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Investments
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2025
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Investments Investments
Investments consist of:
 June 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
 (in thousands)
Equity securities:
    Long-term incentive compensation-related$29,193 $31,934 
    Seed capital 160,591 169,502 
    Other272 388 
Investments in limited partnership hedge funds:  
Long-term incentive compensation-related19,653 10,831 
Seed capital22,690 18,397 
Equity method investments:
  Joint ventures267,217 286,721 
  Other equity method investments2,852 — 
Time deposits6,847 6,100 
Other 11,873 11,331 
Total investments$521,188 $535,204 

Total investments related to long-term incentive compensation obligations of $48.8 million and $42.8 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, consist of company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds. For long-term incentive compensation awards granted before 2009, we typically made investments in company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds that were notionally elected by plan participants and maintained them (and continue to maintain them) in a consolidated rabbi trust or separate custodial account. The rabbi trust and custodial account enable us to hold such investments separate from our other assets for the purpose of settling our obligations to participants. The investments held in the rabbi trust and custodial account remain available to the general creditors of AB.

The underlying investments of hedge funds in which we invest include long and short positions in equity securities, fixed income securities (including various agency and non-agency asset-based securities), currencies, commodities and derivatives (including various swaps and forward contracts). These investments are valued at quoted market prices or, where quoted market prices are not available, are fair valued based on the pricing policies and procedures of the underlying funds.

We allocate seed capital to our investment teams to help develop new products and services for our clients. A portion of our seed capital trading investments are equity and fixed income products, primarily in the form of separately-managed account portfolios, U.S. mutual funds, Luxembourg funds, Japanese investment trust management funds or Delaware business trusts. We also may allocate seed capital to investments in private equity funds. Regarding our seed capital investments, the amounts above reflect those funds in which we are not the primary beneficiary of a VIE or hold a controlling financial interest in a VOE. See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for a description of the seed capital investments that we consolidate. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our total seed capital investments were $369.7 million and $294.7 million, respectively. Seed capital investments in unconsolidated company-sponsored investment funds are valued using published net asset values or non-published net asset values if they are not listed on an active exchange but have net asset values that are comparable to funds with published net asset values and have no redemption restrictions.

Equity method investments on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition, including our investment in two joint ventures and a reinsurance sidecar, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. AB owns a 66.7% majority interest in a North American JV ("NA JV") and a 49.0% interest in a joint venture outside of North America (and together the "JVs"). AB owns a 20.9% investment in Ruby RE, a reinsurance sidecar.
The portion of unrealized gains (losses) related to equity securities, as defined by ASC 321-10, held as of June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2025202420252024
 (in thousands)
Net gains recognized during the period$10,495 $986 $10,408 $12,044 
Less: net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period1,197 (1,362)5,767 6,027 
Unrealized gains recognized during the period on equity securities held$9,298 $2,348 $4,641 $6,017