register unless the instruments of transfer is executed in the UK), as opposed to ADSs, will generally give rise to a charge to UK stamp duty or stamp duty reserve tax, other than where the amount or value of the consideration for the transfer is £1,000 or under and the transfer instrument is certified at £1,000 (a 'Low Value Transaction'), at the rate of 0.5 per cent (rounded up, in the case of stamp duty, to the nearest £5). The rate is applied to the price payable for the relevant Prudential ordinary shares. To the extent that UK stamp duty is paid on a transfer of Prudential ordinary shares, no stamp duty reserve tax should generally be payable on the agreement for that transfer. Subject to certain special rules relating to clearance services, a transfer of ordinary shares from a nominee to their beneficial owner (other than on sale), including a transfer of underlying Prudential ordinary shares from the ADS depositary or its nominee to an ADS holder, is not subject to UK stamp duty. No UK stamp duty reserve tax should be payable on an agreement to transfer Prudential ordinary shares registered on the Hong Kong or Irish branch registers, subject to the special rule relating to clearance systems and issuers of depository receipts.

UK stamp duty is usually paid by the purchaser. Although stamp duty reserve tax is generally the liability of the purchaser, any such tax payable on the transfer or issue of Prudential ordinary shares to the ADS depositary or its nominee will (subject to the change referred to above) be payable by the ADS

depositary as the issuer of the ADSs. In accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement, the ADS depositary will recover an amount in respect of such tax from the initial holders of the ADS.

US Federal Income Tax Treatment of Distributions on Prudential Ordinary Shares or ADSs

If Prudential pays dividends, you must include those dividends in your income when you receive them. The dividends will be treated as foreign source income. You should determine the amount of your dividend income by converting pounds sterling into US dollars at the exchange rate in effect on the date of your (or the depositary's, in the case of ADSs) receipt of the dividend. Subject to certain exceptions for short-term and hedged positions, the US dollar amount of dividends received by an individual before 1 January 2013, will be subject to taxation at a maximum rate of 15 per cent if the dividends are 'qualified dividends.' Dividends received with respect to the ordinary shares or ADSs will be qualified dividends if Prudential was not, in the year prior to the year in which the dividend was paid, and is not, in the year in which the dividend is paid, a passive foreign investment company ('PFIC'). Based on the nature of its business activities and its expectations regarding such activities in the future, Prudential believes that it was not treated as a PFIC within the meaning of the Code with respect to its 2011 taxable year and does not anticipate becoming a PFIC for its 2012 taxable year.

If you sell your Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs, you will recognise a US source capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the US dollar value of the amount realised on the disposition and the US dollar basis in the ordinary shares of the ADSs. A gain on the sale of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs held for more than one year will be treated as a long-term capital gain. The net long-term capital gain recognised before 2013 generally is subject to taxation at a maximum rate of 15 per cent. Your ability to offset capital losses against ordinary income is subject to limitations.

Under the US tax code, a US resident holder of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs may be subject, under certain circumstances, to information reporting and possibly backup withholding with respect to dividends and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of Prudential ordinary shares or ADSs, unless the US resident holder provides proof of an applicable exemption or correct taxpayer identification number and otherwise complies with applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. Any amount withheld under the backup withholding rules is not additional tax and may be refunded or credited against the US resident holder's federal income tax liability, so long as the required information is furnished to the IRS.

No tax will be payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends Prudential pays to its US resident holders. Dividends distributed to Prudential's US resident holders will be free of withholding taxes in Hong Kong.

No tax is imposed in Hong Kong in respect of capital gains. However, trading gains from the sale of property by persons carrying on a trade, profession or business in Hong Kong where the trading gains are derived from or arise in Hong Kong will be chargeable to Hong Kong profits tax. Hong Kong profits tax is currently charged at the rate of 16.5 per cent on corporations and at a maximum rate of 15 per cent on individuals. Certain categories of taxpayers whose business consists of buying and selling shares are likely to be regarded as deriving trading gains rather than capital gains (eg financial institutions,

insurance companies and securities dealers) unless these taxpayers can prove that the investment securities are held for long-term investment purposes.

Trading gains from the sale of the Prudential Shares by US resident holders effected on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange will be considered to be derived from Hong Kong. A liability for Hong Kong profits tax would thus arise in respect of trading gains derived by US resident holders from the sale of Prudential Shares effected on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange where such trading gains are realised by US resident holders from a business carried on in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong stamp duty, currently charged at the ad valorem rate of 0.1 per cent on the higher of the consideration for or the value of the Prudential Shares, will be payable by the purchaser on a purchase and by the seller on a sale of Prudential Shares where the transfer is required to be registered in Hong Kong (i.e. a total of 0.2 per cent is ordinarily payable on a sale and purchase transaction involving ordinary shares). In addition, a fixed duty of HK$5.00 is currently payable on any instrument of transfer of ordinary shares.

Hong Kong estate duty has been abolished with effect to all deaths occurring on or after 11 February 2006.

Singapore does not impose tax on capital gains. There are no specific laws or regulations which deal with the characterisation of whether a gain is income or capital in nature. Gains arising from the disposal of the Prudential Shares by US resident holders may be construed to be of an income nature and subject to Singapore income tax, especially if they arise from activities which are regarded as the carrying on of a trade or business and the gains are sourced in Singapore.

Any US resident holders who apply, or who are required to apply, the Singapore Financial Reporting Standard 39 Financial Instruments—Recognition and Measurement ('FRS 39') for the purposes of Singapore income tax may be required to recognise gains or losses (not being gains or losses in the nature of capital) in accordance with the provisions of FRS 39 (as modified by the applicable provisions of Singapore income tax law) even though no sale or disposal is made. Taxpayers who may be subject to such tax treatment should consult their own accounting and tax advisers regarding the Singapore income tax consequences of their acquisition, holding and disposal of the Prudential Shares.

As Prudential is incorporated in England and Wales and is not tax resident in Singapore for Singapore tax purposes, dividends paid by Prudential will be considered as sourced outside Singapore (unless the Prudential Shares are held as part of a trade or business carried out in Singapore in which event the US resident holders of such shares may be taxed on the dividends as they are derived).

Foreign-sourced dividends received or deemed received in Singapore by an US resident individual not resident in Singapore is exempt from Singapore income tax. This exemption will also apply in the case of a Singapore tax resident individual who receives his foreign-sourced income in Singapore on or after 1 January 2004 (except where such income is received through a partnership in Singapore).

Foreign-sourced dividends received or deemed received by corporate investors in Singapore (including US investors) will ordinarily be liable to Singapore tax. However, foreign-sourced income in the form of dividends, branch profits and service income received or deemed to be received in Singapore by Singapore tax resident companies on or after 1 June 2003 can be exempt from tax if certain prescribed conditions are met, including the following:

Certain concessions and clarifications have also been announced by the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore with respect to such conditions.

As Prudential is incorporated in England and Wales and the Prudential Shares are not registered on any register kept in Singapore, no stamp duty is payable in Singapore:

Prudential Shares held or traded in Singapore through CDP will be registered on the HK Register. As such, Hong Kong stamp duty will be payable on a transfer of Prudential Shares held or traded in Singapore through CDP. Please refer to the description under the Hong Kong stamp duty section above.

All persons, including US resident holders, who hold or transact in Prudential Shares in Singapore through the SGX-ST and/or CDP should expect that they will have to bear Hong Kong stamp duty in respect of transactions in Prudential Shares effected in Singapore through the SGX-ST and/or CDP. Such persons should consult their brokers, or custodians for information regarding what procedures may be instituted for collection of Hong Kong stamp duty from them.

Singapore estate duty has been abolished with respect to all deaths occurring on or after 15 February 2008.

There is no Goods and Services Tax ('GST') payable in Singapore on the subscription or issuance of the Prudential Shares. The clearing fees, instruments of transfer deposit fees and share withdrawal fees are subject to GST at the prevailing standard-rate (currently 7per cent) if the services are provided by a person belonging to Singapore to a holder of the Prudential Shares. However, such fees could be zero-rated when provided to a US resident holder of the Prudential Shares belonging outside Singapore provided certain conditions are met. For a holder of the Prudential Shares belonging in Singapore who is registered for GST, the GST incurred is generally not recoverable as input tax credit from the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore unless certain conditions are satisfied. These GST-registered holders of the Prudential Shares should seek the advice of their tax advisors on these conditions.

Prudential is subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 applicable to foreign private issuers. In accordance with these requirements, Prudential files its Annual Report on Form 20-F and other documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You may read and copy this information at the following location:

Please call the SEC at (202) 551 8090 for further information on the public reference room. Copies of these materials can also be obtained by fax (202) 777 1027, by email to PublicInfo@sec.gov or mail at prescribed rates from the Public Reference Section of the Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549-0213. In addition, some of Prudential's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including all those filed on or after 4 November 2002, are available on the Securities and Exchange Commission's website at www.sec.gov, and on the New York Stock Exchange's website at www.nyse.com.

Prudential also files reports and other documents with the London, Hong Kong and Singapore stock exchanges. This information may be viewed on the websites of each of those exchanges as follows: the London Stock Exchange at www.londonstockexchange.com, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange at www.hkex.com.hk and the Singapore Stock Exchange at www.sgx.com, as well as via the National Storage Mechanism at www.hemscott.com/nsm.do. All reports and other documents filed with the each of the exchanges are also published on Prudential's website at www.prudential.co.uk.

As a provider of financial services, including insurance, the management of risk lies at the heart of the Group's business. The control procedures and systems established within the Group are designed to manage, rather than eliminate, the risk of failure to meet business objectives. They can only provide reasonable and not absolute assurance against material misstatement or loss, and focus on aligning the levels of risk-taking with the achievement of business objectives.

The Group's internal control processes are detailed in the Group Governance Manual. This is supported by the Group Risk Framework, which provides an overview of the Group-wide philosophy and approach to risk management. Where appropriate, more detailed policies and procedures have been developed at Group and/or business unit levels. These include Group-wide mandatory policies on certain operational risks, including: health, safety, fraud, money laundering, bribery, business continuity, information security and operational security, and policies on certain financial risks. Additional guidelines are provided for some aspects of actuarial and financial activity.

Prudential's Group Risk Framework requires that all of the Group's businesses and functions establish processes for identifying, evaluating and managing the key risks faced by the Group. The Group Risk Framework is based on the concept of 'three lines of defence': Risk management; risk oversight and independent assurance. Primary responsibility for strategy, performance management and risk control lies with the Board, which has established the Group Risk Committee to assist in providing leadership, direction and oversight, and with the Group Chief Executive and the chief executive of each business unit. Risk oversight is provided by Group-level risk committees, chaired by the Group Chief Risk Officer or the Chief Financial Officer. Independent assurance on the Group's internal control and risk management systems is provided by the Group Audit Committee, supported by the Group-wide Internal Audit.

The Group's risk reporting framework forms an important part of the Group's business processes and planning. Business units review their risks as well as opportunities as part of their business plans, and risks against business objectives are regularly discussed with Group executive management.

Additional information on the Group's risk framework is included in the risk and capital management section under 'Group Risk Framework in Item 4 Information on the Company'.

The management of the risk attached to the Group's financial instruments and insurance liabilities, together with the inter-relationship with the management of capital is summarised in the following sections.

Specific business environmental and operational risks are discussed under Item 3, 'Key Information—Risk Factors' and Item 5, 'Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Internal control and risk management' and 'Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Principal Factors Affecting Prudential Results of Operations'. Risks discussed under Item 4, 'Information on the Company—Business of Prudential' include 'Business of Prudential—UK Business' and 'Business of Prudential—Legal Proceedings'.

A detailed analysis of market and financial risks is provided in notes C(d), D1(e), D2(f), D3(f) and D4(f) to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Prudential's investments are generally held in the same currency as its liabilities and, accordingly, pound sterling liabilities will generally be supported by pound sterling assets and US dollar liabilities will generally be supported by US dollar assets. However, where Prudential believes it is appropriate, it holds some non-domestic equities in the equity portfolios in the belief that this diversifies the overall portfolio risk.

As at 31 December 2011, the Group held 21 per cent (2010: 18 per cent) and 9 per cent (2010: 14 per cent) of its financial assets and financial liabilities respectively, in currencies, mainly US dollar and Euro, other than the functional currency of the relevant business unit.

Financial assets, of which 55 per cent (2010: 70 per cent) are held by the PAC with-profits fund, allow the PAC with-profits fund to obtain exposure to foreign equity markets.

Financial liabilities, of which 28 per cent (2010: 28 per cent) are held by the PAC with-profits fund, mainly relate to foreign currency borrowings.

The exchange risks inherent in these exposures are mitigated through the use of derivatives, mainly forward currency contracts (note G3 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18).

The amount of exchange gains recognised in the income statement in 2011, except for those arising on financial instruments measured at fair value through profit and loss, is £1 million (2010: £82 million loss; 2009: £201 million loss). This constitutes £11 million loss (2010: £16 million loss; 2009: £41 million loss) on Medium Term Notes (MTN) liabilities and £12 million of net gains (2010: £98 million net loss;2009: £160 million loss), mainly arising on investments of the PAC with-profits fund. The gains/losses on MTN liabilities are fully offset by value movements on cross-currency swaps, which are measured at fair value through profit and loss.

Prudential is subject to certain interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk on its core borrowings. At 31 December 2011, there was £1,611 million of pounds sterling debt, £1,983 million, or approximately $3,082 million, of US dollar debt and £17 million, or approximately €20 million of Euro debt. £3,344 million of the core debt was at fixed rates of interest and £267 million was at or has been swapped into floating rates of interest.

The profit and loss accounts of foreign subsidiaries are translated at average exchange rates for the year. Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated at closing exchange rates. Foreign currency borrowings that have been used to provide a hedge against Group equity investments in overseas subsidiaries are also translated at closing exchange rates. The impact of these translations is recorded as a component of the movement in shareholders' equity.

Prudential is sensitive to interest rate movements, movements in the values of equities and real estate and foreign exchange fluctuations.

Sensitivity analysis with regard to the Group's investments in debt securities, equities and real estate, to insurance contracts and to foreign exchange fluctuations, is provided in notes D2(j), D3(j), D4(j) and E4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Additional sensitivity analysis of the Group's long-term debt and interests in derivatives contracts has been provided below.

The table below quantifies the estimated increase in fair value of long-term borrowings at 31 December 2011 and 2010, resulting from a 100 basis point reduction in interest rates at those dates. The carrying value of short-term borrowings, which approximates their fair value, would not be

materially increased by a 100 basis point reduction in interest rates. Prudential believes this to be a reasonably possible near-term market change for interest rates.

	31 December 2011						31 December 2010


	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Estimated Increase in Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Estimated Increase in Fair Value

	(In £ millions)
Long-term borrowings
Bonds, €500 million aggregate principal amount, 5.75 per cent due 2021⁽ⁱ⁾		—		—		—		428		424		4
Bonds, £300 million aggregate principal amount, 6.875 per cent due 2023		300		356		34		300		333		31
Bonds, £250 million aggregate principal amount, 5.875 per cent due 2029		249		270		32		249		248		28
Bonds, £435 million aggregate principal amount, 6.125 per cent, due 2031		428		423		46		428		406		44
Bonds, £400 million aggregate principal amount, 11.375 per cent, due 2039		384		509		35		382		525		42
Capital securities, $1,000 million aggregate principal amount, 6.5 per cent perpetual		644		560		68		639		584		73
Capital securities, $250 million aggregate principal amount, 6.75 per cent perpetual⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		161		164		1		160		160		1
Capital securities, $300 million aggregate principal amount 6.5 per cent perpetual⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		193		196		—		192		189		—
Capital securities, $750 million aggregate principal amount, 11.75 per cent perpetual		477		550		16		472		558		21
Capital securities, $550 million aggregate principal amount, 7.75 per cent perpetual⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		348		343		40		—		—		—
Medium Term Subordinated Notes, €20 million, 2023⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		17		17		—		17		17		—

Total central companies		3,201		3,388		272		3,267		3,444		244

Insurance operations
Guaranteed bonds, £100 million, principal amount, 8.5 per cent undated subordinated		100		106		6		100		102		6
Surplus notes, $250 million principal amount, 8.15 per cent due 2027^(v)		160		178		15		159		172		15

Total long-term business		260		284		21		259		274		21

Other operations
Bank Loans^(iv)		250		250		—		250		250		—

Total		3,711		3,922		293		3,776		3,968		265

There is no impact on profit at 31 December 2011 and 2010 as a result of these reductions in interest rates because the liabilities are recognised in the financial statements at carrying value, which is equal to their amortised cost.

As at 31 December 2011 the net market value exposure of derivatives was an asset of £601 million of which the largest exposures were held by the UK and US insurance operations. Excluding derivative contracts within assets held to cover linked liabilities and those attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds, as at 31 December 2011 the market value exposure of derivatives of the UK and US insurance operations was an asset of £1,027 million. The tables below show the sensitivity of the UK and US insurance operations derivatives, measured in terms of fair value, to equity and real estate market increases and decreases of 10 per cent and to interest rate increases and decreases of 100 basis points. Prudential believes these increases and decreases to be reasonably possible near-term market changes. These exposures will change as a result of ongoing portfolio and risk management activities.

	31 December 2011									31 December 2010


	10 per cent Equity & Real Estate Increase Increase/(decrease) in Fair Value			Fair Value			10 per cent Equity & Real Estate Decrease Increase/(decrease) in Fair Value			10 per cent Equity & Real Estate Increase Increase/(decrease) in Fair Value			Fair Value			10 per cent Equity & Real Estate Decrease Increase/(decrease) in Fair Value

	(£ millions)
United Kingdom—insurance operations
With-profits fund (including PAL)		(13	)		134			47			27			158			(22	)
Shareholder-backed annuities		—			114			—			—			78			—
SAIF		8			(11	)		(7	)		14			22			(13	)
United States—insurance operations		(657	)		790			666			(372	)		(154	)		452

Total		(662	)		1,027			706			(331	)		104			417

	31 December 2011									31 December 2010


	100 bp Interest Rate Increase Increase/(decrease) in Fair Value			Fair Value			100 bp Interest Rate Decrease Increase/(decrease) in Fair Value			100 bp Interest Rate Increase Increase/(decrease) in Fair Value			Fair Value			100 bp Interest Rate Decrease Increase/(decrease) in Fair Value

	(£ millions)
United Kingdom—insurance operations
With-profits fund (including PAL)		7			134			13			73			158			(75	)
Shareholder-backed annuities		(102	)		114			129			(80	)		78			103
SAIF		18			(11	)		(20	)		10			22			(11	)
United States—insurance operations		(592	)		790			735			(277	)		(154	)		363

Total		(669	)		1,027			857			(274	)		104			380

The above sensitivities do not consider that assets and liabilities are actively managed and may vary at the time any actual market movement occurs. There are strategies in place to minimise the exposure to market fluctuations. For example, as market indices fluctuate, Prudential would take certain actions including selling investments, changing investment portfolio allocation, and adjusting bonuses credited to policyholders. In addition, these analyzes do not consider the effect of market changes on new business generated in the future.

Other limitations on the sensitivities include: the use of hypothetical market movements to demonstrate potential risk that only represent Prudential's view of reasonably possible near-term market changes and that cannot be predicted with any certainty; the assumption that interest rates in all countries move identically; the assumption that all global currencies move in tandem with the US dollar against pounds sterling; and the lack of consideration of the inter- relation of interest rates, equity markets and foreign currency exchange rates.

J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. is the depositary ('ADR Depositary') of Prudential's ADR program. The ADR Depositary has agreed to reimburse Prudential for certain reasonable expenses related to Prudential's ADR program and incurred by Prudential in connection with the ADR program. Pursuant to this agreement, Prudential can claim up to US$75,000 for each incremental increase of 4,000,000 American Depositary Shares (ADS) issued and outstanding above the prior year's balance. The reimbursements shall be used by Prudential for actual expenses incurred in connection with the program during the contract year (year ending 19 May in each year), including but not limited to, expenses related to US investor relations servicing, US investor presentations, financial advertising and public relations.

No reimbursements were made by the ADR Depositary to Prudential in 2011. However, expenses in the sum of USD 75,000 which were incurred during the 2009 contract year were eligible for reimbursements and claimed during 2010.

As part of its service to Prudential, the ADR Depositary has agreed to waive the following fees for the standard costs associated with the maintenance of the ADR programme:

The amount of fees waived in each of the 2010 and 2011 contract years was US$5,000.

The ADR holders of Prudential are required to pay the following fees to the ADR Depositary for general depositary services:

Category	ADR Depositary actions	Associated fee or charge


Depositing or surrendering the underlying shares	Each person to whom ADRs are delivered against deposits of shares, and each person surrendering ADRs for withdrawal of deposited securities	Up to US$5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) evidenced by the ADRs delivered or surrendered
Cable fee	Cable fee for delivery of underlying shares in the home market on the back of a cancellation	US$25 for each delivery
Currency charges	Charges incurred by the ADR Depositary in the conversion of foreign currency into US Dollars.	Amount paid by the ADR Depositary, and such charges are reimbursable out of such foreign currency.

Management has evaluated, with the participation of Prudential plc's Group Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of Prudential plc's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ('Exchange Act')) as of 31 December 2011. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon Prudential plc's evaluation, Prudential plc's Group Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of 31 December 2011 Prudential plc's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by Prudential plc in the reports Prudential plc files and submits under the Exchange Act is recorded,

processed, summarised and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms and that it is accumulated and communicated to Prudential plc's management, including Prudential plc's Group Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Prudential plc is required to undertake an annual assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 ('Section 404'). In accordance with the requirements of Section 404 the following report is provided by management in respect of Prudential plc's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act).

Management acknowledges its responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for Prudential plc. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Management has conducted, with the participation of Prudential plc's Group Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in 'Internal Control—Integrated Framework' issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ('COSO'). Based on the assessment under these criteria, management has concluded that, as of 31 December 2011, Prudential plc's internal control over financial reporting was effective. In addition, there have been no changes in Prudential plc's internal control over financial reporting during 2011 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to affect materially, Prudential plc's internal control over financial reporting.

KPMG Audit Plc, which has audited the consolidated financial statements of Prudential plc for the year ended 31 December 2011, has also audited the effectiveness of Prudential plc's internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). KPMG Audit Plc's report on internal control over financial reporting is included in their combined report shown on page F-2 in Item 18.

The Board has determined that Ann Godbehere, Chairman of the Audit Committee, qualifies as an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of Item 16A of Form 20-F, and that Ms Godbehere is independent within the meaning of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

Prudential has a code of ethics, as defined in Item 16B of Form 20-F under the Exchange Act, (which Prudential calls its Group Code of Business Conduct) which applies to the Group Chief Executive, Group Chief Financial Officer, the Group Chief Risk Officer and persons performing similar functions as well as to all other employees. Prudential's Code of Business Conduct is available on its website at www.prudential.co.uk. If Prudential amends the provisions of the Code of Business Conduct, as it applies to the Group Chief Executive, Group Chief Financial Officer and the Group Chief Risk Officer or if Prudential grants any waiver of such provisions, the Company will disclose such amendment or waiver on the Prudential website.

The Group Audit Committee (the 'Committee') has a key oversight role in relation to the external auditor, KPMG Audit Plc, whose primary relationship is with the Committee. The Group's Auditor Independence Policy ensures that the independence and objectivity of the external auditor is not impaired. The policy sets out four key principles which underpin the provision of non-audit services by the external auditor, namely that the auditor should not:

All services provided by the auditor in accordance with this policy are provided in accordance with a pre-approved budget and are reviewed by the Committee and approved where necessary. The Committee regularly reviews and updates the policy to ensure alignment with the latest standards and best practice in establishing, maintaining and monitoring auditor independence and objectivity.

During the year ended 31 December 2011 the Committee approved fees of £13.3 million to its auditor, KPMG Audit Plc, for audit services and other services supplied pursuant to relevant legislation. In addition, the Committee approved fees of £2.9 million to KPMG for services not related to audit work which accounted for 18 per cent of total fees paid to the external auditor in the year. In accordance with the Group's Auditor Independence Policy, all services were approved prior to work commencing and each of the non-audit services was confirmed to be permissible for the external auditor to undertake as defined by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Committee reviewed the non-audit services being provided to the Group by KPMG at regular intervals during 2011.

Total fees payable to KPMG for the fiscal years ended 31 December are set out below:

	2011		2010


	(£ million)		(£ million)
Fees payable to the Company's auditor for the audit of the Company's annual accounts		2.1		1.9
Fees payable to the Company's auditor and its associates for other services:
Audit of subsidiaries pursuant to legislation		6.1		6.1
Audit related assurance services		2.6		2.5
Tax compliance services		0.6		0.4
Other assurance services		0.5		0.6
Services relating to corporate finance transactions excluding the AIA transaction		0.5		0.1
All other services		0.3		0.4
Services relating to the AIA transaction		—		5.5

Total		12.7		17.5

In addition, there were fees of £0.1 million (2010: £0.1 million) for the audit of pension schemes.

Fees of £2.1 million for the audit of Prudential's annual accounts comprised statutory audit fees of £0.9 million, US reporting audit fees of £0.5 million and EEV reporting audit fees of £0.7 million. Fees of £6.1 million for audit of subsidiaries and associates pursuant to legislation mainly related to the audit of local and statutory accounts and to statutory audit work in connection with the submission of results to be consolidated in Prudential's annual accounts.

Fees of £2.6 million for audit related assurance services supplied pursuant to legislation comprised of Sarbanes-Oxley reporting of £0.7 million, interim and regulatory reporting of £1.8 million and fees of £0.1 relating to valuation services.

Fees of £0.6 million for services relating to taxation related to tax compliance throughout the Group.

Fees of £0.5 million for all other assurance services comprised services in respect of accounting and regulatory requirements of £0.1 million services, in respect of attestation letters of £0.3 million, and services in respect of compliance of legislation of £0.1 million.

Fees of £1.9 million for the audit of Prudential's annual accounts comprised statutory audit fees of £0.8 million, US reporting audit fees of £0.5 million and EEV reporting audit fees of £0.6 million. Fees of £6.1 million for audit of subsidiaries and associates pursuant to legislation mainly related to the audit of local and statutory accounts and to statutory audit work in connection with the submission of results to be consolidated in Prudential's annual accounts.

Fees of £2.5 million for audit related assurance services supplied pursuant to legislation comprised of Sarbanes-Oxley reporting of £0.5 million, interim and regulatory reporting of £1.9 million and fees of £0.1 million for valuation and actuarial services related to work in connection with MCEV and with the investigation into possible re-attribution of the inherited estate.

Fees of £0.4 million for services relating to taxation related to tax compliance throughout the Group.

The fees for services relating to the AIA transaction of £5.5 million were primarily comprised of the following services:

As part of its work during the year, the Committee assessed the performance of the external auditor, its independence and objectivity, and the effectiveness of the audit process. In addition to questioning the external auditor, which is a regular feature of meetings, the review of the effectiveness of the external audit process was conducted through a questionnaire-based exercise administered by Group-wide Internal Audit. The Committee reviewed the external audit strategy and received reports

from the auditor on its own policies and procedures regarding independence and quality control, including an annual confirmation of its independence in line with industry standards.

The Group operates a policy under which at least once every five years a formal review is undertaken by the Committee to assess whether the external audit should be re-tendered. The external audit was last put out to competitive tender in 1999 when the present auditor was appointed. Since 2005 the Committee has annually considered the need to re-tender the external audit service. It again considered this in February 2012 and concluded that there was nothing in the performance of the auditor requiring a change. In line with the Auditing Practices Board Ethical Statements and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the lead audit partner, who was appointed by KPMG Audit plc in 2007, will be replaced by a new lead audit partner in respect of the 2012 financial year.

Following its review of the external auditor's effectiveness and independence, the Committee has recommended to the Board that KPMG Audit Plc be re-appointed as auditor of the Company and a resolution for the re-appointment of KPMG Audit Plc as auditor of the Company will be put to a shareholder vote at the Annual General Meeting on 17 May 2012.

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by Prudential plc and Affiliated Purchasers

The following table sets forth information with respect to purchases made by or on behalf of Prudential or any 'affiliated purchasers' (as that term is defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) of Prudential's ordinary shares or American depositary shares for the year ended 31 December 2011.

Period		Average Price Paid Per Share


		(£)
1 January–31 January	12,723		6.83	N/A	N/A
1 February–28 February	11,688		7.13
1 March–31 March	2,106,702		7.24
1 April–30 April	263,361		7.44
1 May–31 May	174,614		7.49
1 June–30 June	1,418,209		7.15
1 July–31 July	98,334		6.95
1 August–31 August	1,520,620		5.95
1 September–30 September	19,273		5.97
1 October–31 October	15,385		6.07
1 November–30 November	110,951		6.24
1 December–31 December	2,456,692		6.20

On 4 November 2003, the New York Stock Exchange (the 'NYSE') established new corporate governance rules. The application of the NYSE's rules is restricted for foreign companies, recognising that they have to comply with domestic requirements. As a foreign private issuer, Prudential must comply with the following NYSE rules:

As a company listed on the London Stock Exchange, Prudential is required to comply with the Listing Rules, Disclosure and Transparency Rules and Prospectus Rules issued by the Financial Services Authority, and to report and explain non-compliance with the UK Corporate Governance Code which is issued by the Financial Reporting Council. As a company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, Prudential is also required to comply with certain continuing obligations set forth in the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (the 'HK Listing Rules') and is expected to comply with or explain any deviation from the provisions of the Code on Corporate Governance Practices contained in Appendix 14 to the HK Listing Rules (the 'HK Code'). Any deviation from compliance with either corporate governance code is set out fully in the Governance Report in the Annual Report 2011.

The table below discloses differences between Prudential's corporate governance practices and the NYSE rules on corporate governance. Unless specifically indicated otherwise, compliance with the provisions of the UK Corporate Governance Code in the table below also includes compliance with the HK Code.

	NYSE Corporate Governance Rules	Description of differences between Prudential's governance practice and the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

	Director independence
1	Listed companies must have a majority of independent directors.	Prudential complies with the equivalent requirements contained in the UK Corporate Governance Code (the UK Code).
		The UK Code requires that the Board should include a balance of executive and non-executive directors such that no individual or small group of individuals can dominate the Board's decision taking. At least half the Board, excluding the Chairman, should comprise non-executive directors determined by the Board to be independent.
		The Board considers that Keki Dadiseth, Howard Davies, Michael Garrett, Ann Godbehere, Alistair Johnston, Paul Manduca , Kai Nargolwala, Kathleen O'Donovan and Lord Turnbull are 'independent' under the UK Code. The Board is therefore compliant with the composition requirement under the UK Code.
2	In order to tighten the definition of 'independent director' for purposes of these standards: a) No director qualifies as 'independent' unless the Board of directors affirmatively determines that the director has no material relationship with the listed company (either directly or as a partner, shareholder or officer of an organisation that has a relationship with the company). The listed company must comply with the disclosure requirements set forth in Item 407(a) of Regulation S-K. b) In addition, a director is not independent if: i) The director is, or has been within the last three years, an employee of the listed company, or an immediate family member is, or has been within the last three years, an executive officer of the listed company.	The Board is required to determine whether directors are independent in character and judgment and whether there are relationships or circumstances which are likely to affect, or could affect, the directors' judgment. If the Board determines that a director is independent notwithstanding the existence of relationships or circumstances which may appear relevant to its determination it shall state its reasons. In undertaking this process the Board is required, amongst other factors, to consider if the director: • Has been an employee of Prudential within the last five years; • Has, or has had within the last three years, a material business relationship with Prudential either directly, or as a partner, shareholder, director or senior employee of a body that has such a relationship with Prudential;

		NYSE Corporate Governance Rules		Description of differences between Prudential's governance practice and the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

		ii) The director has received, or has an immediate family member who has received, during any twelve-month period within the last three years, more than $120,000 in direct compensation from the listed company, other than director and committee fees and pension or other forms of deferred compensation for prior service (provided such compensation is not contingent in any way on continued service). Prudential complies with the corresponding domestic requirements contained in the Code, which sets out the principles for the Company to determine whether a director is 'independent'. iii) (A) The director is a current partner or employee of a firm that is the listed company's internal or external auditor; (B) the director has an immediate family member who is a current partner of such a firm; (C) the director has an immediate family member who is a current employee of such a firm and personally works on the listed company's audit; or (D) the director or an immediate family member was within the last three years a partner or employee of such a firm and personally worked on the listed company's audit within that time. iv) The director or an immediate family member is, or has been within the last three years, employed as an executive officer of another company where any of the listed company's present executive officers at the same time serves or served on that company's compensation committee. v) The director is a current employee, or an immediate family member is a current executive officer, of a company that has made payments to, or received payments from, the listed company for property or services in an amount which, in any of the last three fiscal years, exceeds the greater of $1 million, or 2 per cent of such other company's consolidated gross revenues.		• Has received or receives additional remuneration from Prudential apart from a director's fee, participates in Prudential's share option or a performance-related pay scheme, or is a member of Prudential's pension scheme; • Has close family ties with any of Prudential's advisers, directors or senior employees; • Holds cross-directorships or has significant links with other directors through involvement in other companies or bodies; • Represents a significant shareholder; or • Has served on the Board for more than nine years from the date of their first election. In addition, in assessing whether its directors are 'independent', the Board considers a further list of factors set forth in the Hong Kong Listing Rules that the Hong Kong Stock Exchange takes into account in assessing the independence of non executive directors (without treating any such factor as necessarily conclusive). These include, among others, whether a director: • is a director, partner or principal of a professional adviser which currently provides, or has within one year immediately prior to the date of his proposed appointment provided, services, or is an employee of such professional adviser who is or has been involved in providing such services during the same period to, among others, Prudential or any of its subsidiaries; is, or has at any time during the two years immediately prior to the date of proposed appointment been, an executive or director (other than an independent non-executive director) of, among others, Prudential or any of its subsidiaries. Keki Dadiseth and Barry Stowe also serve as non-executive directors of ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited, an Indian company which is owned 26 per cent by Prudential, and in addition Mr Dadiseth serves at Prudential's request as a non-executive director of ICICI Prudential Trust Limited, an Indian company which is owned 49 per cent by Prudential. The Board does not consider that these appointments in any way affect Mr Dadiseth's status as an independent director of Prudential.

	NYSE Corporate Governance Rules	Description of differences between Prudential's governance practice and the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

		The non-executive Directors considered by the Board to be independent are identified in the Company's Annual Reports in accordance with the UK Code and on Prudential's website. Throughout the year 2011 all non-executive directors were considered by the Board to be independent in character and judgment.
Executive Sessions
3	To empower non-management directors to serve as a more effective check on management, the non-management directors of each listed company must meet at regularly scheduled executive sessions without management.	Prudential complies with the equivalent provisions set out in the UK Code, which requires that the Chairman of Prudential should hold meetings with the non-executive directors without executives present. The Chairman of Prudential usually meets formally, at least annually, with the non-executive directors without the executive directors being present. During 2011, the Chairman met with the non-executive directors without the presence of the executive directors on seven occasions.
Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee
4	a) Listed companies must have a nominating/ corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors. b) The nominating/corporate governance committee must have a written charter that addresses: i) the committee's purpose and responsibilities—which, at minimum, must be to: identify individuals qualified to become board members, consistent with criteria approved by the Board, and to select, or to recommend that the Board select, the director nominees for the next annual meeting of shareholders; develop and recommend to the Board a set of corporate governance guidelines applicable to the corporation; and oversee the evaluation of the Board and management; and ii) an annual performance evaluation of the committee.	Prudential complies with the corresponding provisions set out in the UK Code, which requires that Prudential has a Nomination Committee, which should comprise a majority of independent non-executive directors. Prudential's Nomination Committee has written terms of reference in accordance with the UK Code. The terms of reference are available on Prudential's website, and explain the Nomination Committee's role and the authority delegated to it by the Board. The Board is responsible for regularly reviewing its corporate governance standards and practices. Requirements of the UK code to which Prudential is subject, do not mandate it to establish a corporate governance committee. Under the UK Code, the Board should state in the annual report how performance evaluation of the Board, its committees and its individual directors has been conducted. Prudential includes such description in its Annual Report, which is available on its website.

	NYSE Corporate Governance Rules	Description of differences between Prudential's governance practice and the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

Compensation Committee
5	a) Listed companies must have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. b) The compensation committee must have a written charter that addresses: i) the committee's purpose and responsibilities—which, at minimum, must be to have direct responsibility to: a) review and approve corporate goals and objectives relevant to CEO compensation, evaluate the CEO's performance in light of those goals and objectives, and, either as a committee or together with the other independent directors (as directed by the Board), determine and approve the CEO's compensation level based on this evaluation; and b) make recommendations to the Board with respect to non-CEO executive officer compensation, and incentive- compensation and equity-based plans that are subject to Board approval; and c) prepare the disclosure required by Item 407(e)(5) of Regulation S-K; ii) an annual performance evaluation of the compensation committee.	Prudential complies with the equivalent requirements set out in the UK Code, which requires that Prudential has a Remuneration Committee that is comprised of at least three independent non-executive directors. Prudential's Remuneration Committee has written terms of reference in accordance with the UK Code. The terms of reference are available on Prudential's website. Prudential complies with the equivalent requirement set out in the UK Code, which provides that the Remuneration Committee: a) should have delegated responsibility for setting remuneration for all executive directors and the chairman, including pension rights and any compensation payments; b) should recommend and monitor the level and structure of remuneration for senior management; c) should carefully consider what compensation commitments (including pension contributions and all other elements) their directors' terms of appointment would entail in the event of early termination; and d) that the annual report should include a description of the work of the Remuneration Committee. Under the UK Code, the Board should state in the annual report how performance evaluation of the Board, its committees and its individual directors has been conducted. Prudential includes such description in its Annual Report which is available on its website.

	NYSE Corporate Governance Rules	Description of differences between Prudential's governance practice and the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

Audit Committee
6	Listed companies must have an audit committee that satisfies the requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act. In general: • Rule 10A-3(1) requires that each member of the audit committee be a member of the board of directors of the listed issuer, and be independent within the meaning of the Rule, subject to certain exemptions; • Rule 10A-3(2) requires the audit committee to be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of the work of the independent auditor engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing other audit, review or attest services for the issuer, and the independent auditor must report directly to the audit committee; • Rule 10A-3(3) requires that an audit committee establish procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by the issuer regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and for the confidential, anonymous submission by employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters; • Rule 10A-3(4) requires that an audit committee have the authority to engage outside advisors, including counsel, as it determines necessary to carry out its duties. The Rule also requires the issuer to provide appropriate funding, as determined by the audit committee, for payment of compensation to the issuer's independent auditor and to any advisors employed by the audit committee; • Rule 10A-3(5) requires that the audit committee be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of the work of the independent auditor engaged for the purpose of preparing an audit report or performing other audit, review or attest services for the issuer, and the independent auditor must report directly to the audit committee.	Prudential complies with equivalent requirements set out in the UK Code, which requires that Prudential has an Audit Committee that is comprised entirely of at least three independent non-executive directors. Prudential's Audit Committee has written terms of reference prepared in accordance with the requirements of the UK Code and the Smith Guidance. The terms of reference are available on Prudential's website and explain the Audit Committee's role and the authority delegated to it by the Board. The terms of reference, amongst other items, set out the Committee's role and responsibilities in respect of the external audit. The Committee reviews management's and the external and internal auditors' reports on the effectiveness of systems for internal control, financial reporting and risk management. It also reviews the effectiveness of the Group Governance Framework. The Audit Committee makes recommendations, through the Board, to be put to shareholders for approval at the Annual General Meeting, in relation to the appointment, re-appointment or removal of the external auditor. The Audit Committee has established a procedure for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters. The Audit Committee has the authority to engage independent counsel and other advisers as it determines necessary to carry out its duties. Prudential must provide appropriate funding for the Audit Committee.

	NYSE Corporate Governance Rules	Description of differences between Prudential's governance practice and the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

7	a) The audit committee must have a minimum of three members. All audit committee members must satisfy the requirements for independence set out in Section 303A.02 and, in the absence of an applicable exemption Rule I0A-3(b)(1).	Prudential complies with the equivalent provisions set out in the UK Code which requires that the Audit Committee should comprise a minimum of three 'independent' non-executive directors. Prudential has determined that each member of its Audit Committee is 'independent' for the purposes of Rule 10A-3(6)(1) under the Securities Exchange Act and UK Code. Prudential complies with the equivalent provisions set out in the UK Code which requires that the Board should satisfy itself that at least one member of the Audit Committee has recent and relevant financial experience. The Board of Prudential has designated that Ann Godbehere, Chairman of the Audit Committee, qualifies as an audit committee financial expert.
	b) The audit committee must have a written charter that addresses: i) the committee's purpose—which, at minimum, must be to:	Prudential's Audit Committee has written terms of reference in accordance with the UK Code. The terms of reference are available on Prudential's website. The UK Code requires that the main role and responsibilities of the Audit Committee should include:
	(A) assist board oversight of (1) the integrity of the listed company's financial statements, (2) the listed company's compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (3) the independent auditor's qualifications and independence, and (4) the performance of the listed company's internal audit function and independent auditors; and	• To monitor the integrity of the financial statements of the Company; • To monitor and review the effectiveness of the Company's internal audit function; • To develop and implement policy on the engagement of the external auditor to supply non-audit services, taking into account relevant guidance regarding the provision of non-audit services by the external audit firm, and to report to the Board, identifying any matters in respect of which it considers that action or improvement is needed and making recommendations as to the steps to be taken; • To review and monitor the external auditor's independence and objectivity and the effectiveness of the audit process, taking into consideration relevant UK professional and regulatory requirements; and • To make recommendations to the Board, for it to put to the shareholders for their approval in general meeting, in relation to the appointment, re-appointment and removal of the external auditor and to authorise the Board to set the remuneration and terms of engagement of the external auditor.

		NYSE Corporate Governance Rules		Description of differences between Prudential's governance practice and the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

		(B) prepare the disclosure required by Item 407(d)(3)(i) of Regulation S-K;		The UK Code requires that there is a separate section in a Company's Annual Report which describes the work of the Committee in discharging its duties.
		ii) an annual performance evaluation of the audit committee; and		A description of the Committee's evaluation is included in the Annual Report & Accounts.
		iii) the duties and responsibilities of the audit committee—which, at a minimum, must include those set out in Rule 10A-3(b)(2), (3), (4) and (5) of the Exchange Act, as well as to:
		(A) at least annually, obtain and review a report by the independent auditor describing: the firm's internal quality-control procedures; any material issues raised by the most recent internal quality-control review, or peer review, of the firm, or by any inquiry or investigation by governmental or professional authorities, within the preceding five years, respecting one or more independent audits carried out by the firm, and any steps taken to deal with any such issues; and (to assess the auditor's independence) all relationships between the independent auditor and the listed company;		Prudential's Audit Committee monitors and reviews the effectiveness of the Company's internal audit function.
		(B) Meet to review and discuss the listed company's annual audited financial statements and quarterly financial statements with management and the independent auditor, including reviewing the listed company's specific disclosures under 'Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations';		Prudential's Audit Committee monitors the integrity of the financial statements of the Company, and any formal announcements relating to the Company's financial performance, reviewing significant financial reporting judgments contained in them.
		(C) Discuss the listed company's earnings press releases, as well as financial information and earnings guidance provided to analysts and rating agencies;		Prudential's Audit Committee reviews the Company's interim management statements and press releases associated with key financial results prior to their publication.
		(D) Discuss policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management;		Prudential's Audit Committee reviews the Company's internal financial controls and, unless expressly addressed by the Board itself, reviews the Company's internal control and risk management systems in relation to financial reporting. With the establishment of the Group Risk Committee, the oversight of risk management has transferred to that Committee with effect from 2011.

		NYSE Corporate Governance Rules		Description of differences between Prudential's governance practice and the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

		(E) Meet separately, periodically, with management, with internal auditors (or other personnel responsible for the internal audit function) and with independent auditors;		Committee members meet separately with management throughout the year and at least annually meet alone with the internal and external auditors.
		(F) review with the independent auditor any audit problems or difficulties and management's response;		The terms of reference of Prudential's Audit Committee require it to consider management's responses to any major external audit recommendations, and to resolve disagreements between management and the external auditor regarding financial reporting.
		(G) set clear hiring policies for employees or former employees of the independent auditors; and		The terms of reference of Prudential's Audit Committee require it to set clear hiring policies for employees or former employees of the external auditor.
		(H) report regularly to the Board of directors.		Prudential's Audit Committee reports regularly to the Board of directors.
		c) Each listed company must have an internal audit function.		Where there is no internal audit function, the audit committee should consider annually, under the requirements of the UK Code, whether there is a need for an internal audit function and make a recommendation to the Board, and the reasons for the absence of such a function should be explained in the relevant section of the annual report.

	NYSE Corporate Governance Rules	Description of differences between Prudential's governance practice and the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

Shareholder Approval of Equity Compensation Plans
8	Shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equity-compensation plans and material revisions thereto, except for employment inducement awards, certain grants, plans and amendments in the context of mergers and acquisitions, and certain specific types of plans.	Prudential complies with corresponding domestic requirements in the Listing Rules issued by the Financial Services Authority which mandate that the Company must seek shareholder approval for employee share schemes.
Corporate Governance Guidelines
9	Listed companies must adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines.	Prudential complies with the corresponding provisions set out in the Listing Rules issued by the Financial Services Authority and the UK Code, which require that Prudential include an explanation in its Annual Report of how it complies with the principles of the UK Code and require confirmation that it complies with the UK Code's provisions or, where it does not, to provide an explanation of why it does not comply.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
10	Listed companies must adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees, and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers.	Prudential's Code of Business Conduct is available on Prudential's website. Although not required by the Sarbanes- Oxley Act, Prudential has extended the applicability of its Code of Business Conduct to all employees.
Description of Significant Differences
11	Listed foreign private issuers must disclose any significant ways in which their corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies under NYSE listing standards.	Prudential conforms by publishing this document to fulfill the requirement.
12	A foreign private issuer that is required to file an annual report on Form 20-F with the SEC must include the statement of significant differences in that annual report. All other foreign private issuers may either (i) include the statement of significant differences in an annual report filed with the SEC or (ii) make the statement of significant differences available on or through the listed company's website. If the statement of significant differences is made available on or through the listed company's website, the listed company must disclose that fact in its annual report filed with the SEC and provide the website address.	Prudential conforms by publishing this document in its annual report on Form 20-F and on its website to fulfill the requirement. The address of the website is also published in Prudential's Form 20-F.
13	Listed companies must have and maintain a publicly accessible website.	Prudential conforms by maintaining a publicly accessible website, on which a printable version of the terms of reference of its Remuneration Committee, Nomination Committee, Risk Committee and Audit Committee, its corporate governance practice, its Code of Business Conduct and document disclosing any significant ways in which its corporate governance practices differ from those followed by companies under NYSE listing standards are posted in the English language.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Prudential plc (the Company) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Group) as of 31 December 2011 and 2010, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended 31 December 2011 and the related condensed financial statement schedule of the Company, appearing on pages S-2 to S-11. We also have audited the Group's internal control over financial reporting as of 31 December 2011 based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Group's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements and condensed financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying 'Controls and Procedures'. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the accompanying consolidated financial statements and condensed financial statement schedule and an opinion on the Group's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorisations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorised acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of 31 December 2011 and 2010, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended 31 December 2011, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). In addition, in our opinion, the related condensed financial statement schedule of the Company, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial

statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein in conformity with UK generally accepted accounting practice (UK GAAP). Accounting principles under UK GAAP vary in certain significant respects from IFRS as issued by the IASB. Information relating to the nature and effect of such differences is presented in note 3 to the condensed financial statement schedule of the Company. Also in our opinion, the Group maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of 31 December 2011, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

Prudential plc and subsidiaries
Consolidated Income Statements
Years ended 31 December

		2011			2010			2009


		£m			£m			£m
Gross premiums earned			25,706			24,568			20,299
Outward reinsurance premiums			(429	)		(357	)		(323	)

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance	F2		25,277			24,211			19,976
Investment return	F2		9,360			21,769			26,889
Other income	F2		1,869			1,666			1,234

Total revenue, net of reinsurance	F1,F2		36,506			47,646			48,099

Benefits and claims	F1		(31,060	)		(40,608	)		(39,901	)
Outward reinsurers' share of benefit and claims	F1		746			335			265
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds	H12		1,025			(245	)		(1,559	)

Benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance	F1		(29,289	)		(40,518	)		(41,195	)
Acquisition costs and other expenditure	F3		(5,005	)		(4,799	)		(4,572	)
Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations	F4		(286	)		(257	)		(209	)
Loss on sale of Taiwan agency business	I2		—			—			(559	)

Total charges, net of reinsurance	F1		(34,580	)		(45,574	)		(46,535	)

Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)*			1,926			2,072			1,564
Tax credit (charge) attributable to policyholders' returns	F5		17			(611	)		(818	)

Profit before tax attributable to shareholders	B1		1,943			1,461			746

Tax charge	F5		(432	)		(636	)		(873	)
Less: tax attributable to policyholders' returns	F5		(17	)		611			818

Tax charge attributable to shareholders' returns**	F5		(449	)		(25	)		(55	)

Profit from continuing operations after tax			1,494			1,436			691
Discontinued operations (net of tax)	I10		—			—			(14	)

Profit for the year			1,494			1,436			677

Attributable to:
Equity holders of the Company			1,490			1,431			676
Non-controlling interests			4			5			1

Profit for the year			1,494			1,436			677

Earnings per share (in pence)
Basic:
Based on profit from continuing operations attributable to the equity holders of the Company	B2		58.8p			56.7p			27.6p
Based on loss from discontinued operations attributable to the equity holders of the Company	B2		—			—			(0.6)p

			58.8p			56.7p			27.0p
Diluted:
Based on profit from continuing operations attributable to the equity holders of the Company	B2		58.7p			56.6p			27.6p
Based on loss from discontinued operations attributable to the equity holders of the Company	B2		—			—			(0.6)p

			58.7p			56.6p			27.0p

Prudential plc and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Years ended 31 December

			2011			2010			2009


			£m			£m			£m
Profit for the year				1,494			1,436			677
Other comprehensive income:
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges:
Exchange movements arising during the year	B4			(32	)		217			(206	)
Related tax				(68	)		34			11

				(100	)		251			(195	)

Available-for-sale securities:
Unrealised valuation movements on securities of US insurance operations classified as available-for-sale:	D3	(a)
Unrealised holding gains arising during the year				912			1,170			2,249
Deduct net (gains)/add back net losses included in the income statement on disposal and impairment				(101	)		51			420

Total				811			1,221			2,669
Related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs	H1			(331	)		(496	)		(1,069	)
Related tax				(168	)		(247	)		(557	)

				312			478			1,043

Other comprehensive income for the year, net of related tax				212			729			848

Total comprehensive income for the year				1,706			2,165			1,525

Attributable to:
Equity holders of the Company				1,702			2,160			1,524
Non-controlling interests				4			5			1

Total comprehensive income for the year				1,706			2,165			1,525

Prudential plc and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

Year ended 31 December

			2011

	Note		Share capital		Share premium		Retained earnings			Translation reserve			Available- for-sale securities reserve		Shareholders' equity			Non- controlling interests			Total equity

			£m		£m		£m			£m			£m		£m			£m			£m
Reserves
Profit for the year				—		—		1,490			—			—		1,490			4			1,494
Other comprehensive income
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges, net of related tax				—		—		—			(100	)		—		(100	)		—			(100	)
Unrealised valuation movements, net of related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs and related tax				—		—		—			—			312		312			—			312

Total other comprehensive income				—		—		—			(100	)		312		212			—			212

Total comprehensive income for the year				—		—		1,490			(100	)		312		1,702			4			1,706
Dividends		B3		—		—		(642	)		—			—		(642	)		—			(642	)
Reserve movements in respect of share-based payments				—		—		44			—			—		44			—			44
Change in non-controlling interests arising principally from purchase and sale of property partnerships of the PAC with-profits fund and other consolidated investment funds				—		—		—			—			—		—			(5	)		(5	)
Share capital and share premium
New share capital subscribed		H11		—		17		—			—			—		17			—			17
Treasury shares
Movement in own shares in respect of share-based payment plans				—		—		(30	)		—			—		(30	)		—			(30	)
Movement in Prudential plc shares purchased by unit trusts consolidated under IFRS				—		—		(5	)		—			—		(5	)		—			(5	)

Net increase/(decrease) in equity				—		17		857			(100	)		312		1,086			(1	)		1,085
At beginning of year				127		1,856		4,982			454			612		8,031			44			8,075

At end of year		H11		127		1,873		5,839			354			924		9,117			43			9,160

			2010

	Note		Share capital		Share premium			Retained earnings			Translation reserve		Available- for-sale securities reserve		Shareholders' equity			Non- controlling interests		Total equity

			£m		£m			£m			£m		£m		£m			£m		£m
Reserves
Profit for the year				—		—			1,431			—		—		1,431			5		1,436
Other comprehensive income
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges, net of related tax				—		—			—			251		—		251			—		251
Unrealised valuation movements, net of related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs and related tax				—		—			—			—		478		478			—		478

Total other comprehensive income				—		—			—			251		478		729			—		729

Total comprehensive income for the year				—		—			1,431			251		478		2,160			5		2,165
Dividends		B3		—		—			(511	)		—		—		(511	)		—		(511	)
Reserve movements in respect of share-based payments				—		—			37			—		—		37			—		37
Change in non-controlling interests arising principally from purchase and sale of property partnerships of the PAC with-profits fund and other consolidated investment funds				—		—			—			—		—		—			7		7
Share capital and share premium
New share capital subscribed (including shares issued in lieu of cash dividends)		H11		—		75			—			—		—		75			—		75
Reserve movements in respect of shares issued in lieu of cash dividends		H11		—		(62	)		62			—		—		—			—		—
Treasury shares
Movement in own shares in respect of share-based payment plans				—		—			(4	)		—		—		(4	)		—		(4	)
Movement in Prudential plc shares purchased by unit trusts consolidated under IFRS				—		—			3			—		—		3			—		3

Net increase in equity				—		13			1,018			251		478		1,760			12		1,772
At beginning of year				127		1,843			3,964			203		134		6,271			32		6,303

At end of year		H11		127		1,856			4,982			454		612		8,031			44		8,075

			2009

	Note		Share capital		Share premium			Retained earnings			Translation reserve			Available- for-sale securities reserve			Shareholders' equity			Non- controlling interests			Total equity

			£m		£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Reserves
Profit for the year				—		—			676			—			—			676			1			677
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges, net of related tax				—		—			—			(195	)		—			(195	)		—			(195	)
Unrealised valuation movements, net of related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs and related tax				—		—			—			—			1,043			1,043			—			1,043

Total other comprehensive income (loss)				—		—			—			(195	)		1,043			848			—			848

Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year				—		—			676			(195	)		1,043			1,524			1			1,525
Dividends		B3		—		—			(481	)		—			—			(481	)		—			(481	)
Reserve movements in respect of share-based payments				—		—			29			—			—			29			—			29
Change in non-controlling interests arising principally from purchase and sale of property partnerships of the PAC with-profits fund and other consolidated investment funds				—		—			—			—			—			—			(24	)		(24	)
Share capital and share premium
New share capital subscribed (including shares issued in lieu of cash dividends)				2		139			—			—			—			141			—			141
Reserve movements in respect of shares issued in lieu of cash dividends				—		(136	)		136			—			—			—			—			—
Treasury shares
Movement in own shares in respect of share-based payment plans				—		—			3			—			—			3			—			3
Movement in Prudential plc shares purchased by unit trusts consolidated under IFRS				—		—			(3	)		—			—			(3	)		—			(3	)

Net increase (decrease) in equity				2		3			360			(195	)		1,043			1,213			(23	)		1,190
At beginning of year				125		1,840			3,604			398			(909	)		5,058			55			5,113

At end of year				127		1,843			3,964			203			134			6,271			32			6,303

Prudential plc and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

31 December

			2011		2010


			£m		£m
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Goodwill	H1	(a)		1,465		1,466
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets	H1	(b)		5,069		4,667

Total				6,534		6,133

Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes	H2	(a)		178		166
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets	H2	(b)		89		110

Total				267		276

Total				6,801		6,409

Other non-investment and non-cash assets:
Property, plant and equipment	H6			748		554
Reinsurers' share of insurance contract liabilities	H3			1,647		1,344
Deferred tax assets	H4			2,276		2,188
Current tax recoverable	H4			546		555
Accrued investment income	G1,H5			2,710		2,668
Other debtors	G1,H5			987		903

Total				8,914		8,212

Investments of long-term business and other operations:
Investment properties	H7			10,757		11,247
Investments accounted for using the equity method	H8			70		71
Financial investments*:	G1
Loans				9,714		9,261
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts				87,349		86,635
Debt securities				124,498		116,352
Other investments				7,509		5,779
Deposits				10,708		9,952

Total				250,605		239,297

Properties held for sale	H9			3		257
Cash and cash equivalents	G1,H10			7,257		6,631

Total assets	B5			273,580		260,806

		2011		2010


		£m		£m
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Shareholders' equity	H11		9,117		8,031
Non-controlling interests			43		44

Total equity			9,160		8,075

Liabilities
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
Insurance contract liabilities	H12		180,363		171,291
Investment contract liabilities with discretionary participation features	G1		29,745		25,732
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation features	G1		16,967		17,704
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds	H12		9,215		10,253

Total			236,290		224,980

Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations:
Subordinated debt	H13		2,652		2,718
Other	H13		959		958

Total	G1,H13		3,611		3,676

Other borrowings:
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations	G1,H13		3,340		3,004
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations	G1,H13		972		1,522
Other non-insurance liabilities:
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements	G1		3,114		4,199
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds	G1		3,840		3,372
Deferred tax liabilities	H4		4,211		4,224
Current tax liabilities	H4		930		831
Accruals and deferred income			736		707
Other creditors	G1		2,544		2,321
Provisions	H14		529		729
Derivative liabilities	G1,G3		3,054		2,037
Other liabilities	G1,H15		1,249		1,129

Total			20,207		19,549

Total liabilities	B5		264,420		252,731

Total equity and liabilities			273,580		260,806

Prudential plc and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years ended 31 December

		2011			2010			2009


		£m			£m			£m
Cash flows from operating activities
Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)^note (i)			1,926			2,072			1,564
Loss before tax from discontinued operations	I10		—			—			(14	)

Total profit before tax			1,926			2,072			1,550
Non-cash movements in operating assets and liabilities reflected in profit before tax:
Investments			(8,854	)		(24,594	)		(26,388	)
Other non-investment and non-cash assets			(1,038	)		(1,161	)		(384	)
Policyholder liabilities (including unallocated surplus)			10,874			24,287			24,932
Other liabilities (including operational borrowings)			(845	)		1,332			(299	)
Interest income and expense and dividend income included in result before tax			(7,449	)		(7,514	)		(7,267	)
Other non-cash items^{note (ii)}			18			139			650
Operating cash items:
Interest receipts			6,365			6,277			5,734
Dividend receipts			1,302			1,412			1,780
Tax paid			(561	)		(302	)		(200	)

Net cash flows from operating activities			1,738			1,948			108

Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment			(124	)		(93	)		(91	)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment			10			4			54
Completion adjustment for previously disposed business			—			—			(20	)
Disposal of Taiwan agency business	I2		—			—			(497	)
Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash balance^{note (iii)}	I1,I8		(53	)		(145	)		—

Net cash flows from investing activities			(167	)		(234	)		(554	)

Cash flows from financing activities
Structural borrowings of the Group:
Shareholder-financed operations^{note (iv)}
Issue of subordinated debt, net of costs			340			—			822
Redemption of senior debt			(333	)		—			(249	)
Bank loan			—			250			—
Interest paid			(286	)		(251	)		(207	)
With-profits operations^{note (v)}
Interest paid			(9	)		(9	)		(9	)
Equity capital^{note (vi)}
Issues of ordinary share capital	H11		17			13			3
Dividends paid	B3		(642	)		(449	)		(344	)

Net cash flows from financing activities			(913	)		(446	)		16

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents			658			1,268			(430	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year			6,631			5,307			5,955
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents			(32	)		56			(218	)

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	H10		7,257			6,631			5,307

Prudential plc (the Company) together with its subsidiaries (collectively, the Group or Prudential) is an international financial services group with its principal operations in Asia, the US and the UK. Prudential offers a wide range of retail financial products and services and asset management services throughout these territories. The retail financial products and services principally include life insurance, pensions and annuities as well as collective investment schemes.

In Asia, the Group has operations in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and other Asian countries. The life insurance products offered by the Group's operations in Asia include with-profits (participating) and non-participating term, whole life and endowment and unit-linked policies. In Asia, unit-linked policies are usually sold with insurance riders such as health covers.

In the US, the Group's principal subsidiary is Jackson National Life Insurance Company (Jackson). The principal products written by Jackson are fixed annuities (interest-sensitive, fixed indexed and immediate annuities), variable annuities (VA), life insurance and institutional products.

The Group operates in the UK through its subsidiaries, primarily The Prudential Assurance Company Limited (PAC), Prudential Annuities Limited (PAL), Prudential Retirement Income Limited (PRIL) and M&G Investment Management Limited. Long-term business products written in the UK are principally with-profits deposit administration, other conventional and unitised with-profits policies and non-participating pension annuities in the course of payment. Long-term business written in the UK also includes unit linked products.

Prudential plc is a public limited company incorporated and registered in England and Wales. The registered office is:

Laurence Pountney Hill
London
EC4R 0HH
UK Companies House registered number: 1397169

The consolidated financial statements consolidate the Group and the Group's interest in associates and jointly-controlled entities. The parent company financial statements present information about the Company as a separate entity and not about the Group.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared and approved by the directors in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and as endorsed by the European Union (EU) as required by EU law (IAS regulation EC 1606/2032).

The Group has applied all IFRS standards and interpretations adopted by the EU that are effective for financial years commencing on or before 1 January 2011. The Group has applied the same accounting policies in preparing the 2011 results as for 2010 except for the adoption of the new accounting pronouncements effective in 2011. Further details on the new accounting pronouncements and accounting policy changes are provided in note A5.

The consolidated financial statements do not represent Prudential's statutory accounts for the purposes of the UK Companies Act. These financial statements are based on the prescribed formats. The Groups external auditors have reported on the 2011, 2010 and 2009 statutory accounts. Statutory accounts for 2010 and 2009 have been delivered to the UK Registrar of Companies and those for 2011 will be delivered following the Company's Annual General Meeting. The auditors reports were (i) unqualified, (ii) did not include a reference to any matters to which the auditors drew attention by way of emphasis without qualifying their report and (iii) did not contain a statement under Section 498(2) or (3) of the UK Companies Act 2006.

Prudential's discussion and analysis of its financial condition and results of operations are based upon Prudential's consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB and as endorsed by the EU.

EU-endorsed IFRS may differ from IFRS as issued by the IASB if, at any point in time, new or amended IFRSs have not been endorsed by the EU. As at 31 December 2011, there were no unendorsed standards effective for the two years ended 31 December 2011 affecting the consolidated financial information of Prudential and there were no differences between IFRSs endorsed by the EU and IFRSs issued by the IASB in terms of their application to Prudential. Accordingly, Prudential's financial information for the two years ended 31 December 2011 is prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Prudential adopts mandatory requirements of new or altered EU-adopted IFRS standards where required, and may consider earlier adoption where permitted and appropriate in the circumstances.

The critical accounting policies in respect of the items discussed below are critical for the Group's results insofar as they relate to the Group's shareholder-financed business. In particular this applies for Jackson which is the largest shareholder-backed business in the Group. The policies are not critical in respect of the Group's with-profits business. This distinction reflects the basis of recognition of profit and accounting treatment of unallocated surplus of with-profits funds as a liability. Additional explanation is provided later in this note and cross-referenced notes as to why the distinction between with-profits business and shareholder-backed business is relevant.

The items discussed below and in cross-referenced notes explain the effect of changes in estimates and the effect of reasonably likely changes in the key assumptions underlying these estimates as of the latest statement of financial position date so as to provide analysis that recognises the different accounting effects on profit and loss or equity. In order to provide relevant analysis that is appropriate to the circumstances applicable to the Group's businesses, the explanations refer to types of business, fund structure, the relationship between asset and policyholder liability measurement, and the differences in the method of accounting permitted under IFRS 4 for accounting for insurance contract assets, policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of the Group's with-profits funds.

With the exception of certain contracts described in note D1, the contracts issued by the Group's life assurance business are classified as insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participating features. As permitted by IFRS 4,'Insurance contracts', assets and liabilities of these contracts are accounted for under previously applied GAAP. Accordingly, except as described below, the modified statutory basis (MSB) of reporting as set out in the revised Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) issued by the Association of British Insurers (ABI) has been applied.

In 2005, the Group elected to improve its IFRS accounting for UK regulated with-profits funds by the voluntary application of the UK accounting standard FRS 27, 'Life Assurance'. Under this standard, the main accounting changes that were required for UK with-profits funds were:

The results included in the financial statements for 2011, 2010 and 2009 reflect this basis.

Unallocated surplus represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities for the Group's with-profits funds that have yet to be appropriated between policyholders and shareholders. The Group has elected to account for unallocated surplus wholly as a liability with no allocation to equity. This treatment reflects the fact that shareholders' participation in the cost of bonuses arises only on distribution. Shareholder profits on with-profits business reflect one-ninth of the cost of declared bonus.

For Jackson, applying the MSB as applicable to overseas operations which permits the application of local GAAP in some circumstances, the assets and liabilities of insurance contracts are accounted for under insurance accounting prescribed by US GAAP. For the assets and liabilities of insurance contracts of Asian operations, the local GAAP is applied with adjustments, where necessary, to comply with UK GAAP. For the operations in India, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam, countries where local GAAP is not appropriate in the context of the previously applied MSB, accounting for insurance contracts is based on US GAAP. For participating business, the liabilities include provisions for the policyholders' interest in realised investment gains and other surpluses that, where appropriate, have yet to be declared as bonuses.

guarantees, basis of setting assumptions, and sensitivity to altered assumptions are described in notes D3 and D4.

Valuation and accounting presentation of fair value movements of derivatives and debt securities of Jackson

Under IAS 39,'Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement', derivatives are required to be carried at fair value. Unless net investment hedge accounting is applied, value movements on derivatives are recognised in the income statement.

not representative of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders. In order to provide a measure of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders the Group has chosen to adopt an income statement presentation of the tax charge and pre-tax results that distinguishes between policyholder and shareholder components.

The Group uses operating profit based on longer-term investment returns as the segmental measure of its results. The basis of calculation is disclosed in note A4(d).

Determining the fair value of financial investments when the markets are not active

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable either directly or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices); and

Level 3: Significant inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).

For investment contracts that do not contain discretionary participating features, IAS 39 and, where the contract includes an investment management element, IAS 18, 'Revenue', apply measurement principles to assets and liabilities attaching to the contract.

The Group's with-profits funds write with-profits and other protection type policies classified as insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participating features. For UK regulated with-profits funds, the contract liabilities are valued by reference to the UK Financial Services Authority's (FSA) realistic basis as described in section A4 (b). In aggregate, this basis has the effect of placing a value on the liabilities of UK with-profits contracts, which reflects the amounts expected to be paid based on the current value of investments held by the with-profits funds and current circumstances.

these contracts the liabilities are estimated using actuarial methods based on assumptions relating to premiums, interest rates, investment returns, expenses, mortality and surrenders. The assumptions to which the estimation of these reserves is particularly sensitive are the interest rate used to discount the provision and the assumed future mortality experience of policyholders.

Contracts, other than those of with-profits funds, are written in shareholder-backed operations of the Group. The significant shareholder-backed product groupings and the factors that may significantly affect IFRS results due to experience against assumptions or changes of assumptions vary significantly between business units. For some types of business the effect of changes in assumptions may be significant, whilst for others, due to the nature of the product, assumption setting may be of less significance. The nature of the products and the significance of assumptions are discussed in notes D2, D3 and D4. From the perspective of shareholder results the key sensitivity relates to the assumption for allowance for credit risk for UK annuity business, as described in note D2(g)(iii).

sensitive to interest rate risk. This position derives from the nature of the products and the US GAAP basis of measurement.

The remaining non-participating business in Asia has some limited sensitivity to interest rates. Further details are provided in D4(j).

Asian operations the deferral is implicit through the reserving methodology. The recoverability of the explicitly and implicitly deferred acquisition costs is measured and are deemed impaired if the projected margins are less than the carrying value. To the extent that the future margins differ from those anticipated, then an adjustment to the carrying value will be necessary.

For variable annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term level of equity market returns as described above.

Goodwill impairment testing requires the exercise of judgement by management as to prospective future cash flows. Further information is disclosed in note H1.

(a) Financial instruments other than financial instruments classified as long-term business contracts

Under IAS 39, subject to specific criteria, financial instruments should be accounted for under one of the following categories: financial investments at fair value through profit and loss, financial investments held on an available-for-sale basis, financial investments held-to-maturity or loans and receivables. Upon initial recognition, financial investments are measured at fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability. These IAS 39 classifications have been changed by IFRS 9 'Financial Investments: Classification and Measurement'

which is not required to be adopted until 2015 and is still subject to EU endorsement. This standard has not been adopted by the Group in 2011. The Group holds financial investments on the following bases:

As permitted under IAS 39 the Group has designated certain financial assets as fair value through profit and loss as these assets are managed and their performance is evaluated on a fair value basis. These assets represent all of the Group's financial assets other than the majority of loans and receivables and debt securities held by Jackson. Debt securities held by Jackson are accounted for on an available-for-sale basis. The use of the fair value option is consistent with the Group's risk management and investment strategies.

The Group uses the trade date method to account for regular purchases and sales of financial assets.

The Group uses current bid prices to value its investments with quoted prices. Actively traded investments without quoted prices are valued using prices provided by third parties. If there is no active established market for an investment, the Group applies an appropriate valuation technique such as a discounted cash flow technique. Additional details are provided in note G1.

The Group assesses at each statement of financial position date, whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets not held at fair value through profit and loss is impaired. A financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired and impairment losses are incurred only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that have occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a loss event) and that a loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or group of financial assets that can be reliably estimated. Objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired includes observable data that comes to the attention of the Group. For assets designated as available-for-sale, the initial impairment is the cumulative loss which is removed from the available-for-sale reserve within equity and recognised in the income statement. Any subsequent impairment loss is measured as the cumulative loss, less any impairment loss previously recognised.

For loans and receivables carried at amortised cost, the impairment amount is the difference between carrying value and the present value of the expected cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate.

If, in subsequent periods, an impaired debt security held on an available-for-sale basis or an impaired loan or receivable recovers in value (in part or in full), and this recovery can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment, then the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed through the income statement (in part or in full).

Derivative financial instruments are used to reduce or manage investment, interest rate and currency exposures, to facilitate efficient portfolio management and for investment purposes.

The Group may designate certain derivatives as hedges. This includes fair value hedges, cash flow hedges and hedges of net investments in foreign operations. If the criteria for hedge accounting are met then the following accounting treatments are applied from the date at which the designation is made and the accompanying requisite documentation is in place:

All derivatives that do not meet the relevant hedging criteria are carried at fair value with movements in fair value being recorded in the income statement.

The primary areas of the Group's continuing operations where derivative instruments are held are the UK with-profits funds and annuity business, and Jackson.

For the Group's continuing operations, hedge accounting under IAS 39 is not usually applied. The exceptions, where hedge accounting has been applied in 2011 and 2010, are summarised in note G3.

Where the hedge relationship has been de-designated and re-designated, the fair value adjustment to the hedged item up to the point of de-designation continues to be reported as part of the basis of the hedged item and is amortised to the income statement based on a recalculated effective interest rate over the residual period to the first break clause date of the perpetual subordinated capital securities.

For UK with-profits funds the derivative programme is undertaken as part of the efficient management of the portfolio as a whole. As noted in note D2 value movements on the with-profits funds investments are reflected in changes in asset-share liabilities to policyholders or the liability for unallocated surplus. Shareholders' profit and equity are not affected directly by value movements on the derivatives held.

For shareholder-backed UK annuity business the derivatives are held to contribute to the matching as far as practical, of asset returns and duration with those of liabilities to policyholders. The carrying value of these liabilities is sensitive to the return on the matching financial assets including derivatives held. Except for the extent of minor mismatching, value movements on derivatives held for this purpose do not affect shareholders' profit or equity.

For Jackson an extensive derivative programme is maintained. Value movements on the derivatives held can be very significant in their effect on shareholder results. The Group has chosen generally not to seek to construct the Jackson derivative programme so as to facilitate hedge accounting where theoretically possible, under IAS 39. Further details on this aspect of the Group's financial reporting are described in note A3.

Embedded derivatives are present in host contracts issued by various Group companies, in particular for Jackson. They are embedded within other non-derivative host financial instruments and insurance contracts to create hybrid instruments. Embedded derivatives meeting the definition of an insurance contract are accounted for under IFRS 4. Where economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivatives are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host instrument, and where the hybrid instrument is not measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognised in the income statement, the embedded derivative is bifurcated and carried at fair value as a derivative in accordance with IAS 39.

In addition, the Group applies the requirement of IFRS 4 to not separate and fair value surrender options embedded in host contracts and with-profits investment contracts whose strike price is either a fixed amount or a fixed amount plus interest. Further details on the valuation basis for embedded derivatives attaching to Jackson's life assurance contracts are provided in note D3(g).

The Group is party to various securities lending agreements under which securities are loaned to third-parties on a short-term basis. The loaned securities are not derecognised; rather, they continue to be recognised within the appropriate investment classification. The Group's policy is that collateral in excess of 100 per cent of the fair value of securities loaned is required from all securities' borrowers and typically consists of cash, debt securities, equity securities or letters of credit.

In cases where the Group takes possession of the collateral under its securities lending programme, the collateral, and corresponding obligation to return such collateral, are recognised in the consolidated statement of financial position.

The Group's policy is to derecognise financial assets when it is deemed that substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred. The Group also derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire. Where the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, the Group will derecognise the financial asset where it is deemed that the Group has not retained control of the financial asset.

Where the transfer does not result in the Group transferring the right to receive the cash flows of the financial assets, but does result in the Group assuming a corresponding obligation to pay the cash flows to another recipient, the financial assets are also accordingly derecognised providing all of the following conditions are met:

The Group derecognises financial liabilities only when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or has expired.

Although initially recognised at fair value, net of transaction costs, borrowings, excluding liabilities of consolidated collateralised debt obligations, are subsequently accounted for on an amortised cost basis using the effective interest method. Under the effective interest method, the difference between the redemption value of the borrowing and the initial proceeds (net of related issue costs) is amortised through the income statement to the date of maturity or for hybrid debt, over the expected life of the instrument.

Consistent with the Group's risk management and investment strategy and the nature of the products concerned, the Group has designated under IAS 39 classification certain financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss as these instruments are managed and their performance evaluated on a fair value basis. These instruments include liabilities related to consolidated collateralised debt obligations and net assets attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds.

Premium and annuity considerations for conventional with-profits policies and other protection type insurance policies are recognised as revenue when due. Premiums and annuity considerations for linked policies, unitised with-profits and other investment type policies are recognised as revenue when received or, in the case of unitised or unit-linked policies, when units are issued. These amounts exclude UK premium taxes and similar duties where Prudential collects and settles taxes borne by the customer.

Policy fees charged on linked and unitised with-profits policies for mortality, asset management and policy administration are recognised as revenue when related services are provided.

Claims paid include maturities, annuities, surrenders and deaths. Maturity claims are recorded as charges on the policy maturity date. Annuity claims are recorded when each annuity instalment becomes due for payment. Surrenders are charged to the income statement when paid and death claims are recorded when notified.

For investment contracts which do not contain discretionary participating features, the accounting is carried out in accordance with IAS 39 to reflect the deposit nature of the arrangement, with premiums and claims reflected as deposits and withdrawals and taken directly to the statement of financial position as movements in the financial liability balance.

With the exception of costs incurred in respect of with-profits contracts valued on a realistic basis, costs of acquiring new insurance business, principally commissions, marketing and advertising costs and certain other costs associated with policy issuance and underwriting that are not reimbursed by policy charges, are specifically identified and capitalised as part of deferred acquisition costs (DAC), which are included as an asset in the statement of financial position. The DAC asset in respect of insurance contracts is amortised against margins in future revenues on the related insurance policies, to the extent that the amounts are recoverable out of the margins. Recoverability of the unamortised DAC asset is assessed at the time of policy issue and reviewed if profit margins have declined.

Under IFRS, investment contracts (excluding those with discretionary participation features) accounted for as financial liabilities in accordance with IAS 39 which also offer investment management services, require the application of IAS 18 for the revenue attached to these services. The Group's investment contracts primarily comprise certain unit-linked savings contracts in the UK and Asia and

contracts with fixed and guaranteed terms in the US (such as guaranteed investment contracts and annuity-certains) all of which offer an investment service.

Incremental, directly attributable acquisition costs relating to the investment management element of these contracts are capitalised and amortised in line with the related revenue. If the contracts involve up-front charges, this income is also deferred and amortised through the income statement in line with contractual service provision.

Prudential's long-term business written in the UK comprises predominantly life insurance policies with discretionary participating features under which the policyholders are entitled to participate in the returns of the funds supporting these policies. Business similar to this type is also written in certain of the Group's Asian operations subject to local market and regulatory conditions. Such policies are called with-profits policies. Prudential maintains with-profits funds within the Group's long-term business funds, which segregate the assets and liabilities and accumulate the returns related to that with-profits business. The amounts accumulated in these with-profits funds are available to provide for future policyholder benefit provisions and for bonuses to be distributed to with-profits policyholders. The bonuses, both annual and final, reflect the right of the with-profits policyholders to participate in the financial performance of the with-profits funds. Shareholders' profits with respect to bonuses declared on with-profits business correspond to the shareholders' share of the cost of bonuses as declared by the Board of directors. The shareholders' share currently represents one-ninth of the cost of bonuses declared for with-profits policies.

Annual bonuses are declared and credited each year to with-profits policies. The annual bonuses increase policy benefits and, once credited, become guaranteed. Annual bonuses are charged to the profit and loss account in the year declared. Final bonuses are declared each year and accrued for all policies scheduled to mature and for death benefits expected to be paid during the next financial year. Final bonuses are not guaranteed and are only paid on policies that result from claims through the death of the policyholder or maturity of the policy within the period of declaration or by concession on surrender. No policyholder benefit provisions are recorded for future annual or final bonus declarations.

The policyholders' liabilities of the regulated with-profits funds are accounted for under FRS 27.

FRS 27 realistic basis liabilities are underpinned by the FSA's Peak 2 basis of reporting. This Peak 2 basis requires the value of liabilities to be calculated as:

The WPBR is primarily based on the retrospective calculation of accumulated asset shares but is adjusted to reflect future policyholder benefits and other outgoings.

The FPRL must include a market consistent valuation of costs of guarantees, options and smoothing, less any related charges, and this amount is determined using either a stochastic approach, hedging costs or a series of deterministic projections with attributed probabilities.

The assumptions used in the stochastic models are calibrated to produce risk-free returns on each asset class. Volatilities of, and correlations between, investment returns from different asset classes are as determined by the Group's Portfolio Management Group on a market consistent basis.

The cost of guarantees, options and smoothing is very sensitive to the bonus, market value reduction (MVR) and investment policies the Group employs and therefore the stochastic modelling incorporates a range of management actions that would help to protect the fund in adverse scenarios. Substantial flexibility has been included in the modelled management actions in order to reflect the discretion that the Group retains in adverse investment conditions, thereby avoiding the creation of unreasonable minimum capital requirements. The management actions assumed are consistent with management's policy for with-profits funds and the disclosures made in the publicly available Principles and Practices of Financial Management.

The realistic basis liabilities representing the Peak 2 basis realistic liabilities for with-profits business included in Form 19 of the FSA regulatory returns include the element for the shareholders' share of the future bonuses. For accounting purposes under FRS 27, this latter item is reversed because, consistent with the current basis of financial reporting, shareholder transfers are recognised only on declaration.

Other insurance contracts (i.e. contracts which contain significant insurance risk as defined under IFRS 4)

For these contracts UK GAAP has been applied, which reflects the MSB. Under this basis the following approach applies:

Other UK insurance contracts that contain significant insurance risk include unit-linked, annuity and other non-profit business. For the purposes of local regulations, segregated accounts are established for

linked business for which policyholder benefits are wholly or partly determined by reference to specific investments or to an investment-related index. The interest rates used in establishing policyholder benefit provisions for pension annuities in the course of payment are adjusted each year. Mortality rates used in establishing policyholder benefits are based on published mortality tables adjusted to reflect actual experience.

The assets and liabilities of insurance contracts of overseas subsidiaries are determined initially using local GAAP bases of accounting with subsequent adjustments where necessary to comply with the Group's accounting policies.

The future policyholder benefit provisions for Jackson's conventional protection-type policies are determined using the net level premium method under US GAAP principles and the locked in assumptions as to mortality, interest, policy lapses and expenses plus provisions for adverse deviations. For non-conventional protection-type policies, the policyholder benefit provision included within policyholder liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position is the policyholder account balance.

For the business of Jackson, the determination of the expected emergence of margins, against which the amortisation profile of the DAC asset is established, is dependent on certain key assumptions. For single premium deferred annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term spread between the earned rate and the rate credited to policyholders. For variable annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term level of separate account returns, which for 2011 and 2010 was 8.4 per cent. The impact of using this return is reflected in two principal ways, namely;

Jackson accounts for the majority of its investment portfolio on an available-for-sale basis (see investment policies above) whereby unrealised gains and losses are recognised in other comprehensive income. As permitted by IFRS 4, Jackson has used shadow accounting. Under shadow accounting, to the extent that recognition of unrealised gains or losses on available-for-sale securities causes adjustments to the carrying value and amortisation patterns of DAC and deferred income, these adjustments are recognised in other comprehensive income to be consistent with the treatment of the gains or losses on the securities. More precisely, shadow DAC adjustments reflect the change in DAC that would have arisen if the assets held in the statement of financial position had been sold, crystallising unrealised gains or losses, and the proceeds reinvested at the yields currently available in the market.

Except for the operations in India, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam, the future policyholder benefit provisions for Asian businesses are determined in accordance with methods prescribed by local GAAP adjusted to comply, where necessary, with UK GAAP. For the Hong Kong business, which is a branch of the PAC, and the Singapore and Malaysian operations, the valuation principles and sensitivities to changes of assumptions of conventional with-profits and other protection-type policies are similar to those described above for equivalent products written by the UK operations. Refinements to the local reserving methodology are generally treated as change in estimates, dependent on the nature of the change. Such a refinement arose in 2009 in respect of Malaysia as explained in note D4(i).

For the operations in India, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam, countries where local GAAP is not appropriate in the context of the previously applied MSB, accounting for insurance contracts is based on US GAAP. For these operations the business written is primarily non-participating linked and participating business. The future policyholder benefit provisions for non-linked business are determined using the net level premium method, with an allowance for surrenders, maintenance and claim expenses. Rates of interest used in establishing the policyholder benefit provisions vary by operation depending on the circumstances attaching to each block of business. Where appropriate, liabilities for participating business for these three operations include provisions for the policyholders' interest in realised investment gains and other surpluses that have yet to be declared as bonuses.

Although the basis of valuation of Prudential's overseas operations is in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 and ABI SORP, the valuation of policyholder benefit provisions for these businesses may differ from that determined on a UK MSB for UK operations with the same features. These differences are permitted under IFRS 4.

The Group performs liability adequacy testing on its insurance provisions to ensure that the carrying amounts of provisions (less related DAC and present value of in-force business—see policy on business acquisitions and disposals) is sufficient to cover current estimates of future cash flows. When performing the liability adequacy test, the Group discounts all contractual cash flows and compares this amount to the carrying value of the liability. Any deficiency is immediately charged to the income statement.

In the normal course of business, the Group seeks to reduce loss exposure by reinsuring certain levels of risk in various areas of exposure with other insurance companies or reinsurers. An asset or liability is recognised in the consolidated statement of financial position representing premiums due to, or payments due from reinsurers and the share of benefits and claims recoverable from reinsurers. The measurement of reinsurance assets is consistent with the measurement of the underlying direct insurance contracts.

The treatment of any gains or losses arising on the purchase of reinsurance contracts is dependent on the underlying accounting basis of the entity concerned amongst other things.

Investment contracts (contracts which do not contain significant insurance risk as defined under IFRS 4)

For investment contracts with discretionary participation features, the accounting basis is consistent with the accounting for similar with-profits insurance contracts. Other investment contracts are accounted for on a basis that reflects the hybrid nature of the arrangements whereby part is accounted for as a financial instrument under IAS 39 and the investment management service component is accounted for under IAS 18.

For those investment contracts in the US with fixed and guaranteed terms, the Group uses the amortised cost model to measure the liability. On contract inception, the liability is measured at fair value less incremental, directly attributable acquisition costs. Remeasurement at future reporting dates is on an amortised cost basis utilising an effective interest rate methodology whereby the interest rate utilised discounts to the net carrying amount of the financial liability.

Those investment contracts without fixed and guaranteed terms are designated at fair value through profit and loss because the resulting liabilities are managed and their performance is evaluated on a fair value basis. Fair value is based upon the fair value of the underlying assets of the fund. Where the contract includes a surrender option its carrying value is subject to a minimum carrying value equal to its surrender value.

The Group consolidates those entities it is deemed to control. The degree of control is determined by the ability of the Group to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity in order to obtain benefits. Consideration is given to other factors such as potential voting rights.

The Group has consolidated special purpose entities (SPEs), such as funds holding collateralised debt obligations (CDOs), where evaluation of the substance of the relationship between the SPE and the Group indicates that the Group is deemed to control the SPE under IFRS.

The Group holds investments in internally and externally managed open-ended investment companies (OEICs) and unit trusts. These are consolidated where the Group's percentage ownership level is 50 per cent or greater. The Group's percentage ownership levels in these entities can fluctuate from day to day according to changes in the Group's and third-party participation in the funds. In instances where the Group's ownership of internally managed funds declines marginally below 50 per cent and, based on historical analysis and future expectations the decline in ownership is expected to be temporary, the funds continue to be consolidated as subsidiaries under IAS 27,'Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements'.

Where the Group exercises significant influence or has the power to exercise significant influence over an entity, generally through ownership of 20 per cent or more of the entity's voting rights, but does not control the entity, then this is considered to be an investment in an associate. With the exception of those referred to below, the Group's investments in associates are recorded at the Group's share of the associates' net assets including any goodwill and intangibles arising upon initial acquisition. The carrying value of investments in associates is adjusted each year for the Group's share of the

entities' profit or loss. This does not apply to investments in associates held by the Group's insurance or investment funds including the venture capital business or mutual funds and unit trusts, which as permitted by IAS 28,'Investments in Associates' are carried at fair value through profit and loss.

The Group's investments in joint ventures are recognised using proportional consolidation whereby the Group's share of an entity's individual balances are combined line-by-line with similar items into the Group financial statements.

Other interests in entities, where significant influence is not exercised, are carried as investments at fair value through profit and loss.

The consolidated financial statements of the Group include the assets, liabilities and results of the Company and subsidiary undertakings in which Prudential has a controlling interest, using accounts drawn up to 31 December 2011 except where entities have non-coterminous year ends. In such cases, the information consolidated is based on the accounting period of these entities and is adjusted for material changes up to 31 December. Accordingly, the information consolidated is deemed to cover the same period for all entities throughout the Group. The results of subsidiaries are included in the financial statements from the date control commences to the date control ceases. All inter-company transactions are eliminated on consolidation. Results of asset management activities include those for managing internal funds.

Investments in leasehold and freehold properties not for occupation by the Group, including properties under development for future use as investment properties, are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included in the income statement. Properties are valued annually either by the Group's qualified surveyors or by taking into consideration the advice of professional external valuers using the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) guidelines. The RICS guidelines apply separate assumptions to the value of the land, buildings and tenancy associated with each property. Each property is externally valued at least once every three years. The cost of additions and renovations is capitalised and considered when estimating fair value. Fair value is based on active market prices, adjusted, if necessary, for any difference in the nature, location or condition of the specific property. If this information is not available, the Group uses alternative valuation methods such as discounted cash flow projections or recent prices in less active markets.

Leases of investment property where the Group has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases (leasehold property). Finance leases are capitalised at the lease's inception at the lower of the fair value of the leased property and the present value of the minimum lease payments. Where a lease has a contingent rent element, the rent is calculated in accordance with individual lease terms and charged as an expense as incurred.

The Group operates a number of pension schemes around the world. The largest of these schemes is the PSPS, a defined benefit scheme. The Group also operates defined contribution schemes. Defined contribution schemes are schemes where the Company pays contributions into a fund and the Company has no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions should the assets of that fund be

insufficient to pay the employee benefits relating to employee service in both current and prior periods. Defined benefit schemes are post-employment benefit plans that are not defined contribution schemes.

For the Group's defined benefit schemes, if the present value of the defined benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of the scheme assets, then a liability is recorded in the Group's statement of financial position. By contrast, if the fair value of the assets exceeds the present value of the defined benefit obligation then the surplus will only be recognised if the nature of the arrangements under the trust deed, and funding arrangements between the Trustee and the Company support the availability of refunds or recoverability through agreed reductions in future contributions. In addition, if there is a constructive obligation for the Company to pay deficit funding, this is also recognised.

The Group utilises the projected unit credit method to calculate the defined benefit obligation. Estimated future cash flows are then discounted at a high-quality corporate bond rate, adjusted to allow for the difference in duration between the bond index and the pension liabilities where appropriate, to determine its present value. These calculations are performed by independent actuaries.

The plan assets of the Group's pension schemes exclude several insurance contracts that have been issued by the Group.

These assets are excluded from plan assets in determining the pension obligation recognised in the consolidated statement of financial position.

The aggregate of the actuarially determined service costs of the currently employed personnel and the unwind of discount on liabilities at the start of the period, less the expected investment return on scheme assets at the start of the period, is charged to the income statement. Actuarial gains and losses as a result of changes in assumptions or experience variances are also charged or credited to the income statement.

Contributions to the Group's defined contribution schemes are expensed when due. Once paid, the Group has no further payment obligations. Any prepayments are reflected as an asset on the statement of financial position.

The Group offers share award and option plans for certain key employees and a Save As You Earn (SAYE) plan for all UK and certain overseas employees. The arrangements for distribution to employees of shares held in trust relating to share award plans and for entitlement to dividends depend upon the particular terms of each plan. Shares held in trust relating to these plans are conditionally gifted to employees.

The compensation expense charged to the income statement is primarily based upon the fair value of the options granted, the vesting period and the vesting conditions. Vesting conditions exclude the ability of an employee to voluntarily exit a scheme and such exits are treated as an acceleration of vesting and hence a shortening of the period over which the expense is charged. The Group revises its estimate of the number of options likely to be exercised at each statement of financial position date and adjusts the charge to the income statement accordingly. Where the share-based payment depends upon vesting outcomes attaching to market-based performance conditions, additional modelling is performed

to estimate the fair value of the awards. No subsequent adjustment is then made to the fair value charge for awards that do not vest on account of these performance conditions not being met.

The Company has established trusts to facilitate the delivery of Prudential plc shares under employee incentive plans and savings-related share option schemes. None of the trusts that hold shares for employee incentive and savings plans continue to hold these shares once they are issued to employees. The cost to the Company of acquiring these treasury shares held in trusts is shown as a deduction from shareholders' equity.

The Group's UK subsidiaries each file separate tax returns. Jackson and other foreign subsidiaries, where permitted, file consolidated income tax returns. In accordance with UK tax legislation, where one domestic UK company is a 75 per cent owned subsidiary of another UK company or both are 75 per cent owned subsidiaries of a common parent, the companies are considered to be within the same UK tax group. For companies within the same tax group, trading profits and losses arising in the same accounting period may be offset for purposes of determining current and deferred taxes.

Current tax expense is charged or credited to operations based upon amounts estimated to be payable or recoverable as a result of taxable operations for the current year. To the extent that losses of an individual UK company are not offset in any one year, they can be carried back for one year or carried forward indefinitely to be offset against profits arising from the same company.

Deferred taxes are provided under the liability method for all relevant temporary differences, being the difference between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the statement of financial position and its value for tax purposes. IAS 12, 'Income Taxes' does not require all temporary differences to be provided for, in particular, the Group does not provide for deferred tax on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries where the Group is able to control the timing of the distribution and the temporary difference created is not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future. The tax effects of losses available for carry forward are recognised as an asset. Deferred tax assets are only recognised when it is more likely than not, that future taxable profits will be available against which these losses can be utilised. Deferred tax related to charges or credits taken to other comprehensive income is also credited or charged to other comprehensive income and is subsequently recognised in the income statement together with the deferred gain or loss.

The tax charge for long-term business includes tax expense on with-profits funds attributable to both the policyholders and the shareholders. Different tax rules apply under UK law depending upon whether the business is life insurance or pension business. Tax on the life insurance business is based on investment returns less expenses attributable to that business. Tax on the pension business is based on the shareholders' profits or losses attributable to that business. The shareholders' portion of the long-term business is taxed at the shareholders' rate with the remaining portion taxed at rates applicable to the policyholders.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability settled, based on tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or are substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period.

Tax charges in the income statement reflect the aggregate of the shareholder tax on the long-term business result and on the Group's other results.

Under UK Listing Authority rules, profit before tax is required to be presented. This requirement, coupled with the fact that IFRS does not contemplate tax charges which are attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds and unit-linked policies, necessitates the reporting of total tax charges within the presented results. The result before all taxes (i.e. 'profit before tax' as shown in the income statement) represents income net of post-tax transfers to unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, before tax attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, unit-linked policies and shareholders. Separately within the income statement, 'profit before tax attributable to shareholders' is shown after deduction of taxes attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds and unit-linked policies. Tax charges on this measure of profit reflect the tax charges attributable to shareholders. In determining the tax charges attributable to shareholders, the Group has applied a methodology consistent with that previously applied under UK GAAP reflecting the broad principles underlying the tax legislation of life assurance companies.

All property, plant and equipment such as owner occupied property, computer equipment and furniture and fixtures, are carried at depreciated cost. Costs including expenditure directly attributable to the acquisition of the assets are capitalised. Depreciation is calculated and charged on a straight-line basis over an asset's estimated useful life. The residual values and useful lives are reviewed at each statement of financial position date. If the carrying amount of an asset is greater than its recoverable amount then its carrying value is written down to that recoverable amount.

Leasehold improvements to owner occupied property are depreciated over the shorter of the economic life and the life of the lease. Assets held under finance leases are capitalised at their fair value.

Business acquisitions are accounted for by applying the purchase method of accounting, which adjusts the net assets of the acquired company to fair value at the date of purchase. The excess of the acquisition consideration over the fair value of the assets and liabilities of the acquired entity is recorded as goodwill. Expenses related to acquiring new subsidiaries are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Should the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of the entity exceed the acquisition consideration then this amount is recognised immediately in the income statement. Income and expenses of acquired entities are included in the income statement from the date of acquisition. Income and expenses of entities sold during the period are included in the income statement up to the date of disposal. The gain or loss on disposal is calculated as the difference between sale proceeds, net of selling costs, less the net assets of the entity at the date of disposal.

For life insurance company acquisitions, the adjusted net assets include an identifiable intangible asset for the present value of in-force business which represents the profits that are expected to emerge from the acquired insurance business. The present value of in-force business is calculated using best

estimate actuarial assumptions for interest, mortality, persistency and expenses and is amortised over the anticipated lives of the related contracts in the portfolio. The net carrying amount of insurance liabilities acquired less the value of in-force business, represents the fair value of the insurance liabilities acquired. An intangible asset may also be recognised in respect of acquired investment management contracts representing the fair value of contractual rights acquired under these contracts.

Goodwill arising on acquisitions of subsidiaries and businesses is capitalised and carried on the Group statement of financial position as an intangible asset at initial value less any accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill impairment testing is conducted annually and when there is an indication of impairment. For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to cash generating units. These cash generating units reflect the smallest group of assets that includes the goodwill and generates cash flows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other groups of assets. If the carrying amount of the cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount then the goodwill is considered impaired. Impairment losses are recognised immediately in the income statement and may not be reversed in future periods.

Intangible assets acquired on the purchase of a subsidiary or portfolio of contracts are fair valued at acquisition. Other intangible assets, such as software, are valued at the price paid to acquire them. Intangible assets are carried at cost less amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation calculated is charged on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets. The residual values and useful lives are reviewed at each statement of financial position date.

Assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements are only reported on a net basis when there is a legally enforceable right to offset and there is an intention to settle on a net basis.

Under IFRS 8,'Operating Segments', the Group determines and presents operating segments based on the information that is internally provided to the Group Executive Committee (GEC), which is the Group's chief operating decision maker.

An operating segment is a component of the Group that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, including revenues and expenses that relate to transactions with any of the Group's other components. An operating segment's operating results are reviewed regularly

by the GEC to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance, and for which discrete financial information is available.

The operating segments identified by the Group reflect the Group's organisational structure, which is by both geography (Asia, US and UK) and by product line (insurance operations and asset management).

Insurance operations principally comprise of products that contain both significant and insignificant elements of insurance risk. The products are managed together and there is no distinction between these two categories other than for accounting purposes. This segment also includes the commission earned on general insurance business and investment subsidiaries held to support the Group's insurance operations.

Asset management comprises both internal and third-party asset management services, inclusive of portfolio and mutual fund management, where the Group acts as an advisor, and broker-dealer activities. The nature of the products and the managing of the business differ from the risks inherent in the insurance operations segments, and the regulatory environment of the asset management industry differs from that of the insurance operations segments.

The Group's operating segments determined in accordance with IFRS 8, are as follows:

interests. Further details on the determination of the performance measure of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is provided below in note A4 (d).

Segment results that are reported to the Group Executive Committee include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis. Unallocated items are mainly in relation to the Group Head Office and the Asian Regional Head Office.

Interim dividends are recorded in the period in which they are paid. Final dividends are recorded in the period in which they are approved by shareholders.

Where there is no obligation to transfer assets, shares are classified as equity. The difference between the proceeds received on issue of the shares, net of share issue costs, and the nominal value of the shares issued, is credited to share premium. Where the Company purchases shares for the purposes of employee incentive plans, the consideration paid, net of issue costs, is deducted from retained earnings. Upon issue or sale any consideration received is credited to retained earnings net of related costs.

The Group's consolidated financial statements are presented in pounds sterling, the Group's presentation currency. Accordingly, the results and financial position of foreign subsidiaries must be translated into the presentation currency of the Group from their functional currencies, i.e. the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. All assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are converted at year end exchange rates whilst all income and expenses are converted at average exchange rates where this is a reasonable approximation of the rates prevailing on transaction dates. The impact of these currency translations is recorded as a separate component in the Statement of comprehensive income.

Foreign currency borrowings that are used to provide a hedge against Group equity investments in overseas subsidiaries are translated at year end exchange rates and movements recognised in other comprehensive income. Other foreign currency monetary items are translated at year end exchange rates with changes recognised in the income statement.

Foreign currency transactions are translated at the spot rate prevailing at the time.

The Group provides supplementary analysis of profit before tax attributable to shareholders that distinguishes operating profit based on longer-term investment returns from other constituent elements of the total profit.

the case of assets backing the UK annuity business, unit-linked and US variable annuity separate account liabilities, the basis of determining operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is as follows:

Longer-term investment returns for both debt and equity-type securities comprise longer-term actual income receivable for the period (interest/dividend income) and longer-term capital returns.

For Asian insurance operations, investments in equity securities held for non-linked shareholder-financed operations amounted to £590 million as at 31 December 2011 (31 December 2010: £506 million; 31 December 2009: £267 million). Of this balance, £88 million (31 December 2010: £101 million; 31 December 2009: £63 million) related to the Group's 7.37 per cent (31 December 2010: 8.66 per cent) stake in China Life Insurance Company of Taiwan. This £88 million (31 December 2010: £101 million; 31 December 2009: £63 million) investment is in the nature of a trade investment for which the determination of longer-term investment returns is on the basis as described in note (iv)(c) below. For the investments representing the other equity securities which had year end balances of £502 million (31 December 2010: £405 million; 31 December 2009: £204 million), the rates of return applied in the years 2011 , 2010 and 2009 ranged from 1.7 per cent to 13.8 per cent with the rates applied varying by territory.

The following value movements for Jackson's variable and fixed index annuity business are excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns:

Note: US operations—Embedded derivatives for variable annuity guarantee features

iv Other liabilities to policyholders and embedded derivatives for product guarantees

assets and liabilities is broadly equivalent in the income statement, and operating profit based on longer-term investments returns is not distorted. In these circumstances, there is no need for the movement in the liability to be bifurcated between the elements that relate to longer-term market conditions and short-term effects.

The exception is for the impact on credit risk provisioning of actual downgrades during the period. As this feature arises due to short-term market conditions, the effect of downgrades, if any, in a

particular period, on the overall provisions for credit risk is included in the category of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

The following standards, interpretations and amendments have either been adopted for the first time in 2011 or have been issued but are not yet effective in 2011, including those which have not yet been adopted in the EU. This is not intended to be a complete list as only those standards, interpretations and amendments that could have an impact upon the Group's financial statements have been discussed.

The accounting policies applied by the Group in determining the IFRS basis results in this report are the same as those previously applied in the Group's consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2010, except for the adoption of the new accounting pronouncements in 2011 as described below.

The 2010 annual improvements include minor changes to seven IFRSs. Amongst others, these include changes to the measurement of non-controlling interests under IFRS 3, 'Business combinations' and clarification on the required level of disclosure around credit risk and collateral held in IFRS 7, 'Financial instruments: Disclosure'. The Group has reviewed and adopted these changes in 2011 with no significant impact on the Group's results and financial position.

The main revisions relate to exemption for government-related entities and are therefore not applicable to the Group. The amendment also clarifies and simplifies the definition of a related party albeit the nature of the change is minor. The adoption of these revisions did not have a significant impact on the Group's related party disclosures.

This amendment removes an unintended consequence of IFRIC 14 relating to voluntary pension pre-payments when there is a minimum funding requirement. IFRIC 14 was amended to require an asset to be recognised for any surplus arising from voluntary pre-payment of minimum funding contributions in respect of future service. The adoption of this amendment did not have an impact on the Group's financial statements.

In November 2009, the IFRIC issued guidance on how to account for the extinguishment of a financial liability by the issue of equity instruments. The adoption of this interpretation did not have a material effect on the Group's financial statements.

For further information, please refer to note D3(g) and the note (c) under 'Other results based information' of Item 5.

The following accounting pronouncements potentially relevant to the Group have been issued and endorsed for use in the EU but are not mandatory for adoption for the 31 December 2011 year end.

Amendments to IFRS 7, 'Financial instruments: Disclosures – Transfers of financial assets'

The amendments, which were issued in October 2010 and are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2012, introduce new disclosure requirements about transfers of financial assets. These include disclosures for financial assets that are not derecognised in their entirety and financial assets that are derecognised in their entity but for which the entity retains continuing involvement. The Group is evaluating the implications of the amendments but they are not expected to have a significant impact on the Group's disclosures.

On 20 December 2010, the IASB published amendments to IAS 12 following the exposure draft issued on 10 September 2010. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2012. The amendments require the measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities arising from investment properties and plant, property and equipment valued at fair value on the presumption that the carrying amount of the asset will be, normally, recovered through sale. These amendments are not expected to have a material effect on the Group's financial statements.

The following accounting pronouncements potentially relevant to the Group have been issued but not yet endorsed for use in the EU.

In November 2009, the IASB issued a new standard which altered the classification and measurement of financial assets. Under the new standard only two possible classifications arise, rather than the four existing classifications currently available under IAS 39, and will result in all financial assets being valued at amortised cost or fair value through profit and loss.

In October 2010, the IASB issued requirements on the accounting for financial liabilities. These requirements will be added to IFRS 9 and maintain the existing amortised cost measurement for most liabilities but will require changes in fair value due to changes in the entity's own credit risk to be recognised in the other comprehensive income (OCI) section of the comprehensive income statement, rather than within profit or loss for liabilities measured at fair value.

In December 2011, the IASB issued Mandatory Effective Date and Transition Disclosures (Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7), which amended the effective date of IFRS 9 to annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2015 (from the previous 1 January 2013), and modified the relief from restating comparative periods and the associated disclosures in IFRS 7.The Group is still assessing the full impact of this standard.

Standards on consolidation, joint arrangements and disclosures: IFRS 10, 'Consolidated financial statements', IFRS 11, 'Joint arrangements', IFRS 12, 'Disclosure of interests in other entities', IAS 27, 'Consolidated and separate financial statements', and IAS 28, 'Investments in associates and joint ventures'

In May 2011, the IASB issued a package of five new standards as listed above to address the scope of the consolidation reporting standards. IFRS 10 replaces all of the guidance on control and consolidation in IAS 27 and SIC 12, 'Consolidation – Special purpose entities'. IAS 27 was amended to deal only with requirements on separate financial statements, which have been carried forward largely unchanged. IFRS 10 provides a single consolidation model. The key changes include revised definition of control so that the same criteria which focus on the need to have both power and variable returns are applied to all entities.

The remaining standards of IFRS 11, IFRS 12 and consequential amendments to IAS 28 include replacement of the previous guidance on interests in joint ventures and on the disclosure requirements. IFRS 11 includes a new definition of joint ventures and unlike the previous guidance, proportionate consolidation is no longer permitted for joint ventures. IFRS 12 sets out the disclosure requirements for subsidiaries, joint ventures, associates and unconsolidated structured entities.

These standards are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013. Early application is permitted; though entities must adopt all five standards in the package. IFRS 10 excludes guidance specifically for investment entities, as the IASB continues to work on this with an exposure draft issued on 25 August 2011.

The Group's investments in joint ventures are currently recognised using proportional consolidation. With the application of IFRS 11, the Group's investments in joint ventures will be accounted for on a single line equity method. This is a presentational change and is not expected to have an impact on the Group's results and financial position.

The Group is still assessing the full impact of this standard in particular on the Group's consolidated investment funds (including OEICs and unit trusts).

IFRS 13 creates a uniform framework to explain how to measure fair value and aims to enhance fair value disclosures, but it does not change when to measure fair value or require additional fair value measurements. The standard requires additional disclosure on the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities and enhanced disclosure for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements.

IFRS 13 is effective for prospective application on 1 January 2013 The Group is still assessing the full impact of this standard, but these amendments are not expected to have a material effect on the Group's financial statements.

In June 2011, the IASB published an amended version of IAS 19 on the accounting for pensions and other post-employment benefits which is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013. The key revisions to the standard include:

The Group does not apply the corridor option, therefore the removal of the corridor option has no impact to the Group. However, the Group currently presents actuarial gains and losses in the income statement, with the shareholder's share presented below operating profit in the supplementary analysis of profit in the segmental income statement. With the revised standard, the actuarial gains and losses will be presented in the statement of comprehensive income. The Group is still assessing the full impact of the other amendments to the standard.

This amendment changes the requirement for the disclosure of items presented in other comprehensive income, requiring items to be presented separately based on whether or not they may be recycled to profit or loss in the future. The amendment is effective from 1 January 2013. The Group is still assessing the full impact of these amendments but is expecting the amendments to be presentational with no significant impact on the Group's results and financial position.

Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (Amendments to IAS 32, 'Financial Instruments: Presentation' and IFRS 7 'Financial instruments: Disclosures')

In December 2011, the IASB published amendments to the application guidance of IAS 32 clarifying the criteria for offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities in the statement of financial position. In addition, the IASB has also published amendments to IFRS 7 to enhance current offsetting disclosures. The amendments to IAS 32 and IFRS 7 are effective for the annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013 and 2013, respectively. The Group is currently assessing the impact of these amendments.

The determination of the operating segments and performance measure of the operating segments of the Group are as detailed in note A4. Further segmentation of the income statement is provided in note F1 of these financial statements.

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Asian operations
Insurance operations:^{note (ii)}
Underlying results before exceptional credit		709			536			353
Exceptional credit for Malaysia operations		—			—			63

Total Asian insurance operations		709			536			416
Development expenses		(5	)		(4	)		(6	)

Total Asian insurance operations after development expenses		704			532			410
Eastspring Investments		80			72			55

Total Asian operations		784			604			465

US operations
Jackson (US insurance operations)^{notes (i) (ii) (iii)}		694			833			618
Broker-dealer and asset management		24			22			4

Total US operations		718			855			622

UK operations
UK insurance operations:^{notes (i) (ii)}
Long-term business		683			673			606
General insurance commission^{note (v)}		40			46			51

Total UK insurance operations		723			719			657
M&G		357			284			238

Total UK operations		1,080			1,003			895

Total segment profit		2,582			2,462			1,982

Other income and expenditure
Investment return and other income		22			30			22
Interest payable on core structural borrowings		(286	)		(257	)		(209	)
Corporate expenditure^note ^F3		(219	)		(223	)		(208	)

Total		(483	)		(450	)		(395	)

RPI to CPI inflation measure change on defined benefit pension schemes^{note (vi)}		42			—			—
Solvency II implementation costs		(55	)		(45	)		—
Restructuring costs^{note (vii)}		(16	)		(26	)		(23	)

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		2,070			1,941			1,564
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business^{note (viii)}		(148	)		(123	)		(123	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes^{note (ix)}		21			(10	)		(74	)
Costs of terminated AIA transaction^{note (x)}		—			(377	)		—
Gain on dilution of Group holdings^{note 12}		—			30			—
Loss on sale and results for Taiwan agency business^{note (xi)}		—			—			(621	)

Profit before tax attributable to shareholders		1,943			1,461			746

	2011										2010										2009

Moody's rating category (or equivalent under NAIC ratings of RMBS)	Average book value		RMR		Annual expected loss						Average book value		RMR		Annual expected loss						Average book value		RMR		Annual expected loss

	US $m		%		US $m			£m			US $m		%		US $m			£m			US $m		%		US $m			£m
A3 or higher		21,255		0.08		(17	)		(11	)		20,622		0.06		(12	)		(8	)		19,509		0.03		(5	)		(3	)
Baa1, 2 or 3		20,688		0.26		(54	)		(34	)		20,785		0.26		(53	)		(34	)		21,072		0.23		(47	)		(30	)
Ba1, 2 or 3		1,788		1.04		(19	)		(11	)		1,935		1.04		(20	)		(13	)		2,035		1.13		(23	)		(15	)
B1, 2 or 3		474		3.01		(14	)		(9	)		500		2.99		(15	)		(10	)		594		2.86		(17	)		(11	)
Below B3		211		3.88		(8	)		(5	)		321		3.88		(13	)		(8	)		691		3.91		(27	)		(17	)

Total		44,416		0.25		(112	)		(70	)		44,163		0.26		(113	)		(73	)		43,901		0.27		(119	)		(76	)

Related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs (see below)						27			17							28			18							25			16

Risk margin reserve charge to operating profit for longer-term credit related losses						(85	)		(53	)						(85	)		(55	)						(94	)		(60	)

The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for US insurance operations comprise the following items:

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Short-term fluctuations relating to debt securities:
Charges in the year
Defaults		—			—			—
Losses on sales of impaired and deteriorating bonds		(32	)		(99	)		(6	)
Bond write downs		(62	)		(124	)		(630	)
Recoveries/reversals		42			10			5

Total charges in the yearnote (a)		(52	)		(213	)		(631	)
Less: Risk margin charge included in operating profit based on longer-term investment returnsnote(iii)		70			73			76

		18			(140	)		(555	)

Interest related realised gains:
Arising in the year		158			224			125
Less: Amortisation of gains and losses arising in current and prior years to operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		(84	)		(82	)		(59	)

		74			142			66

Related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs		(4	)		(3	)		75

Total short-term fluctuations related to debt securities		88			(1	)		(414	)
Derivatives (other than equity related): market value movement (net of related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs)note (b)		472			(15	)		385
Net equity hedge results (principally guarantees and derivatives, net of related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs)note (c)		(632	)		(365	)		(74	)
Equity type investments: actual less longer-term return (net of related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs)note A4(d)(i)		0			3			(59	)
Other items (net of related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs)		(23	)		—			30

Total		(95	)		(378	)		(132	)

	Defaults		Bond write downs			Losses on sale of impaired and deteriorating bonds			Recoveries/ reversals		Total 2011			Total 2010			Total 2009


	£m		£m			£m			£m		£m			£m			£m
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Prime (including agency)		—		(19	)		(6	)		—		(25	)		(56	)		(268	)
Alt-A		—		(2	)		(5	)		6		(1	)		(54	)		(182	)
Sub-prime		—					(1	)		1		—			(13	)		(49	)

Total residential mortgage-backed securities		—		(21	)		(12	)		7		(26	)		(123	)		(499	)
Corporate debt securities		—		—			(18	)		4		(14	)		(37	)		(107	)
Other		—		(41	)		(2	)		31		(12	)		(53	)		(25	)

Total		—		(62	)		(32	)		42		(52	)		(213	)		(631	)

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Actuarial gains and losses
Actual less expected return on scheme assets		9			31			23

Experience gains (losses) on scheme liabilities		19			(5	)		17
Gains (losses) on changes of assumptions for scheme liabilities		12			(41	)		(147	)

		40			(15	)		(107	)
Less: amount attributable to the PAC with-profits sub-fund		(18	)		5			47

		22			(10	)		(60	)

Other gains and losses
Movement in the provision for deficit funding of PSPS		(4	)		—			(48	)
Less: amount attributable to the PAC with-profits sub-fund		3			—			34

		(1	)		—			(14	)

Total		21			(10	)		(74	)

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year, excluding those held in employee share trusts and consolidated unit-trusts and OEICs, which are treated as cancelled.

For diluted earnings per share, the weighted average number of shares in issue is adjusted to assume conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares. The Group's only class of potentially dilutive ordinary shares are those share options granted to employees where the exercise price is less than the average market price of the Company's ordinary shares during the year. No adjustment is made if the impact is anti-dilutive overall.

Earnings per share are calculated based on earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders, after related tax and non-controlling interests.

	2010

	Before tax note B1			Tax note F5			Non- controlling interests			Net of tax and non- controlling interests			Basic earnings per share		Diluted earnings per share

	£m			£m			£m			£m			Pence		Pence
Based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, excluding exceptional tax credit		1,941			(371	)		(5	)		1,565			62.0p		61.9p
Exceptional tax credit*		—			158			—			158			6.3p		6.3p

Based on operating profit based on longer-term investment return		1,941			(213	)		(5	)		1,723			68.3p		68.2p
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business		(123	)		92			—			(31	)		(1.2)p		(1.2)p
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		(10	)		3			—			(7	)		(0.3)p		(0.3)p
Costs of terminated AIA transaction		(377	)		93			—			(284	)		(11.3)p		(11.3)p
Gain on dilution of Group's holdings		30			—			—			30			1.2p		1.2p

Based on profit for the year including exceptional tax credit		1,461			(25	)		(5	)		1,431			56.7p		56.6p

	2009

	Before tax (note B1)			Tax (note F5)			Non- controlling interests			Net of tax and non- controlling interests			Basic earnings per share		Diluted earnings per share

	£m			£m			£m			£m			Pence		Pence
Based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		1,564			(374	)		(2	)		1,188			47.5p		47.4p
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business		(123	)		280			1			158			6.3p		6.3p
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		(74	)		21			—			(53	)		(2.1)p		(2.1)p
Adjustment from loss on sale and result of Taiwan agency business		(621	)		18			—			(603	)		(24.1)p		(24.0)p

Based on profit for the year from continuing operations		746			(55	)		(1	)		690			27.6p		27.6p
Adjustment for post-tax results of discontinued operations		(14	)		—			—			(14	)		(0.6)p		(0.6)p

Based on profit for the year from continuing operations		732			(55	)		(1	)		676			27.0p		27.0p

A reconciliation of the weighted average number of ordinary shares used for calculating basic and diluted earnings per share is set out as below:

Dividends paid in cash, as set in the consolidated statement of cash flows for 2011 were £642 million. As a result of shares issued in lieu of dividends of £62 million in 2010 and £137 million in 2009, dividends paid in cash, were £449 million and £344 million in 2010 and 2009, respectively. The scrip dividend alternative was replaced by the Dividend Re-investment Plan from the 2010 final dividend.

Interim dividends are recorded in the period in which they are paid. Final dividends are recorded in the period in which they are approved by shareholders. The final dividend for the year ended 31 December 2010 of 17.24 pence per ordinary share was paid to eligible shareholders on 26 May 2011 and the 2011 interim dividend of 7.95 pence per ordinary share was paid to eligible shareholders on 22 September 2011.

The 2011 final dividend of 17.24 pence per ordinary share will be paid on 24 May 2012 in sterling to shareholders on the principal register and the Irish branch register at 6.00 p.m. BST on Friday, 30 March 2012 (the 'Record Date'), and in Hong Kong dollars to shareholders on the Hong Kong branch register at 4.30 p.m. Hong Kong time on the Record Date (HK Shareholders). Holders of US American Depositary Receipts (US Shareholders) will be paid their dividends in US dollars on or about five days after the payment date of the dividend to shareholders on the principal register. The final dividend will be paid on or about 31 May 2012 in Singapore dollars to shareholders with shares standing to the credit of their securities accounts with The Central Depository (Pte.) Limited (CDP) at 5.00 p.m. Singapore time on the Record Date (SG Shareholders). The dividend payable to the HK Shareholders will be

translated using the exchange rate quoted by the WM Company at the close of business on 12 March 2012. The exchange rate at which the dividend payable to the SG Shareholders will be translated into SG$ will be determined by CDP. The dividend will distribute an estimated £439 million of shareholders' funds.

In line with 2010, shareholders on the principal register and Irish branch register will be able to participate in a Dividend Reinvestment Plan.

The movements for Asian and US operations reflect the application of year end exchange rates to the assets and liabilities and average exchange rates to the income statement on translation of these operations into the presentation currency of the Group. The movement unallocated to a segment mainly reflects the translation of currency borrowings and forward contracts which have been designated as a net investment hedge against the currency risk of the net investment in Jackson.

Local currency: £


Hong Kong	12.07	12.48	12.17	12.01	12.52	12.14	11.14
Indonesia	14,091.80	14,049.41	14,106.51	14,033.41	15,171.52	16,173.28	15,799.22
Malaysia	4.93	4.90	4.83	4.97	5.53	5.51	5.02
Singapore	2.02	2.02	2.01	2.11	2.27	2.27	2.07
India	82.53	74.80	70.01	70.66	75.15	75.7	70.05
Vietnam	33,688.16	33,139.22	30,526.26	29,587.63	29,832.74	27,892.39	25,205.87
US	1.55	1.60	1.57	1.55	1.61	1.57	1.44

To explain more comprehensively the assets, liabilities and capital of the Group's businesses, it is appropriate to provide analyses of the Group's statement of financial position by operating segment and type of business.

The tables below aggregate the three asset management segments for ease of presentation and hence should be read in conjunction with the associated tables on asset management in note E2.

	2011

	Insurance operations
	Insurance operations						Total insurance operations		Asset management E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)		Intra- group eliminations			31 Dec 2011 Group Total
By operating segment	UK D2		US D3		Asia D4		Total insurance operations		Asset management E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)		Intra- group eliminations			31 Dec 2011 Group Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m			£m
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Goodwill		—		—		235		235		1,230		—		—			1,465
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets		113		3,900		1,027		5,040		16		13		—			5,069

TotalH1		113		3,900		1,262		5,275		1,246		13		—			6,534

Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes		178		—		—		178		—		—		—			178
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets		6		—		83		89		—		—		—			89

TotalH2		184		—		83		267		—		—		—			267

Total intangible assets		297		3,900		1,345		5,542		1,246		13		—			6,801

Deferred tax assetsH4		231		1,392		115		1,738		129		409		—			2,276
Other non investment and non-cash assets		4,771		1,542		1,024		7,337		1,000		4,532		(6,231	)		6,638
Investment of long term business and other operations:
Investment propertiesH7		10,712		35		10		10,757		—		—		—			10,757
Investments accounted for using the equity methodH8		70		—		—		70		—		—		—			70
Financial investments:
Loansnote (d) (iv)		3,115		4,110		1,233		8,458		1,256		—		—			9,714
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		36,722		38,036		11,997		86,755		594		—		—			87,349
Debt securitiesnote (d) (i)		77,953		27,022		17,681		122,656		1,842		—		—			124,498
Other investments		4,568		2,376		470		7,414		78		17		—			7,509
Deposits		9,287		167		1,165		10,619		89		—		—			10,708

Total investmentsG1 note (c)		142,427		71,746		32,556		246,729		3,859		17		—			250,605

Properties held for saleH9		—		3		—		3		—		—		—			3
Cash and cash equivalentsH10		2,965		271		1,977		5,213		1,735		309		—			7,257

Total assets		150,691		78,854		37,017		266,562		7,969		5,280		(6,231	)		273,580

	Insurance operations

	Insurance operations						Total insurance operations		Asset management operations E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)			Intra- group eliminations			2011 Group Total
By operating segment	UK D2		US D3		Asia D4		Total insurance operations		Asset management operations E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)			Intra- group eliminations			2011 Group Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m			£m			£m
Equity and liabilities
*Equity*
Shareholders' equityH11		2,581		4,271		2,349		9,201		1,783		(1,867	)		—			9,117
Non-controlling interests		33		—		5		38		5		—			—			43

Total equity		2,614		4,271		2,354		9,239		1,788		(1,867	)		—			9,160

*Liabilities*
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
Insurance contract liabilitiesH12		82,732		67,278		30,353		180,363		—		—			—			180,363
Investment contract liabilities with discretionary participation featuresG1		29,348		—		397		29,745		—		—			—			29,745
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation featuresG1		14,944		1,911		112		16,967		—		—			—			16,967
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds (reflecting application of 'realistic' basis provisions for UK regulated with-profits funds)D2, H12		9,165		—		50		9,215		—		—			—			9,215

Total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		136,189		69,189		30,912		236,290		—		—			—			236,290

Core structural borrowings of shareholder financed operations:H13
Subordinated debt		—		—		—		—		—		2,652			—			2,652
Other		—		160		—		160		250		549			—			959

Total		—		160		—		160		250		3,201			—			3,611

Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder financed operations G1, H13		103		127		141		371		13		2,956			—			3,340
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations G1, H13		972		—		—		972		—		—			—			972
Other non-insurance liabilities:
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreementsG1		1,945		1,169		—		3,114		—		—			—			3,114
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar fundsG1		2,043		18		1,101		3,162		678		—			—			3,840
Deferred tax liabilitiesH4		1,349		2,093		513		3,955		5		251			—			4,211
Current tax liabilitiesH4		553		—		116		669		106		155			—			930
Accruals and deferred income		321		—		103		424		290		22			—			736
Other creditorsG1		2,829		548		660		4,037		4,493		245			(6,231	)		2,544
ProvisionsH14		266		13		47		326		133		70			—			529
Derivative liabilitiesG1, G3		1,298		887		480		2,665		182		207			—			3,054
Other liabilitiesG1, H15		209		379		590		1,178		31		40			—			1,249

Total		10,813		5,107		3,610		19,530		5,918		990			(6,231	)		20,207

Total liabilities		148,077		74,583		34,663		257,323		6,181		7,147			(6,231	)		264,420

Total equity and liabilities		150,691		78,854		37,017		266,562		7,969		5,280			(6,231	)		273,580

	Insurance operations

	Insurance operations						Total insurance operations		Asset management operations E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)		Intra- group eliminations			2010 Group Total
By operating segment	UK D2		US D3		Asia D4		Total insurance operations		Asset management operations E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)		Intra- group eliminations			2010 Group Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m			£m
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Goodwill		—		—		236		236		1,230		—		—			1,466
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets		120		3,559		962		4,641		13		13		—			4,667

TotalH1		120		3,559		1,198		4,877		1,243		13		—			6,133

Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes		166		—		—		166		—		—		—			166
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets		13		—		97		110		—		—		—			110

TotalH2		179		—		97		276		—		—		—			276

Total intangible assets		299		3,559		1,295		5,153		1,243		13		—			6,409

Deferred tax assetsH4		214		1,391		98		1,703		123		362		—			2,188
Other non investment and non-cash assets		4,631		1,225		788		6,644		995		4,146		(5,761	)		6,024
Investment of long term business and other operations:
Investment propertiesH7		11,212		26		9		11,247		—		—		—			11,247
Investments accounted for using the equity methodH8		69		—		2		71		—		—		—			71
Financial investments:
Loansnote (d) (iv)		2,302		4,201		1,340		7,843		1,418		—		—			9,261
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		40,519		31,501		14,464		86,484		151		—		—			86,635
Debt securitiesnote (d) (i)		74,304		26,366		14,108		114,778		1,574		—		—			116,352
Other investments		3,998		1,199		382		5,579		59		141		—			5,779
Deposits		9,022		212		638		9,872		80		—		—			9,952

Total investmentsG1, note (c)		141,426		63,505		30,943		235,874		3,282		141		—			239,297

Properties held for saleH9		254		3		—		257		—		—		—			257
Cash and cash equivalentsH10		2,839		232		1,601		4,672		1,436		523		—			6,631

Total assets		149,663		69,915		34,725		254,303		7,079		5,185		(5,761	)		260,806

	2010

	Insurance operations
	Insurance operations						Total insurance operations		Asset management operations E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)			Intra- group eliminations			2010 Group Total
By operating segment	UK D2		US D3		Asia D4		Total insurance operations		Asset management operations E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)			Intra- group eliminations			2010 Group Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m			£m			£m
Equity and liabilities
*Equity*
Shareholders' equityH11		2,148		3,815		2,149		8,112		1,787		(1,868	)		—			8,031
Non-controlling interests		35		—		5		40		4		—			—			44

Total equity		2,183		3,815		2,154		8,152		1,791		(1,868	)		—			8,075

*Liabilities*
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
Insurance contract liabilitiesH12		84,152		58,641		28,498		171,291		—		—			—			171,291
Investment contract liabilities with discretionary participation featuresG1		25,613		—		119		25,732		—		—			—			25,732
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation featuresG1		15,765		1,882		57		17,704		—		—			—			17,704
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds (reflecting application of 'realistic' basis provisions for UK regulated with-profits funds)D2, H12		10,187		—		66		10,253		—		—			—			10,253

Total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		135,717		60,523		28,740		224,980		—		—			—			224,980

Core structural borrowings of shareholder financed operations:G1, H13
Subordinated debt		—		—		—		—		—		2,718			—			2,718
Other		—		159		—		159		250		549			—			958

Total		—		159		—		159		250		3,267			—			3,676

Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder financed operations G1, H13		162		90		189		441		3		2,560			—			3,004
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations G1, H13		1,522		—		—		1,522		—		—			—			1,522
Other non-insurance liabilities:
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreementsG1		2,398		1,801		—		4,199		—		—			—			4,199
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar fundsG1		1,755		33		1,126		2,914		458		—			—			3,372
Deferred tax liabilitiesH4		1,738		1,776		495		4,009		5		210			—			4,224
Current tax liabilitiesH4		399		34		70		503		33		295			—			831
Accruals and deferred income		340		—		109		449		244		14			—			707
Other creditorsG1		1,939		511		1,122		3,572		4,039		471			(5,761	)		2,321
ProvisionsH14		442		19		61		522		157		50			—			729
Derivative liabilitiesG1, H15		792		799		222		1,813		78		146			—			2,037
Other liabilities		276		355		437		1,068		21		40			—			1,129

Total		10,079		5,328		3,642		19,049		5,035		1,226			(5,761	)		19,549

Total liabilities		147,480		66,100		32,571		246,151		5,288		7,053			(5,761	)		252,731

Total equity and liabilities		149,663		69,915		34,725		254,303		7,079		5,185			(5,761	)		260,806

	2011															2010

			Shareholder-backed business
	Participating funds		Unit-linked and variable annuity		Non- linked business		Asset management operations E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)		Intragroup eliminations			2011 Group Total		2010 Group Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m			£m		£m
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Goodwill		—		—		235		1,230		—		—			1,465		1,466
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets		—		—		5,040		16		13		—			5,069		4,667

TotalH1		—		—		5,275		1,246		13		—			6,534		6,133

Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes		178		—		—		—		—		—			178		166
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets		89		—		—		—		—		—			89		110

TotalH2		267		—		—		—		—		—			267		276

Total		267		—		5,275		1,246		13		—			6,801		6,409

Deferred tax assetsH4		101		2		1,635		129		409		—			2,276		2,188
Other non investment and non-cash assets		2,622		457		4,258		1,000		4,532		(6,231	)		6,638		6,024
Investment of long term business and other operations:
Investment propertiesH7		8,461		682		1,614		—		—		—			10,757		11,247
Investments accounted for using the equity methodH8		—		—		70		—		—		—			70		71
Financial investments:
Loansnote (d) (iv)		2,747		—		5,711		1,256		—		—			9,714		9,261
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		26,047		59,890		818		594		—		—			87,349		86,635
Debt securitiesnote (d) (i)		57,232		8,861		56,563		1,842		—		—			124,498		116,352
Other investments		4,423		113		2,878		78		17		—			7,509		5,779
Deposits		7,207		1,544		1,868		89		—		—			10,708		9,952

Total investmentsG1, and note (c)		106,117		71,090		69,522		3,859		17		—			250,605		239,297

Properties held for saleH9		—		—		3		—		—		—			3		257
Cash and cash equivalentsH10		2,564		1,245		1,404		1,735		309		—			7,257		6,631

Total assets		111,671		72,794		82,097		7,969		5,280		(6,231	)		273,580		260,806

			Shareholder-backed business

	Participating funds		Unit-linked and variable annuity		Non- linked business		Asset management operations E2		Unallocated to a segment (central operations)			Intragroup eliminations			2011 Group Total		2010 Group Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m			£m			£m		£m
Equity and liabilities
*Equity*
Shareholders' equityH11		—		—		9,201		1,783		(1,867	)		—			9,117		8,031
Non-controlling interests		33		—		5		5		—			—			43		44

Total equity		33		—		9,206		1,788		(1,867	)		—			9,160		8,075

*Liabilities*
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4)		93,569		71,129		62,377		—		—			—			227,075		214,727
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds (reflecting application of 'realistic' basis provisions for UK regulated with-profits funds) H12		9,215		—		—		—		—			—			9,215		10,253

Total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		102,784		71,129		62,377		—		—			—			236,290		224,980

Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations: H13
Subordinated debt		—		—		—		—		2,652			—			2,652		2,718
Other		—		—		160		250		549			—			959		958

Total		—		—		160		250		3,201			—			3,611		3,676

Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder financed operations G1, H13		—		1		370		13		2,956			—			3,340		3,004
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations		972		—		—		—		—			—			972		1,522
Deferred tax liabilitiesH4		1,215		33		2,707		5		251			—			4,211		4,224
Other non-insurance liabilities		6,667		1,631		7,277		5,913		739			(6,231	)		15,996		15,325

Total liabilities		111,638		72,794		72,891		6,181		7,147			(6,231	)		264,420		252,731

Total equity and liabilities		111,671		72,794		82,097		7,969		5,280			(6,231	)		273,580		260,806

A reconciliation of the Group's directly held investments from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

	Insurance operations									Total insurance operations

	Insurance operations												Asset management			Unallocated to a segment			Group Total
	UK			US			Asia						Asset management			Unallocated to a segment			Group Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
At 31 December 2009/1 January 2010
Total investments (including derivative assets)		132,690			49,576			23,390			205,656			2,890			176			208,722
Less: investments held by consolidated investment funds		(1,835	)		—			(718	)		(2,553	)		—			—			(2,553	)
Less: derivative liabilitiesG3		(709	)		(461	)		(146	)		(1,316	)		(49	)		(136	)		(1,501	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		130,146			49,115			22,526			201,787			2,841			40			204,668

Net cash inflow from operating activities		1,329			7,306			2,167			10,802			329			120			11,251
Realised gains (losses) in the year		2,233			21			984			3,238			11			(148	)		3,101
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year		5,958			6,264			3,301			15,523			23			(17	)		15,529
Dilution of PruHealth investment		56			—			—			56			—			—			56
Acquisition of UOB Life Assurance Ltd		—			—			1,004			1,004			—			—			1,004

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		9,576			13,591			7,456			30,623			363			(45	)		30,941

At 31 December 2010/1 January 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)		141,426			63,505			30,943			235,874			3,282			141			239,297
Less: investments held by consolidated investment funds		(912	)		—			(739	)		(1,651	)		—			—			(1,651	)
Less: derivative liabilitiesG3		(792	)		(799	)		(222	)		(1,813	)		(78	)		(146	)		(2,037	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		139,722			62,706			29,982			232,410			3,204			(5	)		235,609

Net cash effect from purchases and sales of investments		(920	)		6,669			2,287			8,036			540			(95	)		8,481
Realised gains (losses) in the year		3,852			102			503			4,457			17			—			4,474
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year		(2,502	)		1,382			(1,343	)		(2,463	)		(84	)		(90	)		(2,637	)

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		430			8,153			1,447			10,030			473			(185	)		10,318

At 31 December 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)		142,427			71,746			32,556			246,729			3,859			17			250,605
Less: investments held by consolidated investment funds		(977	)		—			(647	)		(1,624	)		—			—			(1,624	)
Less: derivative liabilitiesG3		(1,298	)		(887	)		(480	)		(2,665	)		(182	)		(207	)		(3,054	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		140,152			70,859			31,429			242,440			3,677			(190	)		245,927

	2011												2010

	Insurance operations						Total insurance operations
	Insurance operations								Asset management		Group Total		Group Total
	UK		US		Asia				Asset management		Group Total		Group Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
S&P—AAA		9,928		133		1,423		11,484		1,109		12,593		26,838
S&P—AA+ to AA-		8,647		4,476		3,843		16,966		72		17,038		9,967
S&P—A+ to A-		21,474		6,382		3,055		30,911		250		31,161		29,959
S&P—BBB+ to BBB-		15,746		8,446		1,451		25,643		217		25,860		22,033
S&P—Other		3,175		999		2,137		6,311		35		6,346		6,048

		58,970		20,436		11,909		91,315		1,683		92,998		94,845

Moody's—Aaa		7,945		62		1,489		9,496		119		9,615		864
Moody's—Aa1 to Aa3		651		15		128		794		12		806		521
Moody's—A1 to A3		1,008		29		304		1,341		11		1,352		798
Moody's—Baa1 to Baa3		1,030		67		131		1,228		—		1,228		1,119
Moody's—Other		242		17		59		318		—		318		417

		10,876		190		2,111		13,177		142		13,319		3,719

Implicit ratings of MBS based on NAIC valuations (see below)
—NAIC 1		—		2,577		—		2,577		—		2,577		3,083
—NAIC 2		—		147		—		147		—		147		181
—NAIC 3-6		—		368		—		368		—		368		232

		—		3,092		—		3,092		—		3,092		3,496

Fitch		492		184		351		1,027		12		1,039		855
Other		7,615		3,120		3,310		14,045		5		14,050		13,437

Total debt securities		77,953		27,022		17,681		122,656		1,842		124,498		116,352

In the table above, with the exception of some mortgage-backed securities within Jackson, Standard & Poor's (S&P) ratings have been used where available. For securities where S&P ratings are not immediately available, those produced by Moody's and then Fitch have been used as an alternative. During 2009, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners in the US revised the regulatory ratings process for more than 20,000 residential mortgage-backed securities. For some mortgage-backed securities within Jackson, the table above includes these securities using the regulatory ratings detail issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). These regulatory ratings levels were established by external third parties (PIMCO for residential mortgage-backed securities and BlackRock Solutions for commercial mortgage-backed securities). Notes D2(d), D3(d), D4(d) and E2 provide further details on the credit risks of debt securities by segment.

The Group's exposure to holdings in asset-backed securities, which comprise residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS), CDO funds and other asset-backed securities (ABS), at 31 December 2011 is as follows:

	2011		2010


	£m		£m
Shareholder-backed operations (excluding assets held in unit-linked funds):
UK insurance operations ^{note (i)}		1,358		1,181
US insurance operations ^{note (ii)}		5,380		6,135
Asian insurance operations ^{note (iii)}		176		113
Other operations		594		437

		7,508		7,866

With-profits operations:
UK insurance operations ^{note (i)}		5,351		5,237
Asian insurance operations ^{note (iii)}		454		435

		5,805		5,672

Total		13,313		13,538

The exposure of the Group's shareholder and with-profits funds to sovereign debt (including credit default swaps that are referenced to sovereign debt) at 31 December 2011 is as follows:

	Shareholder sovereign debt		With-profits sovereign debt


	£m		£m
Continental Europe

Italy		43		52
Spain		1		33

		44		85
Germany		598		602
Other Europe (principally Isle of Man and Belgium)		48		62

		690		749
United Kingdom		3,254		2,801
United States		2,448		2,615
Other, predominantly Asia		2,850		332

Total		9,242		6,497

The Group held the following direct exposures to banks' debt securities of shareholder-backed business at 31 December 2011.

	Bank debt securities – shareholder-backed business

	Senior debt						Subordinated debt
	Covered		Senior		Total senior debt		Tier 2		Tier 1		Total subordinated debt		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m

Portugal		—		24		24		—		—		—		24
Ireland		—		13		13		—		—		—		13
Italy		—		11		11		56		14		70		81
Greece		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Spain		107		11		118		90		2		92		210

		107		59		166		146		16		162		328
Austria		—		—		—		9		—		9		9
Belgium		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
France		2		34		36		78		35		113		149
Germany		—		28		28		1		—		1		29
Luxembourg		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Netherlands		—		7		7		81		64		145		152
United Kingdom		228		145		373		615		95		710		1,083

Total Europe		337		273		610		930		210		1,140		1,750

United States		—		1,362		1,362		352		2		354		1,716
Other, predominantly Asia		—		246		246		562		33		595		841

Total		337		1,881		2,218		1,844		245		2,089		4,307

In addition to the exposures held by the shareholder-backed business, the Group held the following banks' securities at 31 December 2011 within its with-profits funds.

	Bank debt securities – participating funds

	Senior debt						Subordinated debt
	Covered		Senior		Total senior debt		Tier 2		Tier 1		Total subordinated debt		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m

Portugal		—		7		7		—		—		—		7
Ireland		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Italy		—		45		45		49		2		51		96
Greece		5		—		5		—		—		—		5
Spain		137		—		137		1		—		1		138

		142		52		194		50		2		52		246
Austria		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Belgium		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
France		—		80		80		47		17		64		144
Germany		—		7		7		—		—		—		7
Luxembourg		—		7		7		—		—		—		7
Netherlands		—		80		80		14		28		42		122
United Kingdom		319		385		704		772		74		846		1,550

Total Europe		461		611		1,072		883		121		1,004		2,076

United States		—		1,378		1,378		396		278		674		2,052
Other, predominanty Asia		1		384		385		341		20		361		746

Total		462		2,373		2,835		1,620		419		2,039		4,874

Information on the credit quality of the portfolio of loans, which almost wholly is for amounts which are neither past due or impaired is shown in notes D2, D3, D4 and E2. Details of allowances for loans, losses and amounts past due are shown in notes G1 and G2. No additional analysis is provided of the element of loans and receivables that were neither past due nor impaired from those of the total portfolio on the grounds of the immateriality of the difference between the neither past due nor impaired element and the total portfolio.

e: Reconciliation of movement in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds

A reconciliation of the total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds of the Group from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

	Insurance operations

	UK			US			Asia			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m £m
Policyholder liabilities		116,229			48,311			21,858			186,398
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		9,966			—			53			10,019

At 1 January 2010		126,195			48,311			21,911			196,417
Premiums		7,890			11,735			4,308			23,933
Surrenders		(3,779	)		(3,598	)		(2,241	)		(9,618	)
Maturities/Deaths		(7,303	)		(769	)		(498	)		(8,570	)

Net flows		(3,192	)		7,368			1,569			5,745
Shareholders transfers post-tax		(223	)		—			(24	)		(247	)
Investment-related items and other movements		13,172			3,464			2,235			18,871
Foreign exchange translation differences		(208	)		1,380			2,081			3,253
Dilution of Group's holdings		(27	)		—			—			(27	)
Acquisition of UOB Life Assurance Limited		—			—			968			968

As at 31 December 2010/1 January 2011		135,717			60,523			28,740			224,980

Comprising:
—Policyholder liabilities		125,530			60,523			28,674			214,727
—Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		10,187			—			66			10,253

At 1 January 2011		135,717			60,523			28,740			224,980
Premiums		6,988			12,914			5,079			24,981
Surrenders		(4,255	)		(4,270	)		(2,237	)		(10,762	)
Maturities/Deaths		(7,813	)		(820	)		(664	)		(9,297	)

Net flows		(5,080	)		7,824			2,178			4,922
Shareholders transfers post-tax		(216	)		—			(30	)		(246	)
Investment-related items and other movements		5,862			136			365			6,363
Foreign exchange translation differences		(94	)		706			(341	)		271

At 31 December 2011		136,189			69,189			30,912			236,290

Comprising:
—Policyholder liabilities		127,024			69,189			30,862			227,075
—Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		9,165			—			50			9,215

Average policyholder liability balances*
2011		126,277			64,856			29,768			220,901
2010		120,880			54,417			25,750			201,047

e: Reconciliation of movement in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds (Continued)

The items above represent the amount attributable to changes in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds as a result of each of the components listed.

The policyholder liabilities shown include investment contracts without discretionary participation features (as defined in IFRS 4) and their full movement in the year. The items above are shown gross of reinsurance.

The analysis above represents the impact of premiums, claims and investment movements on policyholders' liabilities. It does not represent premiums, claims and investment movements as reported in the income statement, for example the premiums shown above will exclude any deductions for fees/charges and claims represent the policyholder liabilities provision released rather than the claim amount paid to the policyholder.

The Group's internal control processes are detailed in the Group Governance Manual. This is supported by the Group Risk Framework, which provides an overview of the Group-wide philosophy and approach to risk management. Where appropriate, more detailed policies and procedures have been developed at Group and/or business unit levels. These include Group-wide mandatory policies on certain operational risks, including health, safety, fraud, money laundering, bribery, business continuity, information security and operational security, and policies on certain financial risks. Additional guidelines are provided for some aspects of actuarial and financial activity.

Prudential's risk governance framework requires that all of the Group's businesses and functions establish processes for identifying, evaluating and managing the key risks faced by the Group. The risk governance framework is based on the concept of 'three lines of defence': Risk management; risk oversight and independent assurance. Primary responsibility for strategy, performance management and risk control lies with the Board, which has established the Group Risk Committee to assist in providing leadership, direction and oversight, and with the Group Chief Executive and the chief executive of each business unit. Risk oversight is provided by Group-level risk committees, chaired by the Group Chief Risk Officer or the Chief Financial Officer. Independent assurance on the Group's internal control and risk management systems is provided by the Group Audit Committee, supported by the Group-wide Internal Audit.

Additional information on the Group's risk framework is included in the risk and capital management section under 'Group Risk Framework in Item 4 Information on the Company'.

The Group's risk framework includes our appetite for risk exposures as well as our approach to risk management. Under this approach, the Group continuously assesses the Group's top risks and monitor our risk profile against approved limits. Prudential defines and monitors aggregate risk limits based on financial and non-financial stresses for its earnings volatility, liquidity and capital requirements.

Liquidity: the objective is to ensure that the Group is able to generate sufficient cash resources to meet financial obligations as they fall due in business as usual and stressed scenarios.

Our risk appetite framework forms an integral part of our annual business planning cycle. The Group Risk Committee is responsible for reviewing the risks inherent in the Group's business plan and for providing the Board with input on the risk/reward trade offs implicit therein. This review is supported by our Group Risk function, which uses submissions by business units to calculate the Group's aggregated position (allowing for diversification effects between business units) relative to the limits contained within the risk appetite statements.

The Group manages its actual risk profile against its tolerance of risk. To do this, the Group maintains risk registers that include details of the identified risks and of the controls and mitigating actions employed in managing them.

The Group uses a range of risk management and mitigation strategies. The most important of these include: adjusting asset portfolios to reduce investment risks (such as duration mismatches or overweight counterparty exposures); using derivatives to hedge market risks; implementing reinsurance programmes to manage insurance risk; implementing corporate insurance programmes to limit the impact of operational risks; and revising business plans where appropriate.

Any mitigation strategies involving large transactions, such as material derivative transactions, are subject to scrutiny at Group level before implementation.

In the UK business, most of our equity exposure is incurred in the with-profits fund, which includes a large inherited estate. The inherited estate itself is partially protected against falls in equity markets through an active hedging policy.

In the US, to protect the shareholders against the volatility introduced by embedded options, Jackson uses both a comprehensive hedging programme and reinsurance. Jackson makes use of the natural offsets that exist between the variable annuity guarantees and the fixed index annuity book, and then uses a combination of OTC options and exchange traded derivatives to hedge the residual risk, allowing for significant market shocks and limiting the amount of capital at risk. Internal positions are generally netted before any external hedge positions are considered. Jackson manages fixed annuity interest rate exposure through a combination of interest rate swaps and interest rate options, to protect capital against rates rising quickly and through the contractual ability to reset crediting rates annually.

Prudential principally operates in the UK, the US, and in 13 countries and territories in Asia and the Middle East. The geographical diversity of the Group's business means that Prudential is subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. The Group does not generally seek to hedge foreign currency revenues, as these are substantially retained locally to support the growth of the Group's business and meet local regulatory and market requirements. However, in cases where a surplus arising in an overseas operation supports Group capital or shareholders' interest, this exposure is hedged if it is economically optimal to do so. Currency borrowings, swaps and other derivatives are used to manage exposures.

Prudential actively manages its assets and liabilities, testing the adequacy of it reserves and the strength of the solvency position through a combination of analysis, scenarios and stochastic modelling.

A stochastic approach models the inter-relationship between asset and liability movements, taking into account asset correlation and policyholder behaviour, under a large number of possible scenarios. These scenarios are projected forward over time and the liabilities and solvency position of the fund are calculated in each scenario in each future year. This allows the identification of which extreme scenarios will have the most adverse effects and what the best estimate outcome may be. The fund's policy on management actions, including bonus and investment policy, is set, such that they are consistent with the available capital and the targeted risk of default. This differs from a deterministic model, which would only consider the results from one carefully selected scenario.

For businesses that are most sensitive to interest rate changes, such as immediate annuity business, Prudential uses cash flow analysis to create a portfolio of fixed income securities whose value changes in line with the value of liabilities when interest rates change. This type of analysis helps protect profits and the capital position from changing interest rates. In the UK, the cash flow analysis is used in Prudential's annuity business while, in the US, it is used for its interest-sensitive and fixed index annuities and stable value products such as Guaranteed Investment Contracts (GICs). Perfect matching is not possible, for example because of the nature of the liabilities (which might include guaranteed

surrender values) and options for prepayment contained in the assets or the unavailability of assets with a sufficiently long duration.

For businesses that are most sensitive to equity price changes, Prudential uses stochastic modelling and scenario testing to look at the expected future returns on its investments under different scenarios that best reflect the large diversity in returns that equities can produce. This allows Prudential to devise an investment and with-profits policyholder bonus strategy that, on the model assumptions, allows it to optimise returns to its policyholders and shareholders over time, while maintaining appropriate financial strength. Prudential uses this method extensively in connection with its UK with-profits business.

The Group publishes separately within Item 3 of this annual report a section on key risk factors, which discusses inherent risks in the business and trading environment.

Market risk is the risk of loss for our business, or of adverse change in the financial situation, resulting, directly or indirectly, from fluctuations in the level or volatility of market prices of assets and liabilities.

Prudential invests in equity type investments which are subject to equity price risk, as well as in bonds, mortgages and cash deposits, the values of which are subject to interest rate risk. The amount of risk borne by Prudential's shareholders depends on the nature of its liabilities and the extent to which its customers share the investment risk through the structure of Prudential's products.

Prudential has some liabilities that contain guaranteed returns (for example, interest-sensitive fixed annuities and immediate annuities), which generally will be supported by fixed income investments. In the US, Jackson is a leading provider of variable annuities for which guarantees are included as part of the contract terms. Guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) are provided on all policies in this class, guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (GMWB) on 70 per cent of the book, and guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) on 5 per cent. To protect the shareholders against the volatility introduced by these embedded options, Jackson used both a comprehensive hedging programme and reinsurance. The GMIB is no longer offered, with existing coverage being reinsured. In the case of other liabilities, where customers share the investment risk, Prudential invests a substantial portion of the assets in equity and property investments that Prudential believes produce greater returns over the long term.

70 per cent of Prudential's operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, as described in note B1, for the year ended 31 December 2011, came from US and Asian operations. The resulting exposure from the translation of these reported earnings to Sterling is not separately managed, although its impact is reduced by interest payments on foreign currency borrowings and by the adoption of average exchange rates for the translation of foreign currency revenues.

Approximately 77 per cent of the Group's IFRS basis shareholders' equity at 31 December 2011 arose in Prudential's US and Asian operations (2010: approximately 79 per cent). To mitigate the exposure of the US component there are US$2.85 billion of borrowings held centrally, which are formally designated as net investment hedges at 31 December 2011. Net of the currency position arising from these borrowings some 57 per cent of the Group's shareholders' funds are represented by net assets in currencies other than sterling.

Additional details on the market risks' exposures of the UK, US and Asian insurance operations are provided in notes D2, D3 and D4, respectively.

The risk of loss for our business or of adverse change in the financial position, resulting from fluctuations in the credit standing of issuers of securities, counterparties and any debtors in the form of default or other significant credit event (eg downgrade or spread widening).

Some of Prudential's businesses, in particular Jackson, the PAC with-profits fund and Prudential's UK pension annuity business hold large amounts of investments that contain credit risk on which a certain level of default is expected. These expected losses are considered when Prudential determines the crediting rates, deposit rates and premium rates for the products that will be supported by these assets. Certain OTC derivatives contain a credit risk element that is controlled through the evaluation of collateral agreements and master netting agreements on interest rate and currency swaps. Prudential is also exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties.

Further analysis of the credit quality of debt securities held by the Group is shown in note B5. Additional details on the credit quality of the debt security portfolios of UK, US and Asian insurance operations are shown in notes D2, D3 and D4, respectively.

Liquidity risk is the risk of the Group being unable to generate sufficient cash resources or raise finance to meet financial obligations as they fall due in business as usual and stress scenarios. The assets of insurers are in general relatively liquid, whilst the majority of liabilities are long term products held by policyholders.

Prudential regularly monitors and analyses its liquidity position at the Group level and performs stress tests of this position. The liquidity of the Group is monitored on a monthly basis by comparing the predicted cash needs of the Group centre, to meet corporate and financing costs (net of expected dividends from the business units), to the liquid resources available to it. These liquid resources include cash held and cash that could be raised through internal resources (for example by reporting unencumbered bonds). The stresses consider changes to cash requirements, the availability of external financing and internal sources of liquidity and the sufficiency of external back-up lines. The holding company has significant internal sources of liquidity which are sufficient to meet all of our expected requirements for the foreseeable future without having to make use of external funding. The Group maintains £2.1 billion of undrawn syndicated and bilateral committed banking facilities, maturing between 2013 and 2017.

Insurance risk is the risk of loss for our business or of adverse change in the value of insurance liabilities, resulting from changes in the level, trend, or volatility of a number of insurance risk drivers. This includes adverse mortality, longevity, morbidity, persistency and expense experience.

Prudential needs to make assumptions about a number of factors in determining the pricing of its products and for reporting the results of its long-term business operations. In common with other industry participants, the profitability of the Group's businesses depends on a mix of factors including mortality and morbidity trends, persistency, investment performance, unit cost of administration and new business acquisition expenses.

For example, the assumption that Prudential makes about future expected levels of mortality is particularly relevant for its UK annuity business where, in exchange for their accumulated pension fund, pension annuity policyholders receive a guaranteed payment, for as long as they live. Prudential conducts extensive research into longevity risk using data from its substantial annuitant portfolio. As part of its pension annuity pricing and reserving policy, Prudential UK assumes that current rates of mortality continuously improve over time at levels based on adjusted data from the Continuous Mortality Investigations (CMI) projections as published by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries.

Prudential's persistency assumptions reflect recent past experience for each relevant line of business, and any expectations of future persistency. Where appropriate, allowance is also made for the relationship, which is either assumed or historically observed, between persistency and investment returns, and for the resulting additional risk.

(v) Non-financial risks—operational, business environment and strategic risk

Operational risk is the risk of loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, or from personnel and systems, or from external events. Business environment risk is the exposure to forces in the external environment that could significantly change the fundamentals that drive the business's overall strategy. Strategic risk is the risk of ineffective, inefficient or inadequate senior management processes for the development and implementation of business strategy in relation to the business environment and the Group's capabilities.

Prudential is exposed to operational, business environment and strategic risk in the course of running its businesses. Prudential processes a large number of complex transactions across numerous products, and is subject to a number of different legal and regulatory, including tax, regimes. Prudential also has a significant number of third-party relationships that are important to the distribution and processing of our products. This results in reliance upon the operational performance of these outsourcing partners.

Prudential's systems and processes incorporate controls that are designed to manage and mitigate the operational risks associated with its activities. Business units are required to confirm that they have implemented the necessary controls to evidence compliance with the UK Corporate Governance Code and the Hong Kong Code on Corporate Governance Practices.

The Group has an operational risk management framework and policy in place that facilitates both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of operational risk exposures. The output of this framework, in

particular management information on key operational risk and control assessments, scenario analysis, internal incidents and external incidents, is reported by the business units and presented to the Group Operational Risk Committee. This information also supports business decision-making and lessons-learned activities; the ongoing improvement of the control environment; determining the operational risk capital requirements; and determination of the adequacy of Prudential's corporate insurance programme.

With regard to business environment risk, the Group has a wide-ranging programme of active and constructive engagement with governments, policymakers and regulators in our key markets and with relevant international institutions. Such engagement is undertaken both directly and indirectly via trade associations. The Group has procedures in place to monitor and track political and regulatory developments. Where appropriate, the Group provides submissions and technical input to officials and others, either via submissions to formal consultations or through interactions with officials.

With regard to strategic risk, both business units and Group Head Office are required to adopt a forward-looking approach to risk management when performing risk assessments and the annual strategic planning process. This supports the identification of potential threats and the initiatives needed to address them, as well as competitive opportunities. The impact on the underlying businesses and/or Group-wide risk profile is also considered to ensure that strategic initiatives are within the Group's risk appetite.

The European Union (EU) is developing a new solvency framework for insurance companies, referred to as 'Solvency II'. The Solvency II Directive, which sets out the new framework, was formally approved by the Economic and Financial Affairs Council in November 2009 and is currently anticipated to be transposed into local regulations and take effect for supervisors from 2013, with implementation currently anticipated from 2014.

Solvency II represents a regulatory risk due to the uncertainty of what the rules will be when finalised, their potential impacts and the timing of their introduction. The risks are that the Group may not be able to respond sufficiently quickly to the strategic implication of the change given levels of uncertainty around the content and timing. It is also an operational risk in terms of the scale and complexity of the delivery and uncertainty over timelines; and the additional capital that the Company may be required to hold. Solvency II is covered in more detail in the Regulatory Capital requirements section below.

Regulatory capital requirements apply at an individual company level for the Group's life assurance and asset management business. These are described in sections D5 and E3 respectively.

In addition, the Group as a whole is subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the European Union (EU) Insurance Groups Directive (IGD) as implemented by the FSA in the UK. The IGD pertains to groups whose activities are primarily concentrated in the insurance sector. The IGD capital adequacy requirements involves aggregating surplus capital held in our regulated subsidiaries, from which Group borrowings, except those subordinated debt issues that qualify as capital, are deducted. The test is passed when this aggregate number is positive: a negative result at any point in time is a notifiable breach of UK regulatory requirements.

Due to the geographically diverse nature of Prudential's operations, the application of these requirements to Prudential is complex. In particular, for many of the Group's Asian operations the assets, liabilities and capital requirements have to be recalculated based on FSA regulations as if the companies were directly subject to FSA regulation.

The FSA has established a structure for determining how much hybrid debt can count as capital which is similar to that used for banks. It categorises capital as Tier 1 (equity and preference shares), Upper Tier 2 and Lower Tier 2. Up to 15 per cent of Tier 1 capital can be in the form of hybrid debt and is called 'Innovative Tier 1'. At 31 December 2011 the Group held £1,823 million (2010: £1,463 million) of Innovative Tier 1 capital in the form of perpetual securities, £nil (2010: £nil) of Upper Tier 2 and £829 million (2010: £1,255 million) of Lower Tier 2 capital. In addition, Jackson held £160 million of surplus notes at the end of the financial year 2011 (2010: £159 million) which, although the US does not have a similar capital categorisation under its regulatory framework, are akin to the FSA's Lower Tier 2 Capital and have been disclosed as such in note H13. Further details on Group borrowings are shown in note H13.

At 31 December 2010, Prudential met the requirements of the IGD with £4.3 billion of surplus capital before allowing for the 2010 final dividend. In addition, during 2011, Prudential met the requirements of the FSA under the IGD. The IGD position as at 31 December 2011 will be submitted to the FSA by 30 April 2012 and at the time of preparation of these financial statements the surplus capital under the test was estimated to be around £4.0 billion before allowing for the 2011 final dividend giving a solvency ratio of circa 275 per cent. The main components of the decrease in IGD surplus during 2011 are:

Prudential optimises capital allocation across the Group by using a consistent set of capital performance metrics across all business units to ensure meaningful comparison. Capital utilisation, return on capital and new business value creation are measured at a product level. The use of these capital performance metrics is embedded into our decision-making processes for product design and product pricing.

Prudential's capital performance metrics are based on economic capital, which provides a view of our capital requirements across the Group, allowing for realistic diversification benefits. Economic capital also provides valuable insights into our risk profile and is used both for risk measurement and capital management.

As noted above, The European Union (EU) is developing a new solvency framework for insurance companies, referred to as 'Solvency II'. The Solvency II Directive, which sets out the new framework, was formally approved by the Economic and Financial Affairs Council in November 2009 and is expected to be transposed into local regulations and take effect for supervisors from 2013, with implementation for firms currently anticipated from 2014.

The new approach is based on the concept of three pillars—minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of firms' assessments of risk, and enhanced disclosure requirements.

The European Parliament is currently discussing the Omnibus II Directive which, once approved, will amend certain aspects of the Solvency II Directive, including the implementation date as described above. The Omnibus II Directive is expected to be finalised during 2012.

There remains significant uncertainty regarding the outcome from this process. In particular, the Solvency II rules relating to the determination of the liability discount rate and to the treatment of US business remain unclear and Prudential's capital position is sensitive to these outcomes. With reference to the liability discount rate, solutions to remove artificial volatility from the balance sheet have been suggested by policymakers as the regulations continue to evolve. These solutions, along with transitional arrangements for the treatment of US business, are continuing to be considered by the European Parliament as part of the process to reach agreement on the Omnibus II Directive. There is a risk that the effect of the final measures could be adverse for Prudential, including potentially that a significant increase in capital may be required to support its business and that Prudential may be placed at a competitive disadvantage to other European and non-European financial services groups.

The measurement basis of assets and liabilities of long-term business contracts is dependent upon the classification of the contracts under IFRS. Under IFRS 4, contracts are initially classified as being either 'insurance' contracts, if the level of insurance risk in the contracts is significant, or 'investment' contracts, if the insurance risk is insignificant.

Insurance contracts are permitted to be accounted for under previously applied GAAP. The Group has chosen to adopt this approach. However, as an improvement to accounting policy, permitted by IFRS 4, the Group has applied the measurement principles for with-profits contracts of UK regulated entities and disclosures of the UK Standard FRS 27 from 1 January 2005. An explanation of the provisions under FRS 27 is provided in note D2.

Under the previously applied GAAP, UK GAAP, the assets and liabilities of contracts are reported in accordance with the Modified Statutory Basis (MSB) of reporting as set out in the ABI SORP.

The insurance contracts of the Group's shareholder-backed business fall broadly into the following categories:

Investment contracts are further delineated under IFRS 4 between those with and without discretionary participation features. For those contracts with discretionary participation features, IFRS 4 also permits the continued application of previously applied GAAP. The Group has adopted this approach, again subject to the FRS 27 improvement.

For investment contracts that do not contain discretionary participation features, IAS 39 and, where the contract includes an investment management element, IAS 18, apply measurement principles to assets and liabilities attaching to the contract that may diverge from those previously applied.

Contracts of the Group, which are classified as investment contracts that do not contain discretionary participation features, can be summarised as:

The accounting for the investment contracts of UK insurance operations and Jackson's GICs and funding agreements are considered in turn below:

Acquisition costs are deferred to the extent that it is appropriate to recognise an asset that represents the entity's contractual right to benefit from providing investment management services and are amortised as the entity recognises the related revenue. IAS 18 further reduces the costs potentially capable of deferral to incremental costs only. Deferred acquisition costs are amortised to the income statement in line with service provision.

These are required to be established under IAS 18 with amortisation over the expected life of the contract. The majority of the relevant UK contracts are single premium with the initial deferred income reflecting the 'front-end load' i.e. the difference between the premium paid and the amount credited to the unit fund. Deferred income is amortised to the income statement in line with service provision. The amortisation profile is either on a straight-line basis or, if more appropriate, a further deferral of income recognition is applied.

Prudent provisions established for possible future expenses not covered by future margins at a policy level reflecting the regulatory approach in the UK are not permitted for those contracts with insignificant insurance risk that are classified as investment contracts.

Under a traditional GIC, the policyholder makes a lump sum deposit. The interest rate paid is fixed and established when the contract is issued. Funding agreements are of a similar nature but the interest rate may be floating, based on a rate linked to an external index. The US GAAP accounting requirements for such contracts are very similar to those under IFRS on the amortised cost model for liability measurement.

The Group's exposure to life assurance risks is well diversified. This is achieved through the geographical spread of the Group's operations and, within those operations, through a broad mix of product types.

As part of the risk management framework, the Group regularly monitors concentration of risk using a variety of risk monitoring tools including:

Scenario testing and sensitivity analysis of the Group capital and profitability metrics involving IGD, Group economic capital, EEV and IFRS help identify concentrations of risks by risk types, products and business units, as well as the benefits of diversification of risks.

An example of the diversification benefits for Prudential is that adverse scenarios do not affect all business units in the same way, providing natural hedges within the Group. For example, the Group's US business is sensitive to increasing interest rates, whereas, in contrast, several business units in Asia benefit from increasing rates. Conversely, these Asian business units are sensitive towards low interest rates, whereas certain products in the US benefit from falling interest rates. The economic capital framework also takes into account situations where factors are correlated, for example the extent of correlation between UK and US economies.

Business units are also required to disclose to the Group risk function all material risks, along with information on their severity and likelihood, and mitigating actions taken or planned.

Credit risk remains one of the largest risk exposures. This reflects the relative size of exposure in Jackson and the UK shareholder annuities business. The Group manages concentration of credit risks by setting limits on the maximum exposure to each counterparty based on their credit ratings.

The Group cedes certain business to other insurance companies. Although the ceding of insurance does not relieve the Group of liability to its policyholders, the Group participates in such agreements for the purpose of managing its loss exposure. The Group evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentration of credit risk from similar geographic regions, activities or economic characteristics of the reinsurers to minimise its exposure from reinsurer insolvencies. Reinsurance recoverable insurance assets are not a significant component of the Group's statement of financial position and accordingly, exposure to concentrations of reinsurance risk is not significant to the Group. At 31 December 2011, 91 per cent (2010: 97 per cent) of the reinsurance recoverable insurance assets were ceded by the Group's UK and US operations, of which 94 per cent (2010: 90 per cent) of the balance were from reinsurers with Standard & Poor's rating A- and above.

Notes D2(e), D3(e) and D4(e) provide details of guarantee features of the Group's life assurance products. In the UK, guarantees of the with-profits products are valued for accounting purposes on a market consistent basis for 2011 as described in section D2(g)(ii). The UK business also has products with guaranteed annuity option features, mostly within SAIF, as described in section D2(e). There is little

exposure to financial options and guarantees in the shareholder-backed business of the UK operations. The US business annuity products have a variety of option and guarantee features as described in section D3(e). Jackson's derivative programme seeks to manage the exposures as described in section D3(f). The Group's exposure to guarantees was significantly reduced during 2009 as a result of the disposal of the Taiwan agency business.

(d) Sensitivity of EEV basis shareholders' profit and equity for market and other risks

The Group prepares supplementary EEV basis financial statements for half yearly and annual publication. These statements include sensitivity disclosures which are part of the market risk information provided to key management.

(e) Sensitivity of IFRS basis profit or loss and shareholders' equity to market and other risks

The financial and insurance assets and liabilities attaching to the Group's life assurance business are, to varying degrees, subject to market and insurance risk and other changes of experience assumptions that may have a material effect on IFRS basis profit or loss and shareholders' equity.

Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument or, in the case of liabilities of insurance contracts, their carrying value will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk, namely:

Policyholder liabilities relating to the Group's life assurance businesses are also sensitive to the effects of other changes in experience, or expected future experience, such as for mortality, other insurance risk and lapse risk.

The most significant items for which the IFRS basis shareholders' profit or loss and shareholders' equity for the Group's life assurance business is sensitive to these variables are shown in the following

tables. The distinction between direct and indirect exposure is not intended to indicate the relative size of the sensitivity.

	Market and credit risk

Type of business	Investments/ derivatives	Liabilities/ unallocated surplus	Other exposure	Insurance and lapse risk
UK insurance operations (see also section D2(j))
With-profits business (including Prudential Annuities Limited)	Net neutral direct exposure (Indirect exposure only)		Investment performance subject to smoothing through declared bonuses	Persistency risk to future shareholder transfers

SAIF sub-fund	Net neutral direct exposure (Indirect exposure only)		Asset management fees earned by M&G

Unit-linked business	Net neutral direct exposure (Indirect exposure only)		Investment performance through asset management fees	Persistency risk

	Asset/liability mismatch risk

Shareholder-backed annuity business	Credit risk for assets covering liabilities and shareholder capital Interest rate risk for assets in excess of liabilities i.e. assets representing shareholder capital			Mortality experience and assumptions for longevity

US insurance operations (see also section D3(j))
All business	Currency risk			Persistency risk

Variable annuity business	Net effect of market risk arising from incidence of guarantee features and variability of asset management fees offset by derivative hedging programme

Fixed indexed annuity business	Derivative hedge programme to the extent not fully hedged against liability and fund performance	Incidence of equity participation features

Fixed indexed annuities, Fixed annuities and GIC business	Credit risk Interest rate risk Profit and loss and shareholders' equity are volatile for these risks as they affect the values of derivatives and embedded derivatives and impairment losses. In addition, shareholders' equity is volatile for the incidence of these risks on unrealised appreciation of fixed income securities classified as available-for-sale under IAS 39		Spread difference between earned rate and rate credited to policyholders	Lapse risk, but the effects of extreme events are mitigated by the application of market value adjustments and by the use of swaption contracts

Asian insurance operations section (see also section D4(j))
All business	Currency risk			Mortality and morbidity risk Persistency risk

With-profits business	Net neutral direct exposure (Indirect exposure only)		Investment performance subject to smoothing through declared bonuses

Unit-linked business	Net neutral direct exposure (Indirect exposure only)		Investment performance through asset management fees

Non-participating business	Interest rate and price risk	Interest rates for those operations where the basis of insurance liabilities is sensitive to current market movements

Detailed analyses of sensitivity of IFRS basis profit or loss and shareholders' equity to key market and other risks are provided in notes D2(j), D3(j), D4(j) and E4. The sensitivity analyses provided show the effect on profit or loss and shareholders' equity to changes in the relevant risk variables, all of which are reasonably possible at the relevant balance sheet date. In the analysis of exposure to interest rate risk, given the low interest rate environment, certain of the sensitivities to a decrease of 2 per cent include the effect of reducing the rate to near zero where rates are lower than 2 per cent.

The IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for UK insurance operations has high potential sensitivity for changes to longevity assumptions affecting the carrying value of liabilities to policyholders for UK shareholder-backed annuity business. In addition, at the total IFRS profit level the result is particularly sensitive to temporary value movements on assets backing US and Asia policyholder liabilities (which in general are measured on a basis that is insensitive to current market movements) and shareholder equity.

For Jackson at the level of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, the results are sensitive to market conditions to the extent of income earned on spread-based products and second order equity-based exposure in respect of variable annuity asset management fees. Further information is given below under the US insurance operations section of market and credit risk.

Jackson's derivative programme is used to manage interest rate risk associated with a broad range of products and substantially mitigate equity market risk attaching to its equity-based products. Movements in equity markets, interest rates and credit spreads materially affect the carrying value of derivatives which are used to manage the liabilities to policyholders and backing investment assets. Combined with the use of US GAAP measurement (as grandfathered under IFRS 4) for the insurance contracts assets and liabilities which is largely insensitive to current period market movements, the Jackson total profit (i.e. including short-term fluctuations in investment returns) is very sensitive to market movements. In addition to these effects the Jackson IFRS shareholders' equity is sensitive to the impact of interest rate and credit spread movements on the value of fixed income securities. Movements in unrealised appreciation on these securities are included as movement in shareholders' equity (i.e. outside the income statement). See D3(j) for details of the hedging.

For Asian operations, the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is mainly affected by the impact of market levels on unit-linked business persistency, and other insurance risk.

At the total IFRS profit level the Asian result is affected by short-term value movements on the asset portfolio for non-linked shareholder-backed business.

M&G profits are affected primarily by movements in the growth in funds under management and by the effect of any impairments on the loan book and fair value movements on debt securities held by Prudential Capital.

In addition, total profits and shareholders' equity are sensitive to market value movements and centrally held swaps. These are used to manage foreign currency and other macroeconomic exposures.

Shareholder results of UK with-profits business are sensitive to market risk only through the indirect effect of investment performance on declared policyholder bonuses.

The investment assets of the PAC with-profits fund are subject to market risk. However, changes in their carrying value, net of related changes to asset-share liabilities of with-profit contracts affect the level of unallocated surplus of the fund. As unallocated surplus is accounted for as a liability under IFRS, movements in its value do not affect shareholders' profit or equity.

The shareholder results of the UK with-profits fund correspond to the shareholders' share of the cost of bonuses declared on the with-profits business. This currently corresponds to one-ninth of the cost of bonuses declared.

Investment performance is a key driver of bonuses, and hence the shareholders' share of cost of bonuses. Due to the 'smoothed' basis of bonus declaration the sensitivity to investment performance in a single year is low relative to the movements in the period to period performance. However, over multiple periods it is important.

PAL writes annuity business. However, as PAL is owned by the PAC with-profits sub-fund, changes in the carrying value of PAL's assets and liabilities are reflected in the liability for unallocated surplus which as described above, do not affect shareholder results.

SAIF is a ring-fenced fund in which, apart from asset management fees, shareholders have no interest. Accordingly, the Group's IFRS profit and equity are insensitive to the direct effects of market risk attaching to SAIF's assets and liabilities.

The factors that may significantly affect the IFRS results of UK shareholder-backed business are the mortality experience and assumptions and credit risk attaching to the annuity business of Prudential Retirement Income Limited and the PAC non-profit sub-fund. The sensitivity to market risk for the main constituents elements of the shareholder-backed business of the UK insurance operations is as follows:

The assets covering PRIL's liabilities are principally debt securities and other investments that are held to match the expected duration and payment characteristics of the policyholder liabilities. These

liabilities are valued for IFRS reporting purposes by applying discount rates that reflect the market rates of return attaching to the covering assets.

Except to the extent of any asset/liability duration mismatch which is reviewed regularly, and exposure to credit risk, the sensitivity of the Group's results to market risk for movements in the carrying value of PRIL's liabilities and covering assets is broadly neutral on a net basis.

The main market risk sensitivity for PRIL arises from interest rate risk on the debt securities which substantially represent shareholders' equity. This shareholders' equity comprises the net assets held within the long-term fund of the company that cover regulatory basis liabilities that are not recognised for IFRS reporting purposes, for example contingency reserves, and shareholder capital held outside the long-term fund.

The principal items affecting the IFRS results for PRIL are mortality experience and assumptions, and credit risk.

The PAC non-profit sub-fund principally comprises annuity business previously written by Scottish Amicable Life, unit-linked and other non-participating business.

The financial assets covering the liabilities for those types of business are subject to market risk. However, for the annuity business the same considerations as described above for PRIL apply, whilst the liabilities of the unit-linked business change in line with the matching linked assets. Other liabilities of the PAC non-profit sub-fund are broadly insensitive to market risk.

Due to the matching of policyholder liabilities to attaching asset value movements the UK unit-linked business is not directly affected by market or credit risk. The principal factor affecting the IFRS results is investment performance through asset management fees.

The IFRS basis results of Jackson are highly sensitive to market risk on the assets covering liabilities other than variable annuity business segregated in the separate accounts.

Invested assets covering liabilities (other than the separate accounts) and related capital comprise principally debt securities classified as available-for-sale. Value movements for these securities are reflected as movements in shareholders' equity through the statement of comprehensive income. Other invested assets and derivatives are carried at fair value with the value movements reflected in the income statement.

By contrast, the IFRS insurance liabilities for business written by Jackson, by the application of grandfathered GAAP under IFRS 4, are measured on US GAAP bases which with the exception of certain items covered by the equity hedging programme, are generally insensitive to temporary changes in market conditions or the short-term returns on the attaching asset portfolios.

These differences in carrying value of debt securities, other invested assets, derivatives and insurance liabilities give rise to potentially significant volatility in the IFRS income statement and shareholders' equity. As with other shareholder-backed business the profit or loss for Jackson is presented by distinguishing the result for the year between an operating result based on longer-term investment returns and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In this way the most significant direct effect of market changes that have taken place to the Jackson result are separately identified.

Excluding these short-term effects, the factors that most significantly affect the Jackson IFRS operating result based on long-term investment returns are:

For Asian with-profits business the same features apply as described above for UK with-profits business. Similarly, as for other parts of the Group, for unit-linked business the main factor affecting IFRS basis results is investment performance through asset management fees.

The sensitivity of the IFRS basis results of the Group's Asian operations to market risk is primarily restricted to the non-participating business.

This sensitivity is primarily reflected through the volatility of asset returns coupled with the fact that the accounting carrying value of liabilities to policyholders are only partially sensitive to changed market conditions. As for UK shareholder-backed operations and Jackson, the IFRS profit is distinguished in the Group's segmental analysis so as to distinguish operating profits based on longer-term investment return and short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

The features described above cover the main sensitivities of IFRS profit and loss and equity for market and credit risk. Lapse and longevity risk may also be a key determination of IFRS basis results with variable impacts.

In the UK, adverse persistency experience can affect the level of profitability from with-profits and unit-linked business. For with-profits business in any given year, the amount represented by the shareholders' share of cost of bonus may only be marginally affected. However, altered persistency trends may affect future expected shareholder transfers.

By contrast, Group IFRS operating profit is particularly sensitive to longevity outlook that results in changes of assumption for the UK shareholder-backed annuity business.

Jackson is sensitive to lapse risk. However, Jackson uses swaption derivatives to ameliorate the effect of a sharp rise in interest rates, which would be the most likely cause of a sudden change in policyholder behaviour.

In Asia adverse persistency experience can impact the IFRS profitability of certain business written in the region. This risk is managed at a business unit level through monthly monitoring of experience and the implementation of management actions as necessary. These actions could include product enhancements, increased management focus on premium collection as well as other customer retention efforts. The potential financial impact of lapses is often mitigated through the specific features of the products, eg surrender charges.

The Group enjoys significant diversification benefits. This arises because not all risk scenarios will happen at the same time and across all geographic regions. The Group tests the sensitivities of results to different correlation factors such as:

The effect of Group diversification is to significantly reduce the aggregate standalone volatility risk to IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns. The effect is almost wholly explained by the correlations across risk types, in particular longevity risk.

Under the terms of the Group's contracts, as for life assurance contracts generally, the contractual maturity date is the earlier of the end of the contract term, death, other insurable events or surrender. The Group has therefore chosen to provide details of liability duration that reflect the actuarially determined best estimate of the likely incidence of these factors on contract duration. Details are shown in sections D2(k), D3(k) and D4(k).

In the years 2007 to 2011, claims paid on the Group's life assurance contracts including those classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4 ranged from £17 billion to £19 billion. Indicatively, it is to be expected that, of the Group's policyholder liabilities (excluding unallocated surplus) at 31 December 2011 of £227.1 billion, the amounts likely to be paid in 2012 will be of a similar magnitude.

In order to show the statement of financial position by reference to the differing degrees of policyholder and shareholder economic interest of the different types of fund and business, the analysis below is structured to show separately assets and liabilities of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF), the PAC with-profits sub-fund (WPSF), unit-linked assets and liabilities and annuity (principally PRIL) and other long-term business.

£92.6 billion of the £142.4 billion of investments are held by SAIF and the PAC WPSF. Shareholders are exposed only indirectly to value movements on these assets.

		PAC with-profits fund note (i)			Other funds and subsidiaries

	Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund note (ii)	PAC with-profits fund note (i)			Other funds and subsidiaries
By operating segment	Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund note (ii)	Excluding Prudential Annuities Limited	Prudential Annuities Limited note (iii)	Total note (iv)	Unit- linked assets and liabilities	Annuity and other long-term business	Total	2011 Total	2010 Total

	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets	—	—	—	—	—	113	113	113	120

Total	—	—	—	—	—	113	113	113	120

Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes	—	178	—	178	—	—	—	178	166
Deferred acquisition costs	—	6	—	6	—	—	—	6	13

Total	—	184	—	184	—	—	—	184	179

Total intangible assets	—	184	—	184	—	113	113	297	299

Deferred tax assets	—	99	2	101	—	130	130	231	214
Other non investment and non-cash assets	413	1,799	107	1,906	364	2,088	2,452	4,771	4,631
Investment of long term business and other operations:
Investment properties^{note (viii)}	571	7,164	726	7,890	682	1,569	2,251	10,712	11,212
Investments accounted for using the equity method	—	—	—	—	—	70	70	70	69
Financial investments:
Loans^{note (v)}	143	1,752	78	1,830	—	1,142	1,142	3,115	2,302
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts	2,448	20,685	170	20,855	13,394	25	13,419	36,722	40,519
Debt securities	4,349	37,696	5,633	43,329	6,115	24,160	30,275	77,953	74,304
Other investments^{note (vi)}	281	3,550	306	3,856	87	344	431	4,568	3,998
Deposits	693	6,155	236	6,391	966	1,237	2,203	9,287	9,022

Total investments	8,485	77,002	7,149	84,151	21,244	28,547	49,791	142,427	141,426

Properties held for sale	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	254
Cash and cash equivalents	112	1,636	191	1,827	666	360	1,026	2,965	2,839

Total assets	9,010	80,720	7,449	88,169	22,274	31,238	53,512	150,691	149,663

		PAC with-profits fund note (i)			Other funds and subsidiaries

	Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund note (ii)	PAC with-profits fund note (i)			Other funds and subsidiaries
By operating segment	Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund note (ii)	Excluding Prudential Annuities Limited	Prudential Annuities Limited note (iii)	Total note (iv)	Unit- linked assets and liabilities	Annuity and other long-term business	Total	2011 Total	2010 Total

	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m
Equity and liabilities
*Equity*
Shareholders' equity	—	—	—	—	—	2,581	2,581	2,581	2,148
Non-controlling interests	—	33	—	33	—	—	—	33	35

Total equity	—	33	—	33	—	2,581	2,581	2,614	2,183

*Liabilities*
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4)	8,555	67,098	5,323	72,421	21,281	24,767	46,048	127,024	125,530
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds (reflecting application of 'realistic' basis provisions for UK regulated with-profits funds)^note (vii)	—	7,743	1,422	9,165	—	—	—	9,165	10,187

Total	8,555	74,841	6,745	81,586	21,281	24,767	46,048	136,189	135,717

Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder financed operations	—	—	—	—	1	102	103	103	162
Borrowings attributable to with-profits funds	17	955	—	955	—	—	—	972	1,522
Deferred tax liabilities	41	691	135	826	—	482	482	1,349	1,738
Other non-insurance liabilities	397	4,200	569	4,769	992	3,306	4,298	9,464	8,341

Total liabilities	9,010	80,687	7,449	88,136	22,274	28,657	50,931	148,077	147,480

Total equity and liabilities	9,010	80,720	7,449	88,169	22,274	31,238	53,512	150,691	149,663

A reconciliation of the total investments of UK insurance operations from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

		PAC with-profits fund			Other funds and subsidiaries

	Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund	Excluding Prudential Annuities Limited	Prudential Annuities Limited	Total	Unit- linked assets and liabilities	Annuity and other long-term business	UK insurance operations Total

	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m	£m
At 1 January 2010
Total investments (including derivative assets)	9,848	67,832	13,794	81,626	18,421	22,795	132,690
Less: Investments held by consolidated investment funds	—	(1,050)	(19)	(1,069)	(729)	(37)	(1,835)
Less: Derivative liabilities	(37)	(317)	(166)	(483)	—	(189)	(709)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities	9,811	66,465	13,609	80,074	17,692	22,569	130,146

Net cash (outflow) inflow from operating activities	(762)	(838)	(21)	(859)	1,000	1,950	1,329
Realised gains in the year	368	1,502	73	1,575	267	23	2,233
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year	249	2,963	608	3,571	1,131	1,007	5,958
Reclassification of property under development	—	—	—	—	—	56	56

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities	(145)	3,627	660	4,287	2,398	3,036	9,576

At 31 December 2010/1 January 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)	9,704	70,576	14,496	85,072	20,795	25,855	141,426
Less: Investments held by consolidated investment funds	—	(140)	(22)	(162)	(705)	(45)	(912)
Less: Derivative liabilities^{note G3}	(38)	(344)	(205)	(549)	—	(205)	(792)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities	9,666	70,092	14,269	84,361	20,090	25,605	139,722

Net cash (outflow) inflow from operating activities	(1,154)	6,746	(8,184)	(1,438)	638	1,034	(920)
Realised gains in the year	349	2,047	785	2,832	607	64	3,852
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year	(448)	(2,606)	(12)	(2,618)	(888)	1,452	(2,502)

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities	(1,253)	6,187	(7,411)	(1,224)	357	2,550	430

At 31 December 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)	8,485	77,002	7,149	84,151	21,244	28,547	142,427
Less: Investments held by consolidated investment funds	—	(52)	(23)	(75)	(793)	(109)	(977)
Less: Derivative liabilities^{note G3}	(72)	(671)	(268)	(939)	(4)	(283)	(1,298)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities	8,413	76,279	6,858	83,137	20,447	28,155	140,152

(c) Reconciliation of movement in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds

A reconciliation of the total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds of UK insurance operations from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

				Other shareholder-backed funds and subsidiaries

	SAIF and PAC with-profits sub-fund			Unit-linked liabilities			Annuity and other long-term business			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m
At 1 January 2010		87,495			19,035			19,665			126,195
Comprising:
—Policyholder liabilities		77,529			19,035			19,665			116,229
—Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		9,966			—			—			9,966

Premiums		3,311			2,301			2,278			7,890
Surrenders		(2,453	)		(1,272	)		(54	)		(3,779	)
Maturities/Deaths		(5,079	)		(726	)		(1,498	)		(7,303	)

Net flows^{note (a)}		(4,221	)		303			726			(3,192	)
Shareholders transfers post-tax		(223	)		—			—			(223	)
Switches		(236	)		236			—			—
Investment-related items and other movements^{note (b)}		9,165			2,097			1,910			13,172
Dilution of Group's holdings		—			—			(27	)		(27	)
Foreign exchange translation differences		(207	)		—			(1	)		(208	)

At 31 December 2010/1 January 2011		91,773			21,671			22,273			135,717

Comprising:
—Policyholder liabilities		81,586			21,671			22,273			125,530
—Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		10,187			—			—			10,187

Premiums		3,413			1,854			1,721			6,988
Surrenders		(2,285	)		(1,851	)		(119	)		(4,255	)
Maturities/Deaths		(5,551	)		(655	)		(1,607	)		(7,813	)

Net flows^{note (a)}		(4,423	)		(652	)		(5	)		(5,080	)
Shareholders transfers post-tax		(216	)		—			—			(216	)
Switches		(237	)		237			—			—
Investment-related items and other movements^{note (b)}		3,338			25			2,499			5,862
Foreign exchange translation differences		(94	)		—			—			(94	)

At 31 December 2011		90,141			21,281			24,767			136,189

Comprising:
—Policyholder liabilities		80,976			21,281			24,767			127,024
—Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		9,165			—			—			9,165

Average policyholder liability balances*
2011		81,281			21,476			23,520			126,277
2010		79,558			20,353			20,969			120,880

The following table summarises by rating the securities held by UK insurance operations as at 31 December 2011 and 2010:

			PAC-with-profits sub-fund						Other funds and subsidiaries

			PAC-with-profits sub-fund						Other funds and subsidiaries						UK insurance operations
													Other annuity and long-term business
	Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund		Excluding Prudential Annuities Limited		Prudential Annuities Limited				Unit- linked assets
	Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund		Excluding Prudential Annuities Limited		Prudential Annuities Limited		Total		Unit- linked assets		PRIL				2011 Total		2010 Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
S&P—AAA		578		4,292		585		4,877		699		3,302		472		9,928		18,833
S&P—AA+ to AA-		554		3,323		645		3,968		792		3,008		325		8,647		6,885
S&P—A+ to A-		1,104		10,257		1,318		11,575		1,444		6,525		826		21,474		21,508
S&P—BBB+ to BBB-		1,014		9,551		541		10,092		917		3,186		537		15,746		12,848
S&P—Other		311		2,461		62		2,523		142		174		25		3,175		3,403

		3,561		29,884		3,151		33,035		3,994		16,195		2,185		58,970		63,477

Moody's—Aaa		263		2,350		1,169		3,519		1,411		2,153		599		7,945		765
Moody's—Aa1 to Aa3		26		180		33		213		88		269		55		651		360
Moody's—A1 to A3		41		456		125		581		51		290		45		1,008		632
Moody's—Baa1 to Baa3		56		516		109		625		74		236		39		1,030		949
Moody's—Other		16		152		6		158		37		24		7		242		233

		402		3,654		1,442		5,096		1,661		2,972		745		10,876		2,939

Fitch		20		185		80		265		26		163		18		492		630
Other		366		3,973		960		4,933		434		1,776		106		7,615		7,258

Total UK debt securities		4,349		37,696		5,633		43,329		6,115		21,106		3,054		77,953		74,304

Where no external ratings are available, internal ratings produced by the Group's asset management operation, which are prepared on the Company's assessment of a comparable basis to external ratings, are used where possible. The £7,615 million total debt securities held at 31 December 2011 (2010: £7,258 million) which are not externally rated are either internally rated or unrated. These are analysed as follows:

The majority of unrated debt security investments were held in SAIF and the PAC with-profits fund and relate to convertible debt and other investments which are not covered by ratings analysts nor have an internal rating attributed to them. Of the £1,882 million PRIL and other annuity and long-term business investments which are not externally rated, £9 million were internally rated AAA, £114 million AA, £590 million A, £887 million BBB, £92 million BB and £190 million were internally rated B+ and below or unrated.

During the year Standard and Poor's withdrew its ratings of debt securities issued by a number of Sovereigns. Where these are no longer available Moody's ratings have been used. This primarily impacts the UK and Asia insurance operations.

As detailed in note D2(j) below, the primary sensitivity of IFRS basis profit or loss and shareholders' equity relates to non-linked shareholder-backed business which covers 'PRIL' and 'other annuity and long-term business' in the table above.

Prudential's long-term products in the UK consist of life insurance, pension products and pension annuities.

Within the statement of financial position of UK insurance operations at 31 December 2011, as shown in note D2(a), there are policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of £81.6 billion (2010: £82.0 billion) that relate to the WPSF. These amounts include the liabilities and capital of Prudential Annuities Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the fund. The WPSF mainly contains with-profits business but it also contains some non-profit business (unit-linked, term assurances and annuities). The WPSF's profits are apportioned 90 per cent to its policyholders and 10 per cent to shareholders as surplus for distribution is determined via the annual actuarial valuation.

The WPSF held a provision of £90 million at 31 December 2011 (2010: £24 million) to honour guarantees on a small amount of guaranteed annuity products. SAIF's exposure to guaranteed annuities is described below.

Beyond the generic guarantees described above, there are very few explicit options or guarantees such as minimum investment returns, surrender values or annuities at retirement and any granted have generally been at very low levels.

With-profits products provide returns to policyholders through bonuses that are 'smoothed'. There are two types of bonuses: 'annual' and 'final'. Annual bonuses are declared once a year, and once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular product. Unlike annual bonuses, final bonuses are guaranteed only until the next bonus declaration.

The main factors that influence the determination of bonus rates are the return on the investments of the with-profits fund, inflation, taxation, the expenses of the fund chargeable to policyholders and the degree to which investment returns are smoothed. The overall rate of return earned on investments and the expectation of future investment returns are the most important influences on bonus rates.

A high proportion of the assets backing the with-profits business are invested in equities and real estate. If the financial strength of the with-profits business is affected, then a higher proportion of fixed interest or similar assets might be held by the fund.

Further details on the determination of the two types of the bonuses: 'regular' and 'final', the application of significant judgement, key assumptions and the degree of smoothing of investment returns in determining the bonus rates are provided below.

A final bonus which is normally declared yearly, may be added when a claim is paid or when units of a unitised product are realised.

In general, the same final bonus scale applies to maturity, death and surrender claims except that:

The application of the above method for determining bonuses requires the PAC Board to apply significant judgement in many respects, including in particular the following:

Furthermore, in accordance with industry-wide regulatory requirements, the PAC Board has appointed:

volatile movement in investment return and other items of income and expenditure of the UK component of the PAC with-profits fund for each year presented.

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Net income of the fund:
Investment return		4,094			8,815			10,461

Claims incurred		(6,411	)		(6,390	)		(6,253	)
Movement in policyholder liabilities		(614	)		(4,301	)		(3,692	)
Add back policyholder bonuses for the year (as shown below)		1,945			2,019			1,827

Claims incurred and movement in policyholder liabilities including charge for provision for asset shares and excluding policyholder bonuses)		(5,080	)		(8,672	)		(8,118	)
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance		3,404			3,148			3,063
Other income		17			9			(2	)
Acquisition costs and other expenditure		(696	)		(600	)		(842	)
Tax charge		(63	)		(528	)		(640	)

Net income of the fund before movement in unallocated surplus		1,676			2,172			3,922
Movement in unallocated surplus		485			70			(1,893	)

Surplus for distribution		2,161			2,242			2,029

Surplus for distribution allocated as follows:
—90% policyholders bonus (as shown above)		1,945			2,019			1,827
—10% shareholders' transfers		216			223			202

		2,161			2,242			2,029

Prudential's conventional annuities include level, fixed-increase and inflation-linked annuities, the link being to the Retail Price Index (RPI) in the majority of cases. They are mainly written within the subsidiaries PAL, PRIL, the PAC non profit sub-fund and the PAC with-profits sub-fund, but there are some annuity liabilities in Prudential Pensions Limited and SAIF.

Prudential's fixed-increase annuities incorporate automatic increases in annuity payments by fixed amounts over the policyholder's life. The RPI annuities that Prudential offers provide for a regular annuity payment to which an additional amount is added periodically based on the increase in the UK RPI.

Prudential's with-profits annuities, which are written in the WPSF, combine the income features of annuity products with the investment smoothing features of with-profits products and enable policyholders to obtain exposure to investment return on the WPSF's equity shares, property and other investment categories over time. Policyholders select a 'required smoothed return' bonus' from the specific range Prudential offers for the particular product. The amount of the annuity payment each year

depends upon the relationship between the required smoothed return bonus rate selected by the policyholder when the product is purchased and the smoothed return bonus rates Prudential subsequently declares each year during the term of the product. If the total bonus rates fall below the anticipated rate, then the annuity income falls.

At 31 December 2011, £38.3 billion (2010: £35.6 billion) of investments relate to annuity business of PAL (including the business recaptured by PAC WPSF in 2011) and PRIL. These investments are predominantly in debt securities (including retail price
index-linked bonds to match retail price index-linked annuities), loans and deposits and are duration matched with the estimated duration of the liabilities they support.

SAIF is a ring-fenced sub-fund of the PAC long-term fund formed following the acquisition of the mutually owned Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society in 1997. No new business may be written in SAIF, although regular premiums are still being paid on policies in force at the time of the acquisition and incremental premiums are permitted on these policies.

The fund is solely for the benefit of policyholders of SAIF. Shareholders have no interest in the profits of this fund although they are entitled to asset management fees on this business.

The process for determining policyholder bonuses of SAIF with-profits policies, which constitute the vast majority of obligations of the funds, is similar to that for the with-profits policies of the WPSF. However, in addition, the surplus assets in SAIF are allocated to policies in an orderly and equitable distribution over time as enhancements to policyholder benefits i.e. in excess of those based on asset share.

Provision is made for the risks attaching to some SAIF unitised with-profits policies that have MVR-free dates and for those SAIF products which have a guaranteed minimum benefit on death or maturity of premiums accumulated at four per cent per annum.

The Group's main exposure to guaranteed annuities in the UK is through SAIF and a provision of £370 million was held in SAIF at 31 December 2011 (2010: £336 million) to honour the guarantees. As SAIF is a separate sub-fund solely for the benefit of policyholders of SAIF this provision has no impact on the financial position of the Group's shareholders' equity.

Prudential UK insurance operations also have an extensive book of unit-linked policies of varying types and provide a range of other non-profit business such as credit life and protection contracts. These contracts do not contain significant financial guarantees.

There are no guaranteed maturity values or guaranteed annuity options on unit-linked policies except for minor amounts for certain policies linked to cash units within SAIF.

For with-profits business, the absence of guaranteed surrender values and the flexibility given by the operation of the bonus system means that a high proportion of the investments backing the with-profits business are in equities and real estate with the balance in debt securities, deposits and loans.

The investments supporting the protection business are small in value and tend to be assets of a fixed term duration reflecting the guaranteed nature of the liabilities.

Prudential's UK annuity business mainly employs fixed income investments (including UK retail price index-linked assets) because the liabilities consist of guaranteed payments for as long as each annuitant or surviving partner is alive. Retail price index-linked assets are used to back pension annuities where the payments are linked to the RPI.

Except through the second order effect on asset management fees, the unit-linked business of the UK insurance operations is not exposed to market risk. The lack of exposure arises from the contract nature whereby policyholder benefits reflect asset value movements of the unit-linked funds.

The calculation of the contract liabilities involves the setting of assumptions for future experience. This is done following detailed review of the relevant experience including, in particular, mortality, expenses, tax, economic assumptions and where applicable, persistency.

For with-profits business written in the WPSF or SAIF, a market consistent valuation is performed (as described in section (ii) below). Additional assumptions required are for persistency and the management actions under which the fund is managed. Assumptions used for a market consistent valuation typically do not contain margins, whereas those used for the valuation of other classes of business do.

Mortality assumptions are set based on the results of the most recent experience analysis looking at the experience over recent years of the relevant business. For non-profit business, a margin for adverse deviation is added. Different assumptions are applied for different product groups. For annuitant mortality, assumptions for current mortality rates are based on recent experience investigations and expected future improvements in mortality. The expected future improvements are based on recent experience and projections of the business and industry experience generally.

Maintenance and, for some classes of business, termination expense assumptions are expressed as per policy amounts. They are set based on the expenses incurred during the year, including an

allowance for ongoing investment expenditure and allocated between entities and product groups in accordance with the operation's internal cost allocation model. For non-profit business a margin for adverse deviation is added to this amount. Expense inflation assumptions are set consistent with the economic basis and based on the difference between yields on nominal gilts and index-linked gilts.

The actual renewal expenses incurred on behalf of SAIF by other Group companies are recharged in full to SAIF.

The assumptions for asset management expenses are based on the charges specified in agreements with the Group's asset management operations, plus a margin for adverse deviation for non-profit business.

For non-profit business excluding unit-linked business, the valuation interest rates used to discount the liabilities are based on the yields as at the valuation date on the assets backing the technical provisions. For fixed interest securities the gross redemption yield is used except for the PAL (including the business recaptured by PAC WPSF in 2011) and PRIL annuity business where the internal rate of return of the assets backing the liabilities is used. Properties are valued using the rental yield, and for equities it is the greater of the dividend yield and the average of the dividend yield and the earnings yield. An adjustment is made to the yield on non risk-free fixed interest securities and property to reflect credit risk. To calculate the non-unit reserves for linked business, assumptions have been set for the gross unit growth rate and the rate of inflation of maintenance expenses, as well as for the valuation interest rate as described above.

The policyholder liabilities reported for the WPSF are primarily for two broad types of business. These are accumulating and conventional with-profits contracts. The policyholder liabilities of the WPSF are accounted for under FRS 27.

The provisions have been determined on a basis consistent with the detailed methodology included in regulations contained in the FSA's rules for the determination of reserves on the FSA's 'realistic' Peak 2 basis. In aggregate, the regime has the effect of placing a value on the liabilities of UK with-profits contracts, which reflects the amounts expected to be paid based on the current value of investments held by the with-profits funds and current circumstances. These contracts are a combination of insurance and investment contracts with discretionary participation features, as defined by IFRS 4.

The FSA's Peak 2 calculation under the realistic regime requires the value of liabilities to be calculated as:

The WPBR is primarily based on the retrospective calculation of accumulated asset shares but is adjusted to reflect future expected policyholder benefits and other outgoings. Asset shares are

calculated as the accumulation of all items of income and outgo that are relevant to each policy type. Income comprises credits for premiums, investment returns (including unrealised gains), and miscellaneous profits. Outgo comprises charges for tax (including an allowance for tax on unrealised gains), guarantees and smoothing, mortality and morbidity, shareholders' profit transfers, miscellaneous losses, and expenses and commission (net of any tax relief).

The FPRL must include a market consistent valuation of costs of guarantees, options and smoothing, less any related charges, and this amount must be determined using either a stochastic approach, hedging costs or a series of deterministic projections with attributed probabilities.

The cost of guarantees, options and smoothing is very sensitive to the bonus, market value reduction (MVR), and investment policy employed and therefore the stochastic modelling incorporates a range of management actions that would help to protect the fund in adverse investment scenarios. Substantial flexibility has been included in the modelled management actions in order to reflect the discretion that is retained in adverse investment conditions, thereby avoiding the creation of unreasonable minimum capital requirements. The management actions assumed are consistent with the Group's management policy for with-profits funds and the Group's disclosures in the publicly available PPFM.

The contract liabilities for with-profits business also require assumptions for persistency. These are set based on the results of recent experience analysis.

For IFRS reporting, the results for UK shareholder-backed annuity business are particularly sensitive to the allowances made for credit risk. The allowance is reflected in the deduction from the valuation rate of interest for discounting projected future annuity payments to policyholders that would have otherwise applied. Since mid-2007 there has been a significant increase in the actual and perceived credit risk associated with corporate bonds as reflected in the significant widening that has occurred in corporate bond spreads. Although bond spreads over swap rates have narrowed from their peak in March 2009, they are still high compared with the levels seen in the years immediately preceding the start of the dislocated markets in 2007. The allowance that should therefore be made for credit risk remains a particular area of judgement.

The additional yield received on corporate bonds relative to swaps can be broken into the following constituent parts:

The allowance for credit risk comprises (i) an amount for long-term best estimate defaults and (ii) additional provisions for credit risk premium, downgrade resilience, and short-term defaults.

The weighted components of the bond spread over swap rates for shareholder-backed fixed and linked annuity business for PRIL at 31 December 2011, 31 December 2010 and 31 December 2009, based on the asset mix at the relevant balance sheet date are shown below.

The very prudent Pillar 1 regulatory basis reflects the overriding objective of maintaining sufficient provisions and capital to ensure payments to policyholders can be made. The approach for IFRS aims to establish liabilities that are closer to 'best estimate'.

Movement in the credit risk allowance for PRIL for the year ended 31 December 2011

The movement during 2011 of the average basis points allowance for PRIL on Pillar 1 regulatory and IFRS bases are as follows:

In prior periods, surplus from favourable default experience has been retained within short-term allowances for credit risk on both the Pillar 1 and IFRS bases. For full year 2011 the retention of such surpluses continues to be applied to IFRS but not for Pillar 1.

Overall the movement has led to the credit allowance for Pillar 1 purposes to be 33 per cent (2010: 43 per cent) of the bond spread over swap rates. For IFRS purposes it represents 20 per cent (2010: 26 per cent) of the bond spread over swap rates.

The reserves for credit risk allowance at 31 December 2011 for the UK shareholder annuity fund were as follows:

The mortality assumptions are set in light of recent population and internal experience. The assumptions used are percentages of standard actuarial mortality tables with an allowance for future mortality improvements. Where annuities have been sold on an enhanced basis to impaired lives an additional age adjustment is made. The percentages of the standard table used are selected according to the source of business.

In 2009, Prudential's annuity business liabilities were determined using the Continuous Mortality Investigation ('CMI') medium cohort projections with a floor. In November 2009 a new mortality projection model was released by the CMI. The new model was applied since the 2010 results with calibration to reflect an appropriate view of future mortality improvement. Prior to 2010, in recognition of the trend in assumed mortality improvements the Company had in previous years included margins in its annuity liabilities. In determining the 2010 results, based on the new model, the appropriate level of these margins were reassessed. See note D2 (i) below for the net effect in 2010 of applying the new model, releases of margin, and changes to other related mortality assumptions.

The majority of other long-term business written in the UK insurance operations is unit-linked business or other business with similar features. For these contracts the attaching liability reflects the unit value obligation and provision for expenses and mortality risk. The latter component is determined by applying mortality assumptions on a basis that is appropriate for the policyholder profile.

For unit-linked business, the assets covering unit liabilities are exposed to market risk, but the residual risk when considering the unit-linked liabilities and assets together is limited to the effect on fund-based charges.

For those contracts where the level of insurance risk is insignificant the assets and liabilities arising under the contracts are distinguished between those that relate to the financial instrument liability and acquisition costs and deferred income that relate to the component of the contract that relates to investment management. Acquisition costs and deferred income are recognised consistent with the level of service provision in line with the requirements of IAS 18.

The Group's UK insurance business cedes only minor amounts of business outside the Group. During 2011, reinsurance premiums for externally ceded business were £132 million (2010: £128 million; 2009: £122 million) and reinsurance recoverable assets were £589 million (2010: £608 million) in aggregate. The gains and losses recognised in profit and loss for the 2011 and 2010 contracts were immaterial. During 2009 the Group's UK insurance business wrote a longevity swap on certain aspects of the UK's annuity back-book liabilities. This resulted in a one-off benefit of £34 million to IFRS profit before tax in 2009. The gains and losses recognised in profit and loss for other contracts in 2009 were immaterial.

(i) Effect of changes in assumptions used to measure insurance assets and liabilities

In 2011, for the shareholder-backed business, the aggregate effect of assumption changes other than the allowance for credit risk described above was a net charge to the shareholder results of £9 million, comprising a number of individually small assumption changes.

For the with-profits sub-fund, the aggregate effect of assumption changes in 2011 was a net charge to unallocated surplus of £59 million, relating to changes in mortality, expense, persistency and economic assumptions.

Note D2(g)(iii) above explains the application of a new mortality projection model in 2010 to determine the Prudential's annuity business.

The net effect of applying the new model, releases of margins, and changes to other related mortality assumptions for shareholder-backed business is a credit of £8 million. With a £38 million benefit from altered expense assumptions the overall credit for shareholder-backed business is £46 million.

For the with-profits sub-fund, the aggregate effect of assumption changes in 2010 was a net charge to unallocated surplus of £62 million, relating to changes in mortality, expense, persistency and economic assumptions.

Overall mortality experience was in line with expectations and no change was therefore required to the overall strength of mortality assumptions at 31 December 2009.

For the shareholder-backed business, the aggregate effect of assumption changes in 2009 was a net credit to the shareholder result of £46 million, primarily related to changes to the deflation reserve, expense assumptions and modelling changes.

For the with-profits sub-fund, the aggregate effect of assumption changes in 2009 was a net credit to unallocated surplus of £65 million principally for altered expense assumptions.

(j) Sensitivity of IFRS basis profit or loss and shareholders' equity to market and other risks

The risks to which the IFRS basis results of the UK insurance operations are sensitive are asset/liability matching, mortality experience and payment assumptions for shareholder-backed annuity business. Further details are described below.

Shareholders have no interest in the profits of SAIF but are entitled to the asset management fees paid on the assets of the fund.

For with-profits business (including non-participating business of PAL which is owned by the WPSF) adjustments to liabilities and any related tax effects are recognised in the Group's income statement. However, except for any impact on the annual declaration of bonuses, shareholders' profit for with-profits business is unaffected. This is because IFRS basis profits for with-profits business, which are determined on the same basis as on the grandfathered UK GAAP, solely reflect one-ninth of the cost of bonuses declared for the year.

The main factors that influence the determination of bonus rates are the return on the investments of the fund, the effect of inflation, taxation, the expenses of the fund chargeable to policyholders and the degree to which investment returns are smoothed. Mortality and other insurance risk are relatively minor factors.

Unallocated surplus represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities of the fund. As unallocated surplus of the WPSF is recorded as a liability, movements in its value do not affect shareholders' profits or equity.

The level of unallocated surplus is particularly sensitive to the level of investment returns on the portion of the life fund assets that represents the surplus. The effects for 2011 and 2010 are demonstrated in note D5.

A decrease in assumed mortality rates of one per cent would decrease gross profits by approximately £64 million (2010: £53 million; 2009: £44 million). A decrease in credit default assumptions of five basis points would increase gross profits by £137 million (2010: £119 million; 2009: £91 million). A decrease in renewal expenses (excluding asset management expenses) of five per cent would increase gross profits by £25 million (2010: £23 million; 2009: £17 million). The effect on profits would be approximately symmetrical for changes in assumptions that are directionally opposite to those explained above.

Unit-linked and other business represents a comparatively small proportion of the in-force business of the UK insurance operations.

Profits from unit-linked and similar contracts primarily arise from the excess of charges to policyholders, for management of assets under the Company's stewardship, over expenses incurred. The former is most sensitive to the net accretion of funds under management as a function of new business and lapse and timing of death. The accounting impact of the latter is dependent upon the amortisation of acquisition costs in line with the emergence of margins (for insurance contracts) and amortisation in line with service provision (for the investment management component of investment contracts). By virtue of the design features of most of the contracts which provide low levels of mortality cover, the profits are relatively insensitive to changes in mortality experience.

By virtue of the fund structure, product features and basis of accounting, the policyholder liabilities of the UK insurance operations are, except for pension annuity business, not generally exposed to interest rate risk. At 31 December 2011 pension annuity liabilities accounted for 98 per cent (2010: 98 per cent) of UK shareholder-backed business liabilities. For pension annuity business, liabilities are exposed to interest rate risk. However, the net exposure to the PAC WPSF (for PAL) and shareholders (for annuity liabilities of PRIL and the non-profit sub-fund) is very substantially ameliorated by virtue of the close matching of assets with appropriate duration. The level of matching from period to period can vary depending on management actions and economic factors so it is possible for a degree of mis-matching profits or losses to arise.

The close matching by the Group of assets of appropriate duration to annuity liabilities is based on maintaining economic and regulatory capital. The measurement of liabilities under capital reporting requirements and IFRS is not the same with contingency reserves and some other margins for prudence within the assumptions required under the FSA regulatory solvency basis not included for IFRS reporting purposes. As a result IFRS equity is higher than regulatory capital and therefore more sensitive to interest rate and credit risk.

The estimated sensitivity of the UK non-linked shareholder-backed business (principally pension annuities business) to a movement in interest rates is as follows:

In addition the shareholder-backed portfolio of UK non-linked insurance operations covering liabilities and shareholders' equity includes equity securities and investment property. Excluding any second order effects on the measurement of the liabilities for future cash flows to the policyholder, a fall

in their value would have given rise to the following effects on pre-tax profit, profit after tax, and shareholders' equity.

A 10 or 20 per cent increase in their value would have an approximately equal and opposite effect on profit and shareholders' equity to the sensitivities shown above. The market risk sensitivities shown above reflect the impact of temporary market movements and, therefore, the primary effect of such movements would, in the Group's segmental analysis of profits, be included within the short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

In the equity risk sensitivity analysis shown above, the Group has considered the impact of an instantaneous 20 per cent fall in equity markets. If equity markets were to fall by more than 20 per cent, the Group believes that this would not be an instantaneous fall but rather this would be expected to occur over a period of time during which the Group would be able to put in place mitigating management actions.

With the exception of most unitised with-profits bonds and other whole of life contracts the majority of the contracts of the UK insurance operations have a contract term. However, in effect, the maturity term of contracts reflects the earlier of death, maturity, or lapsation. In addition, with-profits contract liabilities as noted in note D2(g) include projected future bonuses based on current investment values. The actual amounts payable will vary with future investment performance of SAIF and the WPSF.

The tables above show the carrying value of the policyholder liabilities. Separately, the Group uses cash flow projections of expected benefit payments as part of the determination of the value of in-force business when preparing EEV basis results. The tables in the accompanying notes below show the maturity profile of the cash flows used for that purpose for insurance contracts, as defined by IFRS, i.e. those containing significant insurance risk, and investment contracts, which do not.

	With-profits business						Annuity business (Insurance contracts)						Other

	Insurance contracts		Investment contracts				Annuity business (Insurance contracts)						Insurance contracts		Investment contracts
	Insurance contracts		Investment contracts		Total		PAL		PRIL		Total		Insurance contracts		Investment contracts		Total		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Policyholders liabilities		46,288		29,365		75,653		5,323		18,236		23,559		12,885		14,927		27,812		127,024

		%		%		%		%		%		%		%		%		%		%

Expected maturity:
0 to 5 years		47		32		41		25		25		25		34		28		31		35
5 to 10 years		24		26		25		22		22		22		25		22		24		24
10 to 15 years		13		19		16		18		18		18		18		18		18		17
15 to 20 years		8		14		10		13		13		13		11		12		11		11
20 to 25 years		5		7		6		9		10		9		7		9		7		7
over 25 years		3		2		2		13		12		13		5		11		9		6

	2010

	With-profits business						Annuity business (Insurance contracts)						Other
	Insurance contracts		Investment contracts				Annuity business (Insurance contracts)						Insurance contracts		Investment contracts
	Insurance contracts		Investment contracts		Total		PAL		PRIL		Total		Insurance contracts		Investment contracts		Total		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Policyholders liabilities		43,691		25,613		69,304		12,282		16,442		28,724		11,737		15,765		27,502		125,530

		%		%		%		%		%		%		%		%		%		%

Expected maturity:
0 to 5 years		46		31		40		32		29		30		35		29		32		36
5 to 10 years		25		25		25		25		23		24		26		21		23		24
10 to 15 years		13		19		16		18		17		18		18		20		19		17
15 to 20 years		7		14		10		12		13		12		10		11		11		11
20 to 25 years		4		8		6		7		8		8		6		8		7		7
over 25 years		5		3		3		6		10		8		5		11		8		5

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Profit for the year (as above)		432			338			588
Items recognised in other comprehensive income:
Exchange movements		42			85			(231	)
Unrealised valuation movements on securities classified as available-for-sale:
Unrealised holding gains arising during the year		912			1,170			2,249
Deduct net (gains)/add back net losses included in the income statement		(101	)		51			420

Total unrealised valuation movements		811			1,221			2,669
Related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs		(331	)		(496	)		(1,069	)
Related tax		(168	)		(247	)		(557	)

Total other comprehensive income		354			563			812

Total comprehensive income for the year		786			901			1,400
Dividends, interest payments to central companies and other movements		(330	)		(97	)		(87	)

Net increase in shareholders' equity		456			804			1,313
Shareholders' equity at beginning of year		3,815			3,011			1,698

Shareholders' equity at end of year		4,271			3,815			3,011

Included within the movements in shareholders' equity is a net increase in value of Jackson's debt securities classified as 'available-for-sale' under IAS 39 of £811 million (2010: £1,221 million; 2009: £2,669 million).

With the exception of debt securities for US insurance operations classified as 'available-for-sale' under IAS 39, unrealised value movements on the Group's investments are booked within the income statement. However, for debt securities classified as 'available-for-sale', unless impaired, fair value

movements are recognised in other comprehensive income. Realised gains and losses, including impairments, are recorded in the income statement. This classification is applied for most of the debt securities of the Group's US operations. In 2011, Jackson recorded £62 million (2010: £124 million; 2009: £630 million) of impairment losses arising from:

Further details on the impairment losses recognised in the year are shown in note B1. Jackson's portfolio of debt securities is managed proactively with credit analysts closely monitoring and reporting on the credit quality of its holdings. Jackson continues to review its investments on a case-by-case basis to determine whether any decline in fair value represents an impairment. In addition, investments in structured securities are subject to a rigorous review of their future estimated cash flows, including expected and stress case scenarios, to identify potential shortfalls in contractual payments (both interest and principal). Impairment charges are recorded on structured securities when the Company forecasts a contractual payment shortfall. Situations where such a shortfall would not lead to a recognition of a loss are rare. However, some structured securities do not have a single determined set of future cash flows and instead, there can be a reasonable range of estimates that could potentially emerge. With this variability, there could be instances where the projected cash flow shortfall under management's base case set of assumptions is so minor that relatively small and justifiable changes to the base case assumptions would eliminate the need for an impairment loss to be recognised. The impairment loss reflects the difference between the fair value and book value.

				Reflected as part of movement in consolidated statement of comprehensive income

	2011			Changes in Unrealised appreciation**		Foreign exchange translation		2010

	£m			£m		£m		£m
Assets fair valued at below book value
Book value*		2,455							4,372
Unrealised (loss)/gain		(246	)		122		2		(370	)

Fair value (as included in statement of financial position)		2,209							4,002

Assets fair valued at or above book value
Book value*		22,504							20,743
Unrealised gain		2,303			689		34		1,580

Fair value (as included in statement of financial position)		24,807							22,323

Total
Book value*		24,959							25,115
Net unrealised gain		2,057			811		36		1,210

Fair value (as included in statement of financial position)***		27,016							26,325

Included within the movement in gross unrealised losses for the debt securities of Jackson of £122 million (2010: £634 million) as shown above was a net decrease in value of £12 million (2010: £84 million increase) relating to the sub-prime and Alt-A securities as referred to in section B5.

	2011

	Variable annuity separate account assets and liabilities note (i)
			Fixed annuity, GIC and other business note (i)
							2010
					Total		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangibles		—		3,900		3,900		3,559

Total		—		3,900		3,900		3,559

Deferred tax assets		—		1,392		1,392		1,391
Other non-investment and non-cash assets		—		1,542		1,542		1,225
Investments of long-term business and other operations:
Investment properties		—		35		35		26
Financial investments:
Loans^{note (ii)}		—		4,110		4,110		4,201
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts^{note (v)}		37,833		203		38,036		31,501
Debt securities		—		27,022		27,022		26,366
Other investments^{note (iii)}		—		2,376		2,376		1,199
Deposits		—		167		167		212

Total investments		37,833		33,913		71,746		63,505

Properties held for sale		—		3		3		3

Cash and cash equivalents		—		271		271		232

Total assets		37,833		41,021		78,854		69,915

Equity and liabilities
*Equity*
Shareholders' equity		—		4,271		4,271		3,815

Total equity		—		4,271		4,271		3,815

*Liabilities*
Policyholder:
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4)^{note iv}		37,833		31,356		69,189		60,523

Total		37,833		31,356		69,189		60,523

Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		—		160		160		159
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations		—		127		127		90
Deferred tax liabilities		—		2,093		2,093		1,776
Other non-insurance liabilities		—		3,014		3,014		3,552

Total liabilities		37,833		36,750		74,583		66,100

Total equity and liabilities		37,833		41,021		78,854		69,915

The US insurance operations' commercial mortgage loan portfolio does not include any single-family residential mortgage loans and is therefore not exposed to the risk of defaults associated with residential sub-prime mortgage loans. The average loan size is £6.6 million (2010: £6.6 million). The portfolio has a current estimated average loan to value of 68 per cent (2010: 73 per cent) which provides significant cushion to withstand substantial declines in value.

At 31 December 2011, Jackson had mortgage loans with a carrying value of £87 million where the contractual terms of the agreements had been restructured. In addition to the regular impairment review afforded all loans in the portfolio, restructured loans are also reviewed for impairment. An impairment will be recorded if the expected cash flows under the newly restructured terms discounted at the original yield (the pre-structured interest rate) are below the carrying value of the loan.

††: The policy loans are fully secured by individual life insurance policies or annuity policies. These loans are accounted for at amortised cost, less any impairment.

(iv) Summary policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurance) and reserves at 31 December 2011

The policyholder liabilities, net of reinsurers' share of £907 million (2010: £694 million), reflect balances in respect of the following:

In addition to the policyholder liabilities above, Jackson has entered into a programme of funding arrangements under contracts which, in substance, are almost identical to GICs. The liabilities under these funding arrangements totalled £1,070 million (2010: £1,411 million) and are included in 'other non-insurance liabilities' in the statement of financial position above.

A reconciliation of the total investments of US insurance operations from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

	Variable annuity separate account assets and liabilities			GIC and other business			US Insurance operations Total


	£m			£m			£m
At 1 January 2010
Total investments (including derivative assets)		20,639			28,937			49,576
Less: Derivative liabilities		—			(461	)		(461	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		20,639			28,476			49,115

Net cash inflow from operating activities		6,441			865			7,306
Realised gains in the year		—			21			21
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year		4,123			2,141			6,264

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		10,564			3,027			13,591

At 31 December 2010/1 January 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)		31,203			32,302			63,505
Less: Derivative liabilities^{note G3}		—			(799	)		(799	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		31,203			31,503			62,706

Net cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities		7,294			(625	)		6,669
Realised gains in the year		—			102			102
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year		(664	)		2,046			1,382

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		6,630			1,523			8,153

At 31 December 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)		37,833			33,913			71,746
Less: Derivative liabilities^{note G3}		—			(887	)		(887	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		37,833			33,026			70,859

A reconciliation of the total policyholder liabilities of US insurance operations from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

	Variable annuity separate account liabilities			Fixed annuity, GIC and other business			Total


	£m			£m			£m
At 1 January 2010		20,639			27,672			48,311
Premiums		7,420			4,315			11,735
Surrenders		(1,403	)		(2,195	)		(3,598	)
Maturities/Deaths		(259	)		(510	)		(769	)

Net flows		5,758			1,610			7,368
Transfers from general to separate account		1,411			(1,411	)		—
Investment-related items and other movements		2,875			589			3,464
Foreign exchange translation differences^{note (a)}		520			860			1,380

At 31 December 2010/1 January 2011		31,203			29,320			60,523

Premiums		9,176			3,738			12,914
Surrenders		(1,898	)		(2,372	)		(4,270	)
Maturities/Deaths		(300	)		(520	)		(820	)

Net flows^{note (b)}		6,978			846			7,824
Transfers from general to separate account		957			(957	)		—
Investment-related items and other movements^{note (c)}		(1,735	)		1,871			136
Foreign exchange translation differences		430			276			706

At 31 December 2011		37,833			31,356			69,189
Average policyholder liability balances 2011		34,518			30,338			64,856
2010		25,921			28,496			54,417

The following table shows the quality of the publicly traded and SEC Rule 144A debt securities by NAIC classifications:

The following table shows the quality of the non-SEC Rule 144A private placement portfolio by NAIC classifications:

Other debt securities of £620 million (2010: £976 million) are made up as shown in the following table:

In addition to the ratings disclosed above, the following table summarises by rating the debt securities, as at 31 December 2011 and 2010 using Standard and Poor's (S&P), Moody's, Fitch and implicit ratings of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) based on NAIC valuations.

	2011		2010


	£m		£m
S&P—AAA		133		4,187
S&P—AA+ to AA-		4,476		801
S&P—A+ to A-		6,382		5,156
S&P—BBB+ to BBB-		8,446		8,202
S&P—Other		999		866

		20,436		19,212

Moody's—Aaa		62		34
Moody's—Aa1 to Aa3		15		32
Moody's—A1 to A3		29		36
Moody's—Baa1 to Baa3		67		73
Moody's—Other		17		135

		190		310

Implicit ratings of MBS based on NAIC valuations (see below)
NAIC 1		2,577		3,083
NAIC 2		147		181
NAIC 3-6		368		232

		3,092		3,496

Fitch		184		176
Other*		3,120		3,172

Total US debt securities		27,022		26,366

In the table above, with the exception of some mortgage-backed securities, S&P ratings have been used where available. For securities where S&P ratings are not immediately available, those produced by Moody's and then Fitch have been used as an alternative.

For some mortgage-backed securities within Jackson, the table above includes these securities using the regulatory ratings detail issued by the NAIC. These regulatory ratings levels were established by external third parties (PIMCO for residential mortgage-backed securities and BlackRock Solutions for commercial mortgage-backed securities).

(ii) Determining the fair value of debt securities when the markets are not active

Under IAS 39, unless categorised as 'held to maturity' or 'loans and receivables' debt securities are required to be fair valued. Where available, quoted market prices are used. However, where securities do not have an externally quoted price based on regular trades or where markets for the securities are no longer active as a result of market conditions, IAS 39 requires that valuation techniques be applied. IFRS 7 requires classification of the fair values applied by the Group into a three level hierarchy. Note G1 sets out further details of the Group's approach to determining fair value and classifies these fair values into a three level hierarchy as required by IFRS 7. At 31 December 2011, 0.1 per cent of Jackson's debt securities were classified as level 3 (31 December 2010: 0.3 per cent) comprising of fair values where there are significant inputs which are not based on observable market data.

Included within the debt securities of Jackson at 31 December 2011 are exposures to asset-backed securities as follows:

Jackson defines its exposure to sub-prime mortgages as investments in residential mortgage-backed securities in which the underlying borrowers have a US Fair Isaac Credit Organisation (FICO) credit score of 680 or lower.

(iv) Debt securities classified as available-for-sale in an unrealised loss position

The following tables show some key attributes of those securities that are in an unrealised loss position at 31 December 2011.

(a) Fair value of available-for-sale securities as a percentage of book value

The following table shows the fair value of the debt securities in a gross unrealised loss position for various percentages of book value at 31 December:

Included within the table above are amounts relating to sub-prime and Alt-A securities of:

(c) Age analysis of unrealised losses for the years indicated for available-for-sale securities

The following table shows the age analysis of all the unrealised losses in the portfolio by reference to the length of time the securities have been in an unrealised loss position:

(2010: £224 million), by category of debt securities and by age analysis indicating the length of time for which their fair value was below 80 per cent of the book value, is as follows:

	2011					2010

	Fair value		Unrealised loss			Fair value		Unrealised loss

	£m		£m			£m		£m
Category analysis
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Prime (including agency)		38		(16	)		88		(39	)
Alt—A		12		(3	)		15		(4	)
Sub-prime		58		(32	)		41		(20	)

		108		(51	)		144		(63	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		6		(29	)		8		(29	)
Other asset-backed securities		65		(58	)		123		(105	)

Total structured securities		179		(138	)		275		(197	)
Corporates		29		(20	)		64		(27	)

Total		208		(158	)		339		(224	)

Jackson provides long-term savings and retirement products to retail and institutional customers throughout the US. Jackson offers fixed annuities (interest-sensitive, fixed indexed and immediate annuities), variable annuities (VA), life insurance and institutional products.

At 31 December 2011, interest-sensitive fixed annuities accounted for 16 per cent (2010: 19 per cent) of policy and contract liabilities of Jackson. Interest-sensitive fixed annuities are primarily deferred annuity products that are used for asset accumulation in retirement planning and for providing income in retirement. They permit tax-deferred accumulation of funds and flexible payout options.

The policyholder of an interest-sensitive fixed annuity pays Jackson a premium, which is credited to the policyholder's account. Periodically, interest is credited to the policyholder's account and in some cases administrative charges are deducted from the policyholder's account. Jackson makes benefit payments at a future date as specified in the policy based on the value of the policyholder's account at that date.

The policy provides that at Jackson's discretion it may reset the interest rate, subject to a guaranteed minimum. At 31 December 2011, Jackson had fixed interest rate annuities totalling £16.9 billion (US$26.2 billion) in account value with minimum guaranteed rates ranging from 1.0 per cent to 5.5 per cent and a 2.83 per cent average guaranteed rate.

Approximately 48 per cent (2010: 45 per cent) of the interest-sensitive fixed annuities Jackson wrote in 2011 provide for a market value adjustment that could be positive or negative, on surrenders in the surrender period of the policy. This formula-based adjustment approximates the change in value that assets supporting the product would realise as interest rates move up or down. The minimum guaranteed rate is not affected by this adjustment.

Fixed indexed annuities (FIA) accounted for 9 per cent (2010: 9 per cent) of Jackson's policy and contract liabilities at 31 December 2011. Fixed indexed annuities vary in structure, but generally are deferred annuities that enable policyholders to obtain a portion of an equity-linked return (based on participation rates and caps) but provide a guaranteed minimum return. These guaranteed minimum rates are generally set at 1.0 to 3.0 per cent.

Jackson hedges the equity return risk on fixed indexed products using futures and options linked to the relevant index as well as through offsetting equity exposure in the VA product. The cost of these hedges is taken into account in setting the index participation rates or caps. Jackson bears the investment and surrender risk on these products.

At 31 December 2011, immediate annuities accounted for one per cent (2010: two per cent) of Jackson's policy and contract liabilities. Immediate annuities guarantee a series of payments beginning within a year of purchase and continuing over either a fixed period of years and/or the life of the policyholder. If the term is for the life of the policyholder, then Jackson's primary risk is mortality risk. The implicit interest rate on these products is based on the market conditions that exist at the time the policy is issued and is guaranteed for the term of the annuity.

At 31 December 2011, VAs accounted for 63 per cent (2010: 58 per cent) of Jackson's policy and contract liabilities. VAs are deferred annuities that have the same tax advantages and payout options as interest-sensitive and fixed indexed annuities.

The primary differences between VAs and interest-sensitive or fixed indexed annuities are investment risk and return. If a policyholder chooses a VA, the rate of return depends upon the

performance of the selected fund portfolio. Policyholders may allocate their investment to either the fixed or a selection of variable accounts. Investment risk on the variable account is borne by the policyholder, while investment risk on the fixed account is borne by Jackson through guaranteed minimum fixed rates of return. At 31 December 2011, approximately 10 per cent (2010: approximately 12 per cent) of VA funds were in fixed accounts.

Jackson issues VA contracts where it contractually guarantees to the contractholder either a) return of no less than total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals, b) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return, or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date adjusted for any withdrawals following the contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death (guaranteed minimum death benefit (GMDB)), annuitisation (guaranteed minimum income benefit (GMIB)), or at specified dates during the accumulation period (guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (GMWB)) and guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit (GMAB). Jackson hedges these risks using equity options and futures contracts as described in note D3(f). The GMAB was eliminated from Jackson's product offerings in 2011. The GMIB is no longer offered, with existing coverage being reinsured.

Jackson's life insurance products accounted for seven per cent (2010: seven per cent) of Jackson's policy and contract liabilities at 31 December 2011. The products offered include term life, universal life and variable universal life. Term life provides protection for a defined period and a benefit that is payable to a designated beneficiary upon death of the insured. Universal life provides permanent individual life insurance for the life of the insured and includes a savings element. Variable universal life is a type of life insurance policy that combines death benefit protection with the ability for the policyholder account to be invested in separate account funds.

At 31 December 2011, Jackson had interest-sensitive life business (universal life type) in force with total account value of £2.9 billion (US$4.5 billion), with minimum guaranteed interest rates ranging from 3.0 per cent to 6.0 per cent with a 4.93 per cent average guaranteed rate.

Jackson's institutional products consist of GICs, funding agreements (including agreements issued in conjunction with Jackson's participation in the US Federal Home Loan Bank programme) and medium-term note funding agreements. At 31 December 2011, institutional products accounted for 4 per cent of policy and contract liabilities (2010: 5 per cent). Under a traditional GIC, the policyholder makes a lump sum deposit. The interest rate paid is fixed and established when the contract is issued. If deposited funds are withdrawn earlier than the specified term of the contract, an adjustment is made that approximates a market value adjustment.

Under a funding agreement, the policyholder either makes a lump sum deposit or makes specified periodic deposits. Jackson agrees to pay a rate of interest, which may be fixed but which is usually a floating short-term interest rate linked to an external index. The average term of the funding arrangements is one to two years. In 2011 and 2010, there were no funding agreements terminable by the policyholder with less than 90 days' notice.

Medium-term note funding agreements are generally issued to support trust instruments issued on non-US exchanges or to qualified investors (as defined by SEC Rule 144A). Through the funding agreements, Jackson agrees to pay a rate of interest, which may be fixed or floating, to the holders of the trust instruments.

Jackson's main exposures are to market risk through its exposure to interest rate risk and equity risk. Approximately 92 per cent (2010: 91 per cent) of its general account investments support interest-sensitive and fixed indexed annuities, life business and surplus and eight per cent (2010: 9 per cent) support institutional business. All of these types of business contain considerable interest rate guarantee features and, consequently, require that the assets that support them are primarily fixed income or fixed maturity.

Jackson is exposed primarily to the following risks in the US arising from fluctuations in interest rates:

Jackson is also exposed to the following risks in the US arising from equity market movements:

Jackson enters into financial derivative transactions, including those noted below to reduce and manage business risks. These transactions manage the risk of a change in the value, yield, price, cash flows, or quantity of, or a degree of exposure with respect to assets, liabilities or future cash flows, which Jackson has acquired or incurred.

Jackson uses free-standing derivative instruments for hedging purposes. Additionally, certain liabilities, primarily trust instruments supported by funding agreements, fixed indexed annuities, certain GMWB variable annuity features and reinsured GMIB variable annuity features contain embedded derivatives as defined by IAS 39, 'Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement'. Jackson does not account for such derivatives as either fair value or cash flow hedges as might be permitted if the specific hedge documentation requirements of IAS 39 were followed. Financial derivatives, including derivatives embedded in certain host liabilities that have been separated for accounting and financial reporting purposes are carried at fair value.

Value movements on the derivatives are reported within the income statement. In preparing Jackson's segment profit as shown in note B1, value movements on Jackson's derivative contracts, are

included within short-term fluctuations in investment returns and excluded from operating results based on longer-term investment returns.

Note D3(j) parts (iii) and (iv) show the sensitivities of Jackson's results through its exposure to equity risk and interest rate risk.

Under the MSB of reporting applied under IFRS 4 for insurance contracts, providing the requirements of the Companies Act, UK GAAP standards and the ABI SORP are met, it is permissible to reflect the previously applied UK GAAP basis. Accordingly, and consistent with the basis explained in note A4, in the case of Jackson the carrying values of insurance assets and liabilities are consolidated into the Group accounts based on US GAAP.

Under US GAAP, investment contracts (as defined for US GAAP purposes) are accounted for by applying in the first instance a retrospective deposit method to determine the liability for policyholder benefits. This is then augmented by potentially three additional amounts. These amounts are for:

Capitalised acquisition costs and deferred income for these contracts are amortised over the life of the book of contracts. The present value of the estimated gross profits is generally computed using the rate of interest that accrues to policyholder balances (sometimes referred to as the contract rate). Estimated gross profits include estimates of the following elements, each of which will be determined based on the best estimate of amounts of the following individual elements over the life of the book of contracts without provision for adverse deviation for:

VA contracts written by Jackson may, as described above, provide for GMDB, GMIB, GMWB and GMAB features. In general terms, liabilities for these benefits are accounted for under US GAAP by using estimates of future benefits and fees under best estimate persistency assumptions.

In accordance with US GAAP, the grandfathered basis for IFRS, which specifies how certain guarantee features should be accounted for, the GMDB and the 'for life' portion of GMWB liabilities are not fair valued but are instead determined each period end by estimating the expected value of benefits in excess of the projected account balance and recognising the excess ratably over the life of the contract based on total expected assessments. At 31 December 2011, these liabilities were valued using a series of deterministic investment performance scenarios, a mean investment return of 8.4 per cent (2010: 8.4 per cent) and assumptions for lapse, mortality and expense that are the same as those used in amortising the capitalised acquisition costs.

The direct GMIB liability is determined by estimating the expected value of the annuitisation benefits in excess of the projected account balance at the date of annuitisation and recognising the excess ratably over the accumulation period based on total expected assessments.

GMIB benefits are essentially fully reinsured, subject to annual claim limits. As this reinsurance benefit is net settled, it is considered to be a derivative under IAS 39 and is, therefore, recognised at fair value with the change in fair value included as a component of short-term derivative fluctuations.

The assumptions used for calculating the direct GMIB liability at 31 December 2011 and 2010 are consistent with those used for calculating the GMDB and 'for life' GMWB liabilities. The change in these reserves, along with claim payments and associated fees included in reserves are included along with the hedge results in short-term fluctuations, resulting in removal of the market impact from the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.

Jackson regularly evaluates estimates used and adjusts the additional GMDB, GMIB and GMWB 'for life' liability balances, with a related charge or credit to benefit expense, if actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier assumptions should be revised.

GMWB 'not for life' features, are considered to be embedded derivatives under IAS 39. Therefore, provisions for these benefits are recognised at fair value, with the change in fair value included in short-term fluctuations.

For GMWB and GMIB reinsurance embedded derivatives that are fair valued under IAS 39, Jackson bases its volatility assumptions solely on implied market volatility with no reference to historical volatility levels and explicitly incorporates Jackson's own credit risk in determining discount rates.

Volatility assumptions are based on a weighting of available market data on implied volatility for durations up to ten years, at which point the projected volatility is held constant. Non-performance risk is incorporated into the calculation through the use of discount interest rates sourced from a AA corporate credit curve. Other risk margins, particularly for market illiquidity and policyholder behaviour are also incorporated into the model through the use of explicitly conservative assumptions. On a periodic basis, Jackson rationalises the resulting fair values based on comparisons to other models and market movements.

With the exception of the GMDB, GMIB, GMWB and GMAB features of VA contracts, the financial guarantee features of Jackson's contracts are in most circumstances not explicitly valued, but the impact of any interest guarantees would be reflected as they are earned in the current account value (i.e. the US GAAP liability).

For traditional life insurance contracts, provisions for future policy benefits are determined under US GAAP using the net level premium method and assumptions as of the issue date as to mortality, interest, policy lapses and expenses plus provisions for adverse deviation.

Institutional products are accounted for as investment contracts under IFRS with the liability classified as being in respect of financial instruments rather than insurance contracts, as defined by IFRS 4. In practice, there is no material difference between the IFRS and US GAAP basis of recognition and measurement for these contracts.

Certain institutional products representing obligations issued in currencies other than US dollars have been hedged for changes in exchange rates using cross-currency swaps. The fair value of derivatives embedded in funding agreements, as well as foreign currency transaction gains and losses,

are included in the carrying value of the trust instruments supported by funding agreements recorded in other non-insurance liabilities.

Under IFRS 4, the Group applies grandfathered US GAAP for measuring the insurance assets and liabilities of Jackson. In the case of Jackson term business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected premiums. For annuity and interest-sensitive life business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with a combination of historical and future expected gross profits on the relevant contracts. For fixed and indexed annuity and interest-sensitive life business, the key assumption is the long-term spread between the earned rate on investments and the rate credited to policyholders, which is based on an annual spread analysis. Expected gross profits also depend on mortality assumptions, assumed unit costs and terminations other than deaths (including the related charges), all of which are based on a combination of actual experience of Jackson, industry experience and future expectations. A detailed analysis of actual mortality, lapse and expense experience is performed using internally developed experience studies.

As with fixed and indexed annuity and interest-sensitive life business, acquisition costs for Jackson's variable annuity products are amortised in line with the emergence of profits. The measurement of the amortisation in part reflects current period fees (including those for guaranteed minimum death, income, or withdrawal benefits) earned on assets covering liabilities to policyholders, and the historical and expected level of future gross profits which depends on the assumed level of future fees, as well as components related to mortality, lapse and expense.

Under US GAAP (as 'grandfathered' under IFRS 4) the projected gross profits, against which acquisition costs are amortised, reflect an assumed long-term level of investment return from the separate accounts which, for Jackson, is 8.4 per cent after deduction of net external fund management fees. This is applied to the period end level of separate account assets after application of a mean reversion technique that removes a portion of the effect of levels of short-term variability in current market returns.

Under the mean reversion technique applied by Jackson, the projected level of return for each of the next five years is adjusted from period to period so that in combination with the actual rates of return for the preceding two years and the current year, the 8.4 per cent annual return is realised on average over the entire eight year period. Projected returns after the mean reversion period revert back to the 8.4 per cent assumption.

However, to ensure that the methodology does not over anticipate a reversion to trend following adverse markets, the mean reversion technique has a cap and floor feature whereby the projected returns in each of the next five years can be no more than 15 per cent per annum and no less than 0 per cent per annum (both gross of asset management fees) in each year. The capping feature was relevant in late 2008, 2009 and 2010 due to the very sharp market falls in 2008. At 31 December 2011, the projected rate of return for the next five years is less than 8.4 per cent. If Jackson had not applied the mean reversion methodology and had instead applied a constant 8.4 per cent from asset values at

31 December 2011, the Jackson DAC balance would increase by approximately £38 million from £3,880 million to £3,918 million (31 December 2010 decrease of £80 million from £3,543 million to £3,463 million).

In 2008, the application of the mean reversion technique benefited the results by £110 million. In 2009 and 2010, whilst the cap was in effect, the credit of £39 million for decelerated amortisation and the charge of £11 million for accelerated amortisation reflected the difference between market returns for the period and the assumed level of 15 per cent.

For 2011, the separate account return (net of all fees) was approximately negative four per cent. The DAC amortisation charge included in operating profit includes £232 million of accelerated amortisation. This amount reflects the combined effect of:

The reduction in assumed future rates reflects in large part the elimination from the calculation in 2011, of the negative 2008 returns. Setting aside other complications and the growth in the book, the 2011 accelerated amortisation can be broadly equated as 'paying back' the benefit experienced in 2008.

Separately, as explained in note A5 it is the Company's intention to adopt the US Financial Accounting Standards Board requirements in EITF Update No 2010 -26 on 'Accounting for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts' from 1 January 2012 into Prudential's Group IFRS reporting for the results of Jackson and those Asian operations that use US GAAP for measuring insurance assets and liabilities. Under the Update, insurers are required to capitalise only those incremental costs directly related to acquiring a contract from 1 January 2012. This change has two principal effects on the 2011 and 2010. results which are to be retrospectively adjusted in the 2012 Group financial statements.

For 2011 and 2010, £156 million and £158 million of acquisition costs will be charged to the operating results of Jackson for these years. These charges are for the non-incremental acquisition costs for new business written in these years, representing 12 per cent of APE (a measure of new business activity that is calculated as the sum of annualised regular premiums from new business plus 10 per cent of single premiums, on new business written during the period) of £1,251 million and 14 per cent of £1,164 million respectively.

For 2012, the impact of application of the Update on the new business strain for non-incremental acquisition costs and amortisation charge to operating profits based on longer-term investment returns and the DAC balance in the statement of financial position is expected to follow a broadly similar pattern to those described above.

On the assumption that market returns for 2012 are within the range of negative 15 per cent to positive 15 per cent, the estimated DAC acceleration effect on the amortisation charge, under the new DAC basis described above, for the full year is estimated to be a range from acceleration of £100 million to deceleration of £100 million.

Consequent upon the positive unrealised valuation movement in 2011 of £811 million (2010: positive £1,221 million) there is a debit of £331 million (2010: £496 million debit) for altered 'shadow'

DAC amortisation booked within other comprehensive income. These adjustments reflect movement from period to period, in the changes to the pattern of reported gross profits that would have happened if the assets reflected in the statement of financial position had been sold, crystallising the unrealised gains or losses, and the proceeds reinvested at the yields currently available in the market. At 31 December 2011, the cumulative 'shadow DAC balance' was negative £866 million (2010: negative £520 million).

The principal reinsurance ceded by Jackson outside the Group is on term life insurance, direct and assumed accident and health business and GMIB variable annuity guarantees. In 2011, the premiums for such ceded business amounted to £72 million (2010: £83 million; 2009: £82 million). Net commissions received on ceded business and claims incurred ceded to external reinsurers totalled £9 million and £84 million respectively during 2011 (2010: £12 million and £72 million respectively; 2009: £12 million and £66 million respectively). There were no deferred gains or losses on reinsurance contracts in either 2011 or 2010. The reinsurance asset for business ceded outside the Group was £907 million (2010: £695 million).

(i) Effect of changes in assumptions used to measure insurance assets and liabilities

In 2011 and 2010, there were no changes of assumptions that had a material impact on the results of US insurance operations.

Measurement basis for embedded derivatives of variable annuity business and other policyholder liability

Certain variable annuity products sold by Jackson include Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefits (GMWB) with lifetime benefits which, in accordance with the Group's accounting policies, are measured within the IFRS balance sheet at fair value. This requires a number of assumptions related to projected future cash flows, including those driven by policyholder behaviours such as lapses, fund selections and withdrawals utilisation.

During 2009 the GMWB utilisation assumptions were revised to take account of the more recent experience of policyholder behaviour. Previously policyholder behaviour for the utilisation of GMWB was assumed to be largely driven by the extent to which benefits were 'in the money'. For 2009, the assumption has been altered to take account of recent experience which shows that the attained age of the policyholder is the key factor in determining utilisation levels. This has led to a release in policyholder liabilities of £96 million which is offset by a corresponding DAC amortisation charge of £68 million to give an overall impact on profit before tax of £28 million. This assumption change has been offset by sundry other assumption changes such that the overall impact on operating profit of policyholder liability assumption changes, after taking into account DAC amortisation offsets, is a charge of £4 million. 2010 has been prepared on a consistent basis to 2009.

(j) Sensitivity of IFRS basis profit and shareholders' equity to market and other risks

The estimated sensitivity of Jackson's profit and shareholders' equity to equity and interest rate risks provided below is net of the related changes in amortisation of DAC. The effect on the related changes in amortisation of DAC provided is based on the current 'grandfathered' US GAAP DAC basis but does not include any effect from an acceleration or deceleration of amortisation of DAC. Note A5 provides explanation of the new US GAAP DAC basis intended to be adopted by the Company from 1 January 2012. Note D3(g) above provides an explanation of the dynamics that affect the amortisation charge and an indicative sensitivity for the 2012 results on the new US GAAP DAC basis.

Jackson issues variable contracts through its separate accounts for which investment income and investment gains and losses accrue to, and investment risk is borne by, the contract holder (traditional variable annuities). It also issues variable annuity and life contracts through separate accounts where it contractually guarantees to the contract holder (variable contracts with guarantees) either a) return of no less than deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals, b) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return, or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date adjusted for any withdrawals following the contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death (GMDB), annuitisation (GMIB), at specified dates during the accumulation period (GMWB) or at the end of a specified period (GMAB).

At 31 December 2011 and 2010, Jackson had variable annuity contracts with guarantees, for which the net amount at risk ('NAR') is generally the amount of guaranteed benefit in excess of current account value, as follows:

			Account value		Net amount at risk


			£m		£m
Return of net deposits plus a minimum return
GMDB	0-6%			31,571		2,914		64.2 years
GMWB—Premium only	0%			2,325		195
GMWB*	0-5%			2,582		582	*
GMAB—Premium only	0%			54		2
Highest specified anniversary account value minus withdrawals post-anniversary
GMDB				4,002		678		63.7 years
GMWB—Highest anniversary only				1,855		423
GMWB*				735		217	*
Combination net deposits plus minimum return, highest specified anniversary account value minus withdrawals post-anniversary
GMDB	0-6%			2,098		479		66.1 years
GMIB	0-6%			1,661		575			4.2 years
GMWB*	0-8%	**		21,902		2,263	*

			Account value		Net amount at risk


			£m		£m
Return of net deposits plus a minimum return
GMDB	0-6%			25,540		2,106		64.0 years
GMWB—Premium only	0%			2,742		149
GMWB*	0-5%	**		1,996		415	*
GMAB—Premium only	0%			48		1
Highest specified anniversary account value minus withdrawals post-anniversary
GMDB				3,742		466		63.3 years
GMWB—Highest anniversary only				2,010		343
GMWB*				852		196	*
Combination net deposits plus minimum return, highest specified anniversary account value minus withdrawals post-anniversary
GMDB	0-6%			1,768		311		65.7 years
GMIB	0-6%			1,933		418			5.1 years
GMWB*	0-8%	**		15,025		672	*

Account balances of contracts with guarantees were invested in variable separate accounts as follows:

As noted in note D3 (f), Jackson is exposed to equity risk through the options embedded in the fixed indexed liabilities and GMDB and GMWB guarantees included in certain VA benefits as illustrated above. This risk is managed using an equity hedging programme to minimise the risk of a significant economic impact as a result of increases or decreases in equity market levels while taking advantage of naturally offsetting exposures in Jackson's operations. Jackson purchases external futures and options that hedge the risks inherent in these products, while also considering the impact of rising and falling separate account fees.

As a result of this hedging programme, if the equity markets were to increase further in the future, the net effect of Jackson's free-standing derivatives would decrease in value. However, over time, this movement would be broadly offset by increased separate account fees and reserve decreases, net of the related changes to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs. Due to the nature of the free-standing and embedded derivatives, this hedge, while highly effective on an economic basis, may not completely mute in the financial reporting the immediate impact of equity market movements as the free-standing derivatives reset immediately while the hedged liabilities reset more slowly and fees are recognised prospectively. The net effect of opposite impacts would be observed if the equity markets were to decrease.

At 31 December 2011, based on the hedges in place at that time, the estimated sensitivity of Jackson's pre-tax profit for VA business, net of related changes in amortisation of DAC (excluding the impact on future separate account fees), profit after tax and shareholders' equity to immediate increases and decreases in equity markets is as follows:

The above table provides sensitivity movements as at a point in time while the actual impact on financial results would vary contingent upon the volume of new product sales and lapses, changes to the derivative portfolio, correlation of market returns and various other factors including volatility, interest rates and elapsed time.

In addition to the exposure explained above, Jackson is also exposed to equity risk from its holding of equity securities, partnerships in investment pools and other financial derivatives.

A range of reasonably possible movements in the value of equity securities, partnerships in investment pools and other financial derivatives have been applied to Jackson's holdings at 31 December

2011 and 2010. The table below shows the sensitivity to a 10 and 20 per cent fall in value and the impact that this would have on pre-tax profit, net of related changes in amortisation of DAC, profit after tax and shareholders' equity.

A 10 or 20 per cent increase in their value is estimated to have an approximately equal and opposite effect on profit and shareholders' equity to the sensitivities shown above.

Notwithstanding the market risk exposure previously described, except in the circumstances of interest rate scenarios where the guarantee rates included in contract terms are higher than crediting rates that can be supported from assets held to cover liabilities, the accounting measurement of fixed annuity liabilities of Jackson products is not generally sensitive to interest rate risk. This position derives from the nature of the products and the US GAAP basis of measurement. The GMWB features attaching to variable annuity business (other than 'for-life') represents embedded derivatives which are fair valued and so will be sensitive to changes in interest rate.

Debt securities and related derivatives are marked to fair value. Value movements on derivatives, again net of related changes to amortisation of DAC and deferred tax, are recorded within profit and loss. Fair value movements on debt securities, net of related changes to amortisation of DAC and deferred tax, are recorded within other comprehensive income. The estimated sensitivity of these items

and policyholder liabilities to a one per cent and two per cent decrease and increase in interest rates at 31 December 2011 and 2010 is as follows:

	2011												2010

	2% decrease			1% decrease			1% increase			2% increase			2% decrease			1% decrease			1% increase			2% increase

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Profit and loss
Direct effect
Derivatives value change		1,549			736			(592	)		(1,078	)		842			363			(277	)		(529	)
Policyholder liabilities		(925	)		(446	)		395			753			(547	)		(243	)		219			416
Related effect on amortisation of DAC		(151	)		(69	)		36			48			47			23			(34	)		(63	)

Pre-tax profit effect		473			221			(161	)		(277	)		342			143			(92	)		(176	)
Related effect on charge for deferred tax		(166	)		(77	)		56			97			(120	)		(50	)		32			62

Net profit effect		307			144			(105	)		(180	)		222			93			(60	)		(114	)

Other comprehensive income
Direct effect on carrying value of debt securities		2,679			1,513			(1,513	)		(2,679	)		2,663			1,454			(1,454	)		(2,663	)
Related effect on amortisation of DAC		(1,144	)		(646	)		646			1,144			(1,174	)		(641	)		641			1,174
Related effect on movement in deferred tax		(537	)		(303	)		303			537			(521	)		(285	)		285			521

Net effect		998			564			(564	)		(998	)		968			528			(528	)		(968	)

Total net effect on shareholders' equity		1,305			708			(669	)		(1,178	)		1,190			621			(588	)		(1,082	)

These sensitivities are shown only for interest rates in isolation and do not include other movements in credit risk that may affect credit spreads and valuations of debt securities.

Consistent with the Group's accounting policies, the profits of the Group's US operations are translated at average exchange rates and shareholders' equity at the closing rate for the reporting period. For 2011, the rates were US$1.60 (2010: US$1.55; 2009: US$1.57) and US$1.55 (2010: US$1.57; 2009: US$1.61) to £1 sterling, respectively. A 10 per cent increase or decrease in these rates would reduce or increase profit before tax attributable to shareholders, profit for the year and shareholders' equity attributable to US insurance operations respectively as follows:

Sensitivity on profit before tax i.e. aggregate of the operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

In addition, the total profit (loss) for Jackson is affected by the level of impairment losses on the debt securities portfolio, net effect of market risk arising from the incidence and valuation of guarantee features, guaranteed benefit payments and equity index participation features, offset by variability of benefit related fees and equity derivative hedging performance, short-term value movements on derivatives held to manage the fixed annuity and other general account business, and other temporary value movements on portfolio investments classified as fair value through profit and loss.

As noted in section D1, total profit is very sensitive to market risk on the assets covering liabilities other than variable annuity business segregated in the separate accounts.

As with other shareholder-backed business the profit or loss for Jackson is presented by distinguishing the result for the year between an operating result based on longer-term investment returns and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In this way the most significant direct effect of market changes that have taken place to the Jackson result are separately identified. The principal determinants of variations in operating profit based on longer-term returns are:

For term business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected premiums. For annuity business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected gross profits on the relevant contracts. For interest-sensitive business, the key assumption is the expected long-term spread between the earned rate and the rate credited to policyholders, which is based on an annual spread analysis. In addition, expected gross profits depend on mortality assumptions, assumed unit costs and terminations other than deaths (including the related charges) all of which are based on a combination of actual experience of Jackson, industry experience and future expectations. A detailed analysis of actual experience is measured by internally developed expense, mortality and persistency studies.

Except to the extent of mortality experience, which primarily affects profits through variations in claim payments and GMDB reserves, the profits of Jackson are relatively insensitive to changes in insurance risk.

For variable annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term level of separate account returns, which for 2011 and 2010 was 8.4 per cent. The impact of using this return is reflected in two principal ways, namely:

The table below shows the carrying value of policyholder liabilities. Separately, the Group uses cash flow projections of expected benefit payments as part of the determination of the value of in-force business when preparing EEV basis results. The table below also shows the maturity profile of the cash flows used for that purpose for 2011 and 2010:

	2011						2010

	Fixed annuity and other business (including GICs and similar contracts)		Variable annuity		Total		Fixed annuity and other business (including GICs and similar contracts)		Variable annuity		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Policyholder liabilities		31,356		37,833		69,189		29,320		31,203		60,523

		%		%		%		%		%		%

Expected maturity:
0 to 5 years		47		47		47		50		50		50
5 to 10 years		27		30		29		27		29		28
10 to 15 years		11		13		12		11		12		12
15 to 20 years		6		6		6		5		6		5
20 to 25 years		5		2		3		3		2		3
Over 25 years		4		2		3		4		1		2

The maturity tables shown above have been prepared on a discounted basis. Details of undiscounted cash flows for investment contracts are shown in note G2.

	2011								2010

	With-profits businessnote (i)		Unit-linked assets and liabilities		Other		Total		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Assets
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Goodwill		—		—		235		235		236
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets		—		—		1,027		1,027		962

Total		—		—		1,262		1,262		1,198

Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets		83		—		—		83		97
Deferred tax assets		—		2		113		115		98
Other non-investment and non-cash assets		303		93		628		1,024		788
Investments of long-term business and other operations:
Investment properties		—		—		10		10		9
Investments accounted for using the equity method		—		—		—		—		2
Financial investments:
Loans		774		—		459		1,233		1,340
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		2,744		8,663		590		11,997		14,464
Debt securities		9,554		2,746		5,381		17,681		14,108
Other investments		286		26		158		470		382
Deposits		123		578		464		1,165		638

Total investments		13,481		12,013		7,062		32,556		30,943

Cash and cash equivalents		625		579		773		1,977		1,601

Total assets		14,492		12,687		9,838		37,017		34,725

Equity and liabilities
*Equity*
Shareholders' equity		—		—		2,349		2,349		2,149
Non-controlling interests		—		—		5		5		5

Total equity		—		—		2,354		2,354		2,154

*Liabilities*
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4)		12,593		12,015		6,254		30,862		28,674
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds^{note (ii)}		50		—		—		50		66

Total		12,643		12,015		6,254		30,912		28,740

Operational borrowings attributable to shareholders-financed operations		—		—		141		141		189
Deferred tax liabilities		348		33		132		513		495
Other non-insurance liabilities		1,501		639		957		3,097		3,147

Total liabilities		14,492		12,687		7,484		34,663		32,571

Total equity and liabilities		14,492		12,687		9,838		37,017		34,725

Summary policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurance) and unallocated surplus

At 31 December 2011, the policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurance of £151 million (2010: £41 million)) and unallocated surplus for Asian operations of £30.8 billion (2010: £28.7 billion) comprised the following:

A reconciliation of the total investments of Asian insurance operations from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

	With-profits business			Unit-linked assets and liabilities			Other			Asian insurance operations Total


	£m			£m			£m			£m
At 1 January 2010
Total investments (including derivative assets)		9,547			9,953			3,890			23,390
Less: Investments held by consolidated investment funds		(270	)		(218	)		(230	)		(718	)
Less: Derivative liabilities		(63	)		—			(83	)		(146	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		9,214			9,735			3,577			22,526

Net cash inflow from operating activities		278			838			1,051			2,167
Realised gains in the year		638			327			19			984
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year		993			1,786			522			3,301
Acquisition of UOB Life Assurance Limited		527			3			474			1,004

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		2,436			2,954			2,066			7,456

At 31 December 2010/1 January 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)		12,152			12,955			5,836			30,943
Less: Investments held by consolidated investment funds		(382	)		(266	)		(91	)		(739	)
Less: Derivative liabilities^note ^G3		(120	)		—			(102	)		(222	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		11,650			12,689			5,643			29,982

Net cash inflow from operating activities		381			659			1,247			2,287
Realised gains in the year		310			149			44			503
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year		444			(1,767	)		(20	)		(1,343	)

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		1,135			(959	)		1,271			1,447

At 31 December 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)		13,481			12,013			7,062			32,556
Less: Investments held by consolidated investment funds		(366	)		(278	)		(3	)		(647	)
Less: Derivative liabilities^note ^G3		(330	)		(5	)		(145	)		(480	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		12,785			11,730			6,914			31,429

(c) Reconciliation of movement in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds

A reconciliation of the total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds of Asian insurance operations from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

	With-profits business			Unit-linked liabilities			Other			Total


	£m			£m			£m			£m
At 1 January 2010		8,861			9,717			3,333			21,911
Comprising:
—Policyholder liabilities		8,808			9,717			3,333			21,858
—Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		53			—			—			53

Premiums
New business		141			1,072			452			1,665
In-force		897			1,130			616			2,643

		1,038			2,202			1,068			4,308
Surrenders		(441	)		(1,572	)		(228	)		(2,241	)
Maturities/Deaths		(326	)		(40	)		(132	)		(498	)

Net flows		271			590			708			1,569
Shareholders transfers post-tax		(24	)		—			—			(24	)
Investment-related items and other movements		693			1,405			137			2,235
Foreign exchange translation differences		719			1,009			353			2,081
Acquisition of UOB Life Assurance Limited^{note (e)}		504			3			461			968

At 31 December 2010/1 January 2011		11,024			12,724			4,992			28,740
Comprising:
—Policyholder liabilities		10,958			12,724			4,992			28,674
—Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		66			—			—			66

Premiums
New business		162			1,136			723			2,021
In-force		1,110			1,163			785			3,058

		1,272			2,299			1,508			5,079
Surrenders		(502	)		(1,490	)		(245	)		(2,237	)
Maturities/Deaths		(431	)		(39	)		(194	)		(664	)

Net flows		339			770			1,069			2,178
Shareholders transfers post-tax		(30	)		—			—			(30	)
Investment-related items and other movements^{note (d)}		1,274			(1,154	)		245			365
Foreign exchange translation differences^{note (a)}		36			(325	)		(52	)		(341	)

At 31 December 2011		12,643			12,015			6,254			30,912

Comprising:
—Policyholder liabilities		12,593			12,015			6,254			30,862
—Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds		50			—			—			50

Average policyholder liability balances*
2011		11,775			12,370			5,623			29,768
2010		10,135			11,222			4,393			25,750

The following table summarises the credit quality of the debt securities of the Asian insurance operations as at 31 December 2011 by rating agency ratings:

	With-profits business		Unit-linked assets		Other		2011 Total		2010 Total


	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
S&P—AAA		1,259		38		126		1,423		2,934
S&P—AA+ to AA-		2,161		83		1,599		3,843		2,138
S&P—A+ to A-		1,560		564		931		3,055		2,843
S&P—BBB+ to BBB-		1,032		104		315		1,451		913
S&P—Other		786		707		644		2,137		1,773

		6,798		1,496		3,615		11,909		10,601

Moody's—Aaa		818		222		449		1,489		65
Moody's—Aa1 to Aa3		47		61		20		128		115
Moody's—A1 to A3		191		17		96		304		130
Moody's—Baa1 to Baa3		109		4		18		131		95
Moody's—Other		34		9		16		59		49

		1,199		313		599		2,111		454

Fitch		189		60		102		351		49
Other		1,368		877		1,065		3,310		3,004

Total Asia debt securities		9,554		2,746		5,381		17,681		14,108

The following table analyses debt securities of 'Other business' which are not externally rated:

The life insurance products offered by the Group's Asian operations include a range of with-profits and non-participating term, whole life, endowment and unit-linked policies. The Asian operations also offer health, disability, critical illness and accident coverage to supplement its core life products.

The terms and conditions of the contracts written by the Asian operations and, in particular, the products' options and guarantees, vary from territory to territory depending upon local market circumstances.

In general terms, the Asian participating products provide savings and protection where the basic sum assured can be enhanced by a profit share (or bonus) from the underlying fund as determined at the discretion of the insurers. The Asian operations' non-participating term, whole life and endowment products offer savings and/or protection where the benefits are guaranteed or determined by a set of defined market-related parameters. Unit-linked products combine savings with protection, the cash value of the policy depends on the value of the underlying unitised funds. Health and Protection (H&P) policies provide mortality or morbidity benefits and include health, disability, critical illness and accident coverage. H&P products are commonly offered as supplements to main life policies but can be sold separately.

Subject to local market circumstances and regulatory requirements, the guarantee features described in note D2(e) in respect of UK business broadly apply to similar types of participating contracts written in the Hong Kong branch, Singapore and Malaysia. Participating products have both guaranteed and non-guaranteed elements.

Non-participating long-term products are the only ones where the Group is contractually obliged to provide guarantees on all benefits. Investment-linked products have the lowest level of guarantee, if any.

Product guarantees in Asia can be broadly classified into four main categories, namely premium rate, cash value and interest rate guarantees, policy renewability and convertibility options.

The risks on death coverage through premium rate guarantees are low due to appropriate product pricing.

The Asian operations sell with-profits and unit-linked policies and, although the with-profits business generally has a lower terminal bonus element than in the UK, the investment portfolio still contains a proportion of equities. Non-participating business is largely backed by debt securities or deposits. The exposure to market risk of the Group arising from its Asian operations is therefore at modest levels. This arises from the fact that the Asian operations have a balanced portfolio of with-profits, unit-linked and other types of business.

The future policyholder benefit provisions for Asian businesses in the Group's IFRS accounts and previously under the MSB, are determined in accordance with methods prescribed by local GAAP adjusted to comply, where necessary, with UK GAAP.

For Asian operations in countries where local GAAP is not well established and in which the business written is primarily non-participating and linked business, US GAAP is used as the most appropriate reporting basis. This basis is applied in Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan and India. The future policyholder benefit provisions for non-linked business are determined using the net level premium method, with an allowance for surrenders, maintenance and claims expenses. Rates of interest used in establishing the policyholder benefit provisions vary by operation depending on the circumstances attaching to each block of business.

The Asian businesses cede only minor amounts of business outside the Group with immaterial effects on reported profit. During 2011, reinsurance premiums for externally ceded business were £226 million (2010: £146 million; 2009: £119 million) and the reinsurance assets were £151 million (2010: £41 million) in aggregate.

(i) Effect of changes in bases, estimates and assumptions used to measure insurance assets and liabilities

In 2011, IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for Asian insurance operations included a net £38 million credit arising from a small number of items that are not anticipated to reoccur in future periods.

In 2010, one-off changes made to reserving assumptions resulted in a release from liabilities of £19 million.

In 2009, the local regulatory basis in Malaysia was replaced by the Malaysian authority's risk-based capital (RBC) framework. In the light of this development, the Company has remeasured the liabilities by

reference to the method applied under the new RBC framework, but with an overlay constraint to the method such that negative reserves derived at an individual policyholder level are not included. This change resulted in a one-off release from liabilities at 1 January 2009 of £63 million. Excluding the change in Malaysia, the 2009 result for Asian operations was reduced by the effect of a number of individually small assumption changes of, in aggregate £4 million.

(j) Sensitivity of IFRS basis profit and shareholders' equity to market and other risks

Similar principles to those explained for UK with-profits business apply to profit emergence for the Asian with-profits business.

Correspondingly, the profit emergence reflects bonus declaration and is relatively insensitive to period by period fluctuations in insurance risk or interest rate movements.

As for the UK insurance operations, the profits and shareholders' equity related to the Asian operations is primarily driven by charges related to invested funds. The sensitivity of profits and shareholders' equity to changes in insurance risk and to interest rate risk are not material.

Asian operations offer a range of insurance and investment products, predominately with-profits and non-participating term, whole life endowment and unit-linked. Excluding with-profit and unit-linked business, the results of the Asian business are sensitive to the vagaries of routine movements in interest rates.

For the purposes of analysing sensitivity to variations in interest rates, it has been determined for the majority of territories that a movement of one per cent in the 10 year government bond rate can be considered reasonably possible. At 31 December 2011, 10 year government bond rates vary from territory to territory and range from 0.99 per cent to 12.88 per cent (2010: 1.1 per cent to 12.25 per cent). Exception to this arises in Japan and Taiwan where reasonably possible interest rate movements

have been determined as 0.5 per cent (2010: Japan and Taiwan 0.5 per cent). These reasonably possible changes would have the following impact:

The non-linked shareholder business has limited exposure to equity and property investment (£600 million at 31 December 2011). Generally changes in equity and property investment values are not directly offset by movements in policyholder liabilities. However for the Vietnam business, to the extent that equity investment appreciation is realised through sales of securities then policyholders' liabilities are adjusted to the extent that policyholders participate.

The estimated sensitivity to a 10 and 20 per cent change in equity and property prices for shareholder-backed Asian other business, which would be reflected in the short-term fluctuation component of the Group's segmental analysis of profit before tax, at 31 December 2011 and 2010 would be as follows:

above reflect the impact of temporary market movements and, therefore, the primary effect of such movements would, in the Group's segmental analysis of profits, be included within the short-term fluctuations in investment returns.

Many of the territories in Asia are exposed to mortality/morbidity risk and provision is made within policyholder liabilities on a prudent regulatory basis to cover the potential exposure. If these prudent assumptions were strengthened by five per cent (estimated at one in ten year shock) then it is estimated that post tax profit would be impacted by approximately £27 million (2010: £21 million). Mortality/morbidity has a symmetrical effect on portfolio and so a weakening of mortality/morbidity assumptions would have an approximately equal and opposite similar impact.

Consistent with the Group's accounting policies, the profits of the Asian insurance operations are translated at average exchange rates and shareholders' equity at the closing rate for the reporting period.

A 10 per cent increase or decrease in these rates would have reduced or increased profit before tax attributable to shareholders, profit for the year and shareholders' equity, excluding goodwill, attributable to Asian operations respectively as follows:

The table below shows the carrying value of policyholder liabilities. Separately the Group uses cash flow projections of expected benefit payments as part of the determination of the value of in-force business when preparing EEV basis results. The table below also shows the maturity profile of the cash flows, taking account of expected future premiums and investment returns used for that purpose for 2011 and 2010:

The Group's estimated capital position for life assurance businesses with reconciliations to shareholders' equity is shown below. Available capital for each fund or group of companies is

determined by reference to local regulation at 31 December 2011 and 2010. Group capital requirements also apply as discussed in note D5(b)(iv).

	2011

	SAIF		WPSF			Total PAC with- profits fund			Other UK life assurance subsidaries and funds note (ii)			Jackson			Asian life assurance subsidiaries			Total life assurance operations			M&G (including Prudential Capital)		Parent company and shareholders' equity of other subsidiaries and funds			Group total

	£m		£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m		£m			£m
Group shareholders' equity
Held outside long-term funds:
Net assets		—		—			—			930			4,271			2,114			7,315			229		(1,514	)		6,030
Goodwill		—		—			—			—			—			235			235			1,153		77			1,465

Total		—		—			—			930			4,271			2,349			7,550			1,382		(1,437	)		7,495
Held in long-term fundsnote (iii)		—		—			—			1,622			—			—			1,622			—		—			1,622

Total Group shareholders' equity		—		—			—			2,552			4,271			2,349			9,172			1,382		(1,437	)		9,117

Adjustments to regulatory basis
Unallocated surplus of with-profits fundsnote (i)		—		9,165			9,165			—			—			50			9,215
Shareholders' share of realistic liabilities		—		(2,394	)		(2,394	)		—			—			—			(2,394	)
Deferred acquisition costs of non-participating business not recognised for regulatory reporting purposes and goodwill		—		(6	)		(6	)		(111	)		(3,880	)		(979	)		(4,976	)
Jackson surplus notesnote (iv)		—											160						160
Investment and policyholder liabilities valuation differences between IFRS and regulatory basis for Jacksonnote (viii)		—		—			—			—			1,002			—			1,002
Adjustment from IAS 19 basis pension deficit attributable to WPSF to pension liability for regulatory purposesnote (vii)		—		16			16			—			—			—			16
Valuation difference on PAL between IFRS basis and regulatory basis		—		(640	)		(640	)		—			—			—			(640	)
Other adjustments to restate these amounts to a regulatory basis (with SAIF and the WPSF on a Peak 2 realistic basis)note (v)		—		(2	)		(2	)		(504	)		974			73			541

Total adjustments				6,139			6,139			(615	)		(1,744	)		(856	)		2,924

Total available capital resources of life assurance businesses on local regulatory bases		—		6,139			6,139			1,937			2,527			1,493			12,096

	2011

	SAIF		WPSF note (i)		Total PAC with- profits fund		Other UK life assurance subsidiaries and funds note (ii)		Jackson		Asian life assurance subsidiaries		Total life assurance operations

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Policyholder liabilities
With-profits liabilities of UK
Regulated with-profits funds:
Insurance contracts		7,934		28,256		36,190		—		—		6,777		42,967
Investment contracts (with discretionary participation features)		412		28,936		29,348		—		—		397		29,745

Total		8,346		57,192		65,538		—		—		7,174		72,712

Other liabilities:
Insurance contracts:
With-profits liabilities of non-UK regulated funds		—		—		—		—		—		5,419		5,419
Unit-linked, including variable annuity				1,847		1,847		6,387		37,833		12,015		58,082
Other life assurance business		209		13,365		13,574		24,734		29,445		6,142		73,895
Investment contracts without discretionary participation features (principally unit-linked and similar contracts in the UK and GIC liabilities of Jackson)note (vi)		—		17		17		14,927		1,911		112		16,967

Total		209		15,229		15,438		46,048		69,189		23,688		154,363

Total policyholder liabilities shown in the consolidated statement of financial position		8,555		72,421		80,976		46,048		69,189		30,862		227,075

	2010

	SAIF		WPSF			Total PAC with- profits fund			Other UK life assurance subsidaries and funds note (ii)			Jackson			Asian life assurance subsidiaries			Total life assurance operations			M&G (including Prudential Capital)		Parent company and shareholders' equity of other subsidiaries and funds			Group total

	£m		£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m		£m			£m
Group shareholders' equity
Held outside long-term funds:
Net assets		—		—			—			716			3,815			1,913			6,444			254		(1,532	)		5,166
Goodwill		—		—			—			—			—			236			236			1,153		77			1,466

Total		—		—			—			716			3,815			2,149			6,680			1,407		(1,455	)		6,632
Held in long-term fundsnote (iii)		—		—			—			1,399			—			—			1,399			—		—			1,399

Total Group shareholders' equity		—		—			—			2,115			3,815			2,149			8,079			1,407		(1,455	)		8,031

Adjustments to regulatory basis
Unallocated surplus of with-profits fundsnote (i)		—		10,187			10,187			—			—			66			10,253
Shareholders' share of realistic liabilities		—		(2,938	)		(2,938	)		—			—			—			(2,938	)
Deferred acquisition costs of non-participating business not recognised for regulatory reporting purposes and goodwill		—		(13	)		(13	)		(116	)		(3,543	)		(993	)		(4,665	)
Jackson surplus notesnote (iv)		—		—			—			—			159			—			159
Investment and policyholder liabilities valuation differences between IFRS and regulatory basis for Jacksonnote (viii)		—		—			—			—			1,900			—			1,900
Adjustment from IAS 19 basis pension deficit attributable to WPSF to pension liability for regulatory purposesnote (vii)		—		60			60			—			—			—			60
Valuation difference on PAL between IFRS basis and regulatory basis		—		(1,202	)		(1,202	)		—			—			—			(1,202	)
Other adjustments to restate these amounts to a regulatory basis (with SAIF and the WPSF on a Peak 2 realistic basis)note (v)		—		706			706			(292	)		576			156			1,146

Total adjustments		—		6,800			6,800			(408	)		(908	)		(771	)		4,713

Total available capital resources of life assurance businesses on local regulatory bases		—		6,800			6,800			1,707			2,907			1,378			12,792

	2010

	SAIF		WPSF note (i)		Total PAC with- profits fund		Other UK life assurance subsidiaries and funds note (ii)		Jackson		Asian life assurance subsidiaries		Total life assurance operations

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Policyholder liabilities
With-profits liabilities of UK
Regulated with-profits funds:
Insurance contracts		9,115		31,395		40,510		—		—		5,284		45,794
Investment contracts (with discretionary participation features)		376		25,237		25,613		—		—		119		25,732

Total		9,491		56,632		66,123		—		—		5,403		71,526

With-profits liabilities of non-UK regulated funds		—		—		—		—		—		5,555		5,555
Unit-linked, including variable annuity		—		2,128		2,128		8,882		31,203		12,724		54,937
Other life assurance business		268		13,067		13,335		19,297		27,438		4,935		65,005
Investment contracts without discretionary participation features (principally unit-linked and similar contracts in the UK and GIC liabilities of Jackson)note (vi)		—		—		—		15,765		1,882		57		17,704

Total		268		15,195		15463		43,944		60,523		23,271		143,201

Total policyholder liabilities shown in the consolidated statement of financial position		9,759		71,827		81,586		43,944		60,523		28,674		214,727

Each of the Group's long-term business operations is capitalised to a sufficiently strong level for its individual circumstances. Details by the Group's major operations are shown below.

The FSA rules which govern the Prudential regulation of insurance form part of the Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers, the General Prudential Sourcebook and Interim Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers. Overall, the net requirements of the General Prudential Sourcebook are intended to align the capital adequacy requirements for insurance business more closely with those of banking and investment firms and building societies, for example, by addressing tiers of capital, rather than looking at net admissible assets. An insurer must hold capital resources equal at least to the Minimum Capital Requirement (MCR).

The Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers also contains rules on Individual Capital Assessments. Under these rules and the rules of the General Prudential Sourcebook all insurers must assess for themselves the amount of capital needed to back their business. If the FSA views the results of this assessment as insufficient, it may draw up its own Individual Capital Guidance for a firm, which can be superimposed as a requirement.

Under FSA rules, insurers with with-profits liabilities of more than £500 million must hold capital equal to the higher of the MCR and the Enhanced Capital Requirement (ECR). The ECR is intended to provide a more risk responsive and 'realistic' measure of a with-profit insurer's capital requirements, whereas the MCR is broadly speaking equivalent to the previous required minimum margin under the Interim Prudential Sourcebook and satisfies the minimum EU Standards.

Determination of the ECR involves the comparison of two separate measurements of the firm's resources requirement, which the FSA refers to as the 'twin peaks' approach.

Available capital of the WPSF and SAIF of £6.1 billion (2010: £6.8 billion) represents the excess of assets over liabilities on the FSA realistic basis. Unlike the previously discussed FRS 27 basis, realistic liabilities on the regulatory basis include the shareholders' share of future bonuses. These amounts are shown before deduction of the risk capital margin (RCM) which is estimated to be £2.0 billion at 31 December 2011 (2010: £1.5 billion).

The FSA's basis of setting the RCM is to target a level broadly equivalent to a Standard & Poor's credit rating of BBB and to judge this by ensuring there are sufficient assets to absorb a one in 200 year

event. The RCM calculation achieves this by setting rules for the determination of margins to cover defined stress changes in asset values and yields for market risk, credit risk and termination risk for with-profits policies.

As noted in section D2(g)(ii), PAC has discretion in its management actions in the case of adverse investment conditions. Management actions encompass, but are not confined to, investment allocation decisions, levels of reversionary bonuses, crediting rates and total claim values. To illustrate the flexibility of management actions, rates of regular bonus are determined for each type of policy primarily by targeting them at a prudent proportion of the long-term expected future investment return on the underlying assets. The expected future investment return is reduced as appropriate for each type of policy to allow for items such as expenses, charges, tax and shareholders' transfers. However, the rates declared may differ by product type, or by date of payment of the premiums or date of issue of the policy, if the accumulated annual bonuses are particularly high or low relative to a prudent proportion of the achieved investment return.

When target bonus levels change, the PAC board has regard to the overall financial strength of the long-term fund when determining the length of time over which it will seek to achieve the amended product target bonus level.

In normal investment conditions, PAC expects changes to regular bonus rates to be gradual over time and changes are not expected to exceed one per cent per annum over any year. However, discretion is retained as to whether or not a regular bonus is declared each year, and there is no limit on the amount by which regular bonus rates can be changed.

As regards smoothing of maturity and death benefits, in normal circumstances PAC does not expect most pay-out values on policies of the same duration to change by more than 10 per cent up or down from one year to the next, although some larger changes may occur to balance pay-out values between different policies. Greater flexibility may be required in certain circumstances, for example, following a significant rise or fall in market values (either sudden or over a period of years) and in such situations the PAC board may decide to vary the standard bonus smoothing limits to protect the overall interests of policyholders.

For surrender benefits, any substantial fall in the market value of the assets of the with-profits sub-fund would lead to changes in the application of MVRs for accumulating with-profits policies, firstly to increase the size of MVRs already being applied and, secondly, to extend the range of policies for which an MVR is applied.

The available capital of £1,937 million (2010: £1,707 million) reflects the excess of regulatory basis assets over liabilities of the subsidiaries and funds, before deduction of the capital resources requirement of £1,194 million (2010: £1,086 million).

The capital resources requirement for these companies broadly reflects a formula which, for active funds, equates to a percentage of regulatory reserves plus a percentage of death strains. Death strains represent the payments made to policyholders upon death in excess of amounts explicitly allocated to fund the provisions for policyholders' claims and maturities.

The regulatory framework for Jackson is governed by the requirements of the US NAIC approved risk-based capital standards. Under these requirements life insurance companies report using a formula-based capital standard that they calculate by applying factors to various asset, premium and reserve items and separate model based calculations of risk associated primarily with variable annuity products. The risk-based capital formula takes into account the risk characteristics of a company, including asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk, market risk and business risk.

The available capital of Jackson shown above of £2,527 million (2010: £2,907 million) reflects US regulatory basis assets less liabilities including asset valuation reserves. The asset valuation reserve is designed to provide for future credit-related losses on debt securities and losses on equity investments. Available capital includes a reduction for the effect of the interest maintenance reserve, which is designed by state regulators to defer recognition of non-credit related realised capital gains and losses and to recognise them rateably in the future.

Jackson's risk-based capital ratio is significantly in excess of regulatory requirements. At 31 December 2011, Jackson had a permitted practice in effect as granted by the local regulator allowing Jackson to carry certain interest rate swaps at book value, as if statutory hedge accounting were in place, instead of at fair value as would have been otherwise required. Jackson was also required to demonstrate the effectiveness of its interest rate swap programme pursuant to the Michigan Insurance Code. The total effect of this permitted practice net of tax was to decrease statutory surplus by £305 million at 31 December 2011.

The available capital shown above of £1,493 million (2010: £1,378 million) represents the excess of local regulatory basis assets over liabilities before deduction of required capital of £608 million (2010: £572 million). These amounts have been determined applying the local regulations in each of the operations.

The businesses in Asia are subject to local capital requirements in the jurisdictions in which they operate. The Hong Kong business branch of PAC and its capital requirements are subsumed within those of the PAC long-term fund. For the other material Asian operations, the details of the basis of determining regulatory capital and regulatory capital requirements are as follows:

In Singapore a risk-based regulatory framework applies rather than one based on a net premium approach.

For participating business, a gross premium reserve, determined using prudent best estimate assumptions and which makes allowance for future bonus, is held. The amount held is subject to a minimum of the higher of the assets attributed to participating business and a gross premium reserve calculated on specified assumptions, but without allowance for future bonus, that include prescribed provisions for adverse deviations (PADs).

For non-participating business, gross premium reserves are held. For linked business the value of units is held together with a non-unit reserve calculated in accordance with standard actuarial methodology.

For linked business the value of units is held together with a non-unit reserve calculated in accordance with standard actuarial methodology. Solvency capital is determined using risk-based capital approach. Insurance companies in Indonesia are expected to maintain the level of net assets above 120 per cent of solvency capital. Due to the 2008 financial crisis, the local regulator provided relief in solvency capital and the measure continued until 1 January 2012 when it was withdrawn. The withdrawal of this temporary relief did not have a significant impact on the Group's Indonesia business.

Mathematical reserves for traditional business are determined on a net premium basis using prescribed mortality and interest rates. Interest rates reflect the original pricing assumptions.

For linked business the value of units is held together with a non-unit reserve calculated in accordance with standard actuarial methodology.

With regard to solvency, the adjusted solvency capital assets of the Company must exceed 200 per cent of the risk related capital requirement value at risk. It is thus a risk-based capital approach.

For participating business, a gross premium reserve on the guaranteed and non-guaranteed benefits determined using best estimate assumptions is held. The amount held is subject to a minimum of a gross premium reserve on the guaranteed benefits, determined using best estimate assumptions along with provisions of risk margin for adverse deviations (PRADs) discounted at the risk-free rate.

For non-participating business, gross premium reserves determined using best estimate assumptions along with provisions of risk margin for adverse deviations discounted at the risk-free rate are held. For linked business the value of units is held together with a non-unit reserve calculated in accordance with standard actuarial methodology.

The risk-free rate is derived from a yield curve of zero-coupon spot yields of Malaysian Government Securities.

Participating fund surplus is not allowed to be used to support a deficit (if any) and the capital requirement of the non-participating business. The capital requirement is calculated based on a prescribed series of risk charges with a multiplier of 175 per cent being applied to the total risk charges. The multiplier of 175 per cent is the capital target agreed between the regulator and the company.

Mathematical reserves are calculated using a modified net premium approach, set of assumptions agreed with the regulator.

The capital requirement is determined as 4 per cent of reserves plus a specified percentage of 0.1 per cent of sums at risk for policies with original term less than or equal to five years or 0.3 per cent of sums at risk for policies with original term of more than five years. An additional capital requirement of Vietnamese Dong 200 billion (£6 million) is also required for companies transacting unit-linked business.

Policy reserves for traditional business are determined on net premium reserve basis using pricing mortality and prescribed standard interest rates.

For linked business, the value of units is held together with the non-unit reserves calculated in accordance with regulatory standard actuarial methodology.

In April 2009, the capital requirement in Korea moved to being based on a risk-based regulatory framework with a two-year transition period where insurers could choose between the prior and new framework. The risk-based regulatory framework was adopted in 2009 by the Company. Under the risk-based framework, insurance companies in Korea are expected to maintain a level of free surplus in excess of the capital requirements with the general target level of solvency margin being in excess of 150 per cent of the risk-based capital.

In addition to the requirements at individual company level, FSA requirements under the IGD apply additional prudential requirements for the Group as a whole. Discussion of the Group's estimated IGD position at 31 December 2011, together with market risk sensitivity disclosure provided to key management, is provided in the Risk and Capital Management section under Group Risk Framework in Item 4 'Information on the Company and in Section C.

Total available capital for the Group's life assurance operations has changed as follows:

For PAC and all other UK long-term insurers, long-term business assets and liabilities must, by law, be maintained in funds separate from those for the assets and liabilities attributable to non-life insurance business or to shareholders. Only the 'established surplus', the excess of assets over liabilities in the long-term fund determined through a formal valuation, may be transferred so as to be available for other purposes. Distributions from the with-profits sub-fund to shareholders reflect the shareholders' one-ninth share of the cost of declared policyholders' bonuses.

Accordingly, the excess of assets over liabilities of the PAC long-term fund is retained within that company. The retention of the capital enables it to support with-profits and other business of the fund by, for example, providing the benefits associated with smoothing and guarantees. It also provides investment flexibility for the fund's assets by meeting the regulatory capital requirements that demonstrate solvency and by absorbing the costs of significant events or fundamental changes in its long-term business, without affecting the bonus and investment policies.

For other UK long-term business subsidiaries, the amounts retained within the companies are at levels which provide an appropriate level of capital strength in excess of the regulatory minimum.

For Jackson, capital retention is maintained at a level consistent with an appropriate rating by Standard & Poor's. Currently Jackson is rated AA. Jackson can pay dividends on its capital stock only out of earned surplus unless prior regulatory approval is obtained. Furthermore, dividends which exceed the greater of statutory net gain from operations for the prior year or 10 per cent of Jackson's statutory surplus require prior regulatory approval.

For Asian subsidiaries, the amounts retained within the companies are at levels that provide an appropriate level of capital strength in excess of the local regulatory minimum. For ring-fenced with-profits funds, the excess of assets over liabilities is retained with distribution tied to the shareholders' share of bonuses through declaration of actuarially determined surplus. The Singapore and

Malaysian businesses may, in general, remit dividends to the UK, provided the statutory insurance fund meets the capital adequacy standard required under local statutory regulations.

Available capital of the non-insurance business units is transferable to the life assurance businesses after taking account of an appropriate level of operating capital, based on local regulatory solvency targets, over and above basis liabilities. The economic capital model described in section D1 (concentration of risks) takes into account restrictions on mobility of capital across the Group with capital transfers to and from business units triggered at a solvency level consistent with these targets. The model takes into account restrictions on the availability to the Group of the estate of the various with-profits funds throughout the Group.

(e) Sensitivity of liabilities and total capital to changed market conditions and capital management policies

Prudential manages its assets, liabilities and capital locally, in accordance with local regulatory requirements and reflecting the different types of liabilities Prudential has in each business. As a result of the diversity of products offered by Prudential and the different regulatory requirements in which it operates, Prudential employs differing methods of asset/liability and capital management, depending on the business concerned.

Stochastic modelling of assets and liabilities is undertaken in the UK, Jackson and Asia to assess the economic capital requirements under different confidence intervals and time horizons. In addition, reserve adequacy testing under a range of scenarios and dynamic solvency testing is carried out, including under certain scenarios mandated by the UK, US and Asian regulators.

A stochastic approach models the inter-relationship between asset and liability movements, taking into account asset correlation, management actions and policyholder behaviour under a large number of alternative economic scenarios. These scenarios are projected forward over a period of time, typically 25 years or longer, and the liabilities and solvency position of the fund are calculated in each scenario in each future year. The fund's policy on management actions, including bonus and investment policy, continue to be set in order that they are consistent with the available capital and the targeted risk of default.

The sensitivity of liabilities and other components of total capital vary depending upon the type of business concerned and this conditions the approach to asset/liability management.

For example, for businesses that are most sensitive to interest rate changes, such as immediate annuity business, Prudential uses cash flow analysis to create a portfolio of debt securities whose value changes in line with the value of liabilities when interest rates change. This type of analysis helps protect profits from changing interest rates. This type of analysis is used in the UK for annuity business and by Jackson for its interest-sensitive and fixed indexed annuities and stable value products.

For businesses that are most sensitive to equity price changes, Prudential uses stochastic modelling and scenario testing to look at the future returns on its investments under different scenarios which best reflect the large diversity in returns that equities can produce. This allows Prudential to devise an investment and with-profits policyholder bonus strategy that, on the model assumptions, allows it to

optimise returns to its policyholders and shareholders over time while maintaining appropriate financial strength. Prudential uses this methodology extensively in connection with its UK with-profits business.

Should the assets of SAIF be inadequate to meet the guaranteed benefit obligations to the policyholders of SAIF, the PAC long-term fund would be liable to cover any such deficiency.

Due to the quality and diversity of the assets in SAIF and the ability of SAIF to revise guaranteed benefits in the event of an asset shortfall, the directors believe that the probability of either the PAC long-term fund or the Group's shareholders' funds, under their obligation to maintain the capital position of long-term funds generally, having to contribute to SAIF is remote.

The Group's asset management operations are based in the UK, Asia and the US where they operate different models and under different brands tailored to their markets.

Asset management in the UK is undertaken through M&G which is made up of three distinct businesses, being Retail, Wholesale and Finance, and whose operations include retail asset management, institutional fixed income, pooled life and pension funds, property and private finance.

Asset management in Asia serves both the life companies in Asia by managing the life funds and funds underlying the investment linked products and third-party customers through mutual fund business. Asia offers mutual fund investment products in a number of countries within the region, allowing customers to participate in debt, equity and money market investments.

Asset management in the US is undertaken through PPM America which manages assets for the Group's US, UK and Asian affiliates plus also provides investment services to other affiliated and unaffiliated institutional clients including CDOs, private investment funds, institutional accounts and mutual funds. In addition, broker-dealer activities are undertaken in the US where trades in securities are carried out for both third-party customers and for its own account.

Other operations covers unallocated corporate activities and includes the head office functions.

E: Asset management (including US broker-dealer) and other operations (Continued)

(a) The profit included in the income statement in respect of asset management operations for the year is as follows:

	M&G			US			Eastspring Investments note (iii)			Total 2011			Total 2010			Total 2009


	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Revenue, (excluding revenue of consolidated investment funds and NPH broker-dealer fees)		1,042			249			292			1,583			1,423			1,097
Revenue of consolidated investment funds^note ⁽ⁱ⁾		9			—			—			9			11			102
NPH broker-dealer fees^note ⁽ⁱ⁾		—			405			—			405			369			317

Gross revenue		1,051			654			292			1,997			1,803			1,516

Charges, (excluding charges of consolidated investment funds and NPH broker-dealer fees)		(710	)		(225	)		(212	)		(1,147	)		(1,003	)		(744	)
Charges of consolidated investment funds^note ⁽ⁱ⁾		(9	)		—			—			(9	)		(11	)		(102	)
NPH broker-dealer fees^note ⁽ⁱ⁾		—			(405	)		—			(405	)		(369	)		(317	)

Gross charges		(719	)		(630	)		(212	)		(1,561	)		(1,383	)		(1,163	)

Profit before tax		332			24			80			436			420			353

Comprising:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^note ^(b)		357			24			80			461			378			297
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns^note ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		(29	)		—			—			(29	)		47			70
Shareholder's share of actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		4			—			—			4			(5	)		(14	)

Profit before tax		332			24			80			436			420			353

Notes

(i)

Under IFRS 8, disclosure details are required of segment revenue. The segment revenue of the Group's asset management operations is required to include two items that are for amounts which, reflecting their commercial nature, are also wholly reflected as charges within the income statement. After allowing for these charges, there is no effect on profit from these two items which are:

(a): Investment funds which are managed on behalf of third parties and are consolidated under IFRS in recognition of the control arrangements for the funds. The gains and losses of these funds are non-recourse to M&G and the Group, and
(b): NPH broker-dealer fees which represent commissions received, which are then paid on to the writing brokers on sales of investment products.

The presentation in the table above shows the amounts attributable to these two items so that the underlying revenue and charges can be seen.

(ii)

Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for M&G are primarily in respect of unrealised value movements on Prudential Capital's bond portfolio.

(iii)

Included within Eastspring Investments revenue and charges are £44 million of commissions (2010: £60 million; 2009: £57 million).

E: Asset management (including US broker-dealer) and other operations (Continued)

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Asset management fee income		702			612			457
Other income		4			3			13
Staff costs		(285	)		(263	)		(205	)
Other costs		(141	)		(123	)		(100	)

Underlying profit before performance-related fees		280			229			165
Performance-related fees		21			17			12

Operating profit from asset management operations		301			246			177
Operating profit from Prudential Capital		56			38			61

Total M&G operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		357			284			238

The difference between the fees and other income shown above in respect of asset management operations, and the revenue figure for M&G shown (excluding consolidated investment funds) in the main table primarily relates to total revenue of Prudential Capital (including short-term fluctuations) of £96 million (2010: £136 million; 2009: £155 million) and commissions which have been netted off in arriving at the fee income of £702 million (2010: £612 million; 2009: £457 million) in the table above. The difference in the presentation of commission is aligned with how management reviews the business.

E: Asset management (including US broker-dealer) and other operations (Continued)

Assets, liabilities and shareholders' funds included in the Group consolidated statement of financial position in respect of asset management operations are as follows:

	M&G note (iii)		US		Eastspring Investments		Total 2011		Total 2010


	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Assets
Intangible assets:
Goodwill^note ⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		1,153		16		61		1,230		1,230
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangibles assets		12		1		3		16		13

Total		1,165		17		64		1,246		1,243

Other non-investment and non-cash assets		868		179		82		1,129		1,118
Financial investments:
Loans^note ⁽ⁱ⁾		1,256		—		—		1,256		1,418
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		587		—		7		594		151
Debt securities^{note (ii)}		1,834		—		8		1,842		1,574
Other investments		72		1		5		78		59
Deposits		30		28		31		89		80

Total financial investments^note ⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		3,779		29		51		3,859		3,282

Cash and cash equivalents		1,533		45		157		1,735		1,436

Total assets		7,345		270		354		7,969		7,079

Equity and liabilities
*Equity*
Shareholders' equity		1,382		129		272		1,783		1,787
Non-controlling interests		5		—		—		5		4

Total equity		1,387		129		272		1,788		1,791

*Liabilities*
Core structural borrowing of shareholder-financed operations		250		—		—		250		250
Intragroup debt represented by operational borrowings at Group level^note ^(iv)		2,956		—		—		2,956		2,560
Net asset value attributable to external holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds^note ^(v)		678		—		—		678		458
Other non-insurance liabilities^note ^(vi)		2,074		141		82		2,297		2,020

Total liabilities		5,958		141		82		6,181		5,288

Total equity and liabilities		7,345		270		354		7,969		7,079

E: Asset management (including US broker-dealer) and other operations (Continued)

A reconciliation of the total investments of asset management operations from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

	M&G			US		Eastspring Investments			Total


	£m			£m		£m			£m
At 1 January 2010
Total investments (including derivative assets)		2,835			15		40			2,890
Less: Derivative liabilities^note ^G3		(49	)		—		—			(49	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		2,786			15		40			2,841

Net cash inflow from operating activities		310			8		11			329
Realised gains in the year		11			—		—			11
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year		18			—		5			23

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		339			8		16			363

At 31 December 2010/1 January 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)		3,203			23		56			3,282
Less: Derivative liabilities^note ^G3		(78	)		—		—			(78	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		3,125			23		56			3,204

Net cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities		538			6		(4	)		540
Realised gains in the year		17			—		—			17
Unrealised gains and losses and exchange movements in the year		(83	)		—		(1	)		(84	)

Movement in the year of directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		472			6		(5	)		473

At 31 December 2011
Total investments (including derivative assets)		3,779			29		51			3,859
Less: Derivative liabilities		(182	)		—		—			(182	)

Directly held investments, net of derivative liabilities		3,597			29		51			3,677

E: Asset management (including US broker-dealer) and other operations (Continued)

Certain asset management operations are subject to regulatory requirements. The movement in the year of the surplus regulatory capital position of these operations, combined with the movement in the IFRS basis shareholders' funds for unregulated asset management operations, is as follows:

The movement in the year reflects gains driven by profits generated during the year and also changes in regulatory requirements. Distributions consist of dividends paid up to the parent company.

E4: Sensitivity of profit and shareholders' equity to market and other financial risk

Consistent with the Group's accounting policies, the profits of Eastspring Investments and asset management operations are translated at average exchange rates and shareholders' equity at the closing rate for the reporting period. The rates for the most significant operations are shown in note B4.

A 10 per cent increase in the relevant exchange rates would have reduced reported profit before tax attributable to shareholders and shareholders' equity, excluding goodwill attributable to Eastspring Investments and US asset management operations, by £9 million (2010: £9 million) and £30 million (2010: £28 million) respectively.

The principal sensitivities to other financial risk of the Group's asset management operations are credit risk on the bridging loan portfolio as described in note E2 of the Prudential Capital operation and the indirect effect of changes to market values of funds under management. Due to the nature of the asset management operations there is limited direct sensitivity to movements in interest rates. Total debt securities held at 31 December 2011 by asset management operations were £1,842 million (2010: £1,574 million), the majority of which are held by the Prudential Capital operation. Debt securities held by M&G and Prudential Capital are in general variable rate bonds and so market value is limited in

E: Asset management (including US broker-dealer) and other operations (Continued)

sensitivity to interest rate movements and consequently any change in interest rates would not have a material impact on profit or shareholder's equity. The Group's asset management operations do not hold significant investments in property or equities.

Other operations consist of unallocated corporate activities relating to Group Head Office and the Asia regional head office, with net expenditure for the year of £483 million (2010: £450 million; 2009: £395 million) as detailed in note B1. An analysis of the assets and liabilities of other operations is shown in note B5.

The Group holds certain derivatives that are used to manage foreign currency movements and macroeconomic exposures. The fair value of these derivatives is sensitive to the combined effect of movements in exchange rates, interest rate and inflation rate. The possible permutations cover a wide range of scenarios. For indicative purposes, a reasonably possible range of fair value movements could be plus or minus approximately £75 million.

	Year ended 31 December 2011

	Insurance operations									Asset management (note E1)
	UK			US			Asia			M&G			US			Eastspring Investments			Total segments			Unallocated corporate			Group total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Gross premiums earned		5,678			12,650			7,378			—			—			—			25,706			—			25,706
Outward reinsurance premiums		(131	)		(72	)		(226	)		—			—			—			(429	)					(429	)

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance		5,547			12,578			7,152			—			—			—			25,277			—			25,277
Investment returnnote (ii)		7,604			1,447			283			128			1			2			9,465			(105	)		9,360
Other income		193			(62	)		155			923			653			290			2,152			(283	)		1,869

Total revenue, net of reinsurance		13,344			13,963			7,590			1,051			654			292			36,894			(388	)		36,506

Benefits and claims		(12,048	)		(12,931	)		(6,081	)		—			—			—			(31,060	)		—			(31,060	)
Outward reinsurers' share of benefits and claimsnote (iv)		290			280			176			—			—			—			746			—			746
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits fundsnote(iii)		485			—			540			—			—			—			1,025			—			1,025

Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance		(11,273	)		(12,651	)		(5,365	)		—			—			—			(29,289	)		—			(29,289	)
Acquisition costs and other operating expenditurenote F3		(1,239	)		(700	)		(1,562	)		(704	)		(630	)		(212	)		(5,047	)		42			(5,005	)
Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		—			(13	)		—			(15	)		—			—			(28	)		(258	)		(286	)

Total charges, net of reinsurance		(12,512	)		(13,364	)		(6,927	)		(719	)		(630	)		(212	)		(34,364	)		(216	)		(34,580	)

Profit (loss) before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' policyholders' returns)note (i)		832			599			663			332			24			80			2,530			(604	)		1,926
Tax charge attributable to policyholders' returns		68			—			(51	)		—			—			—			17			—			17

Profit (loss) from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders		900			599			612			332			24			80			2,547			(604	)		1,943

This is represented in the segmental analysis of profit from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders in note B1 as follows:

	Year ended 31 December 2011

	Insurance operations								Asset management
	UK		US			Asia			M&G			US		Eastspring Investments		Total segments			Unallocated corporate			Group total

	£m		£m			£m			£m			£m		£m		£m			£m			£m
Operating profit (loss) based on longer-term investment returns		723		694			704			357			24		80		2,582			(512	)		2,070
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business		159		(95	)		(92	)		(29	)		—		—		(57	)		(91	)		(148	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		18		—			—			4			—		—		22			(1	)		21

Profit (loss) from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders		900		599			612			332			24		80		2,547			(604	)		1,943

	Year ended 31 December 2010

	Insurance operations									Asset management (note E1)
	UK			US			Asia			M&G			US			Eastspring Investments			Total segments			Unallocated corporate			Group total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Gross premiums earned		6,371			11,817			6,380			—			—			—			24,568			—			24,568
Outward reinsurance premiums		(128	)		(83	)		(146	)		—			—			—			(357	)		—			(357	)

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance		6,243			11,734			6,234			—			—			—			24,211			—			24,211
Investment return^{note (ii)}		14,374			4,576			2,744			186			1			3			21,884			(115	)		21,769
Other income		233			(24	)		139			768			597			248			1,961			(295	)		1,666

Total revenue, net of reinsurance		20,850			16,286			9,117			954			598			251			48,056			(410	)		47,646

Benefits and claims		(18,674	)		(15,472	)		(6,462	)		—			—			—			(40,608	)		—			(40,608	)
Outward reinsurers' share of benefits and claims		243			49			43			—			—			—			335			—			335
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds^{note (iii)}		70			—			(315	)		—			—			—			(245	)		—			(245	)

Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance		(18,361	)		(15,423	)		(6,734	)		—			—			—			(40,518	)		—			(40,518	)
Acquisition costs and other operating expenditure^{note F3}		(1,093	)		(395	)		(1,662	)		(628	)		(576	)		(179	)		(4,533	)		(266	)		(4,799	)
Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		—			(13	)		—			—			—			—			(13	)		(244	)		(257	)

Total charges, net of reinsurance		(19,454	)		(15,831	)		(8,396	)		(628	)		(576	)		(179	)		(45,064	)		(510	)		(45,574	)

Profit (loss) before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)^note (i)		1,396			455			721			326			22			72			2,992			(920	)		2,072
Tax charge attributable to policyholders' returns		(536	)		—			(75	)		—			—			—			(611	)		—			(611	)

Profit (loss) from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders		860			455			646			326			22			72			2,381			(920	)		1,461

This is represented in the segmental analysis of profit from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders in note B1 as follows:

	Year ended 31 December 2010

	Insurance operations								Asset management
	UK			US			Asia		M&G			US		Eastspring Investments		Total segments			Unallocated corporate			Group total

	£m			£m			£m		£m			£m		£m		£m			£m			£m
Operating profit (loss) based on longer-term investment returns		719			833			532		284			22		72		2,462			(521	)		1,941
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business		116			(378	)		114		47			—		—		(101	)		(22	)		(123	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		(5	)		—			—		(5	)		—		—		(10	)		—			(10	)
Costs of terminated AIA transaction		—			—			—		—			—		—		—			(377	)		(377	)
Gain on dilution of Group's holdings		30			—			—		—			—		—		30			—			30

Profit (loss) from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders		860			455			646		326			22		72		2,381			(920	)		1,461

	Year ended 31 December 2009

	Insurance operations									Asset management (note E1)
	UK			US			Asia			M&G			US			Eastspring Investments			Total segments			Unallocated corporate			Group total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Gross premiums earned		5,757			9,197			5,345			—			—			—			20,299			—			20,299
Outward reinsurance premiums		(122	)		(82	)		(119	)		—			—			—			(323	)		—			(323	)

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance		5,635			9,115			5,226			—			—			—			19,976			—			19,976
Investment return^{note (ii)}		17,366			5,070			4,357			420			68			74			27,355			(466	)		26,889
Other income		176			(18	)		110			379			432			143			1,222			12			1,234

Total revenue, net of reinsurance		23,177			14,167			9,693			799			500			217			48,553			(454	)		48,099

Benefits and claims		(18,521	)		(13,297	)		(8,083	)		—			—			—			(39,901	)		—			(39,901	)
Outward reinsurers' share of benefits and claims		214			12			39			—			—			—			265			—			265
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds^{note (iii)}		(1,893	)		—			334			—			—			—			(1,559	)		—			(1,559	)

Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance		(20,200	)		(13,285	)		(7,710	)		—			—			—			(41,195	)		—			(41,195	)
Acquisition costs and other operating expenditure^{note F3}		(1,508	)		(383	)		(1,536	)		(505	)		(496	)		(162	)		(4,590	)		18			(4,572	)
Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		—			(13	)		—			—			—			—			(13	)		(196	)		(209	)
Loss on sale of Taiwan agency business		—			—			(559	)		—			—			—			(559	)		—			(559	)

Total charges, net of reinsurance		(21,708	)		(13,681	)		(9,805	)		(505	)		(496	)		(162	)		(46,357	)		(178	)		(46,535	)

Profit (loss) before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)^note (i)		1,469			486			(112	)		294			4			55			2,196			(632	)		1,564
Tax charge attributable to policyholders' returns		(750	)		—			(68	)		—			—			—			(818	)		—			(818	)

Profit (loss) from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders		719			486			(180	)		294			4			55			1,378			(632	)		746

This is represented in the segmental analysis of profit from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders in note B1 as follows:

	Year ended 31 December 2009

	Insurance operations									Asset management
	UK			US			Asia			M&G			US		Eastspring Investments		Total segments			Unallocated corporate			Group total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m		£m		£m			£m			£m
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		657			618			410			238			4		55		1,982			(418	)		1,564
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business		108			(132	)		31			70			—		—		77			(200	)		(123	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		(46	)		—			—			(14	)		—		—		(60	)		(14	)		(74	)
Loss on sale and results for Taiwan agency business		—			—			(621	)		—			—		—		(621	)		—			(621	)

Profit (loss) from continuing operations before tax attributable to shareholders		719			486			(180	)		294			4		55		1,378			(632	)		746

Notes

(i)

The measure is the formal profit (loss) before tax measure under IFRS but is not the result attributable to shareholders.

(ii)

Investment return principally comprises:

–: Interest and dividends;
–: Realised and unrealised gains and losses on securities and derivatives classified as fair value through profit and loss under IAS 39; and
–: Realised gains and losses, including impairment losses, on securities classified as available-for-sale under IAS 39.

(iii)

The movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds for Asia above includes movement relating to the Hong Kong branch of PAC. For the purpose of the presentation of unallocated surplus of with-profits funds within the statement of financial position, the Hong Kong branch balance is shown within the unallocated surplus of the PAC with-profits sub-fund.

(iv)

The increase in the credit for outwards reinsurers' share of benefits and claims for Jackson from 2010 to 2011 arises from the fair value movement on the GMIB reinsurance in 2011. As the GMIB reinsurance is net settled it is considered to be a derivative under IAS 39. The movement was particularly high in 2011 due to the reduction in US interest rates in 2011.

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Long-term business premiums
Insurance contract premiums		24,831			23,647			19,347
Investment contracts with discretionary participation feature premiums		735			750			789
Inwards reinsurance premiums		140			171			163
Less: reinsurance premiums ceded		(429	)		(357	)		(323	)

Earned premiums, net of reinsurance^{note (iv)}		25,277			24,211			19,976

Investment return
Realised and unrealised gains and losses on securities at fair value through profit and loss		866			14,728			18,175
Realised and unrealised losses and gains on derivatives at fair value through profit and loss		86			(891	)		1,164
Realised losses on available-for-sale securities, previously recognised in other comprehensive income		101			(51	)		(420	)
Realised losses on loans		(43	)		(12	)		(115	)
Interest^{notes (i), (ii)}		6,440			5,976			5,575
Dividends		1,304			1,394			1,755
Other investment return		606			625			755

Investment return		9,360			21,769			26,889

Fee income from investment contract business and asset management^{notes (iii), (iv)}		1,869			1,666			1,234

Total revenue		36,506			47,646			48,099

In 2010 a further £10 million (2009: £11 million) of intragroup revenue was recorded between UK insurance operations for services, typically charged as a percentage of funds under management.

Revenue from external customers of Asian, US and UK insurance operations shown above are net of outwards reinsurance premiums of £226 million, £72 million, and £131 million respectively (2010: £146 million, £83 million and £128 million respectively; 2009: £119 million, £82 million, and £122 million respectively).

In Asia, revenue from external customers from no individual country exceeds 10 per cent of the Group total. The largest country is Singapore with a total revenue from external customers of £1,383 million (2010: Hong Kong £1,246 million; 2009: Hong Kong £1,013 million).

Due to the nature of the business of the Group, there is no reliance on any major customers.

F4: Finance costs: Interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations

Finance costs of £286 million (2010: £257 million; 2009: £209 million) comprise £258 million (2010: £244 million; 2009: £196 million) interest on core debt of the parent company, £13 million (2010: £13 million; 2009: £13 million) on US insurance operations' surplus notes and £15 million (2010: nil; 2009: nil) on PruCap's bank loan.

An analysis of the total tax benefit (expense) of continuing operations recognised in the income statement by nature of benefit (expense) is as follows:

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Current tax expense:
Corporation tax		(775	)		(378	)		(500	)
Adjustments in respect of prior years		33			287			(29	)

Total current tax		(742	)		(91	)		(529	)

Deferred tax arising from:
Origination and reversal of temporary differences		253			(518	)		(340	)
Credit (expense) in respect of a previously unrecognised tax loss, tax credit or temporary difference from a prior period		57			(27	)		(4	)

Total deferred tax credit (charge)		310			(545	)		(344	)

Total tax charge		(432	)		(636	)		(873	)

The current tax charge of £742 million includes £16 million (2010: charge of £13 million; 2009: charge of £6 million) in respect of the tax charge for Hong Kong. The Hong Kong current tax charge is calculated as 16.5 per cent for all periods on either (i) 5 per cent of the net insurance premium or (ii) the estimated assessable profits, depending on the nature of the business written.

The total tax charge comprises tax attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, unit-linked policies and shareholders as shown below.

The principal reason for the reduction in the tax charge attributable to policyholders' returns relates to a decrease in deferred tax on unrealised gains and losses on investments.

The tax charge attributable to shareholders of £449 million for 2011 (2010: charge of £25 million; 2009: charge of £55 million) comprises:

In 2011, a deferred tax charge of £187 million (2010: charge of £287 million; 2009: charge of £546 million) has been taken through other comprehensive income. Other movements in deferred tax totalling a £22 million charge is mainly comprised of foreign exchange movements. When these amounts are taken with the deferred tax charge shown above the result is a decrease of £0.1 billion in the Group's net deferred tax liability (2010: increase of £0.9 billion; 2009: increase of £0.8 billion).

The total tax charge is attributable to shareholders and policyholders as summarised in the income statement.

For the purposes of explaining the relationship between tax expense and accounting profit, it is appropriate to consider the sources of profit and tax by reference to those that are attributable to shareholders and policyholders, as follows:

	2011									2010									2009

	Attributable to shareholders			Attributable to policyholders*			Total			Attributable to shareholders			Attributable to policyholders*			Total			Attributable to shareholders			Attributable to policyholders*			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Profit (loss) before tax		1,943			(17	)		1,926			1,461			611			2,072			746			818			1,564
Taxation charge:
Expected tax rate		29	%		100	%		28	%		28	%		100	%		49	%		31	%		100	%		67	%

Expected tax (charge) credit		(559	)		17			(542	)		(406	)		(611	)		(1,017	)		(233	)		(818	)		(1,051	)
Variance from expected tax chargenotev(ii)		110			—			110			381			—			381			178			—			178

Actual tax (charge) credit		(449	)		17			(432	)		(25	)		(611	)		(636	)		(55	)		(818	)		(873	)
Average effective tax rate		23	%		100	%		22	%		2	%		100	%		31	%		7	%		100	%		56	%

Due to the requirements of the financial reporting standards IAS 1 and IAS 12, the profit (loss) before tax and tax charge reflect the aggregate of amounts that are attributable to shareholders and policyholders.

Profit (loss) before tax comprises profit attributable to shareholders and pre-tax profit attributable to policyholders of linked and with-profits funds and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds.

The total tax charge for linked and with-profits business includes tax expense on unit-linked and with-profits funds attributable to policyholders, the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds and the

shareholders' profits. This feature arises from the basis of taxation applied to life and pension business, principally in the UK, but with similar bases applying in certain Asian operations, and is explained in note (iii) below.

Furthermore, the basis of preparation of Prudential's financial statements incorporates the additional feature that, as permitted under IFRS 4, the residual equity of the Group's with-profits funds, i.e. unallocated surplus, is recorded as a liability with transfers to and from that liability reflected in pre-tax profits. This gives rise to anomalous effective tax rates for profits attributable to policyholders (as described in note (iv) below).

In meeting the reconciliation requirements set out in paragraph 81(c) of IAS 12, the presentation shown in this disclosure note seeks to ensure that the explanation of the relationship between tax expense and accounting profit draw properly the distinction between the elements of the profit and tax charge that are attributable to policyholders and shareholders as explained below in notes (iv) and (v) respectively. Due to the nature of the basis of taxation of UK life and pension business (as described in note (iii) below), and the significance of the results of the business to the Group, it is inappropriate to seek to explain the effective tax rate on profit before tax by the traditional approach that would apply for other industries.

The shareholder elements are the components of the profit and tax charge that are of most direct relevance to investors, and it is this aspect that the IAS 12 reconciliation requirement is seeking to explain for companies that do not need to account for both with-profits and unit-linked funds, where tax is borne by the Company on the policyholders' behalf and which is not contemplated by the IFRS requirement.

Different rules apply under UK tax law for taxing pension business and life insurance business and there are detailed rules for apportioning the investment return and profits of the fund between the types of business.

The investment return referable to pension business, and some other less significant classes of business, is exempt from taxation, but tax is charged on the profit that shareholders derive from writing such business at the corporate rate of tax. The rules for taxing life insurance business are more complex. Initially, the UK regime seeks to tax the regulatory basis investment return less management expenses (I-E) on this business as it arises. However, in determining the actual tax charge, a calculation of the shareholder profits for taxation purposes from writing life insurance business also has to be made and compared with the I-E profit.

If the shareholder profit is higher than the I-E amount, extra income is attributable to the I-E calculation until the I-E profit equals the shareholder profit. If on the other hand, the I-E profit is the greater, then an amount equal to the shareholder profit is taxed at the corporate rate of tax, with the remainder of the I-E profit being taxed at the lower policyholder rate of tax.

The purpose of this approach is to ensure that the Company is always at a minimum taxed on the profit, as defined for taxation purposes by reference to the Company's regulatory returns (rather than

IFRS basis results), that it has earned. The shareholders' portion of the long-term business is taxed at the shareholders' rate, with the remaining portion taxed at rates applicable to the policyholders.

It is to be noted that the calculations described are determined using data from the regulatory basis returns rather than the IFRS basis results.

As noted above, it is necessary under IFRS requirements to include the total tax charge of the Company (both policyholder and shareholder elements) in the tax charge disclosed in the income statement.

The tax expense attributable to policyholders is a combination of current and deferred tax charges and reflects the nature of the income and expenditure of the with-profits and unit-linked funds. The current tax charge element reflects the element for the funds, determined on the I-E basis (as described in note (iii) above) that is attributable to policyholders. For policyholder deferred tax, normally the most significant element reflects the movement on unrealised appreciation on investments. These investments are accounted for under IAS 39 on a fair value through profit or loss basis with attaching deferred tax charges or credits.

For with-profits business, total pre-tax profits reflect the aggregate of profits attributable to policyholders and shareholders. However, amounts attributable to the equity of with-profits funds are carried in the liability for unallocated surplus. Also, as described in note (iii), UK with-profits business is taxed on a basis that affects policyholders' unallocated surplus of with-profits funds and shareholders. For the PAC with-profits sub-fund, transfers to and from unallocated surplus are recorded in the income statement, so that after charging the total tax borne by the fund, the net balance reflects the statutory transfer from the fund for the year. The statutory transfer represents 10 per cent of the actuarially determined surplus for the year that is attributable to shareholders.

For SAIF, similar transfers are made. However, in the case of SAIF, a net nil balance is derived, reflecting the lack of shareholder interest in the financial performance of the fund (other than through asset management arrangements).

The accounting anomaly that arises under IFRS is that due to the fact that the net of tax profit attributable to with-profits policyholders is zero, the Company's presentation of pre-tax profit attributable to policyholders reflects an amount that is the mirror image of the tax charge attributable to policyholders.

For unit-linked business, pre-tax profits also reflect the aggregate of profits attributable to policyholders and shareholders. The pre-tax profits attributable to policyholders represent fees earned that are used to pay tax borne by the Company on policyholders' behalf. The net of tax profit attributable to policyholders for unit-linked business is thus zero.

The combined effect of these features is such that providing a reconciliation of the tax charge attributable to policyholders to an expected charge based on the standard corporate rate of tax on IFRS basis profits attributable to policyholders is not relevant.

In summary, for accounting purposes, in all cases and for all reporting periods, the apparent effective rate for profit attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus is 100 per cent. However, it is to be noted that the 100 per cent rate does not reflect a rate paid on the profits attributable to policyholders. It instead reflects the basis of accounting for unallocated surplus coupled with the distinction made for performance reporting between sources of profit attributable to shareholders, policyholders and unallocated surplus and IFRS requirements in respect of reporting of all pre-tax profits and all tax charges irrespective of policyholder or shareholder economic interest.

(v) Reconciliation of tax charge on profit attributable to shareholders for continuing operations:

2011	Asian insurance operations


	£m (except for tax rates)
Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		704		694		723		(51	)	2,070
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		(92	)	(95	)	159		(120	)	(148	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		18		3		21

Total		612		599		900		(168	)	1,943

Expected tax rate:^{note (i)}
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		24	%	35	%	27	%	27	%	28	%
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		20	%	35	%	27	%	27	%	28	%
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		0	%	0	%	27	%	27	%	27	%

Expected tax (charge) credit based on expected tax rates:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		(169	)	(243	)	(195	)	14		(593	)
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		18		33		(43	)	32		40
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		(5	)	(1	)	(6	)

Total		(151	)	(210	)	(243	)	45		(559	)

Variance from expected tax charge:^{note (ii)}
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		47		43		5		50		145
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		(20	)	—		8		(24	)	(36	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		1		—		1

Total		27		43		14		26		110

Actual tax (charge) credit:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		(122	)	(200	)	(190	)	64		(448	)
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		(2	)	33		(35	)	8		4
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		(4	)	(1	)	(5	)

Total		(124	)	(167	)	(229	)	71		(449	)

Actual tax rate:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		17	%	29	%	26	%	125	%	22	%
Total profit		20	%	28	%	25	%	42	%	23	%

2010	Asian insurance operations


	£m (except for tax rates)
Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders:^{note (iii)}
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		532		833		719		(143	)	1,941
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		114		(378	)	116		25		(123	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		(5	)	(5	)	(10	)
Costs of terminated AIA transaction		—		—		—		(377	)	(377	)
Gain on dilution of Group's holdings		—		—		30		—		30

Total		646		455		860		(500	)	1,461

Expected tax rate:^{note (i)}
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		22	%	35	%	28	%	28	%	29	%
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		25	%	35	%	28	%	28	%	52	%
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		28	%	28	%	20	%
Costs of terminated AIA transaction		—		—		—		28	%	28	%
Gain on dilution of Group's holdings		—		—		28	%	—		28	%

Expected tax (charge) credit based on expected tax rates:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		(117	)	(292	)	(201	)	40		(570	)
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		(29	)	132		(32	)	(7	)	64
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		1		1		2
Costs of terminated AIA transaction		—		—		—		106		106
Gain on dilution of Group's holdings		—		—		(8	)	—		(8	)

Total		(146	)	(160	)	(240	)	140		(406	)

2010	Asian insurance operations


	£m (except for tax rates)
Variance from expected tax charge:^{note (ii)}
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		59		43		18		237		357
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		21		—		—		7		28
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		—		1		1
Costs of terminated AIA transaction		—		—		—		(13	)	(13	)
Gain on dilution of Group's holdings		—		—		8		—		8

Total		80		43		26		232		381

Actual tax (charge) credit:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, excluding exceptional tax credit		(58	)	(249	)	(183	)	119		(371	)
Exceptional tax credit*		—		—		—		158		158

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		(58	)	(249	)	(183	)	277		(213	)
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		(8	)	132		(32	)	—		92
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		1		2		3
Costs of terminated AIA transaction		—		—		—		93		93
Gain on dilution of Group's holdings		—		—		—		—		—

Total		(66	)	(117	)	(214	)	372		(25	)

Actual tax rate:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		11	%	30	%	25	%	194	%	11	%
Total profit		10	%	26	%	25	%	74	%	2	%

Actual tax rate (excluding exceptional tax credit*):
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		11	%	30	%	25	%	83	%	19	%
Total profit		10	%	26	%	25	%	43	%	13	%

2009	Asian insurance operations


	£m (except for tax rates)
Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		410		618		657		(121	)	1,564
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		31		(132	)	108		(130	)	(123	)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		(46	)	(28	)	(74	)
Loss on sale and results for Taiwan agency business		(621	)	—		—		—		(621	)

Total		(180	)	486		719		(279	)	746

Expected tax rate:^{note (i)}
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		24	%	35	%	28	%	28	%	30	%
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		25	%	35	%	28	%	36	%	45	%
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		28	%	28	%	28	%
Loss on sale and results for Taiwan agency business		25	%	—		—		—		25	%

Expected tax (charge) credit based on expected tax rates:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		(98	)	(216	)	(184	)	34		(464	)
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		(8	)	46		(30	)	47		55
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		13		8		21
Loss on sale and results for Taiwan agency business		155		—		—		—		155

Total		49		(170	)	(201	)	89		(233	)

2009	Asian insurance operations


	£m (except for tax rates)
Variance from expected tax charge:^{note (ii)}
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		35		76		(29	)	8		90
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		15		196		—		14		225
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		—		—		—
Loss on sale and results for Taiwan agency business		(137	)	—		—		—		(137	)

Total		(87	)	272		(29	)	22		178

Actual tax (charge) credit:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns^{note (iii)}		(63	)	(140	)	(213	)	42		(374	)
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns		7		242		(30	)	61		280
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes		—		—		13		8		21
Loss on sale and results for Taiwan agency business		18		—		—		—		18

Total		(38	)	102		(230	)	111		(55	)

Actual tax rate:
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		15	%	23	%	32	%	35	%	24	%
Total profit		(21	)%	(21	)%	32	%	40	%	7	%

impact on shareholders' profit. The table below provides a breakdown of the investment return for each regional operation attributable to each type of business.

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Asian operations
Policyholder returns
Assets backing unit-linked liabilities		(812	)		1,279			2,539
With-profits business		756			1,039			1,519

		(56	)		2,318			4,058

Shareholder returns		341			429			373

Total		285			2,747			4,431

US operations
Policyholder returns
Assets held to back (separate account) unit-linked liabilities		(869	)		3,520			3,760

Shareholder returns
Realised gains and losses (including impairment losses on available-for-sale bonds)		(238	)		21			(529	)
Value movements on derivative hedging programme for general account business		841			20			340
Interest/dividend income and value movements on other financial instruments for which fair value movements are booked in the income statement		1,714			1,016			1,567

		2,317			1,057			1,378

Total		1,448			4,577			5,138

UK operations
Policyholder returns
Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF)		321			1,075			1,438
Assets held to back unit-linked liabilities		208			2,119			2,947
With-profits fund (excluding SAIF)		4,094			8,815			10,461

		4,623			12,009			14,846

Shareholder returns
Prudential Retirement Income Limited (PRIL)		2,153			1,717			1,827
Other business		956			834			1,113

		3,109			2,551			2,940

Total		7,732			14,560			17,786

Unallocated corporate
Shareholder returns		(105	)		(115	)		(466	)

Group Total
Policyholder returns		3,698			17,847			22,664
Shareholder returns		5,662			3,922			4,225

Total		9,360			21,769			26,889

Changes in shareholder investment returns for US operations reflect primarily movements in the investment income, movements in the value of derivative instruments, and realised gains and losses. The derivatives are held to manage general account assets and liabilities, and variable annuity guarantees under a dynamic hedging programme. Separately reflecting Jackson's types of business an allocation is made to policyholders through the application of crediting rates.

F7: Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance

Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds net of reinsurance can be further analysed as follows:

The Group designates all financial assets as either fair value through profit and loss, available-for-sale, or as loans and receivables. Financial liabilities are designated as either fair value through profit and loss, amortised cost, or as investment contracts with discretionary participation features accounted for under IFRS 4 as described in note A4.

	2011

	Fair value through profit and loss		Available- for-sale		Loans and receivables		Total carrying value		Fair value

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents		—		—		7,257		7,257		7,257
Deposits		—		—		10,708		10,708		10,708
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		87,349		—		—		87,349		87,349
Debt securities^note ⁽ⁱ⁾		97,482		27,016		—		124,498		124,498
Loans^note ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		279		—		9,435		9,714		9,828
Other investments^note ⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		7,509		—		—		7,509		7,509
Accrued investment income		—		—		2,710		2,710		2,710
Other debtors		—		—		987		987		987

		192,619		27,016		31,097		250,732

	2011

	Fair value through profit and loss note (v)		Amortised cost		IFRS 4 basis value		Total carrying value		Fair value

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Financial liabilities
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations^notes ^(i), ^H13		—		3,611		—		3,611		3,815
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations^H13		—		3,340		—		3,340		3,340
Borrowings attributable to with-profits funds^H13		39		933		—		972		978
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements		—		3,114		—		3,114		3,144
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trust and similar funds		3,840		—		—		3,840		3,840
Investment contracts with discretionary participation features^note ^(iv)		—		—		29,745		29,745		—
Investment contracts without discretionary participation features		15,056		1,911		—		16,967		17,008
Other creditors		281		2,263		—		2,544		2,544
Derivative liabilities		3,054		—		—		3,054		3,054
Other liabilities		—		1,249		—		1,249		1,249

		22,270		16,421		29,745		68,436

	2010

	Fair value through profit and loss		Available- for-sale		Loans and receivables		Total carrying value		Fair value

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents		—		—		6,631		6,631		6,631
Deposits		—		—		9,952		9,952		9,952
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		86,635		—		—		86,635		86,635
Debt securities^note ⁽ⁱ⁾		90,027		26,325		—		116,352		116,352
Loans^note ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		227		—		9,034		9,261		9,488
Other investments^note ⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		5,779		—		—		5,779		5,779
Accrued investment income		—		—		2,668		2,668		2,668
Other debtors		—		—		903		903		903

		182,668		26,325		29,188		238,181

	2010

	Fair value through profit and loss note (v)		Amortised cost		IFRS 4 basis value		Total carrying value		Fair value

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Financial liabilities
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations^notes ^(i), ^H13				3,676		—		3,676		3,866
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations^H13		—		3,004		—		3,004		2,991
Borrowings attributable to with-profits funds^H13		82		1,440		—		1,522		1,524
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements		—		4,199		—		4,199		4,236
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trust and similar funds		3,372		—		—		3,372		3,372
Investment contracts with discretionary participation features^note ^(iv)		—		—		25,732		25,732		—
Investment contracts without discretionary participation features		15,822		1,882		—		17,704		17,652
Other creditors		—		2,321		—		2,321		2,321
Derivative liabilities		2,037		—		—		2,037		2,037
Other liabilities		—		1,129		—		1,129		1,129

		21,313		17,651		25,732		64,696

The fair values of the financial assets and liabilities of the Group have been determined on the following bases.

The fair values of the financial instruments for which fair valuation is required under IFRS are determined by the use of current market bid prices for exchange-quoted investments, or by using quotations from independent third-parties, such as brokers and pricing services or by using appropriate valuation techniques. Investments valued using valuation techniques include financial investments which by their nature do not have an externally quoted price based on regular trades and financial investments for which markets are no longer active as a result of market conditions e.g. market illiquidity. The valuation techniques used include comparison to recent arm's length transactions, reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis, option adjusted spread models and, if applicable, enterprise valuation. These techniques may include a number of assumptions relating to variables such as credit risk and interest rates. Changes in assumptions relating to these variables could positively or negatively impact the reported fair value of these instruments. When determining the inputs into the valuation techniques used priority is given to publicly available prices from independent sources when available, but overall the source of pricing is chosen with the objective of arriving at a fair value measurement which reflects the price at which an orderly transaction would take place between market participants on the measurement date.

The fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based upon available market information and judgments about the financial instruments, including estimates of the timing and amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of counterparties. Such estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Group's entire holdings of a particular financial instrument, nor do they consider the tax impact of the realisation of unrealised gains or losses from selling the financial instrument being fair valued. In some cases the disclosed value cannot be realised in immediate settlement of the financial instrument.

The loans and receivables have been shown net of provisions for impairment. The fair value of loans has been estimated from discounted cash flows expected to be received. The rate of discount used was the market rate of interest.

The estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments reflects the estimated amount the Group would receive or pay in an arm's length transaction. This amount is determined using quoted prices if

exchange listed, quotations from independent third-parties or valued internally using standard market practices. In accordance with the Group's risk management framework, all internally generated valuations are subject to assessment against external counterparties' valuations.

For investment contracts in the US with fixed and guaranteed terms the fair value is determined based on the present value of future cash flows discounted at current interest rates.

The fair value of other financial liabilities is determined using discounted cash flows of the amounts expected to be paid.

Level 1, 2 and 3 fair value measurement hierarchy of Group financial instruments

The table below includes financial instruments carried at fair value analysed by level of the IFRS 7 defined fair value hierarchy. This hierarchy is based on the inputs to the fair value measurement and reflects the lowest level input that is significant to that measurement.

The classification criteria and its application to Prudential can be summarised as follows:

Level 1—quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities

Level 1 includes financial instruments where there is clear evidence that the valuation is based on a quoted publicly traded price in an active market (e.g. exchange listed equities, mutual funds with quoted prices and exchange traded derivatives.)

Level 2—inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices)

Level 2 includes investments where a direct link to an actively traded price is not readily apparent, but which are valued using inputs which are largely observable either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices). A significant proportion of the Group's level 2 assets are corporate bonds, structured securities and other non-national government debt securities. These assets, in line with market practice, are generally valued using independent pricing services or third-party broker quotes. These valuations are determined using independent external quotations from multiple sources and are subject to a number of monitoring controls, such as monthly price variances, stale price reviews and variance analysis on prices achieved on subsequent trades.

Pricing services, where available, are used to obtain the third-party broker quotes. Where pricing services providers are used, a single valuation is obtained and applied.

When prices are not available from pricing services, quotes are sourced directly from brokers. Prudential seeks to obtain a number of quotes from different brokers so as to obtain the most comprehensive information available on their executability. Where quotes are sourced directly from brokers, the price used in the valuation is normally selected from one of the quotes based on a number of factors, including the timeliness and regularity of the quotes and the accuracy of the quotes considering the spreads provided. The selected quote is the one which best represents an executable quote for the security at the measurement date.

Generally, no adjustment is made to the prices obtained from independent third parties. Adjustment is made in only limited circumstances, where it is determined that the third-party valuations obtained do not reflect fair value (e.g. either because the value is stale and/or the values are extremely diverse in range). These are usually securities which are distressed or that could be subject to a debt restructure or where reliable market prices are no longer available due to an inactive market or market dislocation. In these instances, prices are derived using internal valuation techniques including those as described above in this note with the objective of arriving at a fair value measurement which reflects the price at which an orderly transaction would take place between market participants on the measurement date. The techniques used require a number of assumptions relating to variables such as credit risk and interest rates. Examples of such variables include an average credit spread based on the corporate bond universe and the relevant duration of the asset being valued. Prudential measures the input assumptions based on the best available information at the measurement dates. Securities valued in such manner are classified as level 3 where these significant inputs are not based on observable market data.

Of the total level 2 debt securities of £94,378 million at 31 December 2011 (31 December 2010: £89,948 million), £6,847 million are valued internally (31 December 2010: £6,638 million). The majority of such securities are valued using matrix pricing, which is based on assessing the credit quality of the underlying borrower to derive a suitable discount rate relative to government securities of a comparable duration. Under matrix pricing, the debt securities are priced taking the credit spreads on comparable quoted public debt securities and applying these to the equivalent debt instruments factoring in a specified liquidity premium. The majority of the parameters used in this valuation technique are readily observable in the market and, therefore, are not subject to interpretation.

Level 3—Significant inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs)

Level 3 includes investments which are internally valued or subject to a significant number of unobservable assumptions (e.g. private equity funds and certain derivatives which are bespoke or long dated).

At 31 December 2011 the Group held £4,565 million (2010: £4,573 million), two per cent of the fair valued financial investments, net of derivative liabilities (2010: two per cent), within level 3. Of these amounts £3,732 million (2010: £3,705 million) was held by the Group's participating funds and therefore shareholders' profit and equity are not impacted by movements in the valuation of these financial instruments. At 31 December 2011, the £3,732 million (2010: £3,705 million) represented 4.3 per cent (2010: 4.2 per cent) of the total level 3 fair valued financial instruments, net of derivative liabilities of the participating funds.

Of the £800 million level 3 fair valued financial investments, net of derivative liabilities at 31 December 2011 (2010: £866 million), which support non-linked shareholder-backed business (representing 1.3 per cent of the total fair valued financial investments net of derivative liabilities backing this business (2010: 1.6 per cent)), £757 million of net assets are externally valued and £43 million of net liabilities are internally valued (2010: net assets of £728 million and £138 million respectively). Internal valuations, which represent 0.1 per cent of the total fair valued financial investments net of derivative liabilities supporting non-linked shareholder-backed business at 31 December 2011 (2010: 0.2 per cent), are inherently more subjective than external valuations.

If the value of all internally valued level 3 investments backing non-linked shareholder-backed business was varied downwards by 10 per cent, the change in valuation would be £4 million (2010: £14 million), which would reduce shareholders' equity by this amount before tax. Of this amount a £1 million decrease (2010: £7 million increase) would pass through the income statement substantially as part of short-term fluctuations in investment returns outside of operating profit and a £3 million decrease (2010: offset by an £7 million decrease) would be included as part of other comprehensive income, being unrealised movements on assets classified as available-for-sale.

	31 December 2011

	Level 1			Level 2			Level 3			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m
Analysis of financial investments, net of derivative liabilities by business type
With-profits
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		24,001			1,762			284			26,047
Debt securities		13,298			43,279			655			57,232
Other investments (including derivative assets)		252			1,378			2,793			4,423
Derivative liabilities		(214	)		(1,127	)		—			(1,341	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		37,337			45,292			3,732			86,361
Percentage of total		43	%		53	%		4	%		100	%

Unit-linked and variable annuity separate account
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		59,662			198			30			59,890
Debt securities		4,160			4,698			3			8,861
Other investments (including derivative assets)		18			95			—			113
Derivative liabilities		(2	)		(7	)		—			(9	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		63,838			4,984			33			68,855
Percentage of total		93	%		7	%		0	%		100	%

Non-linked shareholder-backed
Loans		—			279			—			279
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		1,175			176			61			1,412
Debt securities		11,753			46,401			251			58,405
Other investments (including derivative assets)		30			2,237			706			2,973
Derivative liabilities		(78	)		(1,408	)		(218	)		(1,704	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		12,880			47,685			800			61,365
Percentage of total		21	%		78	%		1	%		100	%

Group total analysis, including other financial liabilities held at fair value
Group total
Loans		—			279			—			279
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		84,838			2,136			375			87,349
Debt securities		29,211			94,378			909			124,498
Other investments (including derivative assets)		300			3,710			3,499			7,509
Derivative liabilities		(294	)		(2,542	)		(218	)		(3,054	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		114,055			97,961			4,565			216,581
Borrowings attributable to the with-profits fund held at fair value		—			(39	)		—			(39	)
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation features held at fair value		—			(15,056	)		—			(15,056	)
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds		(2,586	)		(805	)		(449	)		(3,840	)
Other financial liabilities held at fair value		—			(281	)		—			(281	)

Total financial instruments at fair value		111,469			81,780			4,116			197,365
Percentage of total		57	%		41	%		2	%		100	%

	31 December 2010

	Level 1			Level 2			Level 3			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m
Analysis of financial investment, net of derivative liabilities by business type
With-profits
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		29,675			1,281			415			31,371
Debt securities		11,114			41,375			772			53,261
Other investments (including derivative assets)		137			1,207			2,543			3,887
Derivative liabilities		(56	)		(626	)		(25	)		(707	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		40,870			43,237			3,705			87,812
Percentage of total		47	%		49	%		4	%		100	%

Unit-linked and variable annuity separate account
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		54,272			2			—			54,274
Debt securities		3,784			5,268			2			9,054
Other investments (including derivative assets)		43			88			—			131

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		58,099			5,358			2			63,459
Percentage of total		92	%		8	%		0	%		100	%

Non-linked shareholder-backed
Loans		—			227			—			227
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		808			21			161			990
Debt securities		10,389			43,305			343			54,037
Other investments (including derivative assets)		52			1,146			563			1,761
Derivative liabilities		(80	)		(1,049	)		(201	)		(1,330	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		11,169			43,650			866			55,685
Percentage of total		20	%		78	%		2	%		100	%

Group total analysis, including other financial liabilities held at fair value
Group total
Loans		—			227			—			227
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		84,755			1,304			576			86,635
Debt securities		25,287			89,948			1,117			116,352
Other investments (including derivative assets)		232			2,441			3,106			5,779
Derivative liabilities		(136	)		(1,675	)		(226	)		(2,037	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		110,138			92,245			4,573			206,956
Borrowings attributable to the with-profits fund held at fair value		—			(82	)		—			(82	)
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation features held at fair value		—			(15,822	)		—			(15,822	)
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds		(2,099	)		(894	)		(379	)		(3,372	)

Total financial instruments at fair value		108,039			75,447			4,194			187,680
Percentage of total		58	%		40	%		2	%		100	%

Reconciliation of movements in level 3 financial instruments measured at fair value

The following tables reconcile the value of level 3 financial instruments at 1 January 2011 to that presented at 31 December 2011 and at 1 January 2010 to that presented at 31 December 2010.

Total 'investment return' in the income statement represents interest and dividend income, realised and realised losses, unrealised gains and losses on financial instruments classified at fair value through profit and loss and foreign exchange movements on an individual entity's overseas investments.

Total gains and losses recorded in other comprehensive income includes unrealised gains and losses on debt securities held as available-for-sale within Jackson and foreign exchange movements arising from the retranslation of the Group's overseas subsidiaries and branches.

The transfers in and out of level 3 during 2011 represent sundry individual financial investments, of which are materially significant as highlighted in the table below.

The transfers out from level 3 during 2010 comprise mainly transfers within the Jackson's portfolio. Certain broker-priced assets of Jackson were previously classified as level 3 holdings as a result of illiquidity in the market and the resultant lack of observability into the assumptions used to produce those fair values. During 2010, as a result of ongoing consideration regarding the use of assumptions by pricing sources and the changes in the level of observability of these inputs over recent periods, Jackson determined that these assets would be more appropriately categorised as level 2. As a result, Jackson transferred debt securities of £606 million and derivative assets of £101 million from level 3 to level 2. The remaining transfers out of level 3 of the Group are primarily debt securities reclassifications from level 3 to level 2 which reflected improving liquidity during the period.

	At 1 Jan 2011			Total gains/losses in income statement			Total gains/losses recorded in other compre-hensive income			Purchases			Sales			Settled			Transfers into level 3		Transfers out of Level 3			At 31 Dec 2011


	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m		£m			£m
Reconciliation of movements in level 3 financial investments, net of derivative liabilities by business type
With-profits
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		415			42			—			21			(160	)		—			—		(34	)		284
Debt securities		772			50			(1	)		263			(371	)		(19	)		1		(40	)		655
Other investments (including derivative assets)		2,543			177			(59	)		530			(343	)		—			—		(55	)		2,793
Derivative liabilities		(25	)		—			—			—			—			—			—		25			—

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		3,705			269			(60	)		814			(874	)		(19	)		1		(104	)		3,732

Unit-linked and variable annuity separate account
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		—			—			—			30			—			—			—		—			30
Debt securities		2			1			—			1			—			—			1		(2	)		3

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		2			1			—			31			—			—			1		(2	)		33

Non-linked shareholder-backed
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		161			8			(1	)		11			(118	)		—			—		—			61
Debt securities		343			(5	)		6			10			(119	)		(2	)		49		(31	)		251
Other investments (including derivative assets)		563			47			9			161			(74	)		—			—		—			706
Derivative liabilities		(201	)		(17	)		—			—			—			—			—		—			(218	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		866			33			14			182			(311	)		(2	)		49		(31	)		800
Group total reconciliation of movements in level 3, including other financial liabilities held at fair value
Group total
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		576			50			(1	)		62			(278	)		—			—		(34	)		375
Debt securities		1,117			46			5			274			(490	)		(21	)		51		(73	)		909
Other investments (including derivative assets)		3,106			224			(50	)		691			(417	)		—			—		(55	)		3,499
Derivative liabilities		(226	)		(17	)		—			—			—			—			—		25			(218	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		4,573			303			(46	)		1027			(1,185	)		(21	)		51		(137	)		4,565
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds		(379	)		(78	)		—			(10	)		18			—			—		—			(449	)

Total		4,194			225			(46	)		1,017			(1,167	)		(21	)		51		(137	)		4,116

	At 1 Jan 2010			Total gains/losses in income statement			Total gains/losses recorded in other compre-hensive income			Purchases			Sales			Settled			Transfers into level 3		Transfers out of Level 3			At 31 Dec 2010


	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m		£m			£m
Reconciliation of movements in level 3 financial investments, net of derivative liabilities by business type
With-profits
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		475			(6	)		—			48			(59	)		—			—		(43	)		415
Debt securities		1,213			(113	)		18			15			(158	)		(34	)		11		(180	)		772
Other investments (including derivative assets)		2,170			309			5			372			(312	)		—			—		(1	)		2,543
Derivative liabilities		(25	)		—			—			—			—			—			—		—			(25	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		3,833			190			23			435			(529	)		(34	)		11		(224	)		3,705
Unit-linked and variable annuity separate account
Debt securities		40			—			3			2			(4	)		(18	)		—		(21	)		2

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		40			—			3			2			(4	)		(18	)		—		(21	)		2
Non-linked shareholder-backed
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		179			43			5			30			(95	)		—			2		(3	)		161
Debt securities		1,068			49			72			46			(213	)		(27	)		61		(713	)		343
Other investments (including derivative assets)		632			15			32			129			(144	)		—			—		(101	)		563
Derivative liabilities		(195	)		(5	)		(1	)		—			—			—			—		—			(201	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		1,684			102			108			205			(452	)		(27	)		63		(817	)		866
Group total reconciliation of movements in level 3, including other financial liabilities held at fair value
Group total
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts		654			37			5			78			(154	)		—			2		(46	)		576
Debt securities		2,321			(64	)		93			63			(375	)		(79	)		72		(914	)		1,117
Other investments (including derivative assets)		2,802			324			37			501			(456	)		—			—		(102	)		3,106
Derivative liabilities		(220	)		(5	)		(1	)		—			—			—			—		—			(226	)

Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities		5,557			292			134			642			(985	)		(79	)		74		(1,062	)		4,573
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds		(367	)		(49	)		(1	)		(7	)		43			—			—		2			(379	)

Total		5,190			243			133			635			(942	)		(79	)		74		(1,060	)		4,194

Of the total gains and losses in the income statement of £225 million gains (2010: £243 million gains), £99 million (2010: £315 million) relates to financial instruments still held at the end of the year, which can be analysed into gains (losses) as follows:

During 2011, transfers from level 1 to level 2 amounted to £335 million (2010: £354 million) primarily in respect of certain investment funds held by the Group's participating funds due to the change in the observability of the inputs used in valuing these funds.

The interest income on financial assets not at fair value through profit and loss for the year ended 31 December 2011 from continuing operations was £1,814 million (2010: £1,994 million; 2009: £1,998 million).

The interest expense on financial liabilities not at fair value through profit and loss for the year ended 31 December 2011 from continuing operations was £456 million (2010: £427 million; 2009: £366 million).

The following table shows an analysis of the classes of financial assets and liabilities except for cash and cash equivalents and their direct exposure to interest rate risk. Each applicable class of the Group's

financial assets or liabilities is analysed between those exposed to fair value interest rate risk, cash flow interest rate risk and those with no direct interest rate risk exposure:

	2011

	Fair value interest rate risk		Cash flow interest rate risk		Not directly exposed to interest rate risk		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m
Financial assets
Deposits		790		9,439		479		10,708
Debt securities		117,988		5,788		722		124,498
Loans		6,424		3,091		199		9,714
Other investments (including derivatives)		1,912		1,077		4,520		7,509

		127,114		19,395		5,920		152,429

Financial liabilities
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		3,362		249		—		3,611
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations		3,114		213		13		3,340
Borrowings attributable to with-profits funds		120		743		109		972
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements		580		2,534		—		3,114
Investment contracts without discretionary participation features		1,011		903		15,053		16,967
Derivative liabilities		1,426		615		1,013		3,054
Other liabilities		158		142		949		1,249

		9,771		5,399		17,137		32,307

	2010

	Fair value interest rate risk		Cash flow interest rate risk		Not directly exposed to interest rate risk		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m
Financial assets
Deposits		887		8,941		124		9,952
Debt securities		110,168		5,824		360		116,352
Loans		6,238		3,001		22		9,261
Other investments (including derivatives)		1,616		448		3,715		5,779

		118,909		18,214		4,221		141,344

Financial liabilities
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations		3,676		—		—		3,676
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations		2,624		377		3		3,004
Borrowings attributable to with-profits funds		679		710		133		1,522
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements		631		3,568		—		4,199
Investment contracts without discretionary participation features		988		894		15,822		17,704
Derivative liabilities		705		431		901		2,037
Other liabilities		121		129		879		1,129

		9,424		6,109		17,738		33,271

The following table sets out the contractual maturities for applicable classes of financial liabilities, excluding derivative liabilities and investment contracts that are separately presented. The financial liabilities are included in the column relating to the contractual maturities at the undiscounted cash flows

(including contractual interest payments) due to be paid assuming conditions are consistent with those of year end.

	2011

	Total carrying value		1 Year or less		After 1 year to 5 years		After 5 years to 10 years		After 10 years to 15 years		After 15 years to 20 years		Over 20 years		No stated maturity		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Financial liabilities
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operationsH13		3,611		245		624		606		840		1,243		737		1,834		6,129
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operationsH13		3,340		2,971		394		—		—		—		—		—		3,365
Borrowings attributable to with-profits fundsH13		972		199		418		158		100		5		97		139		1,116
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements		3,114		3,114		—		—		—		—		—		—		3,114
Other liabilities		1,249		842		106		5		—		—		—		296		1,249
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit-trusts and similar funds		3,840		3,840		—		—		—		—		—		—		3,840
Other creditors		2,544		2,268		20		27		36		45		148		—		2,544

		18,670		13,479		1,562		796		976		1,293		982		2,269		21,357

	2010

	Total carrying value		1 Year or less		After 1 year to 5 years		After 5 yeasr to 10 years		After 10 years to 15 years		After 15 years to 20 years		Over 20 years		No stated maturity		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Financial liabilities
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operationsH13		3,676		164		861		731		1,314		835		1,244		1,469		6,618
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operationsH13		3,004		2,510		561		3		3		3		10		—		3,090
Borrowings attributable to with-profits fundsH13		1,522		155		1,051		161		2		2		121		182		1,674
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements		4,199		4,199		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,199
Other liabilities		1,129		867		16		50		—		—		—		196		1,129
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit-trusts and similar funds		3,372		3,372		—		—		—		—		—		—		3,372
Other creditors		2,321		2,321		—		—		—		—		—		—		2,321

		19,223		13,588		2,489		945		1,319		840		1,375		1,847		22,403

The following table provides a maturity analysis of derivative assets and liabilities:

The net derivative positions as shown in the table above comprise the following derivative assets and liabilities:

The majority of derivative assets and liabilities have been included at fair value within the one year or less column representing the basis on which they are managed (i.e. to manage principally asset or liability value exposures). Contractual maturities are not considered essential for an understanding of the timing of the cash flows for these instruments and in particular the Group has no cash flow hedges. The only exception is certain identified interest rate swaps which are fully expected to be held until maturity solely for the purposes of matching cash flows on separately held assets and liabilities. For these instruments the undiscounted cash flows (including contractual interest amounts) due to be paid under the swap contract assuming conditions are consistent with those at year end are included in the column relating to the contractual maturity of the derivative.

The table below shows the maturity profile for investment contracts on an undiscounted basis to the nearest billion. This maturity profile has been based on the cash flow projections of expected benefit

payments as part of the determination of the value of in-force business when preparing EEV basis results.

Most investment contracts have options to surrender early, albeit these are often subject to surrender or other penalties. It is therefore the case that most contracts could be said to have a contractual maturity of less than one year, but in reality the additional charges and term of the contracts means these are unlikely to be exercised in practice and the more useful information is to present information on expected payment.

The maturity profile above excludes certain corporate unit-linked business with gross policyholder liabilities of £11 billion (2010: £11 billion) which has no stated maturity but which is repayable on demand.

This table has been prepared on an undiscounted basis and accordingly the amounts shown for life assurance investment contracts differ from those disclosed on the statement of financial position. Durations of long-term business contracts, covering insurance and investment contracts, on a discounted basis are included in section D.

The vast majority of the Group's financial assets are held to back the Group's policyholder liabilities. Although asset/liability matching is an important component of managing policyholder liabilities (both those classified as insurance and those classified as investments), this profile is mainly relevant for managing market risk rather than liquidity risk. Within each business unit this asset/liability matching is performed on a portfolio by portfolio basis.

In terms of liquidity risk a large proportion of the policyholder liabilities contain discretionary surrender values or surrender charges, meaning that many of the Group's liabilities are expected to be held for the long-term. Much of the Group's investment portfolios are in marketable securities, which can therefore be converted quickly to liquid assets.

For the reasons above an analysis of the Group's assets by contractual maturity is not considered necessary to evaluate the nature and extent of the Group's liquidity risk.

The Group's maximum exposure to credit risk of financial instruments before any allowance for collateral or allocation of losses to policyholders is represented by the carrying value of financial instruments on the balance sheet that have exposures to credit risk. These assets comprise cash and cash equivalents, deposits, debt securities, loans and derivative assets, and other debtors, the carrying value of which are disclosed at the start of this note and note G3 for derivative assets. The collateral in place in relation to derivatives is described in G4. Notes D2 (v), D3(i) and D4(ii), describe the security for these loans held by the Group, as disclosed at the start of this note.

Of the total loans and receivables held £39 million (2010: £74 million) are past their due date but have not been impaired. Of the total past due but not impaired, £3 million is less than one year past their due date and no loans or receivables are more than six months but less than one year past their due date (2010: £26 million and £9 million respectively). The Group expects full recovery of these loans and receivables. No further analysis has been provided of the age of financial assets that are past due at the end of the reporting period but not impaired as the amounts are immaterial.

No further analysis has been provided of the element of loans and receivables that was neither past due nor impaired for the total portfolio. This is on the grounds of immateriality of the difference between the neither past due nor impaired elements and the total portfolio.

Financial assets that would have been past due or impaired had the terms not been renegotiated amounted to £90 million (2010: £97 million).

In addition, during the year the Group took possession of £13 million (2010: £22 million) of other collateral held as security, which mainly consists of assets that could be readily convertible into cash.

As at 31 December 2011, the Group held 21 per cent (2010: 18 per cent; 2009: 19 per cent) and 9 per cent (2010: 14 per cent; 2009: 13 per cent) of its financial assets and financial liabilities respectively, in currencies, mainly US dollar and Euro, other than the functional currency of the relevant business unit.

The financial assets, of which 55 per cent (2010: 70 per cent; 2009: 74 per cent) are held by the PAC with-profits fund, allow the PAC with-profits fund to obtain exposure to foreign equity markets.

The financial liabilities, of which 28 per cent (2010: 28 per cent; 2009: 34 per cent) are held by the PAC with-profits fund, mainly relate to foreign currency borrowings.

The exchange risks inherent in these exposures are mitigated through the use of derivatives, mainly forward currency contracts (note G3 below).

£98 million net losses; 2009: £160 million losses), mainly arising on investments of the PAC with-profits fund. The gains/losses on MTN liabilities are fully offset by value movements on cross-currency swaps, which are measured at fair value through profit and loss.

The above derivative assets are included in 'other investments' in the primary statements.

The Group uses various interest rate derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps to reduce exposure to interest rate volatility.

The UK insurance operations use various currency derivatives in order to limit volatility due to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations arising on securities denominated in currencies other than sterling. See also note G2 above. In addition, total return swaps and interest rate swaps are held for efficient portfolio management.

The Group has formally assessed and documented the effectiveness of the following hedges under IAS 39.

The Group used interest rate derivatives to hedge the interest rate exposures on its US$300 million, 6.5 per cent perpetual subordinated capital securities until September 2010. The hedge terminated at this point. The impact on the Group's 2010 income statement was immaterial.

The Group has chosen to designate as a fair value hedge certain fixed to floating rate swaps which hedge the fair value exposure to interest rate movements of certain of the Group's operational borrowings.

The fair value of the derivatives designated as fair value hedges above at 31 December 2011, was an asset of £3 million (2010: asset of £5 million). Movements in the fair value of the hedging instruments of a net loss of £2 million (2010: net loss of £1 million) and the hedged items of a net gain of £2 million (2010: net gain of £1 million) are recorded in the income statement in respect of the fair value hedges above.

The Group has designated perpetual subordinated capital securities totalling US$2.85 billion (2010: US$2.3 billion) as a net investment hedge to hedge the currency risks related to the net investment in Jackson. The carrying value of the subordinated capital securities was £1,834 million as at 31 December 2011 (2010: £1,462 million). The foreign exchange loss of £18 million (2010: loss of £45 million; 2009:

gain of £118 million) on translation of the borrowings to pounds sterling at the statement of financial position date is recognised in the translation reserve in shareholders' equity.

The Group has entered into securities lending (including repurchase agreements) whereby blocks of securities are loaned to third-parties, primarily major brokerage firms. The amounts above the fair value of the loaned securities required to be held as collateral by the agreements depend on the quality of the collateral, calculated on a daily basis. The loaned securities are not removed from the Group's consolidated statement of financial position, rather they are retained within the appropriate investment classification. Collateral typically consists of cash, debt securities, equity securities and letters of credit. At 31 December 2011, the Group had lent £7,843 million (2010: £8,708 million) of which £5,820 million (2010: £6,488 million) was lent by the PAC with-profits fund of securities and held collateral under such agreements of £8,160 million (2010: £9,334 million) of which £6,108 million (2010: £6,910 million) was held by the PAC with-profits fund.

At 31 December 2011, the Group had entered into reverse repurchase transactions under which it purchased securities and had taken on the obligation to resell the securities for the purchase price of £1,607 million (2010: £1,208 million), together with accrued interest.

At 31 December 2011, the Group had pledged £840 million (2010: £800 million) for liabilities and held collateral of £1,953 million (2010: £804 million) in respect of over-the-counter derivative transactions.

These transactions are conducted under terms that are usual and customary to collateralised transactions including, where relevant, standard securities lending and repurchase agreement.

In accordance with the Group's accounting policy set out in note A4, impairment reviews were performed for available-for-sale securities and loans and receivables. In addition, impairment reviews were undertaken for the reinsurers' share of insurance contract liabilities.

During the year ended 31 December 2011, impairment losses of £126 million (2010: £145 million; 2009: £647 million) were recognised for available-for-sale securities and loans and receivables analysed as shown in the attached table.

In 2011, the Group realised gross losses on sales of available-for-sale securities of £43 million (2010: £160 million; 2009: £134 million) with 64 per cent (2010: 45 per cent; 2009: 60 per cent) of these losses related to the disposal of fixed maturity securities of 10 (2010: 15; 2009: five) individual issuers, which were disposed of as part of risk reduction programmes intended to limit future credit loss exposure. Of the £43 million (2010: £160 million; 2009: £134 million), £32 million (2010: £99 million; 2009: £6 million) relates to losses on sales of impaired and deteriorating securities.

The effect of those reasonably likely changes in the key assumptions underlying the estimates that underpin the assessment of whether impairment has taken place depends on the factors described in note A3. A key indicator of whether such impairment may arise in future, and the potential amounts at risk, is the profile of gross unrealised losses for fixed maturity securities accounted for on an available-for-sale basis by reference to the time periods by which the securities have been held continuously in an unrealised loss position and by reference to the maturity date of the securities concerned.

For 2011 the amount of gross unrealised losses for fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale under IFRS in an unrealised loss position was £246 million (2010: £370 million; 2009: £966 million). Notes B1 and D3 provide further details on the impairment charges and unrealised losses of Jackson's available-for-sale securities.

'Other' represents goodwill amounts allocated across cash generating units (CGUs) in Asia and US operations. Other goodwill amounts are not individually material. During 2010, £141 million (SGD313 million) of goodwill was recognised upon the acquisition of UOB Life Assurance Limited. Upon translation at the year end exchange rate, the carrying value of this UOB Life Assurance goodwill at 31 December 2011 was £155 million (31 December 2010: £156 million).

Goodwill does not generate cash flows independently of other groups of assets and thus is assigned to CGUs for the purposes of impairment testing. These CGUs are based upon how management monitors the business and represent the lowest level to which goodwill can be allocated on a reasonable basis.

Goodwill is tested for impairment by comparing the CGUs carrying amount, including any goodwill, with its recoverable amount.

With the exception of M&G, the goodwill attributable to shareholders in the statement of financial position mainly relates to acquired life businesses. The Company routinely compares the aggregate of net asset value and acquired goodwill on an IFRS basis of acquired life business with the value of the business as determined using the EEV methodology, as described in note D1. Any excess of IFRS over EEV carrying value is then compared with EEV basis value of current and projected future new business

to determine whether there is any indication that the goodwill in the IFRS statement of financial position may be impaired. In particular at 31 December 2011, the EEV of the CGU containing the UOB Life Assurance goodwill (being the Singapore insurance operations) materially exceeded its IFRS net asset value and so no impairment was deemed to arise.

The recoverable amount for the M&G CGU has been determined by calculating its value in use. This has been calculated by aggregating the present value of future cash flows expected to be derived from the M&G operating segment (based upon management projections).

The discounted cash flow valuation has been based on a three-year plan prepared by M&G, and approved by management, and cash flow projections for later years.

The value in use is particularly sensitive to a number of key assumptions as follows:

Management believes that any reasonable change in the key assumptions would not cause the recoverable amount of M&G to fall below its carrying amount.

The aggregate goodwill impairment of £120 million at 31 December 2011 and 2010 relates to the goodwill held in relation to the Japanese life operation which was impaired in 2005.

(b) Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets attributable to shareholders

The deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets in the Group consolidated statement of financial position attributable to shareholders comprise:

	2011		2010


	£m		£m
Deferred acquisition costs related to insurance contracts as classified under IFRS 4		4,640		4,316
Deferred acquisition costs related to investment management contracts, including life assurance contracts classified as financial instruments and investment management contracts under IFRS 4		107		110

		4,747		4,426

Present value of acquired in-force policies for insurance contracts as classified under IFRS 4 (PVIF)		64		70
Other intangibles*		258		171

		322		241

Total of deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets		5,069		4,667	*

	Deferred acquisition costs

	Deferred acquisition costs												PVIF and Other intangibles
	UK			USnote (i)			Asia			Asset management			PVIF and Other intangibles			Total 2011			Total 2010

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Balance at 1 January		116			3,543			758			9			241			4,667			4,097
Additions		16			890			256			7			120			1,289			1,162
Acquisitions of subsidiaries		—			—			—			—			—			—			12
Amortisation to the income statement:

Operating profit		(21	)		(619	)		(242	)		(4	)		(35	)		(921	)		(595	)
Amortisation related to short-term fluctuations in investment returns		—			359			—			—			—			359			358

		(21	)		(260	)		(242	)		(4	)		(35	)		(562	)		(237	)
Exchange differences		—			38			(28	)		—			(2	)		8			141
Change in shadow DAC related to movement in unrealised appreciation of Jackson's securities classified as available-for-sale		—			(331	)		—			—			—			(331	)		(496	)
Disposals		—			—			—			—			(2	)		(2	)		(5	)
Dilution of Group's holdings		—			—			—			—			—			—			(7	)

Balance at 31 December		111			3,880			744			12			322			5,069			4,667

Deferred acquisition costs related to insurance contracts attributable to shareholders

The movement in deferred acquisition costs relating to insurance contracts attributable to shareholders is as follows:

Deferred acquisition costs related to investment management contracts attributable to shareholders

Incremental costs associated with the origination of investment management contracts written by the Group's insurance and asset management businesses are capitalised and amortised as the related revenue is recognised.

Present value of acquired in-force business of long-term business contracts attributable to shareholders

The present value of acquired in-force business (PVAIF) relating to investment contracts without discretionary participation features represents the contractual right to benefit from providing these investment management services in the future. The fair value is measured as the present value of the

future profits of the investment management component of these contracts. These contracts are accounted for under the provisions of IAS 18. The PVAIF balance relating to insurance contracts is accounted for under UK GAAP as permitted by IFRS 4.

The present value of future profits of acquired investment management contracts which was fully amortised during 2010 related to unit-linked contracts acquired as part of the M&G acquisition in 1999.

Amortisation is charged to the 'acquisition costs and other operating expenditure' line in the income statement over the period of provision of asset management services as those profits emerge.

	2011					2010

	Insurance business			Investment management		Insurance business			Investment management

	£m			£m		£m			£m
At 1 January
Cost		203			—		175			12
Accumulated amortisation		(133	)		—		(123	)		(11	)

Net book amount		70			—		52			1

Acquisition of UOB Life Assurance Ltd^(note ^I1)		—			—		12			—
Amortisation charge		(5	)		—		(4	)		(1	)
Exchange differences		(1	)		—		10			—

At 31 December		64			—		70			(1	)

Comprising:
Cost		200			—		203			—
Accumulated amortisation		(136	)		—		(133	)		—

Net book amount		64			—		70			—

Other intangibles comprise distribution and software rights. Distribution rights relate to facilitation fees paid in respect of the bancassurance partnership arrangements in Asia for the bank distribution of Prudential's insurance products for a fixed period of time. The distribution rights amounts are amortised over the term of the distribution contracts. Software is amortised over its useful economic life, which

generally represents the licence period of the software acquired. Amortisation is charged to the 'acquisition costs and other expenditure' line in the income statement.

	Distribution rights						Software						Total

	2011			2010			2011			2010			2011			2010

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
At 1 January
Cost		136			79			144			155			280			234
Accumulated amortisation		(23	)		(13	)		(86	)		(107	)		(109	)		(120	)

		113			66			58			48			171			114

Additions (including amounts arising on acquisition of subsidiaries)		96			50			24			27			120			77
Amortisation charge		(9	)		(8	)		(21	)		(16	)		(30	)		(24	)
Disposals		(0	)		—			(2	)		(5	)		(2	)		(5	)

Exchange differences		(1	)		5			—			4			(1	)		9

At 31 December		199			113			59			58			258			171

Comprising:
Cost		235			136			163			144			398			280
Accumulated amortisation		(36	)		(23	)		(104	)		(86	)		(140	)		(109	)

		199			113			59			58			258			171

(a) Goodwill in respect of acquired investment subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes

The venture fund investments consolidated by the Group relates to investments by PAC with-profits fund managed by M&G. The goodwill shown in the table above relates to these venture fund investments. Goodwill is tested for impairment for these investments by comparing the investment's carrying value including goodwill with its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of the

investments is determined by calculating their fair value less costs to sell. The fair value is determined by using a discounted cash flow valuation. The valuations are based on cash flow projections to 2015 prepared by management after considering the historical experience and future growth rates of the business. The key assumption applied in the calculations is the risk discount rate ranging from 10-14 per cent derived by reference to risk-free rates and an equity premium risk. In 2011 and 2010, no goodwill was deemed to be impaired following the impairment testing carried out.

Other intangible assets in the Group consolidated statement of financial position attributable to with-profits funds consist of:

Deferred acquisition costs related to insurance contracts attributable to the PAC with-profit fund

The movement in deferred acquisition costs relating to insurance contracts attributable to the PAC with-profits fund is as follows:

The above costs relate to non-participating business written by the PAC with-profits sub-fund.

Distribution rights attributable to with-profit funds of the Asian insurance operations

Distribution rights relate to facilitation fees paid in relation to the bancassurance partnership arrangements in Asia for the bank distribution of Prudential's insurance products for a fixed period of time. The distribution rights amounts are amortised over the term of the distribution contracts.

The movement on reinsurers' share of insurance contract liabilities is as follows:

Of the £546 million (2010: £555 million) current tax recoverable, the majority is expected to be recovered in one year or less.

The deferred tax asset at 31 December 2011 and 2010 arises in the following parts of the Group:

The increase in the deferred tax asset primarily relates to additional short-term timing differences on US insurance reserves partially offset by the reduction in unrealised losses together with the utilisation of unused tax losses across the group.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that they are regarded as recoverable, that is to the extent that, on the basis of all available evidence, it can be regarded as more likely than not that there will be suitable taxable profits from which the future reversal of the underlying temporary differences can be deducted.

The taxation regimes applicable across the Group often apply separate rules to trading and capital profits and losses. The distinction between temporary differences that arise from items of either a trading or capital nature may affect the recognition of deferred tax assets. Accordingly, for the 2011 results and financial position at 31 December 2011 the possible tax benefit of approximately £158 million (31 December 2010: £143 million), which may arise from capital losses valued at approximately £0.7 billion (31 December 2010: £0.5 billion), is sufficiently uncertain that it has not been recognised. In addition, a potential deferred tax asset of £147 million (31 December 2010: £298 million), which may arise from trading tax losses and other potential temporary differences totalling £0.6 billion (31 December 2010: £1.2 billion) is sufficiently uncertain that it has not been recognised. Of these, losses of £142 million will expire within the next 9 years. The remaining losses have no expiry date.

In the two tables that follow the Group has provided a further breakdown of the recognised deferred tax assets for both the short-term timing differences and unused tax losses split by business unit set out in the table at (ii) above. In addition we have detailed the period of estimated recoverability for each respective business unit. For these and each category of deferred tax asset recognised, their recoverability against forecast taxable profits are not significantly impacted by any current proposed changes to future accounting standards.

The current tax liability increased to £930 million (2010: £831 million) reflecting both an increase in taxable profits in the UK insurance business, and the recent fiscal developments affecting the Indonesia life insurance industry.

The UK government's tax rate change to 25 per cent (from the current 26 per cent which was effective from 1 April 2011) has had the effect of reducing the UK with-profits and shareholder-backed business element of the net deferred tax balances as at 31 December 2011 by £26 million. The tax change to 25 per cent is effective from 1 April 2012 but has been enacted at 31 December 2011.

The subsequent proposed phased rate changes to 23 per cent are expected to have the effect of reducing the UK with-profits and shareholder-backed business elements of the net deferred tax balances at 31 December 2011 by £45 million. See note I12 for details on the post-balance sheet announcement by the UK government on 21 March 2012 on a further reduction in the main rate of UK corporation tax.

	2011		2010


	£m		£m
Accrued investment income
Interest receivable		1,919		1,844
Other		791		824

Total		2,710		2,668

Other debtors
Amounts due from:
Policyholders		227		141
Intermediaries		27		28
Reinsurers		11		27
Other		722		707

Total		987		903

Total accrued investment income and other debtors		3,697		3,571

Of the £3,697 million (2010: £3,571 million) of accrued investment income and other debtors, £162 million (2010: £151 million) is expected to be settled after one year or more.

Property, plant and equipment comprise Group occupied properties, and tangible assets. A reconciliation of the carrying amount of these items from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

	Group occupied Property			Tangible* Assets			Total


	£m			£m			£m
At 1 January 2010
Cost		173			506			679
Accumulated depreciation		(20	)		(340	)		(360	)

Net book amount		153			166			319

Year ended 31 December 2010^(note ^I1)
Opening net book amount		153			166			319
Exchange differences		5			5			10
Depreciation charge		(4	)		(52	)		(56	)
Additions		19			48			67
Arising on acquisitions of subsidiaries		—			219			219
Disposals and transfers		—			(5	)		(5	)

Closing net book amount		173			381			554

At 1 January 2011
Cost		197			764			961
Accumulated depreciation		(24	)		(383	)		(407	)

Net book amount		173			381			554

Year ended 31 December 2011
Opening net book amount		173			381			554
Exchange differences		(2	)		(7	)		(9	)
Depreciation charge		(5	)		(69	)		(74	)
Additions		5			119			124
Arising on acquisitions of subsidiaries		69			99			168
Disposals and transfers		(7	)		(8	)		(15	)

Closing net book amount		233			515			748

At 31 December 2011
Cost		262			915			1,177
Accumulated depreciation		(29	)		(400	)		(429	)

Net book amount		233			515			748

Investment properties principally relate to the PAC with-profits fund and are carried at fair value. A reconciliation of the carrying amount of investment properties at the beginning and end of the year is set out below:

The income statement includes the following items in respect of investment properties:

Further information on the investment property held by the UK insurance operations is included in note D2(a).

Investment properties of £3,439 million (2010: £3,435 million) are held under finance leases. A reconciliation between the total of future minimum lease payments at the statement of financial position date, and their present value is shown below:

	2011			2010


	£m			£m
Future minimum lease payments at 31 December		1,071			1,107
Future finance charges on finance leases		(944	)		(972	)

Present value of minimum lease payments		127			135

Future minimum lease payments are due as follows:
Less than 1 year		7			7
1 to 5 years		26			28
Over 5 years		1,038			1,072

Total		1,071			1,107

The present values of these minimum lease payments are:
Less than 1 year		6			7
1 to 5 years		23			24
Over 5 years		98			104

Total		127			135

Contingent rent is that portion of the lease payments that is not fixed in amount but is based on the future value of a factor that changes other than with the passage of time. There was no contingent rent recognised as income or expense in 2011 and 2010.

The Group's policy is to rent investment properties to tenants through operating leases. Minimum future rentals to be received on non-cancellable operating leases are receivable in the following periods:

The total minimum future rentals to be received on non-cancellable sub-leases for land and buildings at 31 December 2011 are £2,553 million (2010: £3,366million).

The Group had one associate at 31 December 2011 (31 December 2010: three) that was accounted for under the equity method, which is for a 25 per cent interest in PruHealth Holdings Limited. During 2011 the Group disposed of a 30 per cent interest in The Nam Khang, a Vietnamese property developer and a 30 per cent interest in Apollo Education and Training Organisation Vietnam.

The Group also has investments in associates which meet the IAS 28 criteria for measurement at fair value through profit and loss in accordance with IAS 39.

A summary of the movements in investments in associates accounted for using the equity method in 2011 and 2010 is set out below:

	Share of capital			Share of reserves			Share of net assets			Goodwill			Total carrying value


	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Balance at 1 January 2009		12			(4	)		8			2			10
Exchange translations and other movements		(7	)		4			(3	)		(1	)		(4	)
Share of loss for the year after tax		—			—			—			—			—

Balance at 31 December 2009		5			—			5			1			6

Transfer of PruHealth to associates^{(note I2)}		1			65			66			—			66
Acquisition/capital injection in PruHealth		9			—			9			—			9
Exchange translation and other movements		(3	)		(1	)		(4	)		—			(4	)
Share of loss for the year after tax		—			(6	)		(6	)		—			(6	)

Balance at 31 December 2010		12			58			70			1			71
Capital injection		4			—			4			—			4
Exchange translation and other movements		(1	)		1			—			—			—
Disposals		(1	)		—			(1	)		—			(1	)
Goodwill write-off		—			—			—			(1	)		(1	)
Share of loss for the year after tax		—			(3	)		(3	)		—			(3	)

Balance at 31 December 2011		14			56			70			—			70

There have been no changes recognised in the other comprehensive income of associates that would also be recognised in the other comprehensive income by the Group.

The Group's share of the assets, liabilities, revenues and profit and loss of associates accounted for using the equity method at 31 December 2011 and 2010 is as follows:

In addition to the above the Group has associates that are carried at fair value through profit and loss, as allowed under IAS 28, that comprise investments in Open-Ended Investment Companies (OEICs), unit trusts, funds holding collateralised debt obligations, property unit trusts, and venture capital investments of the PAC with-profits funds where the Group has significant influence. These investments are incorporated both in the UK and overseas, and some have year ends which are non-coterminous with that of the Group. In these instances, the investments are recorded at fair value at 31 December 2011 based on valuations or pricing information at that specific date. The aggregate fair value of associates carried at fair value through profit and loss where there are published price quotations is approximately £4.8 billion (2010: £5 billion) at 31 December 2011.

The aggregate assets of these associates are approximately £3.4 billion (2010: £6 billion). Aggregate liabilities, excluding liabilities to unit holders and shareholders for unit trusts and OEICs, are approximately £1.1 billion (2010: £1 billion). Fund revenues, with revenue arising in unit trusts and OEICs deemed to constitute the investment return for these vehicles, were approximately £0.3 billion (2010: £0.4 billion) and net profit in the year, excluding unit trusts and OEICs where all investment returns accrue to unit holders or shareholders respectively, was approximately £0.2 billion (2010: profit of £0.1 billion).

Joint ventures represent activities over which the Group exercises joint control through contractual agreement with one or more parties. The Group's significant joint ventures, which are accounted for using proportionate consolidation, comprise the following interests:

The investments noted in the table above have the same accounting year end as the Group, except for ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited and Prudential ICICI Asset Management Company Limited. Although these investments have reporting periods ending 31 March, 12 months of financial information up to 31 December is recorded. Accordingly, the information covers the same period as that of the Group.

The summarised financial data for the Group's share of investments in joint ventures is as follows:

There are several minor service agreements in place between the joint ventures and the Group. During 2011, the aggregate amount of the transactions was £33 million (2010: £29.7 million) and the balance outstanding as at 31 December 2011 was £74.2million (2010: £69.5 million).

The joint ventures have no significant contingent liabilities or capital commitments to which the Group is exposed nor does the Group have any significant contingent liabilities or capital commitments in relation to its interest in the joint ventures.

Investment properties are classified as held for sale when contracts have been exchanged but the sale has not been completed at the period end. At 31 December 2011 the value of assets held for sale was £3 million (2010: £257 million).

Gains on disposal of held for sale assets are recorded in 'investment return' within the income statement.

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash at bank and in hand, deposits held at call with banks, treasury bills and other short-term highly liquid investments with less than 90 days maturity from the date of acquisition. Cash and cash equivalents included in the cash flow statement comprise the following statement of financial position amounts:

Cash and cash equivalents held centrally are considered to be available for general use by the Group. These funds amount to £309 million and £523 million at 31 December 2011 and 2010, respectively. The remaining funds are considered not to be available for general use by the Group, and include funds held for the benefit of policyholders.

		Share capital		Share premium


		£m		£m
Issued shares of 5p each fully paid:
At 1 January 2010	2,532,227,471		127		1,843
Shares issued under share option schemes	2,455,227		—		13
Shares issued in lieu of cash dividends	10,911,808		—		62
Reserve movements in respect of shares issued in lieu of cash dividends	—		—		(62	)

At 31 December 2010	2,545,594,506		127		1,856
Shares issued under share option schemes	2,444,824		—		17

At 31 December 2011	2,548,039,330		127		1,873

Amounts recorded in share capital represent the nominal value of the shares issued. The difference between the proceeds received on issue of shares, net of issue costs, and the nominal value of shares issued is credited to the share premium account.

Shares issued in lieu of cash dividends in 2010 were considered to take the legal form of bonus issue shares and were accounted for as such.

At 31 December 2011, there were options outstanding under Save As You Earn schemes to subscribe for shares as follows:

Transactions by Prudential plc and its subsidiaries in Prudential plc shares

The Group buys and sells Prudential plc ('own shares') either in relation to its employee share schemes or via transactions undertaken by authorised investment funds that the Group is deemed to control. Further information about these transactions is set out below.

The cost of own shares of £109 million as at 31 December 2011 (2010: £75 million) is deducted from retained earnings. The Company has established trusts to facilitate the delivery of shares under employee incentive plans and savings-related share option schemes. At 31 December 2011, 8.1 million (2010: 4.5 million) Prudential plc shares with a market value of £52 million (2010: £30 million) were held in such trusts. Of this total, 8.0 million (2010: 4.4 million) shares were held in trusts under employee incentive plans.

In 2011, the Company purchased the following number of shares in respect of employee incentive plans.

Of the total shares held in trust 0.1 million (2010: 0.1 million) shares were held by a qualifying employee share ownership trust. These shares are expected to be fully distributed in the future on maturity of savings-related share option schemes.

	Number of shares		Share Price

2011	Number of shares		Low		High		Cost

			£		£		£
January		12,723		6.83		6.83		86,834
February		11,688		7.13		7.13		83,376
March		2,106,702		7.04		7.14		15,253,240
April		263,361		7.40		7.49		1,960,300
May		174,614		7.46		7.53		1,307,410
June		1,418,209		7.07		7.18		10,141,069
July		98,334		6.89		7.34		683,084
August		1,520,620		5.77		6.32		9,051,804
September		19,273		5.85		6.00		115,022
October		15,385		6.07		6.07		93,310
November		110,951		6.15		6.33		692,501
December		2,456,692		6.07		6.55		15,226,106

2011 Total		8,208,552						54,694,056

	Number of shares		Share Price

2010	Number of shares		Low		High		Cost

			£		£		£
January		9,338		6.38		6.38		59,530
February		11,638		5.68		5.68		66,046
March		3,908,274		5.16		6.09		20,884,460
April		11,129		5.63		5.63		62,601
May		14,638		5.59		5.59		81,753
June		190,991		5.26		5.66		1,075,712
July		13,457		5.14		5.14		69,102
August		10,016		5.86		5.86		58,644
September		13,727		5.25		5.84		78,539
October		11,634		6.37		6.37		74,108
November		385,321		5.74		6.49		2,244,770
December		1,153,611		6.04		6.65		7,445,358

2010 Total		5,733,774						32,200,623

The Group has consolidated a number of authorised investment funds where it is deemed to control these funds under IFRS. Some of these funds hold shares in Prudential plc. The total number of shares held by these funds at 31 December 2011 was 8.6 million (2010: 9.8 million) and the cost of acquiring these shares of £52 million (2010: £47 million) is included in the cost of own shares. The market value of these shares as at 31 December 2011 was £54 million (2010: £65 million).

During 2011, these funds made net disposals of 1,171,635 Prudential shares (2010: net disposals of 833,618) for a net increase of £4.8 million to book cost (2010: net decrease of £3 million).

All share transactions were made on an exchange other than the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong.

Other than set out above the Group did not purchase, sell or redeem any Prudential plc listed securities during 2011 or 2010.

The translation reserve represents cumulative foreign exchange translation differences taken directly to equity in accordance with IFRS, net of related tax. In accordance with IFRS 1, cumulative translation differences are deemed to be zero at 1 January 2004, the date of transition to IFRS.

The available-for-sale reserve represents gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of available-for-sale securities of Jackson, net of the related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs and of the related tax.

H12: Insurance contract liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds

Notes B5, D2c, D3c and D4c provide further analysis of the movement in the year of the Group's policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of the with-profits funds.

	2011								2010

	Innovative Tier 1*		Innovative Tier 2*		Senior**		Total		Total

	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Central operations
Subordinated debt:
€500m 5.75% Subordinated Notes 2021^{note (i)}				—				—		428
€20m Medium-Term Subordinated Notes 2023^{note (ii)}				17				17		17
£435m 6.125% Subordinated Notes 2031				428				428		428
£400m 11.375% Subordinated Notes 2039				384				384		382
US$1,000m 6.5% Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securities		644						644		639
US$250m 6.75% Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securities^{note (iii)}		161						161		160
US$300m 6.5% Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securities^{note (iii)}		193						193		192
US$750m 11.75% Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securities		477						477		472
US$550m 7.75% Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securities^{note (iii)}		348						348		—

		1,823		829		—		2,652		2,718
Senior debt:
£300m 6.875% Bonds 2023						300		300		300
£250m 5.875% Bonds 2029						249		249		249

		—		—		549		549		549

Total central operations		1,823		829		549		3,201		3,267
PruCap
£250m bank loan^{note (iv)}						250		250		250
Jackson
US$250m 8.15% Surplus Notes 2027^{note (v)}				160				160		159

Total^{notes (vi), (vii)}		1,823		989		799		3,611		3,676

	2011		2010


	£m		£m
Borrowings in respect of short-term fixed income securities programmes
Commercial paper		2,706		2,311
Bank Notes 2013		250		249

		2,956		2,560

Non-recourse borrowings of US operations
Jackson^{note (i)}		—		10
Piedmont and CDO funds (non-recourse)^{note (i), (iii)}		1		60

Investment subsidiaries (non-recourse)^{note (i)}		20		20

		21		90

Other borrowings
Bank loans and overdrafts		13		5
Obligations under finance leases		1		2
Other borrowings^{note (iv)}		349		347

		363		354

Total		3,340		3,004

	2011		2010


	£m		£m
Provision in respect of defined benefit pension schemes:^I3
Deficit, gross of deferred tax, based on scheme assets held, including investments in Prudential insurance policies:
Attributable to PAC with-profits fund (i.e. absorbed by the liability for unallocated surplus)		41		106
Attributable to shareholder-financed operations (i.e. to shareholders' equity)		23		114

		64		220
Add back: Investments in Prudential insurance policies		165		227

Provision after elimination of investments in Prudential insurance policies and matching policyholder liability from Group statement of financial position		229		447
Other provisions (see below)		300		282

Total provisions		529		729

	2011			2010


	£m			£m
At 1 January^I3		282			206
Charged to income statement:
Additional provisions		144			182
Unused amounts released		(29	)		(10	)
Used during the year		(97	)		(106	)
Exchange differences		—			10

At 31 December		300			282

Comprising:
Legal provisions		14			20
Restructuring provisions		23			26
Other provisions		263			236

Total		300			282

Of the other provisions balance of £300 million (2010: £282 million), £159 million (2010 £141 million) is expected to be settled within one year. Employer contributions expected to be paid into defined benefit pension schemes within one year are shown in note I3.

These primarily relate to restructuring activities of UK insurance operations. The provisions pertain to property liabilities resulting from the closure of regional sales centres and branches, staff terminations and other transformation costs to enable streamlining of operations.

	Staff Benefits*			Onerous contracts			Regulatory and other			Total


	£m			£m			£m			£m
At 1 January 2010		143			27			4			174
Charge to income statement:
Additional provisions		148			10			4			162
Unused amounts released		(6	)		—			—			(6	)
Used during the year		(92	)		(8	)		—			(100	)
Exchange differences		7			(1	)		—			6

Total at 31 December 2010		200			28			8			236
Charge to income statement:
Additional provisions		120			19			—			139
Unused amounts released		(15	)		(6	)		(3	)		(24	)
Used during the year		(88	)		—			—			(88	)

Total at 31 December 2011		217			41			5			263

In addition to the legal proceedings relating to Jackson mentioned under the legal proceedings section above, the Group is involved in other litigation and regulatory issues.

Whilst the outcome of each of the above matters cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes that the ultimate outcome of such litigation and regulatory issues will not have a material adverse effect on the Group's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

The pensions review by the UK insurance regulator of past sales of personal pension policies required all UK life insurance companies to review their cases of potential mis-selling and record a provision for the estimated costs. The Group met the requirement of the FSA to issue offers to all cases by 30 June 2002.

The table below summarises the change in the pension mis-selling provision for the years ended 31 December 2011 and 2010. The change in the provision is included in benefits and claims in the

income statement and the movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds has been determined accordingly.

The pension mis-selling provision at 31 December 2011 set out above of £362 million is stochastically determined on a discounted basis. The average discount rate implied in the movement in the year is 2.6 per cent. The undiscounted amounts at 31 December 2011 expected to be paid in each of the years ending 31 December are as follows:

The directors believe that, based on current information, the provision, together with future investment return on the assets backing the provision, will be adequate to cover the costs of pension mis-selling including administration costs. Such provision represents the best estimate of probable costs and expenses. However, there can be no assurance that the current provision level will not need to be increased.

The costs associated with the pension mis-selling review have been met from the inherited estate (see below). Accordingly, these costs have not been charged to the asset shares used in the determination of policyholder bonus rates. Hence policyholders' pay-out values have been unaffected by pension mis-selling.

In 1998, Prudential stated that deducting mis-selling costs from the inherited estate would not impact its bonus or investment policy and it gave an assurance that if this unlikely event were to occur,

it would make available support to the fund from shareholder resources for as long as the situation continued, so as to ensure that policyholders were not disadvantaged. The assurance was designed to protect both existing policyholders at the date it was announced, and policyholders who subsequently purchased policies while the pension mis-selling review was continuing.

This review was completed on 30 June 2002. The assurance will continue to apply to any policy in force at 31 December 2003, both for premiums paid before 1 January 2004, and for subsequent regular premiums (including future fixed, RPI or salary related increases and Department of Work and Pensions rebate business). The assurance has not applied to new business since 1 January 2004. New business in this context consists of new policies, new members to existing pension schemes plus regular and single premium top-ups, transfers and switches to existing arrangements. The maximum amount of capital support available under the terms of the assurance will reduce over time.

The bonus and investment policy for each type of with-profits policy is the same irrespective of whether or not the assurance applies and this is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Hence removal of the assurance for new business has had no impact on policyholder returns.

In common with several other UK insurance companies, the Group used to sell low-cost endowment products related to repayment of residential mortgages. At sale, the initial sum assured is set at a level such that the projected benefits, including an estimate of the annual bonus receivable over the life of the policy, will equal or exceed the mortgage debt. Because of a decrease in expected future investment returns since these products were sold, the FSA is concerned that the maturity value of some of these products will be less than the mortgage debt. The FSA has worked with insurance companies to devise a programme whereby the companies write to customers indicating whether they may have a possible shortfall and outline the actions that the customers can take to prevent this possibility.

The Group is exposed to mortgage endowment products in respect of policies issued by Scottish Amicable Life plc (SAL) and the Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society (SALAS) which were transferred into SAIF. At 31 December 2011, provisions of £2 million (2010: £2 million) in respect of the SAL policies and £15 million (2010: £20 million) in SAIF were held within policyholder liabilities to cover potential compensation in respect of mortgage endowment product mis-selling claims. As SAIF is a separate sub-fund of the Prudential Assurance long-term business fund, wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund, this provision has no impact on shareholders.

In addition, in the year ended 31 December 2010 Prudential Assurance's main with-profits fund paid compensation of £1 million (2010: £2 million) in respect of mortgage endowment products mis-selling claims and at 31 December 2011 held a provision of £26 million (2010: £32 million) in respect of further compensation. The movement in this provision has no impact on the Group's profit before tax.

In May 2006, the Group introduced a deadline for both Prudential and Scottish Amicable mortgage endowment complaints. Impacted customers have three years to lodge a mis-selling complaint in line with the time limit prescribed by the FSA and the ABI.

Prudential Assurance used to sell guaranteed annuity products in the UK and at 31 December 2011 held a provision of £90 million (2010: £24 million) within the main with-profits fund within policyholder liabilities to honour guarantees on these products. The Group's main exposure to guaranteed annuities in the UK is through SAIF and at 31 December 2011 a provision of £370 million (2010: £336 million) was held in SAIF to honour the guarantees. As SAIF is a separate sub-fund of the Prudential Assurance long-term business fund, wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund, the movement in this provision has no impact on shareholders.

The assets of the with-profits sub-fund (WPSF) within the long-term insurance fund of The Prudential Assurance Company Limited (PAC) comprise the amounts that it expects to pay out to meet its obligations to existing policyholders and an additional amount used as working capital. The amount payable over time to policyholders from the WPSF is equal to the policyholders' accumulated asset shares plus any additional payments that may be required by way of smoothing or to meet guarantees. The balance of the assets of the WPSF is called the 'inherited estate' and has accumulated over many years from various sources.

The inherited estate, as working capital, enables PAC to support with-profits business by providing the benefits associated with smoothing and guarantees, by providing investment flexibility for the fund's assets, by meeting the regulatory capital requirements that demonstrate solvency and by absorbing the costs of certain significant events or fundamental changes in its long-term business without affecting the bonus and investment policies. The size of the inherited estate fluctuates from year to year depending on the investment return and the extent to which it has been required to meet smoothing costs, guarantees and other events.

As a proprietary insurance company, PAC is liable to meet its obligations to policyholders even if the assets of the long-term funds are insufficient to do so. The assets, represented by the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, in excess of amounts expected to be paid for future terminal bonuses and related shareholder transfers ('the excess assets') in the long-term funds could be materially depleted over time by, for example, a significant or sustained equity market downturn, costs of significant fundamental strategic change or a material increase in the pension mis-selling provision. In the unlikely circumstance that the depletion of the excess assets within the long-term fund was such that the Group's ability to satisfy policyholders' reasonable expectations was adversely affected, it might become necessary to restrict the annual distribution to shareholders or to contribute shareholders' funds to the long-term funds to provide financial support.

In 1997, the business of SALAS, a mutual society, was transferred to PAC. In effecting the transfer, a separate sub-fund, SAIF, was established within PAC's long-term business fund. This sub-fund contains all the with-profits business and all other pension business that was transferred. No new business has been or will be written in the sub-fund and the sub-fund is managed to ensure that all the invested

assets are distributed to SAIF policyholders over the lifetime of SAIF policies. With the exception of certain amounts in respect of the unitised with-profits life business, all future earnings arising in SAIF are retained for SAIF policyholders. Any excess (deficiency) of revenue over expense within SAIF during a period is attributable to the policyholders of the fund. Shareholders have no interest in the profits of SAIF but are entitled to the asset management fees paid on this business. With the exception of certain guaranteed annuity products mentioned earlier in this note, and certain products which include a minimum guaranteed rate of accumulation, the majority of SAIF with-profits policies do not guarantee minimum rates of return to policyholders.

Should the assets of SAIF be inadequate to meet the guaranteed benefit obligations to the policyholders of SAIF, the PAC long-term fund would be liable to cover any such deficiency. Due to the quality and diversity of the assets in SAIF and the ability of SAIF to revise guaranteed benefits in the event of an asset shortfall, the directors believe that the probability of either the PAC long-term fund or the Group's shareholders' funds having to contribute to SAIF is remote.

Jackson has received industry-wide regulatory enquiries with respect to claims settlement practices and compliance with unclaimed property laws. To date, only one state (New York) has requested a formal search for potential unreported claims. Any regulatory audits, related examination activity and internal reviews may result in additional payments to beneficiaries, escheatment of funds (i.e. reversion of funds to the state) deemed abandoned under state laws, administrative penalties and changes in Jackson's procedures for the identification of unreported claims and handling of escheatable property. Based on its current analysis, at 31 December 2011, Jackson accrued £16 million for these unreported claims. Additionally, regulators and state legislators are considering proposals that would require life insurance companies to take additional steps to identify unreported deceased policy and contract holders. Currently, there does not appear to be a consensus among state insurance regulators and state unclaimed property administrators regarding a life insurer's obligations in connection with identifying unreported deaths of its policy and contract holders.

Guarantee funds in both the UK and the US provide for payments to be made to policyholders on behalf of insolvent life insurance companies. These guarantee funds are financed by payments assessed on solvent insurance companies based on location, volume and types of business. The Group estimated its reserve for future guarantee fund assessments for Jackson, included within other liabilities to be £17 million at 31 December 2011 (2010: £16 million). Similar assessments for the UK businesses were not significant. The directors believe that the reserve is adequate for all anticipated payments for known insolvencies.

Jackson owns debt instruments issued by securitisation trusts managed by PPM America. At 31 December 2011, the support provided by certain forbearance agreements Jackson entered into with the counterparty to certain of these trusts could potentially expose Jackson to maximum losses of £71 million (2010: £332 million), if circumstances allowed the forbearance period to cease. Jackson believes that, so long as the forbearance period continues, the risk of loss under the agreements is remote.

The Group has provided other guarantees and commitments to third-parties entered into in the normal course of business but the Company does not consider that the amounts involved are significant.

On 1 February 2010, the Group acquired from United Overseas Bank (UOB) its 100 per cent interest in UOB Life Assurance Limited in Singapore for total cash consideration, after post-completion adjustments of SGD67 million (£32 million), of SGD495 million (£220 million). As part of the transaction the Group also entered into a long-term strategic partnership to develop a major regional bancassurance business with UOB.

In addition to the amounts above the Group incurred £2 million of acquisition-related costs (excluding integration costs). These have been excluded from the consideration transferred and were recognised as an expense during 2010, in the consolidated income statement.

Goodwill arose on the acquisition of UOB Life Assurance Limited in Singapore because the acquisition included revenue and cost synergies. These synergies could not be recognised as assets separately from goodwill because they are not capable of being separated from the Group and sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged, either individually or together with any related contracts and did not arise from contractual or other legal rights.

None of the goodwill arising on this transaction is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

		£m


Assets:
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders: Present value of acquired in-force business			12
Other non-investment and non-cash assets			16
Investments of long-term business and other operations			1,004
Cash and cash equivalents			89

Total assets			1,121

Liabilities:
Policyholder liabilities			968
Other non-insurance liabilities			74

Total liabilities			1,042

Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired			79

Total assets include loans and receivables with a fair value of £15 million. This value represents the gross contractual amount and all amounts have been collected.

The consolidated statement of cash flows contains a £133 million net cash outflow in respect of this acquisition representing cash consideration of £220 million, acquisition related costs paid of £2 million less cash and cash equivalents acquired of £89 million.

Included in the Group's consolidated profit before tax for 2010 is £8 million attributable to UOB Life Assurance Limited in Singapore. Consolidated revenue, including investment returns, for 2010 includes £125 million in respect of UOB Life Assurance Limited in Singapore.

Had the acquisition been effected at 1 January 2010, the revenue and profit of the Group from continuing operations for the year ended 31 December 2010 would not have been materially different.

On 1 August 2010, Discovery Holdings of South Africa, the Group's joint venture partner in its investment in PruHealth, completed the acquisition of the entire share capital of Standard Life Healthcare, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Standard Life Group, for £138 million. Discovery funded the purchase of the Standard Life Healthcare transaction, and contributed Standard Life Healthcare to PruHealth as a capital investment on completion. As a result of the transaction, Discovery increased their shareholding in PruHealth from the previous level of 50 per cent to 75 per cent, and Prudential's shareholding was reduced from 50 per cent of the previous joint venture structure to 25 per cent of the new structure with the much enlarged business.

As a result of this dilution in holding and the consequential loss of control, PruHealth was reclassified from a joint venture to an associate and the entity was no longer proportionally consolidated from the date of the transaction. In accordance with IAS 31 'Interests in joint ventures' a gain of £30 million arose in 2010 upon the dilution, representing the difference between the fair value of the enlarged 25 per cent investment still held and the book value of the original 50 per cent investment holding.

In 2009, the Company sold the assets and liabilities of its agency distribution business and its agency force in Taiwan to China Life Insurance Company Ltd of Taiwan for the nominal sum of NT$1. In addition, the Company invested £45 million to purchase a 9.99 per cent stake in China Life through a share placement. The sale was completed on 19 June 2009.

The effects on the IFRS income statement was a pre-tax loss of £621 million comprising a loss on sale of £559 million and trading losses before tax up to the date of sale of £62 million. After allowing for tax and other adjustments, the reduction to shareholders equity was £607 million.

The loss on sale of £559 million included cumulative foreign exchange gains of £9 million recycled through the profit and loss account as required by IAS 21.

	2011			2010		2009


	£m			£m		£m
Business operations:
Wages and salaries		1,101			1,052		878
Social security costs		75			69		61

Other pension costs
Defined benefit schemes*
Defined benefit schemes—PSPS**		22			27		29
Defined benefit schemes—Other schemes*		(34	)		31		28
Defined contribution schemes
Defined contribution schemes—Domestic		12			11		11
Defined contribution schemes—Overseas		29			26		27
Pension actuarial and other (gains) losses charged to income statement*		(37	)		26		138

		(8	)		121		233

Total		1,168			1,242		1,172

The Group business operations operate a number of pension schemes. The specific features of these plans vary in accordance with the regulations of the country in which the employees are located, although they are, in general, funded by the Group and based either on a cash balance formula or on

years of service and salary earned in the last year or years of employment. The largest defined benefit scheme is the principal UK scheme, namely the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS); 86 per cent (2010: 86 per cent) of the underlying scheme liabilities of the Group defined benefit schemes are accounted for within PSPS.

The Group also operates two smaller defined benefit schemes for UK employees in respect of Scottish Amicable and M&G. For all three schemes the projected unit method was used for the most recent full actuarial valuations. There is also a small defined benefit scheme in Taiwan but as part of the sale of the Taiwan agency business completed in June 2009, the Group settled the majority of the obligations under the scheme as a significant number of employees transferred out.

Defined benefit schemes in the UK are generally required to be subject to full actuarial valuation every three years in order to assess the appropriate level of funding for schemes in relation to their commitments. These valuations include assessments of the likely rate of return on the assets held within the separate trustee administered funds. The last completed actuarial valuation of PSPS was as at 5 April 2008 by CG Singer, Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries, of Towers Watson Limited (previously Watson Wyatt Limited). This valuation demonstrated the scheme to be 106 per cent funded by reference to the Scheme Solvency Target that forms the basis of the scheme's statutory funding objective. No formal deficit plan was required. However, in recognition of the fall in value of the Scheme's investments between 5 April 2008 and the completion of the actuarial valuation in 2009, an additional funding akin to deficit funding was agreed by the Trustees. The total contributions being currently made by the Group into the scheme, representing the annual accrual cost and additional funding, are £50 million per annum. Deficit funding for PSPS is apportioned in the ratio of 70/30 between the PAC with-profits fund and shareholder-backed operations following detailed consideration in 2005 of the sourcing of previous contributions. Employer contributions for ongoing service of current employees are apportioned in the ratio relevant to current activity. The current contributions will continue to be made until the next valuation as at 5 April 2011 is finalised later in 2012. In 2011, total contributions paid in the year including expenses and augmentations were £54 million (2010: £55 million).

The market value of PSPS scheme assets as at the 5 April 2008 valuation was £4,759 million. The actuarial assumptions used in determining benefit obligations and the net periodic benefit costs for the purposes of the 2008 valuation were as follows:

For current male (female) pensioners 108.6% (103.4%) of the mortality rates of the 2000 series mortality tables, published by the Continuous Mortality Investigation Bureau. For male (female) non-pensioners 113.4% (97.4%) of the 2000 series rates.

For males (females) 100% (75%) of Medium Cohort subject to a minimum rate of improvement of 1.75% (1%) up to the age of 90, decreasing linearly to zero by age of 120.

The last completed actuarial valuation of the Scottish Amicable Pension Scheme as at 31 March 2008 by Jonathan Seed, Fellow of the Faculty of Actuaries, of Xafinity Consulting, demonstrated the scheme to be 91 per cent funded. Based on this valuation, deficit funding amounts designed to eliminate the actuarial deficit over a seven year period were made from July 2009 of £7.3 million per annum. During 2010, the Group agreed to pay additional funding of £5.8 million per annum from October 2010 until the conclusion of the next formal valuation, or until the funding level reaches 90 per cent, whichever is the earlier. The actuarial valuation as at 31 March 2011 will be finalised later in 2012. The IAS 19 deficit of the Scottish Amicable Pension Scheme at 31 December 2011 of £55 million (2010: £146 million) has been allocated approximately 50 per cent to the PAC with-profits fund and 50 per cent to the shareholders' fund.

The last completed actuarial valuation of the M&G pension scheme as at 31 December 2008 by Paul Belok, Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries, of AON Hewitt Limited (previously AON Consulting Limited), was finalised in January 2010 and demonstrated the scheme to be 76 per cent funded. Based on this valuation, deficit funding amounts designed to eliminate the actuarial deficit over a five year period have been made from January 2010 of £14.1 million per annum for the first two years and £9.3 million per annum for the subsequent three years. During 2011, the Group agreed to pay an additional funding of £1.2 million per annum from January 2012, until the conclusion of the next formal valuation as at 31 December 2011 which is currently in progress. The IAS 19 surplus of the M&G pension scheme on an economic basis at 31 December 2011 was £10 million (2010: deficit of £27 million). As described above, as at 31 December 2011, the M&G pension scheme has invested £165 million in Prudential policies (2010: £227 million). After excluding these investments that are offset against liabilities to policyholders, the IAS 19 basis position of the scheme is a deficit of £155 million (2010: £254 million).

Under the IAS 19 valuation basis, the Group applies IFRIC 14, 'IAS 19—The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction' Under IFRIC 14, for PSPS, where the Group does not have unconditional right of refund to any surplus in the scheme, the surplus is not recognised. Additionally, the Group has to recognise a liability for committed deficit funding obligation to PSPS. Accordingly, at 31 December 2011, the Group has not recognised the underlying PSPS surplus of £1,588 million gross of deferred tax (2010: £485 million) and has recognised a liability for deficit funding to 30 June 2012 for PSPS of £19 million, gross of deferred tax (2010: £47 million).

The asset and liabilities of PSPS are unaffected by the impact of the application of IFRIC 14. PSPS is managed on an economic basis for the longer-term benefit of its current and deferred pensioners and active members. The surplus in PSPS is available to absorb future adverse asset value movements and, if required, strengthening in mortality assumptions.

As at 31 December 2011, after the effect of the application of IFRIC 14, the shareholders' share of the pension liability for PSPS deficit funding obligation and the deficits of the defined benefit pension schemes amounted to a £17 million liability net of related tax relief (2010: £83 million). These amounts are determined after including amounts invested by the M&G scheme in Prudential policies as explained later in this note.

On the economic basis (including investments of the M&G scheme in Prudential policies as assets), for 2011, a £18 million pre-tax shareholder credit (2010: £27 million charge) to operating results based on longer-term returns arises. The £18 million credit in 2011 included a £42 million credit for the RPI to CPI inflation measure change as described later. In addition, outside the operating result but included in total profits is a pre-tax shareholder gain of £21 million (2010: £10 million loss) for shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses.

In addition, also on the economic basis, the PAC with-profits sub-fund was credited £9 million (2010: charge of £18 million) for its share of the pension credit/charge of PSPS and Scottish Amicable and credited with £15 million (2010: charge of £5 million) for its share of net actuarial and other losses on the scheme assets and liabilities. The £9 million credit in 2011 included a £24 million credit for the PAC with-profit funds share of accounting benefit from the RPI to CPI inflation measure charge as described later. As shareholder profits for the PAC with-profits sub-fund reflects the surplus for distribution, these amounts are effectively absorbed by an increased credit in the income statement for the transfer to the liability for unallocated surplus.

At 31 December 2011, after the effect of the application of IFRIC 14, the total share of the liability for deficit funding on PSPS and the deficit on the smaller Scottish Amicable Scheme attributable to the PAC with-profits fund amounted to a liability of £38 million (2010: £99 million) net of related tax relief.

The rules of the Group's largest pension arrangement, the defined benefit section of PSPS, a final salary scheme, specify that, in exercising its investment powers, the Trustee's objective is to achieve the best overall investment return consistent with the security of the assets of the scheme. In doing this, consideration is given to the nature and duration of the scheme's liabilities. The Trustee sets the benchmark for the asset mix, following analysis of the liabilities by the Scheme's Actuary and, having taken advice from the Investment Managers, then selects benchmark indices for each asset type in order to measure investment performance against a benchmark return.

The Trustee reviews strategy, the asset mix benchmark and the Investment Managers' objectives every three years, to coincide with the Actuarial Valuation, or earlier if the Scheme Actuary recommends. Interim reviews are conducted annually based on changing economic circumstances and financial market levels.

The Trustee sets the general investment policy and specifies any restrictions on types of investment and the degrees of divergence permitted from the benchmark, but delegates the responsibility for selection and realisation of specific investments to the Investment Managers. In carrying out this responsibility, the Investment Managers are required by the Pensions Act 1995 to have regard to the need for diversification and suitability of investments. Subject to a number of restrictions contained within the relevant asset management agreements, the Investment Managers are authorised to invest in any class of investment asset. However, the Investment Managers will not invest in any new class of investment asset without prior consultation with the Trustee.

The Trustee consults the Principal Employer, the Prudential Assurance Company, on these investment principles, but the ultimate responsibility for the investment of the assets of the scheme lies with the Trustee.

The investment policies and strategies for the other two UK defined benefit schemes, the M&G Group Pension Scheme and the Scottish Amicable Staff Pension Scheme, which are both final salary schemes, follow similar principles, but have different target allocations reflecting the particular requirements of the schemes.

The actuarial assumptions used in determining benefit obligations and the net periodic benefit costs for the years ended 31 December were as follows:

	2011		2010		2009


	%		%		%
Discount rate*		4.7		5.45		5.8
Rate of increase in salaries		2.9		5.55		5.7
Rate of inflation:**
Retail price index (RPI)		2.9		3.55		3.7
Consumer price index (CPI)		1.9		n/a		n/a
Rate of increase of pensions in payment for inflation:
Guaranteed (maximum 5%)***		2.5		3.55		3.7
Guaranteed (maximum 2.5%)***		2.5		2.5		2.5
Discretionary***		2.5		2.5		2.5
Expected returns on plan assets		5.1		5.9		4.5

The calculations are based on current actuarially calculated mortality estimates with a specific allowance made for future improvements in mortality. The specific allowance for 2011 and 2010 is in line

with a custom calibration of the 2009 mortality model from the Continuous Mortality Investigation Bureau of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries ('CMI'). The 2009 specific allowance was broadly based on adjusted versions of the medium cohort projections prepared by CMI.

The tables used for PSPS immediate annuities in payment at 31 December 2011 and 2010 were:

Male: 108.6 per cent PNMA00 with improvements in line with a custom calibration of the CMI's 2009 mortality model, with a long-term mortality improvement rate of 1.75 per cent per annum; and

Female: 103.4 per cent PNFA00 with improvements in line with a custom calibration of the CMI's 2009 mortality model, with a long-term mortality improvement rate of 1.00 per cent per annum.

The tables used for PSPS immediate annuities in payment at 31 December 2009 were:

Male: 108.6 per cent PNMA00 with medium cohort improvements subject to a floor of 1.75 per cent up to the age of 90, decreasing linearly to zero by age of 120; and

Female: 103.4 per cent PNFA00 with 75 per cent medium cohort improvements subject to a floor of 1.00 per cent up to the age of 90, decreasing linearly to zero by age of 120. The assumed life expectancies on retirement at age 60, based on the mortality table used was:

Using external actuarial advice provided by the scheme actuaries being Towers Watson for the valuation of PSPS, Xafinity Consulting for the Scottish Amicable scheme and Aon Hewitt Limited for the M&G scheme, the most recent full valuations have been updated to 31 December 2011, applying the principles prescribed by IAS 19.

In July 2010, the UK Government announced plans to use the CPI in place of the RPI in its determination of the statutory minimum pension increases for private sector occupational pension schemes. In December 2010, the Government published the statutory revaluation order for 2011 which confirms the change to use CPI. Further, in December 2010, the Government consulted on the impact of the switch from RPI to CPI on the private sector occupational pension schemes. In its response following the consultation published in June 2011, the Government confirmed that it would not introduce legislation to override scheme rules which provide for pension increases/revaluation on a basis that is higher than the statutory minimum.

For the Group's UK defined benefit schemes, the pensions in deferment and/or pensions in payment for certain tranches of these schemes are subject to statutory increases in accordance with the schemes rules and were therefore affected by the Government's decision to change the indexation from RPI to CPI. Other tranches, where RPI is specified in the scheme rules, were unaffected.

During 2011, the pension schemes communicated to their members the changes in basis from RPI to CPI in light of the Government announcement. The impact of this change in 2011 was an accounting benefit of £42 million to the Group's operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and profit attributable to shareholders before tax and £31 million to shareholders' equity. There was no impact on the results for the year ended 31 December 2010.

The Group liability in respect of defined benefit pension schemes is as follows:

	2011			2010


	£m			£m
Economic position:
Deficit, gross of deferred tax, based on scheme assets held, including investments in Prudential insurance policies:
Attributable to the PAC with-profits fund (i.e. absorbed by the liability for unallocated surplus)		(41	)		(106	)
Attributable to shareholder-backed operations (i.e. shareholders' equity)		(23	)		(114	)

Economic deficit		(64	)		(220	)
Exclude: investments in Prudential insurance liabilities (offset on consolidation in the Group financial statements against insurance liabilities)		(165	)		(227	)

Deficit under IAS 19 included in Provisions in the statement of financial position		(229	)		(447	)

The following disclosures explain the economic position and IAS 19 basis of accounting after eliminating investment in Prudential insurance policies on consolidation.

The following tables illustrate the movement on the financial position of the Group's defined benefit pension schemes on an economic basis. The underlying position on an economic basis reflects the assets (including investments in Prudential policies that are offset against liabilities to policyholders on the Group consolidation) and the liabilities of the schemes. At 31 December 2011, the investments in Prudential policies comprise £112 million (2010: £118 million; 2009: £101 million) for PSPS and £165 million (2010: £227 million; 2009: £187 million) for the M&G scheme.

Separately, the economic financial position also includes the effect of the application of IFRIC 14, 'IAS 19—The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction'. For PSPS, where there are constraints in the trust deed to prevent the company access, the surplus is not recognised and a liability to additional funding is established (as previously described).

Movements on the pension scheme deficit (determined on the economic basis) are as follows, with the effect of the application of IFRIC 14 being shown separately:

	2011

				(Charge) credit to income statement
	Surplus (deficit) in scheme at 1 Jan 2011			Operating results (based on longer-term investment returns)note (a)			Actuarial and other gains and lossesnote (b)			Contributions paid			Surplus (deficit) in scheme at 31 Dec 2011note (c)

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
All schemes
Underlying position (without the effect of IFRIC 14)
Surplus		312			256			882			93			1,543
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund		(264	)		(171	)		(607	)		(41	)		(1,083	)

Shareholders' share:
Gross of tax surplus		48			85			275			52			460
Related tax		(13	)		(22	)		(68	)		(14	)		(117	)

Net of shareholders' tax		35			63			207			38			343

Effect of IFRIC 14
Derecognition of surplus and set up of additional funding obligation		(532	)		(229	)		(846	)		—			(1,607	)
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund		370			162			592			—			1,124

Shareholders' share:
Gross of tax (deficit)		(162	)		(67	)		(254	)		—			(483	)
Related tax		44			16			63			—			123

Net of shareholders' tax		(118	)		(51	)		(191	)		—			(360	)

With the effect of IFRIC 14
(Deficit) surplus		(220	)		27			36			93			(64	)
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund		106			(9	)		(15	)		(41	)		41

Shareholders' share:
Gross of tax (deficit) surplus		(114	)		18			21			52			(23	)
Related tax		31			(6	)		(5	)		(14	)		6

Net of shareholders' tax		(83	)		12			16			38			(17	)

	2010

				(Charge) credit to income statement
	Surplus (deficit) in scheme at 1 Jan 2010			Operating results (based on longer-term investment returns)note (a)			Actuarial and other gains and lossesnote (b)			Contributions paid			Surplus (deficit) in scheme at 31 Dec 2010note (c)

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
All schemes
Underlying position (without the effect of IFRIC 14)
Surplus (deficit)		338			(7	)		(109	)		90			312
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund		(285	)		(11	)		71			(39	)		(264	)

Shareholders' share:
Gross of tax surplus (deficit)		53			(18	)		(38	)		51			48
Related tax		(15	)		5			11			(14	)		(13	)

Net of shareholders' tax		38			(13	)		(27	)		37			35

Effect of IFRIC 14
Derecognition of surplus and set up of additional funding obligation		(588	)		(38	)		94			—			(532	)
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund		407			29			(66	)		—			370

Shareholders' share:
Gross of tax surplus (deficit)		(181	)		(9	)		28			—			(162	)
Related tax		51			2			(9	)		—			44

Net of shareholders' tax		(130	)		(7	)		19			—			(118	)

With the effect of IFRIC 14
Surplus (deficit)		(250	)		(45	)		(15	)		90			(220	)
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund		122			18			5			(39	)		106

Shareholders' share:
Gross of tax surplus (deficit)		(128	)		(27	)		(10	)		51			(114	)
Related tax		36			7			2			(14	)		31

Net of shareholders' tax		(92	)		(20	)		(8	)		37			(83	)

	2009

				(Charge) credit to income statement
	Surplus (deficit) in scheme at 1 Jan 2009			Operating results (based on longer-term investment returns)note (a)			Actuarial and other gains and lossesnote (b)			Contributions paid			Disposal of Taiwan agency business*			Surplus (deficit) in scheme at 31 Dec 2009note (c)

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
All schemes
Underlying position (without the effect of IFRIC 14)
Surplus (deficit)		644			(71	)		(337	)		85			17			338
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund		(483	)		33			207			(42	)		—			(285	)

Shareholders' share:
Gross of tax surplus (deficit)		161			(38	)		(130	)		43			17			53
Related tax		(47	)		11			36			(11	)		(4	)		(15	)

Net of shareholders' tax		114			(27	)		(94	)		32			13			38

Effect of IFRIC 14
Surplus (deficit)		(793	)		23			182			—			—			(588	)
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund		550			(17	)		(126	)		—			—			407

Shareholders' share:
Gross of tax surplus (deficit)		(243	)		6			56			—			—			(181	)
Related tax		68			(2	)		(15	)		—			—			51

Net of shareholders' tax		(175	)		4			41			—			—			(130	)

With the effect of IFRIC 14
Surplus (deficit)		(149	)		(48	)		(155	)		85			17			(250	)
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund		67			16			81			(42	)		—			122

Shareholders' share:
Gross of tax surplus (deficit)		(82	)		(32	)		(74	)		43			17			(128	)
Related tax		21			9			21			(11	)		(4	)		36

Net of shareholders' tax		(61	)		(23	)		(53	)		32			13			(92	)

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Current service cost		(35	)		(38	)		(34	)
Negative past service cost—RPI to CPI inflation measure changenote (i)		282			—			—
Finance (expense) income:
Interest on pension scheme liabilities		(299	)		(294	)		(277	)
Expected return on assets		308			325			240

Total credit (charge) without the effect IFRIC 14		256			(7	)		(71	)
Effect of IFRIC 14 for pension schemes		(229	)		(38	)		23

Total credit (charge) after the effect of IFRIC 14 as shown above, reflected in the Group's operating profit based on longer-term investment returnsnote (ii)		27			(45	)		(48	)

	2011											2010

	PSPS			Other schemesnote (iii)			Total			%		PSPS			Other schemesnote(iii)			Total			%

	£m			£m			£m					£m			£m			£m
Equities		210			273			483			7		548			277			825			14
Bonds		5,547			407			5,954			83		3,864			339			4,203			70
Properties		297			20			317			4		199			29			228			4
Cash-like investmentsnote (i)		378			31			409			6		740			8			748			12

Total value of assets		6,432			731			7,163			100		5,351			653			6,004			100
Present value of benefit obligations		(4,844	)		(776	)		(5,620	)				(4,866	)		(826	)		(5,692	)

		1,588			(45	)		1,543					485			(173	)		312
Effect of the application of IFRIC 14 for pension schemes:
Derecognition of PSPS surplus		(1,588	)		—			(1,588	)				(485	)		—			(485	)
Adjust for additional funding for PSPS		(19	)		—			(19	)				(47	)		—			(47	)

Pre-tax deficitnote (ii)		(19	)		(45	)		(64	)				(47	)		(173	)		(220	)

The movements in the deficit on the 'economic basis' between scheme assets and liabilities were:

The change in the present value of the benefit obligation and the change in fair value of the assets for the total of the PSPS, Scottish Amicable, M&G and Taiwan schemes and the provision for deficit funding of PSPS over the period were as follows:

	2011

	PSPS			Other schemes												Total
	Provision for deficit funding			IAS 19 basis: change in fair value of plan assets			Invest- ments in Prudential insurance policies			Economic basis: total assets			IAS 19 basis: change in present value of benefit obligations			Economic basis: net obligations

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year					426			227			653						653
Present value of benefit obligation, beginning of year														(826	)		(826	)
Provision for deficit funding for PSPS		(47	)														(47	)

		(47	)		426			227			653			(826	)		(220	)
Service cost—current charge only														(13	)		(13	)
Negative past service cost—RPI to CPI inflation measure change														66			66
Interest cost														(45	)		(45	)
Expected return on plan assets					26			15			41						41
Employee contributions					—			1			1			(1	)		—
Employer contributions		54			19			20			39						93
Actuarial gains (losses)					13			(1	)		12			28			40
Benefit payments					(10	)		(5	)		(15	)		15			—
Movement in the provision for deficit funding for PSPS		(4	)														(4	)
Transfer out of investment in Prudential insurance policies					92			(92	)		—						—
Cash costs and unwind of discount on the opening provision for deficit funding for PSPS		(22	)														(22	)

Fair value of plan assets, end of year					566			165			731						731
Present value of benefit obligation, end of year														(776	)		(776	)
Provision for deficit funding of PSPS		(19	)														(19	)

Economic basis deficit																	(64	)

	2010

	PSPS			Other schemes												Total
	Provision for deficit funding			IAS 19 basis: change in fair value of plan assets			Invest- ments in Prudential insurance policies			Economic basis: total assets			IAS 19 basis: change in present value of benefit obligations			Economic basis: net obligations

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year					376			187			563						563
Present value of benefit obligation, beginning of year														(738	)		(738	)
Provision for deficit funding for PSPS		(75	)														(75	)

		(75	)		376			187			563			(738	)		(250	)
Service cost—current charge only														(13	)		(13	)
Interest cost														(43	)		(43	)
Expected return on plan assets					25			13			38						38
Employee contributions								1			1			(1	)		—
Employer contributions		55			15			20			35						90
Actuarial gains (losses)					20			11			31			(46	)		(15	)
Benefit payments					(10	)		(5	)		(15	)		15
Cash costs and unwind of discount on the opening provision for deficit funding for PSPS		(27	)														(27	)

Fair value of plan assets, end of year					426			227			653						653
Present value of benefit obligation, end of year														(826	)		(826	)
Provision for deficit funding of PSPS		(47	)														(47	)

Economic basis deficit																	(220	)

	2009

	PSPS			Other schemes												Total
	Provision for deficit funding			IAS 19 basis: change in fair value of plan assets			Invest- ments in Prudential insurance policies			Economic basis: total assets			IAS 19 basis: change in present value of benefit obligations			Economic basis: net obligations

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year					357			157			514						514
Present value of benefit obligation, beginning of year														(598	)		(598	)
Provision for deficit funding for PSPS		(65	)														(65	)

		(65	)		357			157			514			(598	)		(149	)
Service cost—current charge only														(11	)		(11	)
Interest cost														(35	)		(35	)
Expected return on plan assets					18			9			27						27
Employee contributions								1			1			(1	)		—
Employer contributions		67			9			9			18						85
Actuarial gains (losses)					6			17			23			(130	)		(107	)
Benefit payments					(11	)		(6	)		(17	)		17			—
Cash costs and unwind of discount on the opening provision for deficit funding for PSPS		(29	)														(29	)
Movement in the provision for deficit funding for PSPS		(48	)														(48	)
Disposal of Taiwan agency business, including exchange translation difference					(3	)					(3	)		20			17

Fair value of plan assets, end of year					376			187			563						563
Present value of benefit obligation, end of year														(738	)		(738	)
Provision for deficit funding of PSPS		(75	)														(75	)

Economic basis deficit																	(250	)

	2011			2010			2009			2008			2007


	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Fair value of plan assets, end of year (excluding investments in Prudential policies)		6,886			5,659			5,224			5,057			5,150
Present value of benefit obligation		(5,620	)		(5,438	)		(4,951	)		(4,493	)		(4,826	)

Funded status (wholly or partly funded)		1,266			221			273			564			324
Present value of unfunded obligations on Group consolidated basis (M&G scheme)*		—			(254	)		(223	)		(180	)		(189	)

		1,266			(33	)		50			384			135

Effect of the application of IFRIC 14 for pension schemes
Derecognition of PSPS' surplus		(1,588	)		(485	)		(513	)		(728	)		(528	)
Set up obligation for deficit funding for PSPS		(19	)		(47	)		(75	)		(65	)		(102	)
Adjustment in respect of investment of PSPS in Prudential policies		112			118			101			103			140

Deficit recognised in the statement of financial position		(229	)		(447	)		(437	)		(306	)		(355	)

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Components of net periodic pension cost
Current service cost		(35	)		(38	)		(34	)
Negative past service cost (RPI to CPI inflation measure change)		282			—			—
Interest cost		(299	)		(294	)		(277	)

Expected return on assets—economic basis		308			325			240
Less: expected return on investments of scheme assets in Prudential insurance policies		(25	)		(21	)		(16	)

Expected return on assets—IAS 19 basis†		283			304			224

		231			(28	)		(87	)
Effect of the application of IFRIC 14		(219	)		(30	)		30

Pension cost (as referred to in note I3a)		12			(58	)		(57	)

Actuarial gains and losses—economic basis		882			(109	)		(337	)
Less: actuarial gains on investments of scheme assets in Prudential insurance policies		17			(20	)		8

		899			(129	)		(329	)
Effect of the application of IFRIC 14		(862	)		103			191
Actuarial gains and losses—IAS 19 basis* (as referred to in note I3a)		37			(26	)		(138	)

Net periodic pension cost (included within acquisition and other operating expenditure in the income statement)		49			(84	)		(195	)

The long-term expected rate of return has been taken to be the weighted average (by market value) of the long-term expected rates of return on each major asset class shown below:

The expected rates of return have been determined by reference to long-term expectations, the carrying value of the assets and equity and other market conditions at the statement of financial position date.

The actual return on scheme assets was a gain of £1,290 million (2010: £631 million; 2009: £348 million) on an IAS 19 basis.

None of the scheme assets included shares in Prudential plc or property occupied by the Prudential Group.

	2011			2010			2009			2008			2007


	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Fair value of scheme assets, end of year (IAS 19 basis)		6,886			5,659			5,224			5,057			5,150
Present value of the benefit obligation, end of year		(5,620	)		(5,692	)		(5,174	)		(4,673	)		(5,015	)

Underlying scheme assets in surplus (deficit) of benefit obligation, before the effect of IFRIC 14		1,266			(33	)		50			384			135

Experience adjustments on scheme liabilities		314			(4	)		76			145			(14	)
Percentage of scheme liabilities at 31 December		(5.59	%)		(0.07	%)		1.47	%		3.10	%		0.28	%
Experience adjustments on scheme assets (IAS 19 basis)		998			287			100			(277	)		(7	)
Percentage of scheme assets at 31 December		14.49	%		5.07	%		1.91	%		(5.48	%)		(0.14	%)

The experience adjustments on scheme liabilities in 2011 of £314 million related mainly to the 'true-up' reflecting improvements in data consequent upon the ongoing 2011 triennial valuations of PSPS and the Scottish Amicable pension scheme. The experience adjustments on scheme liabilities in 2008 of a gain of £145 million related mainly to the 'true up' reflecting improvements in data consequent upon the 2008 triennial valuation of PSPS.

Total employer contributions expected to be paid into the Group defined benefit schemes for the year ending 31 December 2012 amounts to £89 million (2011: £94 million). However, this is subject to a reassessment when the 2011 valuations of the schemes are completed.

The total underlying Group pension scheme liabilities of £5,620 million (2010: £5,692 million) comprise £4,844 million (2010: £4,866 million) for PSPS and £776 million (2010: £826 million) for the other schemes. The table below shows the sensitivity of the underlying PSPS and the other scheme liabilities at 31 December 2011 and 2010 to changes in discount rates, inflation rates and mortality rates

In the event that a change in the PSPS scheme liabilities results in a deficit position for the scheme which is recognisable, the deficit recognised affects the Group's results and financial position only to the extent of the amounts attributable to shareholder operations. The amounts attributable to the PAC with-profits fund are absorbed by the liability for unallocated surplus and have no direct effect on the profit or loss attributable to shareholders or shareholders' equity.

changes in the variables shown in the table above would have had an impact on the Group's shareholder results and financial position.

At 31 December 2011, it is estimated that the assets of the scheme are broadly sufficient to cover the liabilities of PSPS on a 'buyout' basis including an allowance for expenses. The 'buyout' basis refers to a basis that might apply in the circumstance of a transfer to another appropriate financial institution. In making this assessment it has been assumed that a more conservative investment strategy applies together with a more prudent allowance for future mortality improvements and no allowance for discretionary pension increases.

The Group operates various defined contribution pension schemes including schemes in Jackson and Asia. The cost of the Group's contributions for continuing operations to these schemes in 2011 was £40 million (2010: £37 million; 2009:£38 million).

The Group maintains 10 main share award and share option plans relating to Prudential plc shares, which are described below.

The Group Performance Share Plan (GPSP) is the incentive plan in which all executive directors and other senior executives within the Group can participate. This scheme was established as a replacement for the Restricted Share Plan (RSP) under which no further awards could be made after March 2006. Awards are granted either in the form of a nil cost option, conditional right over shares, or such other form that shall confer to the participant an equivalent economic benefit, with a vesting period of three years. The performance measure for the awards is that Prudential's Total Shareholder Return (TSR) outperforms an index comprising of peer companies. Vesting of the awards between each performance point is on a straight line sliding scale basis. Participants are entitled to the value of reinvested dividends that would have accrued on the shares that vest. Beginning in 2010, newly issued shares have been used in settling the awards that vest and are released.

The RSP was, until March 2006, the Group's long-term incentive plan for executive directors and other senior executives designed to provide rewards linked to shareholder return. Each year participants were granted a conditional option to receive a number of shares. There was a deferment period of three years at the end of which the award vested to an extent that depended on the performance of the Group's shares including notional reinvested dividends and on the Group's underlying financial performance. After vesting, the option may be exercised at zero cost at any time, subject to closed period rules, in the balance of a 10-year period. Shares are purchased in the open market by a trust for the benefit of qualifying employees.

The Business Unit Performance Plan (BUPP) is an incentive plan created to provide a common framework under which awards would be made to senior employees in the UK, Jackson and Asia including the Chief Executive Officers. Awards under this plan were based on growth in Shareholder Capital Value on the European Embedded Value (EEV) basis with performance measured over three

years. Upon vesting of awards made up to 2008, half of the awards were released as shares and the other half released in cash. Since the year ended 31 December 2009 all awards made will be settled in shares after vesting. Participants are entitled to receive the value of reinvested dividends over the performance period for those shares that vest. The growth parameters for the awards are relevant to each region and vesting of the awards between each performance point is on a straight line sliding scale basis. Beginning in 2010, newly issued shares will be used in settling the awards that vest and are released. During 2009, the Remuneration Committee decided that future BUPP awards for the UK business unit would be based on the same relative TSR measure applied to GPSP awards. As a result, awards made under the UK BUPP reflect those TSR conditions applied to GPSP awards.

In 2011, the Remuneration Committee decided to cancel two-thirds of the number of shares comprising the 2008 share awards and one-third of the 2009 share awards to most UK BUPP participants with the vesting of the remaining one-third and two-thirds, respectively, of awards then being dependent on the achievement of the TSR condition. The change in awards was not applicable to executive directors. Upon the cancellation, Prudential recognised as expense the full amount of the one-third and two-thirds awards that would have been accrued for the remainder of the respective vesting periods in accordance with IFRS 2 'Share-based Payment'.

The Group maintains four share option schemes satisfied by the issue of new shares. UK-based executive directors and eligible employees are eligible to participate in the Prudential HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) approved UK Savings Related Share Option Scheme (SAYE scheme) and the Asia-based executive directors and eligible employees can participate in the equivalent International SAYE scheme. Dublin-based employees are eligible to participate in the Prudential International Assurance Sharesave Plan, and Hong Kong-based agents can participate in the Non-employee Savings Related Share Option Scheme. The schemes allow participants to save towards the exercise of options over Prudential plc shares, at an option price set at the beginning of the savings period as determined by reference to the average market price of the ordinary shares on the three business days immediately preceding the invitation at a discount of 20 per cent. Participants may save up to £250 per month for three or five years. On maturity at the end of the set term, participants may exercise their options within six months of the end of the savings period and purchase Prudential plc shares. If an option is not exercised within six months, participants are entitled to a refund of their cash contributions plus interest if applicable under the rules. The exercise period of the options granted may be advanced to an earlier date in certain circumstances, for example on retirement, and may be extended in certain circumstances, for example on the death of the participant the personal representative may exercise the options beyond the normal exercise period. Shares are issued to satisfy options that are exercised. No options may be granted under the schemes if the grant would cause the number of shares which have been issued, or which remain issuable pursuant to options granted in the preceding 10 years under the scheme and other share option schemes operated by the Company, or which have been issued under any other share incentive scheme of the Company, to exceed 10 per cent of the Company's ordinary share capital at the proposed date of grant.

UK-based executive directors and employees are also eligible to participate in the Company's HMRC approved Share Incentive Plan which allows all UK-based employees to purchase shares of Prudential plc (partnership shares) on a monthly basis out of gross salary. For every four partnership shares bought, an additional matching share is awarded, purchased on the open market. Dividend shares accumulate while

the employee participates in the plan. Partnership shares may be withdrawn from the scheme at any time. If the employee withdraws from the plan within five years, the matching shares are forfeit and if within three years, dividend shares are forfeit.

Jackson operates a performance-related share award which, subject to the prior approval of the Jackson Remuneration Committee, may grant share awards to eligible Jackson employees in the form of a contingent right to receive shares or a conditional allocation of shares. These share awards have vesting periods of four years and are at nil cost to the employee. Award holders do not have any right to dividends or voting rights attaching to the shares. The shares are held in the employee share trust in the form of American Depository Receipts which are tradable on the New York Stock Exchange.

The Prudential Corporation Asia Long-Term Incentive Plan (PCA LTIP) is an incentive plan created in 2008 for senior employees and Chief Executive Officers. Awards under the PCA LTIP will vest after three years subject to the employee being in employment at the time of vesting without any performance conditions. Awards will be discretionary and on a year by year basis determined by Prudential's full year financial results and the employee's contribution to the business. All awards will be in Prudential shares except for countries where share awards are not feasible due to securities and/or tax reasons, where awards will be replaced by the cash value of the shares that would otherwise have been transferred.

Certain senior executives have annual incentive plans with awards paid in cash up to the target level of their plan. The portion of any award for above target performance is made in the form of awards of shares deferred for three years, with the release of shares subject to close periods. The shares are held in the employee share trust and shares equivalent to dividends otherwise payable will accumulate for the benefit of award holders during the deferral period up to the release date.

In addition, there are other share awards including the Prudential Corporation Asia Deferred Bonus Plan (PCA DBP), Prudential Capital Deferred Bonus Plan (PruCap DBP) and other arrangements. There are no performance conditions attaching to these deferred bonus plans and awards vest in full subject to the individual being employed by Prudential at the end of the vesting period. The other arrangements

relate to various awards that have been made without performance conditions to individual employees, typically in order to secure their appointment or ensure retention.

	2011					2010					2009

Options outstanding under SAYE schemes	Number of options			Weighted average exercise price		Number of options			Weighted average exercise price		Number of options			Weighted average exercise price

	millions			£		millions			£		millions			£
Beginning of year:		12.8			3.4		12.2			3.2		6.8			4.54
Granted		2.1			4.66		2.2			4.61		10.7			2.96
Exercised		(0.6	)		3.98		(0.6	)		3.15		(0.4	)		3.98
Forfeited		(0.2	)		3.17		(0.2	)		3.44		(0.5	)		3.87
Cancelled		(0.4	)		3.56		(0.5	)		3.37		(3.8	)		4.58
Lapsed		(0.4	)		3.94		(0.3	)		3.89		(0.6	)		4.42

End of year		13.3			3.55		12.8			3.4		12.2			3.2

Options immediately exercisable, end of year		0.4			4.54		0.2			5.52		0.3			4.45

The weighted average share price of Prudential plc for the year ended 31 December 2011 was £6.86 compared to £5.68 for the year ended 31 December 2010 and £4.17 for the year ended 31 December 2009.

Movements in share awards outstanding under the Group's share-based compensation plans relating to Prudential plc shares at 31 December 2011, 2010 and 2009 were as follows:

The following table provides a summary of the range of exercise prices for Prudential plc options outstanding at 31 December 2011.

The following table provides a summary of the range of exercise prices for Prudential plc options outstanding at 31 December 2010.

The following table provides a summary of the range of exercise prices for Prudential plc options outstanding at 31 December 2009.

The years shown above for weighted average remaining contractual life include the time period from end of vesting period to expiration of contract.

The weighted average fair values of Prudential plc options and awards granted during the period are as follows:

The fair value amounts relating to all options including conditional nil cost options above were determined using the Black-Scholes and the Monte Carlo option-pricing models using the following assumptions:

Compensation costs for all share-based compensation plans are determined using either the Black-Scholes model or the Monte Carlo model. Share options and awards are valued using the share price at the date of grant. The compensation costs for all awards and options are recognised in net income over the plans' respective vesting periods. The Group uses the Black-Scholes model to value all options and awards other than the GPSP and UK BUPP, for which the Group uses a Monte Carlo model in order to allow for the impact of the TSR performance conditions. These models are used to calculate fair values for share options and awards at the grant date based on the quoted market price of the stock at the measurement date, the amount, if any, that the employees are required to pay, the dividend yield, expected volatility, risk-free interest rates and exercise prices.

For SAYE options, the expected volatility is measured as the standard deviation of expected share price returns based on statistical analysis of daily share prices over a period up to the grant date equal to the expected life of options. In recent years, this calculation has been influenced by the extreme market volatility experienced in 2008/2009. Risk-free interest rates are UK gilt rates with projections for three and five year terms to match corresponding vesting periods. Dividend yield is determined as the average yield over the year of grant. For the GPSP, volatility and correlation between Prudential and an index constructed from a simple average of the TSR growth of 10 companies is required. For grants in 2011, an average index volatility and correlation of 32 per cent and 78 per cent respectively, were used. For the GPSP, market implied volatilities are used for both Prudential and the components of the index. Changes to the subjective input assumptions could materially affect the fair value estimate.

When options are granted or awards made to employees, an estimate is made of what percentage is more than likely to vest, be forfeited, lapse or cancelled based on historical information. Based on these estimates, compensation expense to be accrued at that date is calculated and amortised over the vesting period. For early exercises of options or release of awards due to redundancy, death or resignation, the compensation expense is immediately recognised and for forfeitures due to employees leaving the Group, any previously recognised expense is reversed. However, if an employee loses their award because of the Group's failure to meet the performance criteria, previously recognised expense is not reversed.

During the year, the Group granted share options to certain non-employee independent financial advisors. Those options were measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with assumptions consistent with those of other share options. These transactions were measured using an option model because the Group does not receive a separate and measurable benefit from those non-employees in exchange for the options granted. As such, the fair value of the options themselves is more readily determinable than the services received in return.

Total expense recognised in the year in the consolidated financial statements related to share-based compensation is as follows:

Key management constitutes the directors of Prudential plc as they have authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Group.

Post-employment benefits comprise the change in the transfer value of the accrued benefit relating to directors' defined benefit pension schemes in the year and the total contributions made to directors' other pension arrangements.

The share-based payments charge is the sum of £6,571,000 (2010: £7,320,000; 2009: £5,270,000), which is determined in accordance with IFRS 2, 'Share-Based Payments' (see note I4) and £3,163,000 (2010: £3,837,000; 2009: £2,102,000) of deferred share awards.

Total key management remuneration includes total directors' emoluments of £16,212,000 (2010: £14,225,000; 2009: £15,090,000) as shown in Item 6 'Directors, Senior Management and Employees and additional amounts in respect of pensions and share-based payments. Further information on directors' remuneration is given in Item 6 'Directors, Senior Management and Employees.

	2011		2010		2009


	£m		£m		£m
Fees payable to the Company's auditor for the audit of the Company's annual accounts		2.1		1.9		1.8
Fees payable to the Company's auditor and its associates for other services:
Audit of subsidiaries pursuant to legislation		6.1		6.1		5.5
Audit related assurance services		2.6		2.5		2.7
Tax compliance services		0.6		0.4		0.6
Other assurance services		0.5		0.6
Other assurance services excluding the AIA transcation		0.5		0.6		0.1
Services relating to corporate finance transactions excluding the AIA transaction		0.5		0.1		0.7
All other services		0.3		0.4		1.0
Services relating to the AIA transaction		—		5.5		—

Total		12.7		17.5		12.4

In addition, there were fees incurred of £0.1 million (2010: £0.1 million; 2009: £0.2 million) for the audit of pension schemes.

The above audit fees for 2011 and 2010, reflect the new disclosure requirements of SI2011/2198—The Companies (Disclosure of Auditor Remuneration and Liability Limitation Agreements) (Amendment) Regulations 2011.

The fees for services relating to the AIA transaction in 2010 of £5.5 million were primarily comprised of the following services:

All services were specifically approved by the Prudential Group Audit Committee.

The Audit Committee regularly monitors the non-audit services provided to the Group by its auditor and has developed a formal Auditor Independence Policy which sets out the types of services that the auditor may provide, consistent with the guidance in Sir Robert Smith's report 'Audit Committees—Combined Code Guidance' and with the provisions of the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

The Audit Committee annually reviews the auditor's objectivity and independence.

Transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries are eliminated on consolidation.

In 2011 and 2010, other transactions with directors were not deemed to be significant both by virtue of their size and in the context of the directors' financial positions. As indicated above, all of these transactions are on terms broadly equivalent to those that prevail in arm's length transactions.

The principal subsidiary undertakings of the Company at 31 December 2011, all wholly owned were:

Each subsidiary has one class of ordinary shares and operates mainly in its country of incorporation, except for PRIL which operates mainly in England and Wales.

Details of all Prudential subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates will be annexed to the next Annual Returns of Prudential plc filed with the UK Registrar of Companies.

Certain Group subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on the amount of funds they may transfer in the form of cash dividends or otherwise to the parent company. UK insurance companies are required to maintain solvency margins which must be supported by capital reserves and other resources, including unrealised gains on investments. Jackson can pay dividends on its capital stock only out of earned surplus unless prior regulatory approval is obtained. Furthermore, without the prior regulatory approval, dividends cannot be distributed if all dividends made within the preceding 12 months exceed the greater of Jackson's statutory net gain from operations or 10 per cent of Jackson's statutory surplus for the prior year. In 2012, the maximum amount of dividends that could be paid by Jackson, subject to the availability of earned surplus, without prior regulatory approval is US$411 million (£264 million) (in 2011: US$770 million (£495 million)). The Group's subsidiaries in Asia may remit dividends to the Group, in general, provided the statutory insurance fund meets the capital adequacy standard required under local statutory regulations.

The Group capital position statement for life assurance businesses is set out in note D5, showing the available capital reflecting the excess of regulatory basis over liabilities for each fund or group of companies determined by reference to the local regulation of the subsidiaries. In addition, disclosure is also provided in note D5 of the local capital requirement of each of the fund or group of companies.

The PAC with-profits fund, via its venture fund holdings and as part of its investment portfolio, made acquisitions during the period. These were acquisitions for a 100 per cent interest of Earth & Wind Energias Renovables S.L., a company which invests in solar panel parks, in March 2011 and a 100 per cent interest of Alticom Holdings B.V., a company investing in telecommunication towers, in June 2011. The Earth & Wind portfolio of solar panel parks was further expanded with the acquisition of a 100 per cent interest in Promociones Fotovoltaicas Betula SL, Promociones Fotovoltaicas Castanea SL, Promociones Fotovoltaicas Corylus SL and Promociones Fotovoltaicas Fagus SL in July 2011 and a 50 per cent controlling interest in Sarinena Solar S.L in October 2011.

As these transactions are within the with-profits fund, they have no impact on shareholders' profit or equity for the year ended 31 December 2011. The impact on the Group's consolidated revenue, including investment returns, is not material. Had the acquisitions been effected at 1 January 2011, the revenue and profit of the Group for the year ended 31 December 2011 would not have been materially different.

A summary of the consideration, goodwill and net assets acquired relating to these four acquisitions is provided in the table below:

	2011 Total


	£m
Cash consideration paid		67

Net assets acquired:
Property, plant and equipment		190
Other non-investment and non-cash assets		16
Cash and cash equivalents		14
Borrowings attributable to with-profits funds		(114	)
Derivative liabilities		(2	)
Other non-insurance liabilities		(49	)

Fair value of net assets acquired		55

Total goodwill arising on acquisition attributable to the with-profits fund		12

The acquisition costs associated with these transactions were expensed as incurred and totalled less than £1.7 million.

Goodwill represents management's expectation of future income streams and is not allowable for tax.

During 2010, the Group acquired a 100 per cent interest in United Overseas Bank Life Assurance Limited (UOB) in Singapore. Further details are set out in note I1.

On 1 October 2010, the PAC with-profits fund, via its venture fund holdings and as part of its investment portfolio, acquired control of Meterserve (North West) Limited and Meterserve (North East) Limited (together referred to as 'Meterserve'), increasing its 50 per cent stake to 100 per cent.

As this transaction is within the with-profits fund it has no impact on shareholders' profit or equity for the period ended 31 December 2010. The impact on the Group's consolidated revenue, including investment returns, is not material. Had the acquisition been effected at 1 January 2010, the revenue and profit of the Group from continuing operations for the year ended 31 December 2010 would not have been materially different.

A summary of the consideration, goodwill and net assets acquired relating to Meterserve is provided in the table below:

	2010


	£m
Cash consideration paid		22
Fair value of existing stake		25

Total consideration		47

Net assets acquired:
Property, plant and equipment		219
Derivative assets		(35	)
Other non-investment and non-cash assets		11
Cash and cash equivalents		10
Borrowings attributable to with-profits funds		(194	)
Other non-insurance liabilities		(6	)

Fair value of net assets acquired		5

Total goodwill arising on acquisition attributable to the with-profits fund		42

The acquisition costs associated with this transaction were expensed as incurred and totalled less than £1 million. Goodwill represents management's expectation of future income streams and is not allowable for tax.

As noted above the transaction increased the previously held stake from 50 per cent to 100 per cent. The fair value of the existing stake at the date of the transaction was £25 million. As the investment was held in the Group's balance sheet as a financial instrument classified as at fair value through profit and loss no gain or loss arises as a result of the transaction.

Other than the above there were no other material acquisitions or disposals of subsidiaries during 2011 or 2010.

The Group leases various offices to conduct its business. Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments

made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are charged to the income statement on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.

The total minimum future sublease rentals to be received on non-cancellable operating leases for land and buildings for the year ended 31 December 2011 were £nil (2010: £nil; 2009: £nil).

Minimum lease rental payments for the year ended 31 December 2011 of £74 million (2010: £92 million; 2009: £105 million) are included in the consolidated income statement.

The charge of £14 million in 2009, which is net of £nil tax, reflects completion adjustments for a previously disposed business.

Structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations comprise of core debt of the parent company, the PruCap bank loan and Jackson surplus notes. Core debt excludes borrowings to support short-term fixed income securities programmes, non-recourse borrowings of investment subsidiaries of shareholder-financed operations and other borrowings of shareholder-financed operations. Cash flows in respect of these borrowings are included within cash flows from operating activities.

Structural borrowings of with-profits operations relate solely to the £100 million 8.5 per cent undated subordinated guaranteed bonds which contribute to the solvency base of the Scottish Amicable Insurance fund (SAIF) a ring-fenced sub-fund of the PAC with-profits fund. Cash flows in respect of other borrowings of with-profits funds, which principally relate to consolidated investment funds, are included within cash flows from operating activities.

On 22 February 2012, M&G completed transactions to (i) exchange bonus share rights for equity holdings with the employees of PPM South Africa and (ii) the sale of a 10 per cent holding in the

majority of the business to Thesele Group, a minority shareholder, for cash. Following these transactions M&G's holding in the majority of the business reduced from 75 per cent to 47 per cent. Under IFRS requirements the divestment is accounted for as the disposal of the 75 per cent holding and an acquisition of a 47 per cent holding at fair value. As a consequence of the IFRS application, the transactions give rise to a gain on dilution of approximately £40 million. This amount will be accounted for in the Group 2012 supplementary analysis of profit as a gain on dilution excluded from the Group's IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.

The UK Finance Act 2011 enacted the reduction in corporation tax rate to 26 per cent with effect from April 2011 and 25 per cent from April 2012. The UK Government announced at the Budget 2012 on 21 March 2012 that the corporation tax rate would instead reduce to 24 per cent from April 2012 with two further annual 1 per cent cuts to 22 per cent by April 2014. Other than the enacted changes to 26 per cent and 25 per cent, the effects of the announced changes are not reflected in the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2011 as they were not enacted at the balance sheet date.

The change from 26 per cent to 24 per cent with effect from April 2012 would have had the effect of reducing the UK with-profits and shareholder-backed business elements of the net deferred tax balances at 31 December 2011 by £49 million, as compared to the effect on a change to 25 per cent of £26 million as disclosed in note H4. The subsequent two further annual one per cent reductions would have the same effect on these net deferred tax balances at 31 December 2011 as the change disclosed in note H4 which is a reduction of £45 million.

Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Prudential plc

Profits and Loss Accounts (UK GAAP Basis)

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Investment income, including dividends from subsidiary undertakings		4,457			1,746			1,326
Investment expenses and charges		(508	)		(696	)		(407	)
Other charges:
Corporate expenditure		(216	)		(161	)		(139	)
Costs of terminated AIA transaction		—			(262	)		—
Provision against loans		—			(10	)		(6	)
Foreign currency exchange (losses) gains		(1	)		(90	)		123

Profit on ordinary activities before tax		3,732			527			897
Tax (charge) credit on profit on ordinary activities		(12	)		354			16

Profit for the financial year		3,720			881			913

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this condensed financial information

Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Prudential plc

Balance Sheets (UK GAAP Basis)

	2011			2010


	£m			£m
Fixed assets
Investments:
Shares in subsidiary undertakings		10,902			9,410
Loans to subsidiary undertakings		1,200			849

		12,102			10,259

Current assets
Debtors:
Amounts owed by subsidiary undertakings		6,122			4,244
Deferred tax		364			345
Other debtors		11			6
Derivative assets		3			112
Cash at bank and in hand		152			162

		6,652			4,869

Less liabilities: amounts falling due within one year
Commercial paper		(2,706	)		(2,311	)
Other borrowings		(200	)		(200	)
Derivative liabilities		(207	)		(146	)
Amounts owed to subsidiary undertakings		(1,049	)		(1,084	)
Tax payable		(198	)		(169	)
Sundry creditors		(19	)		(19	)
Accruals and deferred income		(46	)		(59	)

		(4,425	)		(3,988	)

Net current assets		2,227			881

Total assets less current liabilities		14,329			11,140

Less liabilities: amounts falling due after more than one year
Subordinated liabilities		(2,652	)		(2,718	)
Debenture loans		(549	)		(549	)
Other borrowings		(250	)		(249	)
Amounts owed to subsidiary undertakings		(3,560	)		(3,398	)

		(7,011	)		(6,914	)

Total net assets (excluding pension)		7,318			4,226
Pension asset (net of related deferred tax)		39			41

Total net assets (including pension)		7,357			4,267

Capital and reserves
Share capital		127			127
Share premium		1,873			1,856
Profit and loss account		5,357			2,284

Shareholders' funds		7,357			4,267

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this condensed financial information

Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Prudential plc

Statements of Total Recognised Gains and Losses (UK GAAP Basis)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this condensed financial information

Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Prudential Plc

Reconciliation of Movements in Shareholders' Capital and Reserves (UK GAAP Basis)

	Number of Ordinary Shares		Ordinary Share Capital		Share Premium			Retained Profit and Loss Reserve			Total


	m		£m		£m			£m			£m
1 January 2009		2,497		125		1,840			1,280			3,245
Total recognised gains relating to 2009		—		—		—			921			921
Dividends		—		—		—			(481	)		(481	)
New share capital subscribed		35		2		139			—			141
Reserve movements in respect of shares issued in lieu of cash dividends		—		—		(136	)		136			—

1 January 2010		2,532		127		1,843			1,856			3,826
Total recognised gains relating to 2010		—		—		—			877			877
Dividends		—		—		—			(511	)		(511	)
New share capital subscribed		14		—		75			—			75
Reserve movements in respect of shares issued in lieu of cash dividends		—		—		(62	)		62			—

1 January 2011		2,546		127		1,856			2,284			4,267
Total recognised gains relating to 2011		—		—		—			3,715			3,715
Dividends		—		—		—			(642	)		(642	)
New share capital subscribed		2		—		17			—			17

31 December 2011		2,548		127		1,873			5,357			7,357

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this condensed financial information

Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Prudential plc

Statements of Cash Flows (UK GAAP Basis)

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Operations
Net cash inflow from operating activities before interest and tax		4,156			1,347			1,219
Interest paid		(427	)		(443	)		(389	)
Taxes (paid) recovered		—			(3	)		13
Acquisitions and disposals
(Investment in) sale of shares in subsidiary undertakings		(1,600	)		421			132
Equity dividends paid		(642	)		(449	)		(344	)

Net cash inflow before financing		1,487			873			631

Financing
Issue of ordinary share capital		17			13			3
Issue of borrowings, net of repayment		7			—			573
Movement in commercial paper and other borrowings to support a short-term fixed income securities program		395			522			762
Movement in net amount owed by subsidiary undertakings		(1,916	)		(1,606	)		(1,711	)

Net cash outflow from financing		(1,497	)		(1,071	)		(373	)

Net cash (outflow) inflow for the year		(10	)		(198	)		258

Reconciliation of profit on ordinary activities before tax to net cash inflow from operating activities
Profit on ordinary activities before tax		3,732			527			897
Add back: interest charged		433			433			405
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Fair value adjustments on derivatives		75			29			(9	)
Pension scheme		(12	)		(17	)		(4	)
Foreign currency exchange movements		(61	)		104			(65	)
Provisions against investments and loans		—			10			6
Loss on intragroup transfer of subsidiary		—			244			—
(Increase) decrease in debtors		(5	)		1			4
Decrease (increase) in creditors		(6	)		16			(15	)

Net cash inflow from operating activities		4,156			1,347			1,219

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this condensed financial information

Schedule II

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Prudential Plc

Notes to the Condensed Financial Statements Schedule

31 December 2011

The financial statements of the parent company are prepared in accordance with applicable accounting standards under UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (UK GAAP), including Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) and Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAP). This is in line with the parent company's UK statutory basis of reporting.

Shares in subsidiary undertakings are shown at the lower of cost and estimated realisable value.

Derivative financial instruments are held to manage interest rate and currency profiles. Derivative financial instruments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value included in the profit and loss account.

Under FRS 26,'Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement', hedge accounting is permissible only if certain criteria are met regarding the establishment of documentation and continued measurement of hedge effectiveness. For derivative financial instruments designated as fair value hedges, the movements in the fair value are recorded in the profit and loss account with the accompanying change in fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk.

Borrowings are initially recognised at fair value, net of transaction costs, and subsequently accounted for on an amortised cost basis using the effective interest method. Under the effective interest method, the difference between the redemption value of the borrowing and the initial proceeds, net of transaction costs, is amortised through the profit and loss account to the date of maturity, or, for hybrid debt, over the expected life of the instrument.

Interim dividends are recorded in the period in which they are paid. Final dividends are recorded in the period in which they are approved by shareholders.

The difference between the proceeds received on issue of shares and the nominal value of the shares issued is credited to the share premium account.

Foreign currency borrowings that have been used to finance or provide a hedge against Group equity investments in overseas subsidiaries are translated at year-end exchange rates. The impact of these currency translations is recorded within the profit and loss account for the year.

Other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are also converted at year end exchange rates with the related foreign currency exchange gains or losses reflected in the profit and loss account for the year.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognised in accordance with the provisions of FRS 19 'Deferred tax'. The parent Company has chosen not to apply the option available of recognising such assets and liabilities on a discounted basis to reflect the time value of money. Except as set out in FRS 19, deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed by the balance sheet date. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is regarded as more likely than not that they will be recovered.

The Group's UK subsidiaries each file separate tax returns. In accordance with UK tax legislation, where one domestic UK company is a 75 per cent owned subsidiary of another UK company or both are 75 per cent owned subsidiaries of a common parent, the companies are considered to be within the same UK tax group. For companies within the same tax group, trading profits and losses arising in the same accounting period may be offset for the purposes of determining current and deferred taxes.

The Company assumes a portion of the pension surplus or deficit of the Group's main pension scheme, the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS) and applied the requirements of FRS 17,'Retirement Benefits' (as amended in December 2006) to its interest in the PSPS surplus or deficit.

A pension surplus or deficit is recorded as the difference between the present value of the scheme liabilities and the fair value of the scheme assets. The Company's share of pension surplus is recognised to the extent that the Company is able to recover a surplus either through reduced contributions in the future or through refunds from the scheme.

The assets and liabilities of the defined benefit pension schemes of the Prudential Group are subject to a full triennial actuarial valuation using the projected unit method. Estimated future cash flows are then discounted at a high quality corporate bond rate, adjusted to allow for the difference in duration between the bond index and the pension liabilities where appropriate, to determine its present value. These calculations are performed by independent actuaries.

The aggregate of the actuarially determined service costs of the currently employed personnel and the unwind of the discount on liabilities at the start of the period, gains and losses on settlements and curtailments, less the expected investment return on the scheme assets at the start of the period, is recognised in the profit and loss account. To the extent that part or all of the Company's interest in the pension surplus is not recognised as an asset, the unrecognised surplus is initially applied to extinguish any past service costs, losses on settlements or curtailments that would otherwise be included in the profit and loss account. Next, the expected investment return on the scheme's assets is restricted so that it does not exceed the total of the current service cost, interest cost and any increase in the recoverable surplus. Any further adjustment for the unrecognised surplus is treated as an actuarial gain or loss.

Actuarial gains and losses as a result of the changes in assumptions, the difference between actual and expected investment return on scheme assets and experience variances are recorded in the statement of total recognised gains and losses. Actuarial gains and losses also include adjustment for unrecognised pension surplus as described above.

The Group offers share award and option plans for certain key employees and a SAYE plan for all UK and certain overseas employees. The share-based payment plans operated by the Group are mainly equity-settled plans with a few cash-settled plans.

Under FRS 20, where the Company, as the parent company, has the obligation to settle the options or awards of its equity instruments to employees of its subsidiary undertakings, and such share-based payments are accounted for as equity-settled in the Group financial statements, the Company records an increase in the investment in the subsidiary undertakings for the value of the share options and awards granted with a corresponding credit entry recognised directly in equity. The value of the share options and awards granted is based upon the fair value of the options and awards at the grant date, the vesting period and the vesting conditions.

The parent Company financial statements are prepared in accordance with UK GAAP and the consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB and endorsed by the EU. The tables below provide a reconciliation between UK GAAP and IFRS.

The profit for the financial year of the parent Company in accordance with UK GAAP and IFRS includes dividends declared in the year from subsidiary undertakings of £4,002 million, £1,318 million and £1,039 million for the years ended 31 December 2011 and 2010 and 2009, respectively (See note 2).

The 'IFRS adjustment' lines in the above tables represent the difference in the accounting treatment for pension schemes between UK GAAP and IFRS. Under UK GAAP, the parent company's interest in PSPS surplus recognised on the balance sheet represents the element which is recoverable through reduced future contribution. Under IFRS, as the terms of the PSPS trust deed restrict shareholders' access to any underlying surplus, not only is the underlying IAS 19 basis surplus not recognised, but the parent Company's share of the PSPS obligation for deficit funding has also to be recognised on the balance sheet.

The shares in the IFRS result and net equity of the Group represent the parent Company's equity in the earnings and net assets of its subsidiaries and associates.

As stated in note 1, under UK GAAP, the parent Company accounts for its investments in subsidiary undertakings at the lower of cost and estimated realisable value. For the purpose of this reconciliation, no adjustment is made to the parent Company in respect of any valuation adjustments to shares in subsidiary undertakings which would be eliminated on consolidation.

In certain instances the parent company has guaranteed that its subsidiaries will meet their obligations when they fall due for payment.

In January 2012, as part of an internal restructuring, the Company transferred at fair value interests of £3,889 million in shares in a central subsidiary and £2,007 million in loans to a second such subsidiary to another central subsidiary in exchange for shares issued by that subsidiary. No profit or loss arose on the transfers.

Subject to shareholders' approval, a final dividend for 2011 of 17.24 pence per ordinary share will be paid on 24 May 2012 in sterling to shareholders on the principal and Irish branch registers at 6.00pm BST on Friday, 30 March 2012 (the 'Record Date'), and in Hong Kong dollars to shareholders on the Hong Kong branch register at 4.30pm Hong Kong time on the Record Date ('HK Shareholders').

Holders of US American Depositary Receipts will be paid their dividend in US dollars on or about five days after the payment date of the dividend to shareholders on the principal register. The dividend will be paid on or about 31 May 2012 in Singapore dollars to shareholders with shares standing to the credit of their securities accounts with The Central Depository (Pte) Limited (CDP) at 5.00pm Singapore time on the Record Date ('SG Shareholders').

The dividend payable to the HK Shareholders was translated at the exchange rate ruling at the close of business on 12 March 2012. The exchange rate at which the dividend payable to the SG Shareholders will be translated will be determined by the CDP.

The dividend will distribute an estimated £439 million of shareholders' funds. In line with 2010, shareholders on the principal register and Irish branch register will be able to participate in a Dividend Reinvestment Plan.

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorised the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

Exhibit Number		Description

1.		Memorandum⁽⁷⁾ and Articles of Association of Prudential.⁽⁸⁾
2.1		Form of Deposit Agreement among Prudential, Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as depositary, and holders and beneficial owners from time to time of ADRs issued there under, including the form of ADR.⁽¹⁾
2.2		The total amount of long-term debt securities of Prudential plc authorised under any instrument does not exceed 10 per cent of the total assets of the Company on a consolidated basis. Prudential plc hereby agrees to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon its request, a copy of any instrument defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of Prudential plc or of its subsidiaries for which consolidated or unconsolidated financial statements are required to be filed.
4.1		Group Performance Share Plan, Business Unit Performance Plan and M&G Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan⁽⁶⁾
4.2		Executive Directors' Service Contracts: Robert Devey⁽⁸⁾ John Foley⁽⁹⁾ Michael McLintock⁽²⁾ Nic Nicandrou⁽⁸⁾ Barry Stowe⁽⁵⁾ Tidjane Thiam⁽⁶⁾⁽⁷⁾ Michael Wells⁽⁹⁾
4.3		Other benefits between the Prudential Group and Executive Directors: Robert Devey⁽⁸⁾ John Foley⁽⁹⁾ Michael McLintock⁽⁶⁾ Nic Nicandrou⁽⁸⁾ Barry Stowe⁽⁶⁾ Tidjane Thiam⁽⁶⁾ Michael Wells⁽⁹⁾
4.4		Chairman's Letter of Appointment⁽⁷⁾
4.5		Other benefits between Prudential and the Chairman⁽⁷⁾
4.6		Non-executive Directors' Letters of Appointment: Keki Dadiseth⁽³⁾ Sir Howard Davies⁽⁹⁾ Michael Garrett⁽³⁾ Ann Godbehere⁽⁶⁾ Alexander Johnston Paul Manduca⁽⁹⁾ Kathleen O'Donovan⁽³⁾ Kaikhushru Nargolwala Lord Turnbull⁽⁴⁾

Exhibit Number		Description

4.7		Other benefits between Prudential and the non-executive Directors: Keki Dadiseth⁽⁶⁾ Sir Howard Davies⁽⁹⁾ Michael Garrett⁽⁶⁾ Ann Godbehere⁽⁶⁾ Alexander Johnston Paul Manduca⁽⁹⁾ Kathleen O'Donovan⁽⁶⁾ Kaikhushru Nargolwala Lord Turnbull⁽⁶⁾
6.		Statement re computation of per share earnings (set forth in Note B2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 20-F).
8.		Subsidiaries of Prudential (set forth in Note I8 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 20-F).
12.1		Certification of Prudential plc's Group Chief Executive pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
12.2		Certification of Prudential plc's Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
13.1		Annual certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
14.1		Consent of KPMG Audit Plc.
15.1		Prudential's Code of Business Conduct.⁽⁹⁾


o		REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR (G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
ý		ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended 31 December 2011
OR
o		TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
o		SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


Title of Each Class		Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing 2 Ordinary Shares, 5 pence par value each		New York Stock Exchange
Ordinary Shares, 5 pence par value each		New York Stock Exchange*
6.75% Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securities Exchangeable at the Issuer's Option into Non-Cumulative Dollar Denominated Preference Shares		New York Stock Exchange
6.50% Perpetual Subordinated Capital Securities Exchangeable at the Issuer's Option into Non-Cumulative Dollar Denominated Preference Shares		New York Stock Exchange

		Page

Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	263
	Major Shareholders	263
	Related Party Transactions	265
Item 8.	Financial Information	266
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	267
	Comparative Market Price Data	267
	Market Data	268
Item 10.	Additional Information	268
	Memorandum and Articles of Association	268
	Material Contracts	275
	Exchange Controls	275
	Taxation	276
	Documents on Display	282
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	282
	Overview	282
	Major Risks	283
	Currency of Investments	283
	Currency of Core Borrowings	284
	Sensitivity Analysis	284
Item 12.	Description of Securities other than Equity Securities	287
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	288
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders	288
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	288
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	289
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	289
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	290
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	292
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by Prudential plc and Affiliated Purchasers	292
Item 16F.	Not Applicable
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	293
Item 17.	Not Applicable
Item 18.	Financial Statements	F-1
	Consolidated Financial Statements	F-1
	Condensed Financial Information of Registrant	S-1
Item 19.	Exhibits



New business:
Single premium sales(4)(7)	29,348	18,889	18,177	14,438	15,071	14,696
New regular premium sales(3)(4)(7)	2,784	1,792	1,667	1,401	1,330	1,155
Gross investment product contributions(4)	139,378	89,707	106,969	96,057	63,147	53,759
Funds under management	545,349	351,000	340,000	290,000	249,000	267,000

Year	Interim Dividend		Interim Dividend		Final/Second Interim* Dividend		Final/Second Interim* Dividend


	(pence)		(US Dollars)		(pence)		(US Dollars)
2007		5.70		0.1153		12.30		0.2424
2008		5.99		0.1112		12.91		0.2052
2009		6.29		0.1011		13.56		0.1976
2010		6.61		0.1039		17.24		0.2818
2011		7.95		0.1221		17.24

		Page

Item 1.	Not Applicable
Item 2.	Not Applicable
Item 3.	Key Information	1
	Selected Historical Financial Information of Prudential	1
	Dividend Data	3
	Exchange Rate Information	4
	Risk Factors	5
	Forward-Looking Statements	12
	EEV Basis and New Business Results	13
Item 4.	Information on the Company	14
	Business of Prudential	14
	Overview	14
	Summary of Strategy, Performance, Capital and Risk Management	16
	Company Address and Agent	20
	Significant Subsidiaries	20
	Asian Business	20
	US Business	24
	UK Business	34
	Group Risk Framework	50
	Investments	67
	Description of Property—Corporate property	82
	Competition	84
	Intellectual Property	85
	Legal Proceedings	85
	Sources	86
	Supervision and Regulation of Prudential	87
	UK Supervision and Regulation	87
	Asian Supervision and Regulation	98
	US Supervision and Regulation	115
Item 4A.	Unresolved staff comments	122
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	123
	Introduction	123
	IFRS Critical Accounting Policies	128
	Summary Consolidated Results and Basis of Preparation of Analysis	142
	Explanation of Movements in Profits After Tax and Profits Before Shareholder Tax by Reference to the Basis Applied for Segmental Disclosure	142
	Explanation of Movements in Profits Before Shareholder Tax by Nature of Revenue and Charges	181
	IFRS Shareholders' Funds and Summary Balance Sheet	197
	Other results based information	201
	Liquidity and Capital Resources	207
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	217
	Compensation	223
	Share Ownership	252
	Board Practices	254
	Employees	263




September 2011	1.62	1.54
October 2011	1.61	1.54
November 2011	1.61	1.55
December 2011	1.57	1.54
January 2012	1.58	1.53
February 2012	1.60	1.57

Name of Company


The Prudential Assurance Company Limited	Insurance	100	%	England and Wales
Prudential Annuities Limited^*	Insurance	100	%	England and Wales
Prudential Retirement Income Limited (PRIL)⁽²⁾	Insurance	100	%	Scotland
M&G Investment Management Limited⁽²⁾	Asset management	100	%	England and Wales
Jackson National Life Insurance Company⁽²⁾	Insurance	100	%	US
Prudential Assurance Company Singapore (Pte) Limited⁽²⁾	Insurance	100	%	Singapore

	2011		2010		2009


	%		%		%
UK equities		24		26		25
International equities		10		13		12
Property		13		12		12
Fixed Interest		44		42		40
Cash and other asset classes		9		7		11

Total		100		100		100

	Asia life


	£bn
Total shareholder-backed investments		7.1	28.5	34.0	3.8	73.4

Summary	2011		2010


	£m		£m
Corporate and government security and commercial loans:
Government		2,163		2,440
Publicly traded and SEC Rule 144A securities		16,281		14,747
Non-SEC Rule 144A securities		3,198		3,044

Total		21,642		20,231
Residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS)		2,591		2,784
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS)		2,169		2,375
Other debt securities		620		976

Total US debt securities		27,022		26,366

	2011						2010

	Mortgage loans		Other loans		Total		Mortgage loans		Other loans		Total

	£bn		£bn		£bn		£bn		£bn		£bn
Asia insurance operations⁽ⁱ⁾		—		0.4		0.4		—		0.5		0.5
US insurance operations⁽ⁱⁱ⁾		3.6		0.6		4.2		3.6		0.6		4.2
UK insurance operations⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾		1.1		—		1.1		1.0		—		1.0
Asset management operations^(iv)		—		1.3		1.3		—		1.4		1.4

Total loans held by shareholder-backed operations		4.7		2.3		7.0		4.6		2.5		7.1

	2011				2010

	Carrying value				Carrying value

	£m		% of total		£m		% of total
NAIC designation:
1		6,338		39		5,338		36
2		9,002		55		8,550		58
3		723		5		644		5
4		204		1		201		1
5		10		—		11		—
6		4		—		3		—

		16,281		100		14,747		100

	31 December 2011


	(%)
Industrial mortgage loans		27.6
Multi-family residential mortgage loans		22.6
Retail mortgage loans		19.4
Suburban office mortgage loans		18.5
Hotel mortgage loans		11.5
Other loans		0.4

Total		100.0

	31 December 2011


	(%)
California		12.7
Florida		6.5
Illinois		7.5
Texas		10.4
Other (sum of all states < 5% each)		62.9

Total		100.0

	2011			2010


	£m			£m
Less than 1 year		—			—
1 year to 5 years		(7	)		(6	)
5 years to 10 years		(28	)		(47	)
More than 10 years		(28	)		(49	)
Mortgage-backed and other debt securities		(183	)		(268	)

Total*		(246	)		(370	)

	2011									2010

	Non investment grade			Investment grade			Total			Non investment grade			Investment grade			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Less than 6 months		(11	)		(31	)		(42	)		(3	)		(67	)		(70	)
6 months to 1 year		(7	)		(8	)		(15	)		(2	)		—			(2	)
1 year to 2 years		(5	)		(1	)		(6	)		(13	)		(20	)		(33	)
2 years to 3 years		(7	)		(10	)		(17	)		(27	)		(55	)		(82	)
More than 3 years		(61	)		(105	)		(166	)		(58	)		(125	)		(183	)

Total		(91	)		(155	)		(246	)		(103	)		(267	)		(370	)

	Year ended 31 December 2011							Year ended 31 December 2010

	As reported under current policy		Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012		As reported under current policy		Effect of change			Under new policy from 1 Jan 2012

	£m		£m			£m		£m		£m			£m
Profit after tax and non controlling interests		1,490		(75	)		1,415		1,431		(125	)		1,306
Shareholders' equity		9,117		(553	)		8,564		8,031		(510	)		7,521

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
Insurance operations:
Asia		(92	)		114			31
US		(95	)		(378	)		(132	)
UK		159			116			108
Other operations

—IGD hedge costs		—			—			(235	)
—Other		(120	)		25			105

		(120	)		25			(130	)

Total		(148	)		(123	)		(123	)

	2011			2010			2009


	£m			£m			£m
New business strain (excluding Japan)		(54	)		(56	)		(72	)
Japan		—			(1	)		(6	)

New business strain (including Japan)		(54	)		(57	)		(78	)
Business in force		763			593			494

Total		709			536			416

	2010

	M&G(i)			Eastspring Investments(i)			PruCap			US			Total

	£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Operating income before performance-related fees		615			185			88			229			1,117
Performance-related fees		17			6			—			—			23

Operating income*		632			191			88			229			1,140
Operating expense		(386	)		(119	)		(50	)		(207	)		(762	)

Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns		246			72			38			22			378

Average funds under management (FUM)**		186.5 bn			47.2 bn
Margin based on operating income**		34 bps			40 bps
Cost/income ratio***		63	%		64	%

	M&G

	Operating income*
	Retail		Margin of FUM**‡		Institu- tional†		Margin of FUM**		Total		Margin of FUM**

	£m		bps		£m		bps		£m		bps
2011		416		96		311		20		727		36
2010		345		93		287		19		632		34
2009		255		102		227		17		482		31

	Earnings per share (EPS)

	2011		2010 Excluding exceptional tax credit(1)		2010 Including exceptional tax credit		2009

	pence		pence		pence		pence
Basic EPS based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns after tax and non-controlling interests		63.9		62.0		68.3		47.5

Basic EPS based on total profit after non-controlling interests		58.8				56.7		27.0

	2011		2010


	£m		£m
Closing equity shareholders' funds		9,117		8,031
Net asset value per share attributable to equity shareholders⁽ⁱ⁾		358p		315p

	2011		2010


	£bn		£bn
Business area
Asian operations		32.6		30.9
US operations		71.9		63.6
UK operations		146.3		145.2

Internal funds under management		250.8		239.7
External funds^note(i)		99.8		100.4

Total funds under management		350.6		340.1

Director				2011 Base Salary


Rob Devey	Chief Executive, UK & Europe	£550,000	0%	£550,000
John Foley	Group Chief Risk Officer	n/a	0%	£550,000
Michael McLintock	Chief Executive, M&G	£350,000	0%	£350,000
Nic Nicandrou	Chief Financial Officer	£550,000	0%	£550,000
Barry Stowe	Chief Executive, PCA	HKD 8,000,000	0%	HKD 8,000,000
Tidjane Thiam	Group Chief Executive	£900,000	0%	£900,000
Mike Wells	President & CEO, JNL	n/a	0%	$1,000,000

				Weighting of measures

				Financial measures
	Maximum bonus opportunity (% of salary)			Financial measures
	Maximum bonus opportunity (% of salary)	Deferral requirement		Group		Business Unit		Personal objectives

Rob Devey	160%		40% of total bonus		20%		60%		20%
John Foley	160%		40% of total bonus		50%		—		50%
Michael McLintock	^{(note 1)}		50% of bonus above £500,000		10%		60%		30%
Nic Nicandrou	160%		40% of total bonus		80%		—		20%
Barry Stowe	160%		40% of total bonus		20%		60%		20%
Tidjane Thiam	180%		50% of total bonus		80%		—		20%
Mike Wells^{(note 2)}	c.385%		30% of total bonus		30%		60%		10%




Rob Devey	100%	146%
John Foley	100%	423%
Michael McLintock	200%	1086%
Nic Nicandrou	100%	195%
Barry Stowe^{(note 2)}	100%	274%
Tidjane Thiam	200%	461%
Mike Wells^{(note 2)}	100%	449%


New business profit¹, £m		IFRS operating profit², £m		Business unit net remittances, £m

Executive director


Rob Devey	1 July 2009	12 months	12 months
John Foley	8 December 2010	12 months	12 months
Michael McLintock	21 November 2001	6 months	12 months
Nic Nicandrou	26 April 2009	12 months	12 months
Barry Stowe	18 October 2006	12 months	12 months
Tidjane Thiam	20 September 2007	12 months	12 months
Mike Wells^{(note 1)}	15 October 2010	12 months	12 months

Annual Fees	From 1 July 2011


	(£)
Basic fee		85,000
Audit Committee Chairman—additional fee		70,000
Audit Committee member—additional fee		25,000
Remuneration Committee Chairman—additional fee		50,000
Remuneration Committee member—additional fee		25,000
Risk Committee Chairman—additional fee		60,000
Risk Committee member—additional fee		25,000
Senior Independent Director—additional fee		50,000

							Exercise period				Number of options

					Market price at 30 Dec 2011		Exercise period				Number of options
	Date of grant		Exercise price		Market price at 30 Dec 2011		Beginning		End		Beginning of period		Granted		Exercised		Cancelled	Forfeited	Lapsed	End of period

Tidjane Thiam		25 Apr 08		551		638.5		01 Jun 11		30 Nov 11		1,705				1,705
John Foley		25 Apr 08		551		638.5		01 Jun 13		29 Nov 13		2,953									2,953
Tidjane Thiam		16 Sep 11		465.8666		638.5		01 Dec 14		29 May 15				965							965
Nic Nicandrou		16 Sep 11		465.8666		638.5		01 Dec 16		31 May 17				3,268							3,268
Rob Devey		16 Sep 11		465.8666		638.5		01 Dec 16		31 May 17				3,268							3,268




Asian operations	16,666	17,988	19,502
US operations	3,785	3,545	3,371
UK operations	4,963	4,459	4,516

Total	25,414	25,992	27,389

Shareholder


Capital Research and Management Company	01/07/2011	9.91	%	252,448,407
BlackRock Inc	11/11/2011	4.99	%	127,201,756
Norges Bank	26/11/2010	4.03	%	102,495,000
Legal and General Group plc	30/12/2010	3.99	%	101,803,187

	Prudential Ordinary Shares				Prudential ADRs				Prudential Ordinary Shares (Hong Kong)*				Prudential Ordinary Shares (Singapore)*


Month	High		Low		High		Low		High		Low		High		Low

	(pence)				(US Dollars)				(HK Dollars)				(US Dollars)
September 2011		614.5		546.5		19.55		16.82		78.6		64		10.1		8.45
October 2011		681		509		22.27		16.22		84.8		62.35		10.55		7.97
November 2011		636.5		555		20.89		17.11		80.25		67.8		10.55		8.66
December 2011		654.5		600.5		20.56		18.64		79.1		73.6		10.2		9.74
January 2012		717.5		633.5		22.7		19.6		86		74		11.2		9.9
February 2012		732		711.5		23.3		22.4		89.2		85.2		11.5		11.2