We regularly provide seed capital to new company-sponsored investment funds. As such, we may consolidate or de-consolidate a variety of company-sponsored investment funds each quarter. Due to the similarity of risks related to our involvement with each company-sponsored investment fund, disclosures required under the VIE model are aggregated, such as disclosures regarding the carrying amount and classification of assets.

We are not required to provide financial support to company-sponsored investment funds, and only the assets of such funds are available to settle each fund's own liabilities. Our exposure to loss regarding consolidated company-sponsored investment funds is limited to our investment in, and our management fee earned from, such funds. Equity and debt holders of such funds have no recourse to AB’s assets or to the general credit of AB.

The balances of consolidated VIEs included in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition were as follows:


	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)

Cash and cash equivalents	$	24,145		$	90,326
Investments	486,926			613,025
Other assets	30,594			30,461
Total assets	$	541,665		$	733,812

Liabilities	$	36,774		$	87,000
Redeemable non-controlling interest	338,021			421,169
Partners' capital attributable to AB Unitholders	166,870			225,643
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and partners' capital	$	541,665		$	733,812

During the first quarter of 2022, we deconsolidated three funds in which we had a seed investment of approximately $55.1 million due to no longer having a controlling financial interest.

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits, overnight commercial paper and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, the recorded value has been determined to approximate fair value.

Valuation of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds' financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows (in thousands):


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
March 31, 2022:
Investments	$	84,737	$	401,941	$	248	$	486,926

Derivatives	1,782		2,620		—		4,402

Total assets measured at fair value	$	86,519	$	404,561	$	248	$	491,328

Derivatives	16,013		2,927		—		18,940

Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	16,013	$	2,927	$	—	$	18,940

December 31, 2021:
Investments	$	165,415	$	444,253	$	3,357	$	613,025

Derivatives	622		5,265		—		5,887

Total assets measured at fair value	$	166,037	$	449,518	$	3,357	$	618,912


Derivatives	$	16,291	$	2,051	$	—	$	18,342

Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	16,291	$	2,051	$	—	$	18,342

See Note 11 for a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value within consolidated company-sponsored investment funds was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2022		2021
		(in thousands)

Balance as of beginning of period		$	3,357	$	619
Deconsolidated funds		(3,351)		—
Transfers (out)		(6)		(10)
Purchases		248		119
Sales		—		(3)
Realized gains, net		—		3
Unrealized (losses), net		—		(11)

Balance as of end of period		$	248	$	717

The Level 3 securities primarily consist of corporate bonds that are vendor priced with no ratings available, bank loans, non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities.

Transfers into and out of all levels of the fair value hierarchy are reflected at end-of-period fair values. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the VIEs held $14.5 million and $12.5 million (net), respectively, of futures, forwards and swaps within their portfolios. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized $0.5 million of gains and $1.1 million of losses, respectively, on these derivatives. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the VIEs held $1.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in the liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the VIEs delivered $2.5 million and $1.8 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. The VIEs report this cash collateral in the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds cash and cash equivalents in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Offsetting of derivative assets of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows:


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
March 31, 2022:
Derivatives	$	4,402	$	—	$	4,402	$	—	$	(1,524)	$	2,878

December 31, 2021:
Derivatives	$	5,887	$	—	$	5,887	$	—	$	(904)	$	4,983

Offsetting of derivative liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows:


	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
March 31, 2022:
Derivatives	$	18,940	$	—	$	18,940	$	—	$	(2,486)	$	16,454

December 31, 2021:
Derivatives	$	18,342	$	—	$	18,342	$	—	$	(1,824)	$	16,518

Cash collateral, whether pledged or received on derivative instruments, is not considered material and, accordingly, is not disclosed by counterparty.

As of March 31, 2022, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that are non-consolidated VIEs are approximately $59.1 billion, and our maximum risk of loss is our investment of $15.1 million in these VIEs and our advisory fee receivables from these VIEs is $70.3 million. As of December 31, 2021, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that were non-consolidated VIEs was approximately $68.9 billion; our maximum risk of loss was our investment of $8.8 million in these VIEs and our advisory fees receivable from these VIEs was $75.7 million.