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Fair Value
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Fair Value
See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of fair value of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three broad levels of fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•    Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets are available for identical assets or liabilities as of the reported date.

•    Level 2 – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or other pricing inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date.

•    Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable as of the reported date. These financial instruments do not have two-way markets and are measured using management’s best estimate of fair value, where the inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Valuation of our financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):
 Level 1Level 2Level 3
NAV Expedient(1)
Total
June 30, 2024:
Money markets$163,955 $— $— $— $163,955 
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills)— 591,569 — — 591,569 
Derivatives 32 15,307 — — 15,339 
Equity securities 179,045 4,695 116 30 183,886 
Other investments8,292 — — — 8,292 
Total assets measured at fair value$351,324 $611,571 $116 $30 $963,041 
Derivatives$556 $10,408 $— $— $10,964 
Contingent payment arrangements— — 255,166 — 255,166 
Total liabilities measured at fair value$556 $10,408 $255,166 $— $266,130 
December 31, 2023:
Money markets$146,906 $— $— $— $146,906 
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills)— 867,679 — — 867,679 
Derivatives 1 14,517 — — 14,518 
Equity securities113,833 32,104 118 1,598 147,653 
Other investments7,870 — — — 7,870 
Total assets measured at fair value$268,610 $914,300 $118 $1,598 $1,184,626 
Derivatives$3,511 $14,669 $— $— $18,180 
Contingent payment arrangements— — 252,690 — 252,690 
Total liabilities measured at fair value$3,511 $14,669 $252,690 $— $270,870 

(1) Investments measured at fair value using NAV (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient.
(2) Investments in equity method investees that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.
(3) Investments carried at amortized cost that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.

Other investments included in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy include our investment in a mutual fund measured at fair value ($8.3 million and $7.9 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively).

We provide below a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:

•    Money markets: We invest excess cash in various money market funds that are valued based on quoted prices in active markets; these are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Treasury Bills: We hold U.S. Treasury Bills, which are primarily segregated in a special reserve bank custody account as required by Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act. These securities are valued based on quoted yields in secondary markets and are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Equity securities: Our equity securities consist principally of company-sponsored mutual funds with NAVs and various separately-managed portfolios consisting primarily of equity and fixed income mutual funds with quoted prices in active markets, which are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, some securities are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
•    Derivatives: We hold exchange-traded futures with counterparties that are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, we also hold currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, option swaps and total return swaps with counterparties that are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Contingent payment arrangements: Contingent payment arrangements relate to contingent payment liabilities associated with various acquisitions. At each reporting date, we estimate the fair values of the contingent consideration expected to be paid based upon probability-weighted AUM and revenue projections, using unobservable market data inputs, which are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024 there were no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 securities.
The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as equity securities, is as follows:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2024202320242023
 (in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period$114 $170 $118 $129 
Unrealized gains (losses), net2 (49)(2)(8)
Balance as of end of period$116 $121 $116 $121 

Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the condensed consolidated statements of income.
Our acquisitions may include contingent consideration arrangements as part of the purchase price. The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as contingent payment arrangements, is as follows:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2024202320242023
 (in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period$254,108 $248,185 $252,690 $247,309 
Accretion2,558 2,444 5,116 4,887 
Payments(1,500)— (2,640)(792)
Held for sale reclassification— (775)— (1,550)
Balance as of end of period$255,166 $249,854 $255,166 $249,854 

As of June 30, 2024, the expected revenue growth rates ranged from 2.0% to 29.3%, with a weighted average of 7.9%, calculated using cumulative revenues and range of revenue growth rates. The discount rates range from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 4.6%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates. As of June 30, 2023, the expected revenue growth rates ranged from 2.0% to 83.9%, with a weighted average of 10.3%, calculated using cumulative revenues and a range of revenue growth rates. The discount rates ranged from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 4.6%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
We did not have any material assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value for impairment on a nonrecurring basis during the six months ended June 30, 2024 or during the year ended December 31, 2023.