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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
 
(Mark One)
☒Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended July 31, 2025
OR
☐Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from to .
Commission File Number: 001-32224
 
Salesforce, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
 
Delaware94-3320693
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(IRS Employer
Identification No.)
Salesforce Tower
415 Mission Street, 3rd Fl
San Francisco, California 94105
(Address of principal executive offices)
Telephone Number: (415) 901-7000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per shareCRMNew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x   No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x   No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.     ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐   No  x
As of August 28, 2025, there were approximately 952 million shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.

1
Table of Contents

INDEX
 
  Page No.
  
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.

2
Table of Contents
PART I.
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Salesforce, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in millions)
July 31, 2025January 31, 2025
Assets(unaudited)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$10,365 $8,848 
Marketable securities5,007 5,184 
Accounts receivable, net 5,596 11,945 
Costs capitalized to obtain revenue contracts, net 1,862 1,971 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets2,501 1,779 
Total current assets25,331 29,727 
Property and equipment, net3,154 3,236 
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net 2,028 2,157 
Noncurrent costs capitalized to obtain revenue contracts, net 2,266 2,475 
Strategic investments5,085 4,852 
Goodwill51,438 51,283 
Intangible assets acquired through business combinations, net3,669 4,428 
Deferred tax assets and other assets, net 4,602 4,770 
Total assets$97,573 $102,928 
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
$5,397 $6,658 
Operating lease liabilities, current
580 579 
Unearned revenue
16,555 20,743 
Total current liabilities22,532 27,980 
Noncurrent debt8,436 8,433 
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities2,221 2,380 
Other noncurrent liabilities 3,056 2,962 
Total liabilities36,245 41,755 
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock1 1 
Treasury stock, at cost(24,408)(19,507)
Additional paid-in capital66,701 64,576 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)47 (266)
Retained earnings18,987 16,369 
Total stockholders’ equity61,328 61,173 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$97,573 $102,928 










See accompanying Notes.
3
Table of Contents
Salesforce, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in millions, except per share data)
(unaudited)
2Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025202420252024
Revenues:
Subscription and support$9,690 $8,764 $18,987 $17,349 
Professional services and other546 561 1,078 1,109 
Total revenues10,236 9,325 20,065 18,458 
Cost of revenues (1)(2):
Subscription and support 1,645 1,556 3,256 3,116 
Professional services and other 597 603 1,251 1,205 
Total cost of revenues2,242 2,159 4,507 4,321 
Gross profit7,994 7,166 15,558 14,137 
Operating expenses (1)(2):
Research and development1,481 1,349 2,941 2,717 
Sales and marketing3,443 3,224 6,872 6,463 
General and administrative734 711 1,431 1,358 
Restructuring4 99 40 107 
Total operating expenses5,662 5,383 11,284 10,645 
Income from operations2,332 1,783 4,274 3,492 
Gains (losses) on strategic investments, net 6 (37)(57)0 
Other income68 91 163 212 
Income before provision for income taxes2,406 1,837 4,380 3,704 
Provision for income taxes(519)(408)(952)(742)
Net income$1,887 $1,429 $3,428 $2,962 
Basic net income per share$1.97 $1.48 $3.58 $3.06 
Diluted net income per share$1.96 $1.47 $3.55 $3.03 
Shares used in computing basic net income per share956 964 958 967 
Shares used in computing diluted net income per share962 973 966 979 
(1) Amounts include amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combinations, as follows:
Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
2025202420252024
Cost of revenues$150 $231 $312 $469 
Sales and marketing230 223 463 446 
(2) Amounts include stock-based compensation expense, as follows:
 Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025202420252024
Cost of revenues$126 $132 $277 $251 
Research and development280 276 555 536 
Sales and marketing293 309 578 599 
General and administrative94 91 182 172 
Restructuring 0 2 15 2 




See accompanying Notes.
4
Table of Contents
Salesforce, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(in millions)
(unaudited)
2Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
2025202420252024
Net income$1,887 $1,429 $3,428 $2,962 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of reclassification adjustments:
Foreign currency translation and other gains (losses)180 (4)290 (27)
Unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities(3)48 28 18 
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax177 44 318 (9)
Tax effect0 (10)(5)(2)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net177 34 313 (11)
Comprehensive income$2,064 $1,463 $3,741 $2,951 
































See accompanying Notes.
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Salesforce, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in millions)
(unaudited)
Three and Six Months Ended July 31, 2025
 Common StockTreasury StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Retained EarningsTotal
Stockholders’
Equity
 SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance at January 31, 20251,056 $1 (94)$(19,507)$64,576 $(266)$16,369 $61,173 
Common stock issued6 0 0 0 97 0 0 97 
Common stock repurchased0 0 (10)(2,692)0 0 0 (2,692)
Stock-based compensation 0 0 0 0 817 0 0 817 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 0 0 0 0 0 136 0 136 
Cash dividends and dividend equivalents declared0 0 0 0 0 0 (406)(406)
Net income0 0 0 0 0 0 1,541 1,541 
Balance at April 30, 20251,062 $1 (104)$(22,199)$65,490 $(130)$17,504 $60,666 
Common stock issued5 0 0 0 427 0 0 427 
Common stock withheld related to net share settlement of equity awards0 0 0 0 (12)0 0 (12)
Common stock repurchased0 0 (8)(2,209)0 0 0 (2,209)
Stock-based compensation0 0 0 0 796 0 0 796 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax0 0 0 0 0 177 0 177 
Cash dividends and dividend equivalents declared0 0 0 0 0 0 (404)(404)
Net income0 0 0 0 0 0 1,887 1,887 
Balance at July 31, 20251,067 1 (112)(24,408)66,701 47 18,987 61,328 
Three and Six Months Ended July 31, 2024
Common StockTreasury StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive LossRetained EarningsTotal
Stockholders’
Equity
SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance at January 31, 20241,035 $1 (64)$(11,692)$59,841 $(225)$11,721 $59,646 
Common stock issued7 0 0 0 352 0 0 352 
Common stock repurchased0 0 (7)(2,168)0 0 0 (2,168)
Stock-based compensation0 0 0 0 753 0 0 753 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax0 0 0 0 0 (45)0 (45)
Cash dividends declared0 0 0 0 0 0 (388)(388)
Net income0 0 0 0 0 0 1,533 1,533 
Balance at April 30, 20241,042 $1 (71)$(13,860)$60,946 $(270)$12,866 $59,683 
Common stock issued5 0 0 0 384 0 0 384 
Common stock repurchased0 0 (18)(4,322)0 0 0 (4,322)
Stock-based compensation0 0 0 0 813 0 0 813 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax0 0 0 0 0 34 0 34 
Cash dividends declared0 0 0 0 0 0 (388)(388)
Net income0 0 0 0 0 0 1,429 1,429 
Balance at July 31, 20241,047 1 (89)(18,182)62,143 (236)13,907 57,633 





See accompanying Notes.
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Salesforce, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in millions)
(unaudited)
2Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
2025202420252024
Operating activities:
Net income$1,887 $1,429 $3,428 $2,962 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization (1)817 907 1,660 1,786 
Amortization of costs capitalized to obtain revenue contracts, net544 526 1,089 1,043 
Stock-based compensation expense793 810 1,607 1,560 
(Gains) losses on strategic investments, net (6)37 57 0 
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of business combinations:
Accounts receivable, net(1,242)(1,136)6,349 6,026 
Costs capitalized to obtain revenue contracts, net(406)(427)(771)(675)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets(32)(477)(513)(991)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities (217)220 (1,224)(535)
Operating lease liabilities(154)(158)(278)(243)
Unearned revenue(1,244)(839)(4,188)(3,794)
Net cash provided by operating activities740 892 7,216 7,139 
Investing activities:
Business combinations, net of cash acquired(54)0 (54)(338)
Purchases of strategic investments(174)(104)(323)(307)
Sales of strategic investments38 52 44 105 
Purchases of marketable securities(1,118)(550)(3,204)(3,802)
Sales of marketable securities1,179 2,482 1,584 3,098 
Maturities of marketable securities1,429 898 1,865 1,534 
Capital expenditures(135)(137)(314)(300)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities1,165 2,641 (402)(10)
Financing activities:
Repurchases of common stock(2,225)(4,335)(4,858)(6,468)
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards(12)0 (12)0 
Proceeds from employee stock plans232 202 526 735 
Principal payments on financing obligations (99)(285)(278)(405)
Repayments of debt0 (1,000)0 (1,000)
Payments of dividends and dividend equivalents(399)(384)(801)(772)
Net cash used in financing activities(2,503)(5,802)(5,423)(7,910)
Effect of exchange rate changes35 (7)126 (9)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents(563)(2,276)1,517 (790)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period10,928 9,958 8,848 8,472 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$10,365 $7,682 $10,365 $7,682 
(1) Includes amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combinations, depreciation of fixed assets and amortization and impairment of right-of-use assets.
See accompanying Notes.
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Salesforce, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosure
(in millions)
(unaudited)
 Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025202420252024
Supplemental cash flow disclosure:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest$87 $90 $115 $118 
Income taxes, net of tax refunds$891 $823 $990 $917 













































See accompanying Notes.
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Salesforce, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
Salesforce, Inc. (the “Company”) is a global leader in customer relationship management technology that brings companies and customers together. With the deeply unified Salesforce Platform, the Company delivers a single source of truth, connecting customer data with integrated artificial intelligence (“AI”) across systems, apps and devices to help companies sell, service, market and conduct commerce from anywhere. During the third quarter of fiscal 2025, the Company introduced Agentforce, a new layer of the trusted Salesforce Platform that enables companies to build and deploy AI agents that can respond to inputs, make decisions and take action autonomously across business functions. Agentforce includes a suite of customizable agents for use across sales, service, marketing and commerce. Since its founding in 1999, the Company has pioneered innovations in cloud, mobile, social, analytics and AI, enabling companies of every size and industry to transform their businesses in the digital-first world.
Fiscal Year
The Company’s fiscal year ends on January 31. References to fiscal 2026, for example, refer to the fiscal year ending January 31, 2026.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of July 31, 2025 and the condensed consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, are unaudited.
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the financial information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s balance sheet as of July 31, 2025 and its results of operations, including its comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024. All adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The results for the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any subsequent quarter or for the fiscal year ending January 31, 2026.
These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2025, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 5, 2025.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include the determination of:
•the standalone selling price (“SSP”) of performance obligations for revenue contracts with multiple performance obligations;
•the valuation of privately-held strategic investments;
•the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for business combinations;
•the recognition, measurement and valuation of current and deferred income taxes and uncertain tax positions;
•the useful lives of intangible assets; and
•the fair value of certain stock awards issued.
Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, which forms the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities as well as income and expenses to be recognized.
Principles of Consolidation
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
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Segments
The Company operates as one operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Over the past few years, the Company has completed a number of acquisitions which have allowed the Company to expand its offerings, presence and reach in various market segments of the enterprise cloud computing market. While the Company has offerings in multiple enterprise cloud computing market segments, including as a result of the Company's acquisitions, and operates in multiple countries, the Company’s business operates in one operating segment because most of the Company's service offerings operate on the Salesforce Platform and are deployed in a nearly identical manner, and the Company’s CODM evaluates the Company’s financial information and resources, and assesses the performance of these resources, on a consolidated net income basis. Additionally, the measure of segment assets is reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as total consolidated assets.
The Company’s significant segment expenses, which are the expenses included in operating income as well as gains (losses) on strategic investments, and other segment items, which includes other income and provision for income taxes, are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations. Additionally, further components of the Company’s measure of profit or loss, which is net income, are included throughout the Company’s financial statements.
Concentrations of Credit Risk, Significant Customers and Investments
The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. The Company monitors and manages the overall exposure of its cash balances to individual financial institutions on an ongoing basis. The Company’s marketable securities portfolio consists primarily of investment-grade securities and the Company’s policies limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. The Company does not require collateral for accounts receivable. The Company maintains an allowance for its doubtful accounts receivable for estimated credit losses. This allowance is based upon historical loss patterns, the number of days that billings are past due, an evaluation of the potential risk of loss associated with delinquent accounts and current market conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions to inform adjustments to historical loss patterns. The Company records the allowance against bad debt expense through the condensed consolidated statements of operations, included in general and administrative expense, up to the amount of revenues recognized to date. Any incremental allowance is recorded as an offset to unearned revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Receivables are written off and charged against the recorded allowance when the Company has exhausted collection efforts without success.
No single customer accounted for ten percent or more of accounts receivable as of July 31, 2025 and January 31, 2025. No single customer accounted for ten percent or more of total revenue during the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024. As of July 31, 2025 and January 31, 2025, assets located outside the Americas were 15 percent and 17 percent of total assets, respectively. As of July 31, 2025 and January 31, 2025, assets located in the United States were 84 percent and 81 percent of total assets, respectively.
The Company is also exposed to concentrations of risk in its strategic investment portfolio, including within specific industries, as the Company primarily invests in enterprise cloud companies, technology startups and system integrators. As of July 31, 2025, the Company held three investments, all privately held, with carrying values that were individually greater than five percent of its total strategic investments portfolio and represented approximately 18 percent of the portfolio in the aggregate. As of January 31, 2025, the Company held four investments, all privately held, with carrying values that were individually greater than five percent of its strategic investments portfolio and represented approximately 24 percent of the portfolio in the aggregate.
Revenue Recognition
The Company derives its revenues from two sources: (1) subscription and support revenues and (2) professional services and other revenues. Subscription and support revenues primarily include subscription fees from customers accessing the Company’s enterprise cloud computing services (collectively, “Cloud Services”), software license revenues from the sales of term software licenses and support revenues from the sales of support and updates beyond the basic subscription or software license sales. Professional services and other revenues include professional and advisory services for process mapping, project management and implementation services and training services.
Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, for example, overage fees, contingent fees or service level penalties, the Company includes an estimate of the amount it expects to receive for the total transaction price if it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur.
The Company determines the amount of revenue to be recognized through the application of the following steps:
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•identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;
•identification of the performance obligations in the contract;
•determination of the transaction price;
•allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
•recognition of revenue when or as the Company satisfies the performance obligations.
Subscription and Support Revenues
Subscription and support revenues are comprised of fees that provide customers with access to Cloud Services, software licenses and related support and updates during the term of the arrangement.
Cloud Services allow customers to use the Company's multi-tenant software without taking possession of the software. Revenue is generally recognized ratably over the contract term. Substantially all of the Company’s subscription service arrangements are noncancellable and do not contain refund-type provisions.
Subscription and support revenues also include revenues associated with term software licenses that provide the customer with a right to use the software as it exists when made available. Revenues from term software licenses are generally recognized at the point in time when the software is made available to the customer. Revenue from software support and updates is recognized as the support and updates are provided, which is generally ratably over the contract term.
The Company typically invoices its customers annually and its payment terms provide that customers pay within 30 days of invoice. Amounts that have been invoiced are recorded in accounts receivable and in unearned revenue or revenue, depending on whether transfer of control to customers has occurred.
Professional Services and Other Revenues
The Company’s professional services contracts are either on a time and materials, fixed price or subscription basis. These revenues are recognized as the services are rendered for time and materials contracts, on a proportional performance basis for fixed price contracts or ratably over the contract term for subscription professional services contracts. Other revenues consist primarily of training revenues recognized as such services are performed.
Significant Judgments - Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations
The Company enters into contracts with its customers that may include promises to transfer multiple performance obligations such as Cloud Services, software licenses, support and updates and professional services. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract with a customer to transfer products or services that are concluded to be distinct. Determining whether products and services are distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately or combined as one unit of accounting may require significant judgment.
Cloud Services, software licenses and support and updates services are generally concluded to be distinct because such offerings are often sold separately. In determining whether professional services are distinct, the Company considers the following factors for each professional services agreement: availability of the services from other vendors, the nature of the professional services, the timing of when the professional services contract was signed in comparison to the subscription start date and the contractual dependence of the service on the customer’s satisfaction with the professional services work. To date, the Company has concluded that professional services included in contracts with multiple performance obligations are distinct.
The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative SSP basis. The SSP is the price at which the Company would sell a promised product or service separately to a customer. Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation.
The Company determines SSP by considering its overall pricing objectives and market conditions. Significant pricing practices taken into consideration include the Company’s discounting practices, the size and volume of the Company’s transactions, the customer demographic, the geographic area where services are sold, price lists, the Company's go-to-market strategy, historical and current sales and contract prices. In instances where the Company does not sell or price a product or service separately, the Company maximizes the use of observable inputs by using information that may include market conditions. As the Company’s go-to-market strategies evolve, the Company may modify its pricing practices in the future, which could result in changes to SSP.
In certain cases, the Company is able to establish SSP based on observable prices of products or services sold or priced separately in comparable circumstances to similar customers. The Company uses a single amount to estimate SSP when indicated by the distribution of its observable prices.
Alternatively, the Company uses a range of amounts to estimate SSP when the pricing practices or distribution of the observable prices are highly variable. The Company typically has more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customer size and geography.
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Costs Capitalized to Obtain Revenue Contracts
The Company capitalizes incremental costs of obtaining revenue contracts related to noncancellable Cloud Services subscription, ongoing Cloud Services support and license support and updates. For contracts with term software licenses where revenue is recognized upfront when the software is made available to the customer, costs allocable to those licenses are expensed as they are incurred. Capitalized amounts consist primarily of sales commissions paid to the Company’s direct sales force. Capitalized amounts also include (1) amounts paid to employees other than the direct sales force who earn incentive payouts under annual compensation plans that are tied to the value of contracts acquired, (2) commissions paid to employees upon renewals of subscription and support contracts, (3) the associated payroll taxes and fringe benefit costs associated with the payments to the Company’s employees and (4) to a lesser extent, success fees paid to partners in emerging markets where the Company has a limited presence.
Costs capitalized related to new revenue contracts are amortized on a straight-line basis over four years, which is longer than the typical initial contract period, but reflects the estimated average period of benefit, including expected contract renewals. In arriving at this average period of benefit, the Company evaluates both qualitative and quantitative factors which included the estimated life cycles of its offerings and its customer attrition. Additionally, the Company amortizes capitalized costs for renewals and success fees paid to partners over two years.
The capitalized amounts are recoverable through future revenue streams under all noncancellable customer contracts. The Company periodically evaluates whether there have been any changes in its business, the market conditions in which it operates or other events which would indicate that its amortization period should be changed or if there are potential indicators of impairment.
Amortization of capitalized costs to obtain revenue contracts is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. There were no impairments of costs to obtain revenue contracts for the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at fair value.
Marketable Securities
The Company considers all of its marketable debt securities as available for use in current operations, including those with maturity dates beyond one year, and therefore classifies these securities within current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Securities are classified as available for sale and are carried at fair value, with the change in unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as a separate component on the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income until realized. Fair value is determined based on quoted market rates when observable or utilizing data points that are observable, such as quoted prices, interest rates and yield curves. Securities with an amortized cost basis in excess of estimated fair value are assessed to determine what amount of the excess, if any, is caused by expected credit losses. Expected credit losses on securities are recognized in other income on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and any remaining unrealized losses, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity. For the purposes of computing realized and unrealized gains and losses, the cost of securities sold is based on the specific-identification method. Interest on securities classified as available for sale is included as a component of investment income within other income on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Strategic Investments
The Company holds strategic investments in publicly held equity securities, privately held equity securities and other investments in which the Company does not have a controlling interest.
Privately held equity securities where the Company lacks a controlling financial interest but does exercise significant influence are accounted for under the equity method. Privately held equity securities not accounted for under the equity method are recorded at cost and adjusted only for observable transactions for same or similar investments of the same issuer or impairment events (referred to as the measurement alternative). All gains and losses on privately held equity securities, realized and unrealized, are recorded through gains (losses) on strategic investments, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Other privately held investments not classified as debt or equity securities are recorded at cost and adjusted for impairment events, with any associated gains and losses recorded through gains (losses) on strategic investments, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Valuations of privately held securities are inherently complex and require judgment due to the lack of readily available market data. In determining the estimated fair value of its strategic investments in privately held companies, the Company utilizes the most recent data available to the Company. The Company assesses its privately held strategic investments quarterly for impairment. The Company’s impairment analysis encompasses an assessment of both qualitative and quantitative factors,
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including the investee's financial metrics, market acceptance of the investee's product or technology and the rate at which the investee is using its cash. If the investment is considered impaired, the Company estimates the fair value of the investment and recognizes any resulting impairment through the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Publicly held equity securities are measured at fair value with changes recorded through gains (losses) on strategic investments, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value Measurement
The Company measures its cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, publicly held equity securities and foreign currency derivative contracts at fair value. In addition, the Company measures certain of its strategic investments, including its privately held equity securities, at fair value on a nonrecurring basis when there has been an observable price change in a same or similar security or an impairment event. The additional disclosures regarding the Company’s fair value measurements are included in Note 4 “Fair Value Measurement.”
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company enters into foreign currency derivative contracts with financial institutions to reduce foreign exchange risk associated with intercompany transactions and other monetary assets or liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of a subsidiary. The Company uses forward currency derivative contracts, which are not designated as hedging instruments, to minimize the Company’s exposure to balances primarily denominated in the Euro, British Pound Sterling, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, Brazilian Real and Japanese Yen. The Company’s derivative financial instruments program is not designated for trading or speculative purposes. The Company generally enters into master netting arrangements with the financial institutions with which it contracts for such derivatives, which permit net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty, thereby reducing risk of credit-related losses from a financial institutions' nonperformance. While the contract or notional amount is often used to express the volume of foreign currency derivative contracts, the amounts potentially subject to credit risk are generally limited to the amounts, if any, by which the counterparties’ obligations under the agreements exceed the obligations of the Company to the counterparties. The notional amount of outstanding foreign currency derivative contracts as of July 31, 2025 and January 31, 2025 was $12.7 billion and $10.7 billion, respectively.
Outstanding foreign currency derivative contracts are recorded at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Unrealized gains or losses due to changes in the fair value of these derivative contracts, as well as realized gains or losses from their net settlement, are recognized as other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations consistent with the offsetting gains or losses resulting from the remeasurement or settlement of the underlying foreign currency denominated receivables and payables.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of those assets as follows:
Buildings and building improvements
10 to 40 years
Computers, equipment and software
3 to 5 years
Furniture and fixtures5 years
Leasehold improvements
Shorter of the estimated lease term or 10 years
The Company estimates the useful lives of property and equipment upon initial recognition and periodically evaluates the useful lives and whether events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the useful lives.
When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from their respective accounts and any loss on such retirement is reflected in operating expenses.
Leases
The Company has entered into operating and finance leases for corporate offices, data centers, and equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and classifies its leases at commencement. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and current and noncurrent operating lease liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Assets (also referred to as ROU assets) and liabilities recognized from finance leases are included in property and equipment, accrued expenses and other liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. The corresponding lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company does not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less for any asset classes.
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Lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement, net of any future tenant incentives. The Company has lease agreements which contain both lease and non-lease components, which it has elected to combine for all asset classes. As such, minimum lease payments include fixed payments for non-lease components within a lease agreement but exclude variable lease payments not dependent on an index or rate, such as common area maintenance, operating expenses, utilities, or other costs that are subject to fluctuation from period to period. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Periods beyond the noncancellable term of the lease are included in the measurement of the lease liability only when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the associated extension option or waive the termination option. The Company reassesses the lease term if and when a significant event or change in circumstances occurs within the control of the Company. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the net present value of future minimum lease payments is determined using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. The Company's incremental borrowing rate is an estimate of the interest rate the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments, in the economic environment where the leased asset is located.
The lease ROU asset is recognized based on the lease liability, adjusted for any rent payments or initial direct costs incurred or tenant incentives received prior to commencement.
Lease expense for operating leases, which includes amortization expense of ROU assets, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Amortization expense of finance lease ROU assets is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and interest expense for finance lease liabilities is recognized based on the incremental borrowing rate. Expense for variable lease payments is recognized as incurred.
On the lease commencement date, the Company also establishes assets and liabilities for the present value of estimated future costs to retire long-lived assets at the termination or expiration of a lease. Such assets are included in property and equipment, net and are amortized over the lease term.
The Company has entered into subleases or has made decisions and taken actions to sublease or discontinue use of certain leased assets. Similar to other long-lived assets discussed below, management tests ROU assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. For leased assets, such circumstances would include the decision to discontinue use prior to the end of the minimum lease term or subleases for which estimated cash flows do not fully cover the costs of the associated lease.
Intangible Assets Acquired through Business Combinations
Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Each period, the Company evaluates the estimated remaining useful life of its intangible assets and whether events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization.
Impairment Assessment
The Company evaluates intangible assets and other long-lived assets for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable, including, but not limited to, significant adverse changes in business climate, market conditions or other events that indicate an asset's carrying amount may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of each asset group to the future undiscounted cash flows the asset is expected to generate. If the undiscounted cash flows used in the test for recoverability are less than the carrying amount of these assets, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair value.
The Company evaluates and tests the recoverability of its goodwill for impairment annually during its fourth quarter of each fiscal year or more often if and when circumstances indicate that goodwill may not be recoverable.
Business Combinations
The Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to assign fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. The Company’s estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. In addition, uncertain tax positions, tax-related valuation allowances and pre-acquisition contingencies are initially recorded in connection with a business combination as of the acquisition date. The Company continues to collect information and reevaluates these estimates and assumptions quarterly and records any adjustments to the Company’s preliminary estimates to goodwill provided that the Company is within the measurement period. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
In the event the Company acquires an entity with which the Company has a preexisting relationship, the Company will generally recognize a gain or loss to settle that relationship as of the acquisition date within operating income on the condensed
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consolidated statements of operations. In the event that the Company acquires an entity in which the Company previously held a strategic investment, the difference between the fair value of the shares as of the date of the acquisition and the carrying value of the strategic investment is recorded as a gain or loss and recorded within gains (losses) on strategic investments, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Restructuring
The Company generally recognizes employee severance costs when payments are probable and amounts are estimable or when notification occurs, depending on the region where an employee works. Costs related to contracts without future benefit or contract termination are recognized at the earlier of the contract termination or the cease-use dates. Other exit-related costs are recognized as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Stock-based compensation expense is measured based on grant date at fair value using the grant date closing stock price for restricted stock units and restricted stock awards and using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for stock options and shares issued pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, stock options and shares issued pursuant to the ESPP on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term of four years for restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, and stock options, and the 12-month offering period for shares issued pursuant to the ESPP. The estimated forfeiture rate applied is based on historical forfeiture rates.
The Company grants performance-based restricted stock units and performance-based stock options to executive officers and other members of senior management, which may include a market condition, a performance condition, or both, in addition to a service condition. Stock-based compensation expense related to awards with a market condition are measured at fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation model and the expense related to these awards is recognized on a graded-vesting basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term. Stock-based compensation expense related to awards with a performance condition are measured based on the grant date closing stock price and the expense related to these awards is recognized based on the requisite service period elapsed, as well as the probability of achievement and estimated attainment of the performance condition as of the end of our reporting period.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax laws is recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in the period that includes the enactment date.
The Company’s tax positions are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. The Company recognizes the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority, solely based on its technical merits. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit which is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. The Company recognizes interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the income tax provision.
Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are more likely than not expected to be realized based on the weighting of positive and negative evidence. Future realization of deferred tax assets ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character (for example, ordinary income or capital gain) within the carryback or carryforward periods available under the applicable tax law. The Company regularly reviews the deferred tax assets for recoverability based on historical taxable income, projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and tax planning strategies. The Company’s judgments regarding future profitability may change due to many factors, including future market conditions and the ability to successfully execute its business plans. Should there be a change in the ability to recover deferred tax assets, the tax provision would increase or decrease in the period in which the assessment is changed.
Foreign Currency Translation
The functional currency of the Company’s major foreign subsidiaries is generally the local currency. All assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate during the period. Equity transactions are translated using historical exchange rates. Adjustments resulting from translating foreign functional currency financial statements into U.S. dollars are recorded as a separate component on the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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Warranties and Indemnification
The Company’s arrangements generally include certain provisions for indemnifying customers against liabilities if its products or services infringe on a third party’s intellectual property rights. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such obligations and has not accrued any material liabilities related to such obligations in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.
The Company has also agreed to indemnify its directors and executive officers for costs associated with any fees, expenses, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by any of these persons in any action or proceeding to which any of those persons is, or is threatened to be, made a party by reason of the person’s service as a director or officer, including any action by the Company, arising out of that person’s services as the Company’s director or officer or that person’s services provided to any other company or enterprise at the Company’s request. The Company maintains director and officer insurance coverage that would generally enable the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. The Company may also be subject to indemnification obligations by law with respect to the actions of its employees under certain circumstances and in certain jurisdictions.
New Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption
In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”), which requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a retrospective or prospective basis. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-09 will have on its financial statement disclosures.
In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses” (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires disaggregation of certain costs in a separate note to the financial statements, such as the amounts of employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization, included in each relevant expense caption in annual and interim consolidated financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027 on a retrospective or prospective basis, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2024-03 will have on its financial statement disclosures.
2. Revenues
Disaggregation of Revenue
Subscription and Support Revenue by the Company's Service Offerings
Subscription and support revenues consisted of the following (in millions):
 Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025202420252024
Sales $2,267 $2,071 $4,398 $4,069 
Service 2,458 2,257 4,792 4,439 
Platform and Other 2,084 1,786 4,047 3,504 
Marketing and Commerce1,365 1,308 2,690 2,590 
Integration and Analytics1,516 1,342 3,060 2,747 
$9,690 $8,764 $18,987 $17,349 
Total Revenue by Geographic Locations
Revenues by geographical region consisted of the following (in millions):
 Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025202420252024
Americas$6,736 $6,201 $13,205 $12,263 
Europe2,429 2,184 4,766 4,329 
Asia Pacific1,071 940 2,094 1,866 
$10,236 $9,325 $20,065 $18,458 
Revenues by geography are determined based on the region of the Company's contracting entity, which may be different than the region of the customer. Americas revenue attributed to the United States was approximately 93 percent during the three
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and six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. No other country represented more than ten percent of total revenue during the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024.
Contract Balances
Contract Assets
The Company records a contract asset when revenue recognized on a contract exceeds the billings. Contract assets were $873 million as of July 31, 2025 as compared to $724 million as of January 31, 2025, and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and deferred tax assets and other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Unearned Revenue
Unearned revenue represents amounts that have been invoiced in advance of revenue recognition and is recognized as revenue when transfer of control to customers has occurred or services have been provided. The unearned revenue balance does not represent the total contract value of annual or multi-year, noncancellable subscription agreements. The unearned revenue balance is influenced by several factors, including seasonality, the compounding effects of renewals, invoice duration, invoice timing, dollar size and new business linearity within the quarter.
The change in unearned revenue was as follows (in millions):
Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
2025202420252024
Unearned revenue, beginning of period$17,799 $16,061 $20,743 $19,003 
Billings and other (1)8,992 8,486 15,877 14,677 
Revenue recognized over time(9,684)(8,852)(18,895)(17,423)
Revenue recognized at a point in time(552)(473)(1,170)(1,035)
Unearned revenue, end of period$16,555 $15,222 $16,555 $15,222 
(1) Other includes, for example, the impact of foreign currency translation as well as contributions from contract assets and business combinations.
The majority of revenue recognized for these services is from the beginning of period unearned revenue balance.
Revenue recognized over time primarily includes Cloud Services subscription and support revenue, which is generally recognized ratably over time, and professional services and other revenue, which is generally recognized ratably or as delivered.
Revenue recognized at a point in time substantially consists of term software licenses.
Remaining Performance Obligation
Remaining performance obligation represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized and includes unearned revenue and unbilled amounts that will be recognized as revenue in future periods. The transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligation is based on SSP. Remaining performance obligation is influenced by several factors, including seasonality, the timing of renewals, the timing of term license deliveries, average contract terms and foreign currency exchange rates. Remaining performance obligation is also impacted by acquisitions. Unbilled portions of the remaining performance obligation denominated in foreign currencies are revalued each period based on the period end exchange rates. Remaining performance obligation is subject to future economic risks, including bankruptcies, regulatory changes and other market factors.
The Company excludes amounts related to performance obligations from professional services contracts that are billed and recognized on a time and materials basis.
The majority of the Company's noncurrent remaining performance obligation is expected to be recognized in the next 13 to 36 months.
Remaining performance obligation consisted of the following (in billions):
 CurrentNoncurrentTotal
As of July 31, 2025$29.4 $30.5 $59.9 
As of January 31, 2025$30.2 $33.2 $63.4 
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3. Investments
Marketable Securities
At July 31, 2025, marketable securities consisted of the following (in millions):
Amortized
Cost		Unrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
Corporate notes and obligations$2,671 $8 $(6)$2,673 
U.S. treasury securities527 1 (2)526 
Mortgage-backed obligations145 0 (4)141 
Asset-backed securities1,190 3 (1)1,192 
Municipal securities68 0 0 68 
Commercial paper255 0 0 255 
Covered bonds20 0 (1)19 
Other133 0 0 133 
Total marketable securities$5,009 $12 $(14)$5,007 
At January 31, 2025, marketable securities consisted of the following (in millions):
Amortized
Cost		Unrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
Corporate notes and obligations$2,574 $6 $(23)$2,557 
U.S. treasury securities546 0 (4)542 
Mortgage-backed obligations128 0 (6)122 
Asset-backed securities1,218 3 (4)1,217 
Municipal securities108 0 (1)107 
Commercial paper506 0 0 506 
Covered bonds29 0 (2)27 
Other106 0 0 106 
Total marketable securities$5,215 $9 $(40)$5,184 
The contractual maturities of the investments classified as marketable securities were as follows (in millions):
 As of
 July 31, 2025January 31, 2025
Due within 1 year$1,527 $2,081 
Due in 1 year through 5 years3,471 3,098 
Due in 5 years through 10 years9 5 
$5,007 $5,184 
Interest income from marketable securities was $150 million and $181 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $319 million and $377 million for the six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and is included in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Strategic Investments
Strategic investments by form and measurement category as of July 31, 2025 were as follows (in millions):
 Measurement Category
 Fair ValueMeasurement AlternativeOtherTotal
Equity securities$84 $4,775 $181 $5,040 
Other investments 0 0 45 45 
Balance as of July 31, 2025
$84 $4,775 $226 $5,085 
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Strategic investments by form and measurement category as of January 31, 2025 were as follows (in millions):
 Measurement Category
 Fair ValueMeasurement AlternativeOtherTotal
Equity securities$69 $4,617 $125 $4,811 
Other investments0 0 41 41 
Balance as of January 31, 2025
$69 $4,617 $166 $4,852 
The Company holds investments in, or management agreements with, variable interest entities (“VIEs”) which the Company does not consolidate because it is not considered the primary beneficiary of these entities. The carrying value of VIEs within strategic investments was $571 million and $484 million, as of July 31, 2025 and January 31, 2025, respectively.
Gains (losses) on Strategic Investments, Net
The components of gains (losses) on strategic investments, net were as follows (in millions):
2Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
2025202420252024
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized on publicly traded equity securities, net$13 $(22)$(3)$(19)
Unrealized gains recognized on privately held equity securities, net53 44 60 149 
Impairments on privately held equity securities and other investments(86)(60)(133)(190)
Unrealized losses, net(20)(38)(76)(60)
Realized gains on sales of securities, net26 1 19 60 
Gains (losses) on strategic investments, net $6 $(37)$(57)$0 
Unrealized gains and losses recognized on privately held equity securities, net includes upward and downward adjustments from equity securities accounted for under the measurement alternative, as well as gains and losses from private equity securities in other measurement categories. For privately held securities accounted for under the measurement alternative, the Company recorded upward adjustments of $13 million and $44 million and impairments and downward adjustments of $85 million and $51 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and upward adjustments of $34 million and $160 million and impairments of $145 million and $190 million for the six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Realized gains on sales of securities, net reflects the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying value of the security at the beginning of the period or the purchase date, if later.
4. Fair Value Measurement
The Company uses a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:
Level 1.    Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2.    Significant other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.
Level 3.    Significant unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.
All of the Company’s cash equivalents, marketable securities and foreign currency derivative contracts are classified within Level 1 or Level 2 because these assets are valued using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing observable market inputs.
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The following table presents information about the Company’s assets that were measured at fair value as of July 31, 2025 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation (in millions):
DescriptionQuoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)		Fair Value
Cash equivalents (1):
Time deposits$0 $2,013 $0 $2,013 
Money market mutual funds5,800 0 0 5,800 
Cash equivalent securities 0 274 0 274 
Marketable securities:
Corporate notes and obligations0 2,673 0 2,673 
U.S. treasury securities0 526 0 526 
Mortgage-backed obligations0 141 0 141 
Asset-backed securities0 1,192 0 1,192 
Municipal securities0 68 0 68 
Commercial paper0 255 0 255 
Covered bonds0 19 0 19 
Other0 133 0 133 
Strategic investments:
Equity securities84 0 0 84 
Total assets$5,884 $7,294 $0 $13,178 
(1) Included in “cash and cash equivalents” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in addition to $2.3 billion of cash, as of July 31, 2025.
The following table presents information about the Company’s assets that were measured at fair value as of January 31, 2025 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation (in millions):
DescriptionQuoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant Other
Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)		Fair Value
Cash equivalents (1):
Time deposits$0 $1,698 $0 $1,698 
Money market mutual funds4,373 0 0 4,373 
Cash equivalent securities0 686 0 686 
Marketable securities:
Corporate notes and obligations0 2,557 0 2,557 
U.S. treasury securities0 542 0 542 
Mortgage-backed obligations0 122 0 122 
Asset-backed securities0 1,217 0 1,217 
Municipal securities0 107 0 107 
Commercial paper0 506 0 506 
Covered bonds0 27 0 27 
Other0 106 0 106 
Strategic investments:
Equity securities69 0 0 69 
Total assets$4,442 $7,568 $0 $12,010 
(1) Included in “cash and cash equivalents” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in addition to $2.1 billion of cash, as of January 31, 2025.
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Strategic Investments Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
Substantially all of the Company's privately held equity securities and other investments are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The estimation of fair value for these investments requires the use of significant unobservable inputs, and as a result, the Company deems these assets as Level 3 within the fair value measurement framework. For privately held equity investments without a readily determinable fair value, the Company applies valuation methods based on information available, including the market approach and option pricing models (“OPM”). Observable transactions, such as the issuance of new equity by an investee, are indicators of investee enterprise value and are used to estimate the fair value of the privately held equity investments. An OPM may be utilized to allocate value to the various classes of securities of the investee, including classes owned by the Company. Such information, available to the Company from investee companies, is supplemented with estimates such as volatility, expected time to liquidity and the rights and obligations of the securities the Company holds. When indicators of impairment are observed for privately held equity securities, the Company generally uses the market approach to estimate the fair value of its investment, giving consideration to the latest observable transactions, as well as the investee's current and projected financial performance and other significant inputs and assumptions, including estimated time to exit, selection and analysis of guideline public companies and the rights and obligations of the securities the Company holds. The Company's privately held equity securities and other investments amounted to $5.0 billion and $4.8 billion as of July 31, 2025 and January 31, 2025, respectively.
5. Leases and Other Commitments
Leases
The Company has leases for corporate offices, data centers and equipment under noncancellable operating and finance leases with various expiration dates.
Total operating lease costs were $149 million and $193 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were $296 million and $351 million for the six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Included in operating lease costs are amounts related to restructuring charges, which are discussed in Note 9 “Restructuring.”
As of July 31, 2025, the maturities of lease liabilities under noncancellable operating and finance leases were as follows (in millions):
Operating Leases Finance Leases
Fiscal Period:
Remaining six months of fiscal 2026$333 $170 
Fiscal 2027609 271 
Fiscal 2028557 91 
Fiscal 2029468 45 
Fiscal 2030316 28 
Thereafter867 2 
Total minimum lease payments3,150 607 
Less: Imputed interest(349)(35)
Total$2,801 $572 
Other Balance Sheet Accounts
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities included approximately $1.8 billion and $2.8 billion of accrued compensation as of July 31, 2025 and January 31, 2025, respectively.
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6. Business Combinations
Pending Acquisition
Informatica Inc.
In May 2025, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Informatica Inc. (“Informatica”), an AI-powered enterprise cloud data management platform. Under the terms of the agreement, holders of Informatica’s Class A and Class B-1 common stock will receive $25 in cash per share and the Company will acquire all outstanding shares of common stock of Informatica that the Company does not already own. The transaction represents an equity value of approximately $8 billion, net of the Company’s current investment in Informatica. The agreement also provides for the Company’s assumption of unvested equity awards held by Informatica employees. The Company expects to fund the transaction with a combination of new debt and cash on the Company’s balance sheet. See Note 8 “Debt” for further information related to new debt.
The transaction is expected to close in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2026 or early fiscal 2027, subject to the receipt of required regulatory clearances and satisfaction of other customary closing conditions. Stockholders holding in aggregate approximately 63 percent of the voting power of Informatica Class A and Class B-1 common stock have delivered a written consent approving the transaction.
7. Intangible Assets Acquired Through Business Combinations and Goodwill
Intangible Assets Acquired Through Business Combinations
Intangible assets acquired through business combinations were as follows (in millions):
Intangible Assets, GrossAccumulated AmortizationIntangible Assets, NetWeighted
Average
Remaining Useful Life (Years)
January 31, 2025Additions and retirements, netJuly 31, 2025January 31, 2025Expense and retirements, netJuly 31, 2025January 31, 2025July 31, 2025July 31, 2025
Acquired developed technology$2,958 $16 $2,974 $(1,753)$(312)$(2,065)$1,205 $909 0.5
Customer relationships6,894 0 6,894 (3,820)(429)(4,249)3,074 2,645 3.2
Other (1)331 0 331 (182)(34)(216)149 115 1.7
Total$10,183 $16 $10,199 $(5,755)$(775)$(6,530)$4,428 $3,669 2.5
(1) Included in Other are in-place leases, trade names, trademarks and territory rights.
Amortization of intangible assets resulting from business combinations for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 was $380 million and $454 million, respectively, and for the six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 was $775 million, and $915 million, respectively.
The expected future amortization expense for intangible assets as of July 31, 2025 was as follows (in millions):
Fiscal Period:
Remaining six months of fiscal 2026$758 
Fiscal 20271,148 
Fiscal 2028747 
Fiscal 2029580 
Fiscal 2030294 
Thereafter142 
Total amortization expense$3,669 
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of net assets acquired.
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The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill, which is generally not deductible for tax purposes, were as follows (in millions):
Balance as of January 31, 2025$51,283 
Acquisitions and adjustments (1)155 
Balance as of July 31, 2025$51,438 
(1) Includes the effect of foreign currency translation and measurement period adjustments from prior period acquisitions.
8. Debt
The components of the Company's borrowings were as follows (in millions):
InstrumentDate of IssuanceMaturity DateContractual Interest Rate
Outstanding Principal as of July 31, 2025
Carrying Value as of July 31, 2025Carrying Value as of January 31, 2025
2028 Senior NotesApril 2018April 20283.70 %1,500 1,496 1,496 
2028 Senior Sustainability NotesJuly 2021July 20281.50 1,000 996 995 
2031 Senior NotesJuly 2021July 20311.95 1,500 1,492 1,491 
2041 Senior NotesJuly 2021July 20412.70 1,250 1,237 1,236 
2051 Senior NotesJuly 2021July 20512.90 2,000 1,979 1,979 
2061 Senior NotesJuly 2021July 20613.05 1,250 1,236 1,236 
Total carrying value of debt8,500 8,436 8,433 
Less current portion of debt0 0 
Total noncurrent debt$8,436 $8,433 
The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of July 31, 2025.
The total estimated fair value of the Company's outstanding senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”) above was $6.7 billion and $6.6 billion as of July 31, 2025 and January 31, 2025, respectively. The fair value was determined based on the closing trading price per $100 of the Senior Notes as of the last day of trading of the second quarter of fiscal 2026 and the last day of trading of fiscal 2025, and are deemed Level 2 liabilities within the fair value measurement framework.
The contractual future principal payments for all borrowings as of July 31, 2025 were as follows (in millions):
Fiscal Period:
Remaining six months of fiscal 2026$0 
Fiscal 20270 
Fiscal 20280 
Fiscal 20292,500 
Fiscal 20300 
Thereafter6,000 
Total principal outstanding$8,500 
Interest expense, primarily from the Company’s debt instruments, was $67 million and $68 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $135 million and $137 million for the six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and is included in other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Revolving Credit Facility
In October 2024, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement with the lenders and issuing lenders party thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Revolving Loan Credit Agreement”). The Revolving Loan Credit Agreement replaced the Credit Agreement, dated December 23, 2020 (as amended, the “Prior Credit Agreement”), among the Company, the lenders and the issuing lenders party thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, which provided for a $3.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility that was scheduled to mature on December 23, 2025. There were no outstanding borrowings under the Prior Credit Agreement.
The Revolving Loan Credit Agreement provides for a $5.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (“Credit Facility”) and matures in October 2029. The Company may use the proceeds of future borrowings under the Credit Facility for general corporate purposes. There were no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility as of July 31, 2025.
Informatica-Related Financing
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In June 2025, the Company entered into a 364-Day Credit Agreement that provides the Company with the ability to borrow up to $4.0 billion and a three-year Credit Agreement that provides the Company with the ability to borrow up to $2.0 billion, both on an unsecured basis, to finance a portion of the cash consideration for the Company’s pending acquisition of Informatica, the repayment of certain debt of Informatica and the payment of fees, costs and expenses related thereto. The availability and funding of each credit agreement is conditioned on the consummation of the acquisition of Informatica in accordance with the terms of the merger agreement and is subject to certain exceptions, qualifications and certain other conditions. There were no outstanding borrowings on the Informatica credit agreements as of July 31, 2025.
For more information regarding the acquisition of Informatica, see Note 6 “Business Combinations.”
9. Restructuring
Beginning in fiscal 2023, the Company has undertaken various restructuring initiatives to improve operating margins and continue advancing its ongoing commitment to profitable growth, which have included a reduction of the Company’s workforce and office space reductions within certain markets. The Company continues to evaluate and operationalize future programs to drive further operational efficiencies, optimize its management structure and increase cost optimization efforts to realize long-term sustainable growth. The Company recognized $4 million and $99 million in restructuring charges during the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $40 million and $107 million during the six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which were substantially related to workforce reductions that include charges for employee transition, severance payments, employee benefits and stock-based compensation.
10. Stockholders’ Equity
Stock option activity for the six months ended July 31, 2025 was as follows:
 Options Outstanding
 Outstanding
Stock
Options
(in millions)		Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price		Aggregate
Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Balance as of January 31, 20258 $198.89 
Exercised(1)181.56 
Balance as of July 31, 20257 $205.08 $696 
Vested or expected to vest7 $204.35 $692 
Exercisable as of July 31, 20256 $194.65 $598 
    Restricted stock activity for the six months ended July 31, 2025 was as follows:
 Restricted Stock Outstanding
 Outstanding
(in millions)		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueAggregate
Intrinsic
Value (in millions)
Balance as of January 31, 202526 $250.50 
Granted - restricted stock units and awards10 279.96 
Granted - performance-based restricted stock units2 272.68 
Canceled(2)251.03 
Vested and converted to shares(8)248.36 
Balance as of July 31, 202528 $262.84 $7,161 
Expected to vest24 $6,147 
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The aggregate expected stock-based compensation expense remaining to be recognized as of July 31, 2025 was as follows (in millions):
Fiscal Period:
Remaining six months of fiscal 2026$1,701 
Fiscal 20272,514 
Fiscal 20281,807 
Fiscal 2029905 
Fiscal 2030110 
Total stock-based compensation expense$7,037 
The aggregate expected stock-based compensation expense remaining to be recognized reflects only outstanding stock awards as of July 31, 2025 and assumes no forfeiture activity and no changes in the expected level of attainment of performance share grants based on the Company’s financial performance relative to certain targets.
Share Repurchase Program
The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a program to repurchase shares of the Company's common stock (the "Share Repurchase Program"), which commenced in August 2022 and had additional authorizations approved by the Board in February 2023 and February 2024, for an aggregate total authorization of $30.0 billion. The Share Repurchase Program does not have a fixed expiration date and does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of shares. Under the Share Repurchase Program, shares of common stock may be repurchased using a variety of methods, including privately negotiated and or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as part of accelerated share repurchases and other methods. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases are determined by the Company in its discretion and depend on a variety of factors, including legal requirements, price and economic and market conditions. The Company accounts for treasury stock under the cost method.
The Company repurchased the following under its Share Repurchase Program (in millions, except average price per share):
20252024
SharesAverage price per shareAmountSharesAverage price per shareAmount
Three months ended April 30,10 $273.42 $2,681 7 $293.00 $2,168 
Three months ended July 31,8 $269.96 $2,199 18 $246.14 $4,288 
All repurchases were made in open market transactions. As of July 31, 2025, the Company was authorized to purchase a remaining $5.7 billion of its common stock under the Share Repurchase Program.
In September 2025, the Board authorized an additional $20.0 billion in repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program for an aggregate total authorization of $50.0 billion.
Dividends
The Company announced the following dividends:
Quarter EndedRecord DatePayment DateDividend per ShareAmount
(in millions)
Fiscal 2026
April 30, 2025April 10, 2025April 24, 2025$0.416 $406 
July 31, 2025June 18, 2025July 10, 2025$0.416 $404 
Fiscal 2025
April 30, 2024March 14, 2024April 11, 2024$0.40 $388 
July 31, 2024July 9, 2024July 25, 2024$0.40 $388 
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11. Income Taxes
Effective Tax Rate
The Company computes its year-to-date provision for income taxes by applying the estimated annual effective tax rate to year-to-date pretax income or loss and adjusts the provision for discrete tax items recorded in the period. For the six months ended July 31, 2025, the Company reported a tax provision of $952 million on pretax income of $4.4 billion, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 22 percent. The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to state and local taxes and non-deductible items, partially offset by research and development credits.
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted into law. The OBBBA includes significant changes to US corporate tax provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Notably, it allows an immediate deduction for domestic research and development expenditures, reinstates 100% bonus depreciation, and modifies the international tax framework. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in fiscal 2026 and others in the subsequent years. The changes had an immaterial impact to the Company’s tax provision for the period ended July 31, 2025.
For the six months ended July 31, 2024, the Company reported a tax provision of $742 million on pretax income of $3.7 billion, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 20 percent. The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to research and development credits and excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits and Other Considerations
The Company records liabilities related to its uncertain tax positions. Tax positions for the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. Certain prior year tax returns are currently being examined by various taxing authorities in countries including the United States, Germany, Israel, and India. The Company believes that it has provided adequate reserves for its income tax uncertainties in all open tax years. As the outcome of the tax audits cannot be predicted with certainty, if any issues addressed in the Company’s tax audits are resolved in a manner inconsistent with management's expectations, the Company could adjust its provision for income taxes in the future. The Company anticipates it is reasonably possible that an insignificant decrease of its unrecognized tax benefits may occur in the next 12 months, as the applicable statutes of limitations lapse, ongoing examinations are completed, or tax positions meet the conditions of being effectively settled.
12. Net Income Per Share
Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the fiscal period. Diluted net income per share is computed by giving effect to all potential weighted average dilutive common stock, including options and restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of outstanding awards is reflected in diluted net income per share by application of the treasury stock method.
A reconciliation of the denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows (in millions):
2Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025202420252024
Numerator:
Net income$1,887 $1,429 $3,428 $2,962 
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding for basic net income per share956 964 958 967 
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee stock awards6 9 8 12 
Weighted-average shares outstanding for diluted net income per share962 973 966 979 
The weighted-average number of shares outstanding used in the computation of diluted net income per share does not include the effect of the following potentially outstanding common stock. The effects of these potentially outstanding shares were not included in the calculation of diluted net income per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive (in millions):
 Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025202420252024
Employee stock awards9 13 5 9 
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13. Legal Proceedings and Claims
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is or may be involved in various legal or regulatory proceedings, claims or purported class actions related to alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights, commercial, corporate and securities, labor and employment, wage and hour and other claims. The Company has been, and may in the future be, put on notice or sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights, including patent infringement.
In general, the resolution of a legal matter could prevent the Company from offering its service to others, could be material to the Company’s financial condition or cash flows, or both, or could otherwise adversely affect the Company’s reputation and future operating results.
The Company makes a provision for a liability relating to legal matters when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impacts of negotiations, estimated settlements, legal rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. The outcomes of legal proceedings and other contingencies are, however, inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties. At this time, the Company is not able to reasonably estimate the amount or range of possible losses in excess of any amounts accrued, including losses that could arise as a result of application of non-monetary remedies, with respect to the contingencies it faces, and the Company’s estimates may not prove to be accurate.
In management’s opinion, resolution of all current matters, including those described below, is not expected to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial statements. However, depending on the nature and timing of any such dispute, payment or other contingency, the resolution of a matter could materially affect the Company’s current or future results of operations or cash flows, or both, in a particular quarter.
Slack Litigation
Beginning in September 2019, seven purported class action lawsuits were filed against Slack, its directors, certain of its officers and certain investment funds associated with certain of its directors, each alleging violations of securities laws in connection with Slack’s registration statement on Form S-1 (the “Registration Statement”) filed with the SEC. All but one of these actions were filed in the Superior Court of California for the County of San Mateo, though one plaintiff originally filed in the County of San Francisco before refiling in the County of San Mateo (and the original San Francisco action was dismissed). The remaining action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (the “Federal Action”). In the Federal Action, captioned Dennee v. Slack Technologies, Inc., Case No. 3:19-CV-05857-SI, Slack and the other defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint in January 2020. In April 2020, the court granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss. In May 2020, Slack and the other defendants filed a motion to certify the court’s order for interlocutory appeal, which the court granted. Slack and the other defendants filed a petition for permission to appeal the district court’s order to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which was granted in July 2020. Oral argument was heard in May 2021. On September 20, 2021, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s ruling. Slack filed a petition for rehearing with the Ninth Circuit on November 3, 2021, which was denied on May 2, 2022. Slack filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court on August 31, 2022, which was granted on December 13, 2022. On June 1, 2023, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision vacating the Ninth Circuit’s decision and remanded for further proceedings. The Ninth Circuit ordered the parties to submit additional briefing in light of the Supreme Court’s decision. On February 10, 2025, the Ninth Circuit issued an opinion reversing the district court’s order and instructing the district court to dismiss the complaint with prejudice. On July 10, 2025, the plaintiff filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court. The state court actions were consolidated in November 2019, and the consolidated action is captioned In re Slack Technologies, Inc. Shareholder Litigation, Lead Case No. 19CIV05370 (the “State Court Action”). An additional state court action was filed in San Mateo County in June 2020 but was consolidated with the State Court Action in July 2020. Slack and the other defendants filed demurrers to the complaint in the State Court Action in February 2020. In August 2020, the court sustained in part and overruled in part the demurrers, and granted plaintiffs leave to file an amended complaint, which they filed in October 2020. Slack and the other defendants answered the complaint in November 2020. Plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification on October 21, 2021, which remains pending. On October 26, 2022, the court stayed the State Court Action pending resolution of Slack’s petition for a writ of certiorari in the Federal Action. The State Court Action remains stayed pending resolution of the appellate proceedings in the Federal Action. The Federal Action and the State Court Action seek unspecified monetary damages and other relief on behalf of investors who purchased Slack’s Class A common stock issued pursuant and/or traceable to the Registration Statement.
Backpage Litigation
The Company has been named as a defendant in a number of state and federal actions relating to the activities of one of its former customers, Website Technologies, LLC (“Website Technologies”), an affiliate of Backpage.com, LLC (“Backpage”). Plaintiffs in these actions generally allege that they were victims of sex trafficking by individuals who advertised them on backpage.com, a website operated by Backpage, and assert various claims and theories premised on the Company’s provision to Website Technologies of Salesforce CRM Software and related products, which the plaintiffs allege facilitated the operation
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and growth of Backpage’s business. The initial action, filed in the Superior Court of California for the County of San Francisco on behalf of numerous plaintiffs, was dismissed with prejudice under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (“Section 230”), and that dismissal was affirmed by the California Court of Appeal in December 2021. In April 2020, an action was filed on behalf of a single plaintiff in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, G.G. v. Salesforce, Inc., Case No. No. 1:20-CV-2335. The district court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss the action, and the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed that ruling in August 2023. On June 12, 2025, after discovery had commenced, Plaintiff filed a substantially amended complaint. On July 9, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss that complaint. The court has scheduled trial in the Northern District of Illinois matter for June 2026. Beginning in April 2020, five actions involving six plaintiffs were filed and consolidated in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas as A.B. v. Salesforce, Inc., Case No. 4:20-CV-01254. The Company moved for summary judgment on the basis that the claims were barred by Section 230. In November 2023, the court denied the Company’s motion and in December 2024, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed that ruling. Beginning in May 2023, a number of similar actions have been filed in Texas federal and state courts, including principally: (1) 30 actions filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas, which were consolidated as S.M.A. v. Salesforce, Inc., Case No. 3:23-CV-0915-B (“S.M.A”); (2) 21 actions filed in Texas state court in Dallas County, which were removed by the Company to the Northern District of Texas, and consolidated as A.S. v. Salesforce, Inc., Case No. 3:23-CV-1039-B (“A.S.”); and (3) one action filed in Texas state court in Harris County, which was removed to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas as T.S. v. Salesforce, Inc., Case No. 4:23-CV-01792 (“T.S.”). In June 2023, the Company moved to dismiss the T.S. action, and that motion remains pending. Separately, 19 actions have been filed in Texas state court, which are proceeding in a Texas state court multidistrict litigation in Harris County District Court, captioned In re Jane Doe Cases, MDL 2020-28545. In March 2024, the district court in S.M.A. granted the Company’s consolidated motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground that plaintiffs had not alleged the requisite intent element under the federal trafficking statute, and in April 2024 an amended complaint was filed amending the federal law claim and adding a Texas state law claim. In May 2024, the Company moved to dismiss the amended complaint. In March 2025, the district court granted the motion as to the Texas state law claims, dismissed the Texas claims with prejudice, and denied the motion as to the federal law claims. In September 2024, the district court in A.S. denied the Company’s motion to dismiss and then scheduled trial for January 2026. In November 2024, the Company moved for judgment on the pleadings in A.S. In May 2025, the district court granted that motion with leave to amend the complaint. Plaintiffs then filed a consolidated amended complaint, and on June 20, 2025, the Company moved to dismiss that complaint. That motion remains pending. In June 2025, Plaintiff’s counsel in A.S. and S.M.A. filed six new actions in the Northern District of Illinois on behalf of a total of 244 new Plaintiffs. On August 26, 2025, the six new actions were consolidated before the Northern District of Illinois judge who is presiding over the G.G. action. All of the foregoing actions seek unspecified monetary damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs. The Company intends to defend its interests in these proceedings vigorously.
14. Subsequent Events
In August 2025, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire Regrello Corp. (“Regrello”), a developer of an AI-native business process automation solution. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will acquire Regrello for approximately $900 million in cash, subject to customary purchase price adjustments. The agreement also provides for the Company’s assumption of unvested outstanding equity awards held by Regrello employees. The acquisition is expected to close in the third quarter of fiscal 2026, subject to customary closing conditions.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact, which may consist of, among other things, trend analyses and statements regarding future events, future financial performance, anticipated growth, and industry prospects, are forward-looking. Words such as “aims,” “anticipates,” “assumes,” “believes,” “commitments,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “foresees,” “goals,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “targets” and “would,” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain and based on management’s current expectations and assumptions, which are subject to risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict, including those related to the Company’s pending acquisition of Informatica Inc. and those described in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” Part I, Item 3, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
In light of these and other risks and uncertainties, the future events and trends discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur as we expect or at all, and our actual results or outcomes may differ materially and adversely from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason.
Overview
Salesforce is a global leader in customer relationship management (“CRM”) technology, enabling companies of every size and industry to connect with their customers through the power of data, artificial intelligence (“AI”), CRM and trust. Founded in 1999, we bring humans together with AI agents to drive customer success on one deeply unified platform.
Our platform unites sales, service, marketing, commerce and IT teams by connecting customer data across systems, apps and devices to create a complete view of customers. With this single source of customer truth and integrated AI, teams can be more responsive, productive and efficient, deliver intelligent, personalized experiences across every channel and increase productivity. During the third quarter of fiscal 2025, we introduced Agentforce, a new layer of our trusted platform that enables companies to build and deploy AI agents that can respond to inputs, make decisions and take action autonomously across business functions. Agentforce includes a suite of customizable agents for use across sales, service, marketing and commerce. We continue to invest for growth, including investing in generative and agentic AI across all products, which we believe will change how our customers help their customers, and continuously look to expand our leadership role in the cloud computing industry.
We continue to focus on several key growth levers, including driving multiple service offering adoption, increasing our penetration with enterprise and international customers and expanding our industry-specific reach with more vertical software solutions. These growth levers often require a more sophisticated go-to-market approach and, as a result, we may incur additional costs upfront to obtain new customers and expand our relationships with existing customers, including additional sales and marketing expenses specific to subscription and support revenue. As a result, we have seen that customers with many of these characteristics drive higher annual revenues and have lower attrition rates than our company average. In addition to these growth levers, our mergers and acquisitions framework has included several acquisitions that accelerate our agentic roadmap, including our recently announced acquisition of Regrello Corp. (“Regrello”). These acquisitions, along with our pending acquisition of Informatica Inc. (“Informatica”), are bringing in key talent and technology to accelerate innovation.
We are also focused on reducing our operating expenses to improve our operating margin. We have undertaken various restructuring initiatives to improve operating margins and continue advancing our ongoing commitment to profitable growth which included a reduction of our workforce and office space reductions within certain markets. We continue to evaluate and operationalize future programs to drive further operational efficiencies, optimize our management structure and increase cost optimization efforts to realize long-term sustainable growth. We expect to continue to experience improvements in our operating expenses as a percentage of revenue, which could include various restructuring initiatives or measured hiring initiatives to drive operational efficiencies.
Highlights from First Six Months of Fiscal 2026
•Revenue: For the six months ended July 31, 2025, revenue was $20.1 billion, an increase of nine percent year-over-year.
•Income from Operations: For the six months ended July 31, 2025, income from operations was $4.3 billion as compared to $3.5 billion from a year ago. Operating margin, which represents income from operations as a percentage
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of total revenue, increased to approximately 22 percent for the six months ended July 31, 2025 compared to approximately 19 percent in the prior year period.
•Net Income per Share: For the six months ended July 31, 2025, diluted net income per share was $3.55 as compared to diluted net income per share of $3.03 from a year ago.
•Cash: Cash provided by operations for the six months ended July 31, 2025 was $7.2 billion, an increase of one percent year-over-year. Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of July 31, 2025 was $15.4 billion.
•Remaining Performance Obligation: Total remaining performance obligation, which represents all future revenue under contract yet to be recognized, as of July 31, 2025 was approximately $59.9 billion, an increase of 12 percent year-over-year. Current remaining performance obligation as of July 31, 2025 was approximately $29.4 billion, an increase of 11 percent year-over-year.
•Share Repurchase Program: During the six months ended July 31, 2025, we repurchased approximately 18 million shares of our common stock for approximately $4.9 billion.
•Dividend Program: During the six months ended July 31, 2025, we paid approximately $801 million in dividends and dividend equivalents.
•Pending Informatica Acquisition: During the six months ended July 31, 2025, we announced our pending acquisition of Informatica, an AI-powered enterprise cloud data management platform, which is expected to close in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2026 or early fiscal 2027, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, for an estimated $8.0 billion, net of the Company’s current investment in Informatica.
Over the first half of fiscal 2026, we continued to see strong momentum in Data Cloud, Agentforce and our broader AI service offerings. As we have a diversified portfolio of products and a customer base across various geographies, segments and industries, demand for our offerings has remained relatively resilient in a changing economic environment.
In addition, the expanding global scope of our business and the heightened volatility of global markets expose us to the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency markets. Total revenues in the six months ended July 31, 2025 were minimally impacted by foreign currency fluctuations compared to the six months ended July 31, 2024. Our current remaining performance obligation growth as of July 31, 2025 compared to July 31, 2024 was positively impacted by one percent compared to what would have been reported using constant currency rates. The impact of foreign currency fluctuations could impact our near-term results and ability to accurately predict our future results and earnings. The impact of these fluctuations can also be compounded by the seasonality of our business in which our fourth quarter has historically been our strongest quarter for new business and renewals.
Fiscal Year
Our fiscal year ends on January 31. References to fiscal 2026, for example, refer to the fiscal year ending January 31, 2026.
Operating Segments
We operate as one segment. See Note 1 “Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies” to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
Sources of Revenues
We derive our revenues from two sources: (1) subscription and support revenues and (2) professional services and other revenues. Subscription and support revenues accounted for approximately 95 percent of our total revenues for the six months ended July 31, 2025.
Subscription and support revenues primarily include subscription fees from customers accessing our enterprise cloud computing services (collectively, “Cloud Services”), software license revenues from the sales of term software licenses, and support revenues from the sale of support and updates beyond the basic subscription fees or related to the sales of software licenses. Our Cloud Services allow customers to use our multi-tenant software without taking possession of the software. Revenue is generally recognized ratably over the contract term. Subscription and support revenues also include revenues associated with term software licenses that provide the customer with a right to use the software as it exists when made available. Revenues from term software licenses are generally recognized at the point in time when the software is made available to the customer. Revenue from support and updates is recognized as such support and updates are provided, which is generally ratably over the contract term. Changes in contract duration for multi-year term software licenses can impact the amount of revenues recognized upfront. Revenues from term software licenses represent less than ten percent of total subscription and support revenue for the three and six months ended July 31, 2025.
The revenue growth rates of each of our service offerings, as described below in “Results of Operations,” fluctuate from quarter to quarter and over time. Additionally, we manage the total balanced product portfolio to deliver solutions to our
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customers and, as a result, the revenue result for each offering is not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any subsequent quarter. In addition, some of our Cloud Service offerings have similar features and functions. For example, customers may use our Sales, Service or Platform service offerings to record account and contact information, which are similar features across these service offerings. Depending on a customer’s actual and projected business requirements, more than one service offering may satisfy the customer’s current and future needs. We record revenue based on the individual products ordered by a customer, not according to the customer’s business requirements and usage.
Our growth in revenues is also impacted by attrition. Attrition represents the reduction or loss of the annualized value of our contracts with customers. We calculate our attrition rate at a point in time on a trailing twelve-month basis as of the end of each month. In general, we exclude service offerings from acquisitions from our attrition calculation until they are fully integrated into our customer success organization. As of July 31, 2025, our attrition rate, excluding Slack self-service, was approximately eight percent.
We continue to maintain a variety of customer programs and initiatives, which, along with increasing enterprise adoption, have helped keep our attrition rate consistent as compared to the prior year. Consistent attrition rates play a role in our ability to maintain growth in our subscription and support revenues.
Seasonal Nature of Unearned Revenue, Accounts Receivable and Operating Cash Flow
Unearned revenue primarily consists of billings to customers for our subscription service. Over 90 percent of the value of our billings to customers is for our subscription and support service. We generally invoice our customers in advance, in annual installments, and typical payment terms provide that our customers pay us within 30 days of invoice. Amounts that have been invoiced are recorded in accounts receivable and in unearned revenue or in revenue depending on whether transfer of control to customers has occurred. In general, we collect our billings in advance of the subscription service period. We typically issue renewal invoices in advance of the renewal service period, and depending on timing, the initial invoice for the subscription and services contract and the subsequent renewal invoice may occur in different quarters. There is a disproportionate weighting toward annual billings in the fourth quarter, primarily as a result of large enterprise account buying patterns. Our fourth quarter has historically been our strongest quarter for new business and renewals. The year-on-year compounding effect of this seasonality in both billing patterns and overall new and renewal business causes the value of invoices that we generate in the fourth quarter for both new business and renewals to increase as a proportion of our total annual billings. Accordingly, because of this billing activity, our first quarter is typically our largest collections and operating cash flow quarter. Generally, our second or third quarter has historically been our smallest operating cash flow quarter. Unearned revenues, accounts receivable and operating cash flow may also be impacted by acquisitions. For example, operating cash flows may be adversely impacted by acquisitions due to transaction costs, financing costs such as interest expense and lower operating cash flows from the acquired entity.
Remaining Performance Obligation
Our remaining performance obligation represents all future revenue under contract that has not yet been recognized as revenue and includes unearned revenue and unbilled amounts. Our current remaining performance obligation represents future revenue under contract that is expected to be recognized as revenue in the next 12 months.
Remaining performance obligation is not necessarily indicative of future revenue growth and is influenced by several factors, including seasonality, the timing of renewals, average contract terms, foreign currency exchange rates and fluctuations in new business growth. Remaining performance obligation is also impacted by acquisitions. Unbilled portions of the remaining performance obligation denominated in foreign currencies are revalued each period based on the period end exchange rates. For multi-year subscription agreements billed annually, the associated unbilled balance and corresponding remaining performance obligation are typically high at the beginning of the contract period, zero just prior to renewal, and increase if the agreement is renewed. Low remaining performance obligation attributable to a particular subscription agreement is often associated with an impending renewal but may not be an indicator of the likelihood of renewal or future revenue from such customer. Changes in contract duration or the timing of delivery of professional services can impact remaining performance obligation as well as the allocation between current and non-current remaining performance obligation.
Cost of Revenues and Operating Expenses
Cost of Revenues
Cost of subscription and support revenues primarily consists of expenses related to our employee-related costs, which includes salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense, delivering our service and providing support, including the costs of data center capacity, certain fees paid to various third parties for the use of their technology, services and data, and allocated overhead. Our cost of subscription and support revenues also includes amortization of certain acquisition-related intangible assets, such as the amortization of the cost associated with an acquired company’s research and development efforts.
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Also included in the cost of subscription and support revenues are expenses incurred supporting the free user base of Slack, including third-party hosting costs and employee-related costs specific to customer experience and technical operations.
Cost of professional services and other revenues consists primarily of employee-related costs associated with these services, the cost of subcontractors, certain third-party fees and allocated overhead. We believe that our professional services organization facilitates the adoption of our service offerings, helps us to secure larger subscription revenue contracts and supports our customers’ success. The cost of professional services may exceed revenues from professional services in future fiscal periods.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs for our engineering staff associated with product development, as well as allocated overhead.
Sales and Marketing 
Sales and marketing expenses make up the majority of our operating expenses and consist primarily of employee-related costs and commissions for our sales and marketing staff, as well as payments to partners, marketing programs and allocated overhead. Marketing programs consist of advertising, events, corporate communications, brand building and product marketing activities. We capitalize certain costs to obtain customer contracts, such as commissions, and amortize these costs on a straight-line basis. As such, the timing of expense recognition for these commissions is not consistent with the timing of the associated cash payment.
Our sales and marketing expenses include amortization of certain acquisition-related intangible assets, such as the amortization of the cost associated with an acquired company’s trade names, customer lists and customer relationships.
General and Administrative 
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs for finance and accounting, legal, internal audit, human resources and management information systems personnel, as well as professional services fees and allocated overhead.
We allocate overhead such as information technology infrastructure, rent, occupancy charges and certain employee benefits based on headcount. As such, these types of expenses are reflected in each cost of revenue and operating expense category.
Restructuring
Restructuring consists of charges related to employee transition, severance payments, employee benefits and stock-based compensation as well as impairment charges associated with long-lived assets. Restructuring excludes allocated overhead.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We believe that of our significant accounting policies, which are described in Note 1 “Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements, the following accounting policies and specific estimates involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the policies and estimates we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations:
•the standalone selling price (“SSP”) of performance obligations for revenue contracts with multiple performance obligations;
•the valuation of privately held strategic investments;
•the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for business combinations;
•the recognition, measurement and valuation of current and deferred income taxes and uncertain tax positions;
•the useful lives of intangible assets; and
•the fair value of certain stock awards issued.
These estimates may change, as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and such changes will be recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from these estimates and any such differences may be material to our financial statements.
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Additionally, refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2025 for further discussion with respect to these policies and estimates.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 “Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies” to the condensed consolidated financial statements for our discussion about new accounting pronouncements.
Results of Operations
The following tables set forth selected data for each of the periods indicated (in millions):
2Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025% of Total Revenues2024% of Total Revenues2025% of Total Revenues2024% of Total Revenues
Revenues:
Subscription and support$9,690 95 %$8,764 94 %$18,987 95 %$17,349 94 %
Professional services and other546 5 561 6 1,078 5 1,109 6 
Total revenues10,236 100 9,325 100 20,065 100 18,458 100 
Cost of revenues (1)(2):
Subscription and support 1,645 16 1,556 17 3,256 16 3,116 17 
Professional services and other 597 6 603 6 1,251 6 1,205 6 
Total cost of revenues2,242 22 2,159 23 4,507 22 4,321 23 
Gross profit7,994 78 7,166 77 15,558 78 14,137 77 
Operating expenses (1)(2):
Research and development1,481 14 1,349 14 2,941 15 2,717 15 
Sales and marketing3,443 34 3,224 35 6,872 34 6,463 35 
General and administrative734 7 711 8 1,431 7 1,358 7 
Restructuring 4 0 99 1 40 0 107 1 
Total operating expenses5,662 55 5,383 58 11,284 56 10,645 58 
Income from operations2,332 23 1,783 19 4,274 22 3,492 19 
Gains (losses) on strategic investments, net 6 0 (37)0 (57)(1)0 0 
Other income68 1 91 1 163 1 212 1 
Income before provision for income taxes2,406 24 1,837 20 4,380 22 3,704 20 
Provision for income taxes(519)(6)(408)(5)(952)(5)(742)(4)
Net income$1,887 18 %$1,429 15 %$3,428 17 %$2,962 16 %
(1) Amounts related to amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combinations, as follows (in millions):
 Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025% of Total Revenues2024% of Total Revenues2025% of Total Revenues2024% of Total Revenues
Cost of revenues$150 2 %$231 3 %$312 2 %$469 3 %
Sales and marketing230 2 223 2 463 2 446 2 
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(2) Amounts related to stock-based compensation expense, as follows (in millions):
 Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025% of Total Revenues2024% of Total Revenues2025% of Total Revenues2024% of Total Revenues
Cost of revenues$126 1 %$132 2 %$277 1 %$251 1 %
Research and development280 3 276 3 555 3 536 3 
Sales and marketing293 3 309 3 578 3 599 3 
General and administrative94 1 91 1 182 1 172 1 
Restructuring 0 0 2 0 15 0 2 0 
The following table sets forth selected balance sheet data and other metrics for each of the periods indicated (in millions, except remaining performance obligation, which is presented in billions):
As of
July 31, 2025
January 31, 2025
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities$15,372 $14,032 
Unearned revenue16,555 20,743 
Remaining performance obligation59.9 63.4 
Principal due on our outstanding debt obligations (1)8,500 8,500 
(1) Amounts do not include operating or financing lease obligations.
Remaining performance obligation represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes unearned revenue and unbilled amounts that will be recognized as revenue in future periods.
Revenues
 Three Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)20252024DollarsPercent
Subscription and support$9,690 $8,764 $926 11 %
Professional services and other546 561 (15)(3)
Total revenues$10,236 $9,325 $911 10 %
 Six Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)20252024DollarsPercent
Subscription and support$18,987 $17,349 $1,638 9 %
Professional services and other1,078 1,109 (31)(3)
Total revenues$20,065 $18,458 $1,607 9 %
The increase in subscription and support revenues for the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily caused by volume-driven increases from new business, which includes new customers, upgrades, and additional subscriptions from existing customers. Pricing was not a significant driver of the increase in revenues for either period. Revenues from term software licenses, which are recognized at a point in time, represented approximately six percent of total subscription and support revenues for the three and six months ended July 31, 2025, and five percent of total subscription and support revenues for the three and six months ended July 31, 2024. Subscription and support revenues accounted for approximately 95 percent of our total revenues for the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 and 94 percent for the three and six months ended July 31, 2024.
The decrease in professional services and other revenues for the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily due to less demand for larger, multi-year transformation engagements, which may continue in the near term.
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Subscription and Support Revenues by Service Offering
Subscription and support revenues consisted of the following (in millions):
Three Months Ended July 31,
2025As a % of Total Subscription and Support Revenues2024As a % of Total Subscription and Support RevenuesGrowth Rate
Sales$2,267 23 %$2,071 24 %9 %
Service2,458 25 2,257 26 9 
Platform and Other2,084 22 1,786 20 17 
Marketing and Commerce1,365 14 1,308 15 4 
Integration and Analytics 1,516 16 1,342 15 13 
Total$9,690 100 %$8,764 100 %11 %
 Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025As a % of Total Subscription and Support Revenues2024As a % of Total Subscription and Support RevenuesGrowth Rate
Sales $4,398 23 %$4,069 23 %8 %
Service4,792 25 4,439 26 8 
Platform and Other4,047 22 3,504 20 15 
Marketing and Commerce 2,690 14 2,590 15 4 
Integration and Analytics3,060 16 2,747 16 11 
Total$18,987 100 %$17,349 100 %9 %
Our industry vertical service offerings revenue is included in one of the above service offerings depending on the primary service purchased.
Integration and Analytics subscription and support revenues include revenues from term software licenses, which are recognized at the point in time when the software is made available to the customer. Therefore, we expect Integration and Analytics to experience greater volatility in revenues period to period compared to our other service offerings and recent revenue trends may not be indicative of future performance. Additionally, as we transition customers within the Integration and Analytics offering from term software licenses to subscription based services, revenue associated with such customers will generally be recognized ratably over the contract term, which we expect may potentially result in less revenue in the period the customer transitions but incremental revenues over the remaining term.
Revenues by Geography
 Three Months Ended July 31,
(in millions)2025As a % of Total Revenues2024As a % of Total RevenuesGrowth Rate
Americas$6,736 66 %$6,201 67 %9 %
Europe2,429 24 2,184 23 11 
Asia Pacific1,071 10 940 10 14 
$10,236 100 %$9,325 100 %10 %
 Six Months Ended July 31,
(in millions)2025As a % of Total Revenues2024As a % of Total RevenuesGrowth Rate
Americas$13,205 66 %$12,263 66 %8 %
Europe4,766 24 4,329 24 10 
Asia Pacific2,094 10 1,866 10 12 
$20,065 100 %$18,458 100 %9 %
Revenues by geography are determined based on the region of the Salesforce contracting entity, which may be different than the region of the customer. The increase in revenues across all regions was primarily due to the continued execution of our
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business and growth strategy, including increasing our geographic reach primarily through extending our go-to-market capabilities globally. Total revenues were positively impacted by approximately one percent due to fluctuations in foreign currencies during the three months ended July 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended July 31, 2024, and were minimally impacted by foreign currency fluctuations during the six months ended July 31, 2025 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2024.
Cost of Revenues
 Three Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)2025As a % of Total Revenues2024As a % of Total RevenuesDollars
Subscription and support$1,645 16 %$1,556 17 %$89 
Professional services and other597 6 603 6 (6)
Total cost of revenues$2,242 22 %$2,159 23 %$83 
 Six Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)2025As a % of Total Revenues2024As a % of Total RevenuesDollars
Subscription and support$3,256 16 %$3,116 17 %$140 
Professional services and other1,251 6 1,205 6 46 
Total cost of revenues$4,507 22 %$4,321 23 %$186 
Cost of revenue as a percentage of total revenue during the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 decreased by one percent from the same periods a year ago primarily as a result of a decrease in amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combinations. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2025, the increase in cost of revenues in absolute dollars was primarily due to an increase in service delivery expenses associated with our platform and an increase in employee-related costs, primarily in lower cost regions, partially offset by a decrease in amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combinations.
We intend to continue to invest additional resources in enterprise cloud computing services to allow us to scale with our customers and continue to evolve our security measures. The timing of these expenses, which also includes the use of AI and agents, may cause our cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues to fluctuate over time due to changes in demand for our service offerings.
Operating Expenses
 Three Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)2025As a % of Total Revenues2024As a % of Total RevenuesDollars
Research and development$1,481 14 %$1,349 14 %$132 
Sales and marketing3,443 34 3,224 35 219 
General and administrative734 7 711 8 23 
Restructuring4 0 99 1 (95)
Total operating expenses$5,662 55 %$5,383 58 %$279 
 Six Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)2025As a % of Total Revenues2024As a % of Total RevenuesDollars
Research and development$2,941 15 %$2,717 15 %$224 
Sales and marketing6,872 34 6,463 35 409 
General and administrative1,431 7 1,358 7 73 
Restructuring40 0 107 1 (67)
Total operating expenses$11,284 56 %$10,645 58 %$639 
Research and development expenses as a percentage of total revenues during the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 were consistent with the same periods a year ago. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2025, the increase in research and development expenses in absolute dollars was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, primarily in lower cost regions.
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We expect that research and development expenses will likely remain consistent as a percentage of revenues over time as we continue to invest in the development of new, and improve existing, technologies, including AI, agents and our Data Cloud service offerings, and the integration of acquired technologies.
Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of total revenues during the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 decreased by one percent from the same periods a year ago due to a decrease in relative employee-related costs. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2025, the increase in sales and marketing expenses in absolute dollars was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs and an increase in marketing events, which includes our Agentforce World Tours.
We expect that sales and marketing expenses may decrease as a percentage of revenues over time as we continue to focus on leveraging our self-serve and partner-led channels and increasing our sales productivity, which includes the use of AI and agents.
General and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues during the three months ended July 31, 2025 decreased by one percent from the same period a year ago due to decreased bad debt expenses and were consistent during the six months ended July 31, 2025 compared to the same period a year ago. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2025, the increase in general and administrative expenses in absolute dollars was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs and professional services expenses, partially offset by a decrease in bad debt expenses.
We expect that general and administrative expenses may decrease as a percentage of revenues over time as we continue to invest in process efficiency initiatives, which includes the use of AI and agents.
In the three and six months ended July 31, 2025, approximately $4 million and $40 million, respectively, of costs were incurred related to our restructuring initiatives, which were primarily related to employee transitions, severance payments and employee benefits.
Other Income and Expense
 Three Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)20252024Dollars
Gains (losses) on strategic investments, net$6 $(37)$43 
Other income68 91 (23)
 Six Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)20252024Dollars
Gains (losses) on strategic investments, net$(57)$0 $(57)
Other income163 212 (49)
Gains (losses) on strategic investments, net consists primarily of mark-to-market adjustments related to our publicly held equity securities, observable price adjustments related to our privately held equity securities, impairments and other adjustments. For the three months ended July 31, 2025, our strategic investment portfolio gains were primarily driven by unrealized gains on privately held equity investments of $53 million, realized gains on sales of securities of $26 million and unrealized gains on publicly traded equity securities of $13 million, partially offset by impairments on privately held investments of $86 million. For the six months ended July 31, 2025, our strategic investment portfolio losses were primarily driven by impairments on privately held equity investments of $133 million, partially offset by unrealized gains on privately held equity securities of $60 million and realized gains on sales of securities of $19 million.
Other income primarily consists of investment income, partially offset by interest expense on our debt and finance leases. Interest expense was $67 million and $68 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $135 million and $137 million for the six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Provision For Income Taxes
 Three Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)20252024Dollars
Provision for income taxes$(519)$(408)$(111)
Effective tax rate22 %22 %
 Six Months Ended July 31,Variance
(in millions)20252024Dollars
Provision for income taxes$(952)$(742)$(210)
Effective tax rate22 %20 %
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We recorded a tax provision of $519 million and $408 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and a tax provision of $952 million and $742 million for the six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our year-to-date effective tax rate increased from a year ago primarily due to lower excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation. The effective tax rate may fluctuate due to changes in our domestic and foreign earnings, or material discrete tax items, or a combination of these factors resulting from transactions or events, including, for example, acquisitions, changes to our operating structure, and other macroeconomic factors.
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted into law. The OBBBA includes significant changes to US corporate tax provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Notably, it allows an immediate deduction for domestic research and development expenditures, reinstates 100% bonus depreciation, and modifies the international tax framework. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in fiscal 2026 and others in the subsequent years. The changes had an immaterial impact to the Company’s tax provision for the period ended July 31, 2025.
The Company may record additional impacts to its tax provision in the subsequent quarters as it continues to analyze the new law, other factors such as changes from its business operations, financial results and forecasts, and interrelated items including changes to our valuation allowance assessment related to Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“CAMT”) credits.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
At July 31, 2025, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $15.4 billion and accounts receivable of $5.6 billion. Our cash equivalents and marketable securities are comprised primarily of corporate notes and obligations, U.S. treasury securities, U.S. agency obligations, asset-backed securities, foreign government obligations, mortgage-backed obligations, covered bonds, time deposits, money market mutual funds and municipal securities. Our Revolving Loan Credit Agreement (as defined below), which provides the ability to borrow up to $5.0 billion in unsecured financing (the “Credit Facility”) as of July 31, 2025, also serves as a source of liquidity.
Net cash provided by operating activities could continue to be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks detailed in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, cash provided by operating activities, unbilled amounts related to contracted noncancellable subscription agreements, which are not reflected on the balance sheet, and, if necessary, our borrowing capacity under our Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital, capital expenditure and debt maintenance needs over the next 12 months and thereafter.
In the future, we may enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, technologies and intellectual property rights. To facilitate these acquisitions or investments, we may seek additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all, impacting our ability to complete subsequent acquisitions or investments. For example, we entered into certain credit agreements in connection with our pending acquisition of Informatica. See discussion in “Debt” below.
We expect lower cash taxes primarily due to the immediate deduction of domestic research and development expenditures allowed by the OBBBA.
Cash Flows
For the three and six months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, our cash flows were as follows (in millions):
2Three Months Ended July 31,Six Months Ended July 31,
 2025202420252024
Net cash provided by operating activities$740 $892 $7,216 $7,139 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities1,165 2,641 (402)(10)
Net cash used in financing activities(2,503)(5,802)(5,423)(7,910)
Operating Activities
The net cash provided by operating activities during the six months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily comprised of net income of $3.4 billion, adjusted for non-cash items, including $1.7 billion of depreciation and amortization and $1.6 billion of stock-based compensation expense. Net cash provided by operating activities can be significantly impacted by factors such as growth in new business, timing of cash receipts from customers, vendor payment terms and timing of payments to vendors. Net cash provided by operating activities during the six months ended July 31, 2025 was further benefited by the changes in accounts receivable, net of $6.3 billion, partially offset by the change in unearned revenue of $4.2 billion and the change in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities of $1.2 billion. As our business continues to grow, and assuming our expenses remain in line with or less than our revenue growth, we expect to continue to see growth in net cash provided by operating activities.
The net cash provided by operating activities during the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily comprised of net income of $3.0 billion, adjusted for non-cash items, including $1.8 billion of depreciation and amortization and $1.6 billion of
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stock-based compensation expense. Cash provided by operating activities during the six months ended July 31, 2024 was further benefited by the changes in accounts receivable, net of $6.0 billion partially offset by the change in unearned revenue of $3.8 billion and the change in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities of $535 million.
Investing Activities
The net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily related to net outflows from strategic investment activity of $279 million and capital expenditures of $314 million, partially offset by net inflows from marketable securities activity of $245 million.
The net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily related to net outflows for the acquisition of Spiff of $338 million, net outflows from strategic investment activity of $202 million and capital expenditures of $300 million, partially offset by net inflows from marketable securities activity of $830 million.
Financing Activities
The net cash used in financing activities during the six months ended July 31, 2025 was primarily related to $4.9 billion used for repurchases of common stock and $801 million related to payments of dividends, partially offset by $526 million of proceeds from equity plans.
Net cash used in financing activities during the six months ended July 31, 2024 consisted primarily of $6.5 billion used for repurchases of common stock, $1.0 billion related to repayments of debt and $772 million related to payments of dividends, partially offset by $735 million of proceeds from equity plans.
Debt
As of July 31, 2025, we had senior unsecured debt outstanding, with maturities starting in April 2028 and extending through July 2061 with a total carrying value of $8.4 billion. We were in compliance with all debt covenants as of July 31, 2025.
In October 2024, we entered into a Credit Agreement with the lenders and issuing lenders party thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Revolving Loan Credit Agreement”). The Revolving Loan Credit Agreement replaced the Credit Agreement, dated December 23, 2020 (as amended, the “Prior Credit Agreement”), among us, the lenders and the issuing lenders party thereto, and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, which provided for a $3.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility that was scheduled to mature on December 23, 2025. There were no outstanding borrowings under the Prior Credit Agreement.
The Revolving Loan Credit Agreement provides for a $5.0 billion Credit Facility and matures in October 2029. We may use the proceeds of future borrowings under the Credit Facility for general corporate purposes. There were no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility as of July 31, 2025.
In June 2025, we entered into a 364-Day Credit Agreement that provides us with the ability to borrow up to $4.0 billion and a three-year Credit Agreement that provides us with the ability to borrow up to $2.0 billion, both on an unsecured basis, to finance a portion of the cash consideration for the pending acquisition of Informatica, the repayment of certain debt of Informatica and the payment of fees, costs and expenses related thereto (collectively, the “Informatica Credit Agreements”). The availability and funding of each credit agreement is conditioned on the consummation of the acquisition of Informatica in accordance with the terms of the merger agreement and is subject to certain exceptions, qualifications and certain other conditions. There were no outstanding borrowings under the Informatica Credit Agreements as of July 31, 2025.
We do not have any special purpose entities and we do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements.
Share Repurchase Program
Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a program to repurchase shares of the Company's common stock (the "Share Repurchase Program"), which commenced in August 2022 and had additional authorizations approved by the Board in February 2023 and February 2024, for an aggregate total authorization of $30.0 billion. In September 2025, the Board authorized an additional $20.0 billion in repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program, for an aggregate total authorized of $50.0 billion. The Share Repurchase Program does not have a fixed expiration date and does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares.
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We repurchased the following under the Share Repurchase Program (in millions, except average price per share):
20252024
SharesAverage price per shareAmountSharesAverage price per shareAmount
Three months ended April 3010 $273.42 $2,681 7 $293.00 $2,168 
Three months ended July 318 $269.96 $2,199 18 $246.14 $4,288 
All repurchases were made in open market transactions. As of July 31, 2025, we were authorized to purchase a remaining $5.7 billion of the Company’s common stock under the Share Repurchase Program. Subsequent to July 31, 2025, we have incurred approximately $0.8 billion through August 28, 2025 for additional shares under the Share Repurchase Program.
Dividends
We announced the following dividends:
Quarter EndedRecord DatePayment DateDividend per ShareAmount
(in millions)
Fiscal 2026
April 30, 2025April 10, 2025April 24, 2025$0.416 $406 
July 31, 2025June 18, 2025July 10, 2025$0.416 $404 
Fiscal 2025
April 30, 2024March 14, 2024April 11, 2024$0.40 $388 
July 31, 2024July 9, 2024July 25, 2024$0.40 $388 
The declaration and payment of future cash dividends is subject to the Board continuing to determine that the declaration of dividends is in the best interests of the Company and our stockholders, after giving consideration to continued capital availability, general economic and market conditions, and applicable laws and agreements.
Contractual Obligations
As of July 31, 2025, there were no significant changes to our estimates of future payments under our fixed contractual obligations and commitments as presented in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2025. For more information regarding our lease obligations as of July 31, 2025, see Note 5 “Leases and Other Commitments” to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We generally expect to satisfy these commitments with cash on our balance sheet and cash provided by operating activities.
During the six months ended July 31, 2025 and in future years, we have made, and expect to continue to make, additional investments in enterprise cloud computing services to allow us to scale with our customers and continue to evolve our security measures. We plan to upgrade or replace various internal systems to scale with our overall growth. While we continue to make investments in our infrastructure and with infrastructure service providers to provide capacity for the growth of our business, our strategy may continue to change related to these investments and we may slow the pace of our investments.
Other Future Obligations
As of July 31, 2025, we expect approximately $30 million to $50 million in future cash payments related to our restructuring initiatives, primarily related to workforce costs such as severance payments. We generally expect to satisfy these commitments with cash on our balance sheet and cash provided by operating activities.
In May 2025, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Informatica, an AI-powered enterprise cloud data management platform. Under the terms of the agreement, holders of Informatica’s Class A and Class B-1 common stock will receive $25 in cash per share and we will acquire all outstanding shares of common stock of Informatica that it does not already own. The transaction represents an equity value of approximately $8 billion, net of our current investment in Informatica. The agreement also provides for our assumption of unvested equity awards held by Informatica employees. We expect to fund the transaction with a combination of new debt and cash on our balance sheet.
In July 2025, we committed up to $750 million for a strategic investment in Genesys Cloud Services Topco LLC, which offers a cloud-based AI customer experience platform. We expect to fund this investment in fiscal 2026 with cash on our balance sheet.
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Our mergers and acquisitions framework has included several acquisitions that accelerate our agentic roadmap, including our recently announced acquisition of Regrello, a developer of an AI-native business process automation solution. These acquisitions, along with our pending acquisition of Informatica, are bringing in key talent and technology to accelerate innovation. Under the terms of the agreement to acquire Regrello, which was entered into in August 2025, we will acquire the company for approximately $900 million in cash, subject to customary purchase price adjustments. The agreement also provides for our assumption of unvested outstanding equity awards held by Regrello employees. The acquisition is expected to close in the third quarter of fiscal 2026, subject to customary closing conditions.
Stakeholder Impact
We believe that business is the greatest platform for change. Guided by our values, we work to earn the trust of our stakeholders. Transparency is key to trust, which is why we have published an annual Stakeholder Impact Report for over ten years to keep our stakeholders informed and to hold ourselves accountable to our sustainability, impact and equality strategies. Our disclosures in these areas are also informed by topics identified through relevancy assessments and third-party ESG reporting organizations, frameworks and standards, such as the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (“SASB”) Standards. Read more about these initiatives and view our Stakeholder Impact Report at https://salesforce.com/stakeholder-impact-report. Website references throughout this document are provided for convenience only, and the content on the referenced websites is not incorporated by reference into this report.
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ITEM 3.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to financial market risks, including changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and equity investment risks. This exposure has increased due to recent financial market movements and changes to our expectations of near-term possible movements caused by the impact of the macroeconomic environment as discussed in more detail below.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
We primarily conduct our business in the following locations: the United States, Europe, Canada, Latin America, Asia Pacific and Japan. The expanding global scope of our business exposes us to the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency markets, including emerging markets. This exposure is the result of selling in multiple currencies, operating in countries where the functional currency is the local currency and growth in our international investments, including data center expansion, costs associated with third-party infrastructure providers and additional headcount in foreign countries. Specifically, our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations in the following currencies: the Euro, British Pound Sterling, Japanese Yen, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar and Brazilian Real against the United States Dollar (“USD”). These exposures may change over time as business practices evolve and economic conditions change. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates could have an adverse impact on our financial results and cash flows.
Foreign Currency Transaction Risk
Our foreign currency exposures typically arise from selling annual and multi-year subscriptions in multiple currencies, customer accounts receivable, intercompany transfer pricing arrangements and other intercompany transactions. Our foreign currency management objective is to minimize the effect of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on selected assets or liabilities without exposing us to additional risk associated with transactions that could be regarded as speculative.
We pursue our objective by utilizing foreign currency forward contracts to offset foreign exchange risk. Our foreign currency forward contracts are generally short-term in duration. We neither use these foreign currency forward contracts for trading purposes nor do we currently designate these forward contracts as hedging instruments under the relevant accounting and financial reporting guidelines. Accordingly, we record the fair values of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period to our condensed consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair values recorded to our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Given the short duration of the forward contracts, the amount recorded is not significant. Our ultimate realized gain or loss with respect to foreign currency exposures will generally depend on the size and type of cross-currency transactions that we enter into, the currency exchange rates associated with these exposures and changes in those rates, the net realized gain or loss on our foreign currency forward contracts and other factors.
Foreign Currency Translation Risk
Fluctuations in foreign currencies impact the amount of total assets, liabilities, revenues, operating expenses and cash flows that we report for our foreign subsidiaries upon the translation of these amounts into USD. Total revenue during the three months ended July 31, 2025 was positively impacted by approximately one percent due to fluctuations in foreign currencies compared to the three months ended July 31, 2024. In addition, fluctuations in foreign currencies positively impacted our current remaining performance obligation growth rate as of July 31, 2025 by approximately one percent compared to what we would have reported as of July 31, 2024 using constant currency rates.
Interest Rate Sensitivity
As of July 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $15.4 billion. This amount was invested primarily in money market funds, time deposits, corporate notes and bonds, government securities and other debt securities with credit ratings of at least BBB or better. The cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are held for general corporate purposes, including share repurchases, dividend payments, acquisitions of, or investments in, complementary businesses, services or technologies, working capital and capital expenditures. Our investments are made for capital preservation purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.
Our cash equivalents and our portfolio of marketable securities are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates. Fixed-rate securities may have their market value adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. However, because we classify our debt securities as “available for sale,” no gains or losses are recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of operations due to changes in interest rates. Gains or losses recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of operations are limited to those related to either the sale of securities prior to maturity or expected credit losses.
Our fixed-income portfolio is also subject to interest rate risk. An immediate increase or decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points at July 31, 2025 could result in a $66 million market value reduction or increase of the same amount. This estimate is based on a sensitivity model that measures market value changes when changes in interest rates occur. Fluctuations in the
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value of our investment securities caused by a change in interest rates (gains or losses on the carrying value) are recorded in comprehensive income, net, and are realized only if we sell the underlying securities.
At January 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $14.0 billion. Changes in interest rates of 100 basis points would have resulted in market value changes of $61 million.
Market Risk and Market Interest Risk
We deposit our cash with multiple financial institutions.
Debt
We maintain debt obligations that are subject to market interest risk, as follows (in millions):
InstrumentMaturity DatePrincipal Outstanding as of July 31, 2025Interest TermsContractual Interest Rate
364-Day Informatica Credit Agreement (1)N/A (1)0 FloatingN/A
Three-Year Informatica Credit Agreement (1)N/A (1)0 FloatingN/A
Revolving Loan Credit AgreementOctober 20290 FloatingN/A
2028 Senior NotesApril 20281,500 Fixed3.70
2028 Senior Sustainability NotesJuly 20281,000 Fixed1.50
2031 Senior NotesJuly 20311,500 Fixed1.95
2041 Senior NotesJuly 20411,250 Fixed2.70
2051 Senior NotesJuly 20512,000 Fixed2.90
2061 Senior NotesJuly 20611,250 Fixed3.05
(1) Not currently funded; availability and funding of the Informatica Credit Agreements are conditioned on the consummation of the acquisition of Informatica
Subject to the consummation of the Informatica acquisition, any borrowings under the Informatica Credit Agreements will bear interest at a fluctuating rate per annum equal to, at our option, an alternate base rate or term SOFR rate, in each case, plus an applicable margin calculated based on our credit ratings. We will also pay to the lenders under the Informatica Credit Agreements certain customary fees, including undrawn commitment fees. As of July 31, 2025, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Informatica Credit Agreements.
Any borrowings under our Revolving Loan Credit Agreement bear interest, at our option, at a base rate plus a spread of 0.00% or an adjusted benchmark rate plus a spread of 0.50% to 0.85%, in each case with such spread being determined based on our credit rating. We are also obligated to pay an ongoing commitment fee on undrawn amounts. As of July 31, 2025, there was no outstanding borrowing amount under the Credit Facility.
The bank counterparties to our derivative contracts potentially expose us to credit-related losses in the event of their nonperformance. To mitigate that risk, we only contract with counterparties who meet the minimum requirements under our counterparty risk assessment process. We monitor ratings, credit spreads and potential downgrades on at least a quarterly basis. Based on our ongoing assessment of counterparty risk, we adjust our exposure to various counterparties. We generally enter into master netting arrangements, which reduce credit risk by permitting net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. However, we do not have any master netting arrangements in place with collateral features.
Strategic Investments
As of July 31, 2025, our strategic investment portfolio consisted of investments in over 400 companies with a combined carrying value of $5.1 billion, including three privately held investments with carrying values that were individually greater than five percent of the total strategic investments portfolio and represented 18 percent of the portfolio in aggregate.
The following table sets forth additional information regarding active equity investments within our strategic investment portfolio as of July 31, 2025 and excludes exited investments (in millions):
Investment Type Capital Invested Unrealized Gains (Cumulative) Unrealized Losses (Cumulative)
Carrying Value as of July 31, 2025
Publicly held equity securities $46 $40 $(2)$84 
Privately held equity securities 4,619 1,140 (803)4,956 
Total equity securities$4,665 $1,180 $(805)$5,040 
Fluctuations in the value of our privately held equity securities are only recorded when there is an observable transaction for a same or similar security of the same issuer, or in the event of impairment. These investments are in various classes of
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equity with varying rights and preferences. The particular securities we hold, and their rights and preferences relative to other securities within the capital structure of a company, may impact the magnitude by which our investment value moves in relation to changes in the total fair value of that company. For example, our five largest privately held equity securities represent $1.3 billion in total strategic investments as of July 31, 2025. If the enterprise value of the companies in which we hold those securities decreased by ten percent, the carrying value of our investment portfolio would decline by approximately $79 million. We anticipate future volatility in our condensed consolidated statements of operations due to changes in market prices, observable price changes and impairments of our strategic investments. The resulting gains or losses could be material depending on market conditions and events, particularly in periods with economic uncertainty, inflation, volatile public equity markets or unsettled global market conditions.
We continually evaluate our investments in privately held and publicly traded companies. In certain cases, our ability to sell these investments may be impacted by contractual obligations to hold the securities for a set period of time after a public offering.
In addition, the financial success of our investment in any company is typically dependent on a liquidity event, such as a public offering, acquisition or other favorable market event reflecting appreciation to the cost of our initial investment. All of our investments, particularly those in privately held companies, are therefore subject to a risk of partial or total loss of invested capital.
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ITEM 4.     CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of the end of the period covered by this report.
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
Based on management’s evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to, and are effective to, provide assurance at a reasonable level, that the information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during our most recently completed fiscal quarter. In the second quarter of fiscal 2026, we implemented a new enterprise resource planning system (“ERP”) and in connection with the foregoing, made certain changes to our internal controls over financial reporting related to the associated processes. We will continue to evaluate any further changes, if any, in our internal control over financial reporting during subsequent periods to confirm adequate internal control effectiveness. Except for our ERP implementation and associated processes, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that there has not been any other material change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter covered by this report that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II.
ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We evaluate all claims and lawsuits with respect to their potential merits, our potential defenses and counterclaims, settlement or litigation potential and the expected effect on us. Our technologies may be subject to an injunction if they are found to infringe the rights of a third party. In addition, many of our subscription agreements require us to indemnify our customers for third-party intellectual property infringement claims, which could increase the cost to us of an adverse ruling on such a claim.
The outcome of any claims or litigation, regardless of the merits, is inherently uncertain. Any claims and other lawsuits, and the disposition of such claims and lawsuits, whether through settlement or litigation, could be time-consuming and expensive to resolve, divert our attention from executing our business plan, result in efforts to enjoin our activities, lead to attempts by third parties to seek similar claims and, in the case of intellectual property claims, require us to change our technology, change our business practices, pay monetary damages or enter into short- or long-term royalty or licensing agreements.
For more information regarding legal proceedings see Note 13 “Legal Proceedings and Claims” to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the following discussion of material risks, events and uncertainties that make an investment in us speculative or risky in addition to the other information included in this Quarterly Report. A manifestation of any of the following risks and uncertainties could, in circumstances we may or may not be able to accurately predict, materially and adversely affect our business and operations, growth, reputation, prospects, operating and financial results, financial condition, cash flows, liquidity and stock price. Some of the factors, events and contingencies discussed below may have occurred in the past, but the disclosures below are not representations as to whether or not the factors, events or contingencies have occurred in the past and instead reflect our beliefs and opinions as to the factors, events or contingencies that could materially and adversely affect us in the future. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Other events, factors or uncertainties that we do not currently anticipate or that we currently deem immaterial also may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, other key metrics and the trading price of our common stock. Therefore, you should not consider the following risks to be a complete statement of all the potential risks or uncertainties that we face.
Risk Factor Summary
Operational and Execution Risks
•Any breaches in our security measures or those of our third-party data center hosting facilities, cloud computing platform providers, customers or third-party service partners, or the underlying infrastructure of the Internet that cause unauthorized access to a customer’s data, our data or our IT systems, or the blockage or disablement of authorized access to our services.
•Any defects or disruptions in our services that diminish demand for our services.
•Any interruptions or delays in services from third parties, including data center hosting facilities, cloud computing platform providers and other hardware and software vendors, as well as internet availability, or from our inability to adequately plan for and manage service interruptions or infrastructure capacity requirements.
•An inability to realize the expected business or financial benefits of company and technology acquisitions.
•Strain on our personnel resources and infrastructure from supporting our existing and growing customer base or an inability to scale our operations and increase productivity.
•Customer attrition, or our inability to accurately predict subscription renewals and upgrade rates.
•Disruptions caused by periodic changes to our sales organization.
•Exposure to risks inherent in international operations from sales to customers outside the United States.
•A more time-consuming and expensive sales cycle, pricing pressure and implementation and configuration challenges as we target more of our sales efforts at larger enterprise customers.
•Any loss of key members of our management team or development and operations personnel, or inability to attract and retain employees necessary to support our operations and growth.
•Any failure in the delivery of high-quality professional and technical support services related to our online applications.
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Strategic and Industry Risks
•An inability to compete effectively in the intensely competitive markets in which we participate.
•Any failure to expand our services and to develop and integrate our existing services in order to keep pace with technological developments.
•An inability to maintain and enhance our brands.
•Partial or complete loss of invested capital, or significant changes in the fair value, of our strategic investment portfolio.
•Any discontinuance by third-party developers and providers in embracing our technology delivery model and enterprise cloud computing services, or customers asking us for warranties for third-party applications, integrations, data and content.
•Social and ethical issues, including the use or capabilities of AI in our offerings.
•The evolving landscape related to environmental, social and governance matters.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
•Privacy concerns and laws as well as evolving regulation of cloud computing, increased restriction of cross-border data transfers and other regulatory developments.
•Evolving industry-specific regulations, requirements, interpretive positions or standards.
•Lawsuits against us by third parties for various claims, including alleged infringement of proprietary rights.
•Any failure to obtain registration or protection of our intellectual property rights.
•Risks related to government contracts and related procurement regulations.
•Governmental sanctions and export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets and may subject us to liability.
Financial Risks
•Downturns or upturns in new business, which may not be immediately reflected in our operating results because we generally recognize revenue from subscriptions for our services over the term of the subscription.
•Significant fluctuations in our rate of anticipated growth and any failure to balance our expenses with our revenue forecasts.
•Unanticipated changes in our effective tax rate and additional tax liabilities and global tax developments.
•Fluctuations in currency exchange rates, particularly the U.S. Dollar versus local currencies.
•Our debt service obligations, lease commitments and other contractual obligations.
Risks Related to Owning Our Common Stock
•Fluctuations in our quarterly results.
•Volatility in the market price of our common stock and associated litigation.
•Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law that might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of the Company or changes in our management.
General Risks
•Volatile and significantly weakened global economic conditions.
•The occurrence of natural disasters and other events beyond our control.
•The long-term impact of climate change on our business.
Operational and Execution Risks
If our security measures or those of our third-party data center hosting facilities, cloud computing platform providers, customers or third-party service partners, or the underlying infrastructure of the Internet are breached, and unauthorized access is obtained to a customer’s data, our data or our IT systems, or authorized access is blocked or disabled, our services may be perceived as not being secure, customers may curtail or stop using our services, and we may incur significant reputational harm, legal exposure and liabilities, or a negative financial impact.
Our services involve the storage and transmission of our customers’ and our customers’ customers’ proprietary and other sensitive data, including financial, health and other personal information. Our services and underlying infrastructure may in the future be materially breached or compromised as a result of the following:
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•third-party attempts to fraudulently induce our employees or partners to disclose sensitive information to gain access to our customers’ data or IT systems, or our data or our IT systems;
•third party attempts to fraudulently induce our customers to disclose sensitive information to gain access to our customers’ data or IT systems;
•efforts by hackers or sophisticated groups, such as criminal organizations, state-sponsored organizations or nation-states, to launch coordinated cyberattacks on internally built infrastructure or on third-party cloud-computing platform providers, including ransomware, destructive malware and distributed denial-of-service attacks;
•third-party attempts to abuse our marketing, advertising, messaging or social products and functionalities to impersonate persons or organizations and disseminate information that is false, misleading or malicious;
•vulnerabilities existing within new technologies and infrastructures, including those from acquired companies, or resulting from enhancements and updates to our existing service offerings;
•vulnerabilities in the products or components across the broad ecosystem that our services operate in conjunction with and are dependent on;
•attacks on, or vulnerabilities in, the many different underlying networks and services that power the Internet that our products depend on, most of which are not under our control or the control of our vendors, partners or customers; and
•employee or contractor errors or intentional acts that compromise our security systems.
These risks are mitigated, to the extent feasible, by our ability to maintain and improve business and data governance policies and enhance processes and internal security controls, including our ability to escalate and respond to known and potential risks. We can provide no assurances that our security measures, including implemented systems and processes designed to protect our customers’ and our customers’ customers’ proprietary and other sensitive data, will provide absolute security or otherwise be effective or that a material breach will not occur. For example, our ability to mitigate these risks may be impacted by the following:
•evolving techniques used to breach or sabotage IT systems and infrastructure, including as a result of the increased use of AI technologies by bad actors, which are generally not recognized until launched against a target, and could result in our inability to anticipate or implement adequate measures to prevent such techniques;
•the increasing complexity of our internal IT systems as we incorporate and secure IT environments from acquired companies and early adoption of new technologies and new ways of sharing data; and
•our limited control over our customers or third-party technology providers (including those authorized by customers to access their data), or the processing of data by third-party technology providers, which may not allow us to maintain the integrity or security of such transmissions or processing.
In the normal course of business, we and our customers are and have been the target of malicious cyberattacks and have experienced other security incidents. Although, to date, we have not identified any security events involving our systems that have had a material financial impact on us, there can be no assurance that future cyberattacks will not be material or significant. Additionally, as our market presence grows, we may face increased risks of cyberattacks or security threats, and as AI technologies, including generative AI models, develop rapidly, threat actors are using these technologies to create new sophisticated attack methods that are increasingly automated, targeted and coordinated and more difficult to defend against.
A security breach or incident could result in unauthorized parties obtaining access to, or the denial of authorized access to, our IT systems or data, or our customers’ systems or data, including intellectual property and proprietary, sensitive or other confidential information. We have contractual and other legal obligations to notify relevant stakeholders of security breaches. For example, SEC rules require disclosure on Form 8-K of the nature, scope and timing of any material cybersecurity incident and the reasonably likely impact of any such incident. A security breach or resulting mandatory disclosure could result in a loss of confidence in the security of our services, damage our reputation, negatively impact our future sales, disrupt our business and lead to increases in insurance premiums and legal, regulatory and financial exposure and liability. Further, there can be no assurance that our insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover the financial, legal, business, or reputational losses that may result from a cybersecurity incident or breach of our IT systems. Finally, the prevention, detection and remediation of known or potential security vulnerabilities, including determining whether a cybersecurity incident is notifiable or reportable, may not be straightforward and may result in additional financial burdens due to additional direct and indirect costs to respond to or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security breach, such as additional infrastructure capacity spending to mitigate any system degradation and the reallocation of resources from development activities.
Defects or disruptions in our services could diminish demand for our services and subject us to substantial liability.
We have in the past and may in the future find defects in or experience disruptions to our services. Such issues may arise in a variety of circumstances, including due to our customers using our services in unanticipated ways that may cause a disruption in services for other customers attempting to access their data; as a result of employee, contractor or other third-party action or inaction; or due to the complexity of our services, which incorporate a variety of hardware, proprietary software and
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third-party and open-source software. Across the industry, cloud services frequently contain undetected errors when first introduced or when new versions or enhancements are released. We may also encounter difficulties integrating acquired or licensed technologies into our services and in augmenting the technologies we use to meet quality standards that are consistent with our brand and reputation, which may result in our services containing errors or defects.
We have experienced and may in the future experience defects in our products that create vulnerabilities that inadvertently permit access to protected customer data. We can provide no assurance that such product defects or other vulnerabilities will not occur in the future, have a material adverse effect on our business or subject us to substantial liability. Vulnerabilities in open source or any proprietary or third-party product can persist even after security patches have been issued if customers have not installed the most recent updates, or if the attackers exploited the vulnerabilities before patching was complete. In some cases, vulnerabilities may not be immediately detected, which may make it difficult to recover critical services and lead to damaged assets.
Since our customers use our services for important aspects of their business, errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems have in the past adversely impacted our customers’ businesses and could do so in the future. As a result, customers could elect to not renew our services or delay or withhold payment to us. We could also lose future sales or customers may make warranty or other claims against us, which could result in an increase in our allowance for doubtful accounts, an increase in collection cycles for accounts receivable or the expense and risk of litigation.
Any interruptions or delays in services from third parties, including data center hosting facilities, cloud computing platform providers and other hardware and software vendors, as well as internet availability, or from our inability to adequately plan for and manage service interruptions or infrastructure capacity requirements, could impair the delivery of our services and harm our business.
We currently rely on third-party data center hosting facilities and cloud computing platform providers located in the United States and other countries, as well as the many different underlying networks and services that power the Internet, to deliver our products, services and business operations and to operate critical business systems. We also rely on computer hardware purchased or leased from, software licensed from, and cloud computing platforms provided by third parties in order to offer our services, including database software, hardware and data from a variety of vendors. Any disruption or damage to, or failure of our systems generally, including the systems of third-party providers we rely on, could result in service interruptions and harm our business. We have from time to time experienced service interruptions and such interruptions may occur in the future. As we increase our reliance on these third-party systems, particularly with respect to third-party cloud computing platforms, our exposure to damage from service interruptions or other performance or quality issues may increase. Service interruptions or other performance or quality issues may cause us to issue credits or pay penalties, cause customers to make warranty or other claims against us or to terminate their subscriptions, and adversely affect our attrition rates and our ability to attract new customers, all of which would reduce our revenue. Our business and reputation would also be harmed if our customers and potential customers believe our services are unreliable.
For many of our offerings, our production environment and customers’ data are replicated in a separate facility located elsewhere. Certain offerings, including some offerings of companies added through acquisitions, may be served through alternate facilities or arrangements. We do not control the operation of any of these facilities, and they may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures and similar events. They may also be subject to break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of destruction or vandalism or similar misconduct, as well as local administrative actions, changes to legal or permitting requirements and litigation to stop, limit or delay operation. In addition, supply chain disruptions due to geopolitical developments in Europe may lead to power disruptions in regions where our facilities are located. Despite precautions taken at these facilities, such as disaster recovery and business continuity arrangements, the occurrence of any of the foregoing events or risks, or a natural disaster or public health emergency, an act of terrorism, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems or operational failures at these facilities could result in lengthy service interruptions, and no assurance can be provided that any such interruptions would be remediated without significant cost or in a timely manner or at all.
The hardware, software, data and cloud computing platforms that we rely on, including, for example, the large language models leveraged in our AI offerings, may not continue to be available at reasonable prices, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of these hardware, software, data or cloud computing platforms could significantly increase our expenses and disrupt or otherwise result in delays in the provisioning of our services until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained through purchase or license and integrated into our services, and no assurance can be provided that such equivalent technology would be developed or obtained in a timely manner or at all.
As we scale our operations, the amount and type of information transferred on our offerings continue to evolve, including as a result of the deployment of AI technologies, and our infrastructure capacity requirements, including network capacity, computing power and energy requirements, may increase as a result. Additionally, increased energy consumption, including as a result of AI-related growth, climate-related events, energy market volatility, and power grid disruptions, may increase the operational costs related to inputs across our value chain, including for data centers. If we experience significant strains on our
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data center capacity, whether due to insufficient infrastructure capacity or for other reasons outside of our control, our customers could experience performance degradation or service outages that may subject us to financial liabilities, result in customer losses, subject us to litigation and harm our reputation and business. As we add data centers and capacity and continue to move to cloud computing platform providers, we move or transfer our data and our customers’ data from time to time. Despite precautions taken during this process, any unsuccessful data transfers may impair the delivery of our services, which may damage our business.
As we acquire companies or technologies, we may not realize the expected business or financial benefits and the acquisitions could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our operating results and the market value of our common stock.
As part of our business strategy, we periodically acquire complementary businesses, joint ventures, services and technologies and intellectual property rights. We continue to evaluate such opportunities and expect to make such acquisitions in the future, such as the pending acquisition of Informatica announced in May 2025.
Acquisitions and other transactions and arrangements involve numerous risks and could create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures, including:
•potential failure to achieve the expected benefits on a timely basis or at all;
•potential identified or unknown security vulnerabilities in acquired products that expose us to additional security risks or delay our ability to integrate the product into our service offerings, as well as difficulties in increasing or maintaining the security standards for acquired technology;
•difficulty of transitioning the acquired technology onto our existing platforms and customer acceptance of multiple platforms on a temporary or permanent basis;
•brand or reputational harm associated with our acquired companies;
•challenges converting the acquired company’s revenue recognition policies and forecasting the related revenues, including both consumption- and subscription-based revenues and term software license revenue, as well as appropriate allocation of the customer consideration to the individual deliverables;
•challenges entering into new markets in which we have little or no experience or where competitors may have stronger market positions;
•currency and regulatory risks associated with foreign countries and potential additional cybersecurity and compliance risks resulting from entry into new markets;
•operational and financial difficulties and strains on resources in integrating acquired operations, technologies, services, platforms and personnel;
•regulatory challenges from antitrust or other regulatory authorities that may block, delay or impose conditions (such as divestitures, ownership or operational restrictions or other structural or behavioral remedies) on the completion of transactions or the integration of acquired operations;
•failure to fully assimilate, integrate or retrain acquired employees, which may lead to retention risk with respect to both key acquired employees and our existing key employees or disruption to existing teams or our workplace culture;
•challenges with maintaining the acquired company’s customers, partners and third-party service providers;
•known and potential unknown liabilities associated with the acquired businesses, including due to litigation;
•difficulties in managing, or potential write-offs of, acquired assets, and potential financial and credit risks associated with acquired customers;
•negative impact to our results of operations because of the depreciation and amortization of acquired intangible assets, fixed assets and operating lease right-of-use assets;
•difficulties in and financial costs of addressing acquired compensation structures inconsistent with our compensation structure;
•additional stock-based compensation issued or assumed in connection with the acquisition, including the impact on stockholder dilution and our results of operations;
•ineffective or inadequate controls, procedures and policies at the acquired company; and
•the tax effects related to integration and business operation changes, realizability of our deferred tax assets, and uncertain tax liabilities.
Any of these risks could harm our business or negatively impact our results of operations. In addition, to facilitate acquisitions, we may seek additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all, which may affect our ability to complete subsequent acquisitions, and which may affect the risks of owning our common stock. If we finance acquisitions by issuing equity or convertible or other debt securities or taking out loans, our existing stockholders
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may be diluted, or we could face constraints related to the terms of, and repayment obligation related to, the incurrence of indebtedness that could affect the market price of our common stock. For example, in connection with our pending acquisition of Informatica, we entered into a 364-day Credit Agreement for up to $4.0 billion and a three-year Credit Agreement for up to $2.0 billion, both on an unsecured basis. For more information, see Note 8 “Debt” to the consolidated financial statements in Item I of Part 1.
Our ability to acquire other businesses or technologies, or integrate acquired businesses effectively, may be impaired by trade tensions and increased global scrutiny of foreign investments and acquisitions in the technology sector. For example, several countries, including the United States and countries in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, are considering or have adopted restrictions of varying kinds on transactions involving foreign investments and acquisitions. Antitrust authorities in a number of countries have also reviewed acquisitions in the technology industry with increased scrutiny. Governments may continue to adopt or tighten restrictions of this nature, some of which may apply to acquisitions or integrations of businesses by us, and such restrictions or government actions could negatively impact our business and financial results.
Supporting our existing and growing customer base could strain our personnel resources and infrastructure, and if we are unable to scale our operations and increase productivity, we may not be able to successfully implement our business plan.
We continue to experience significant growth in our customer base, including through acquisitions, which has placed a strain on and in the future may strain our management, administrative, operational and financial infrastructure. We anticipate that significant additional investments, including in human capital software, as well as leveraging agentic AI and other technologies, will be required to scale our operations and increase productivity, to address the needs of our customers, to further develop and enhance our services, to expand into new geographic areas and to scale with our overall growth. These investments will increase our cost base, making it more difficult for us to offset any future revenue shortfalls by reducing expenses in the short term. We may not be able to make these investments as quickly or effectively as necessary to successfully scale our operations.
We regularly upgrade or replace our various software systems and processes. If the implementations of these new applications are delayed, or if we encounter unforeseen problems with our new systems and processes or in migrating away from our existing systems and processes, our operations and our ability to manage our business could be negatively impacted. For example, in the second quarter of fiscal 2026, we implemented a new enterprise resource planning system (“ERP”). Among other things, our ERP is essential to our financial planning, reporting, and compliance programs, and any unforeseen problems with our new ERP or in migrating away from previous systems and processes could harm our ability to manage our business.
Our success will depend in part upon the ability of our senior management to plan and manage our projected growth effectively. To do so, we must continue to increase the productivity of our existing employees and to hire, train and manage new employees as needed. Additionally, changes in our work environment and workforce may not meet the needs and expectations of our workforce or may create operational and workplace culture challenges, which could negatively impact our ability to increase employee productivity or attract and retain our employees and could adversely affect our operations. To manage the expected domestic and international growth of our operations and personnel, we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, our reporting systems and procedures and our utilization of real estate. If we fail to successfully scale our operations and increase productivity, we may be unable to execute our business plan and the value of our common stock could decline.
If our customers do not renew their subscriptions for our services or if they reduce the number of paying subscriptions at the time of renewal, our revenue and current remaining performance obligation could decline and our business may suffer. If customer usage of certain consumption-based offerings is below expected levels, our revenue could decline. If we cannot accurately predict subscription renewals or upgrade rates or optimal pricing for consumption-based contracts, we may not meet our revenue targets, which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for our services after the expiration of their contractual subscription period, which is typically 12 to 36 months, and in the normal course of business, some customers have elected not to renew. In addition, our customers may renew for fewer subscriptions, renew for shorter contract lengths or switch to lower cost offerings of our services, particularly in times of general economic uncertainty. It is difficult to predict attrition rates given our varied customer base and the number of multi-year subscription contracts. Our attrition rates may increase or fluctuate as a result of various factors, including customer dissatisfaction with our services, customers’ spending levels, mix of customer base, decreases in the number of users at our customers, competition, pricing increases or changes, such as the increased prevalence of consumption-based pricing models and economic downturns.
Our future success also depends in part on our ability to sell additional features and services, more subscriptions or enhanced editions of our services to our current customers. This may also require increasingly sophisticated and costly sales efforts that are targeted at senior management. Similarly, the rate at which our customers purchase new or enhanced services
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depends on a number of factors, including general economic conditions and customer receptiveness to any price changes related to these additional features and services.
In addition, the markets and monetization strategies for certain offerings, including Agentforce and Data Cloud, remain relatively new and uncertain and as a result our expansion into such offerings, and related investments, may present additional risks and challenges. For example, we offer certain products, including Agentforce and Data Cloud, through a consumption-based business model and may increase the number of products through which we do so. We have limited experience with determining optimal pricing for our consumption-based contracts. Additionally, due to customer flexibility in the timing of their consumption, we could have lower levels of customer consumption of our products than we expect which may result in suboptimal pricing for consumption-based contracts.
Periodic changes to our sales organization can be disruptive and may reduce our rate of growth.
We periodically change and make adjustments to our sales organization in response to market opportunities, competitive threats, management changes, product introductions or enhancements, acquisitions, sales performance, increases in sales headcount, cost levels and other internal and external considerations. Such sales organization changes have in some periods resulted in, and may in the future result in, a reduction of productivity, which could negatively impact our rate of growth in the current and future quarters and operating results, including revenue. In addition, any significant change to the way we structure our compensation of our sales organization may be disruptive and may affect our revenue growth.
Sales to customers outside the United States expose us to risks inherent in international operations.
We sell our services throughout the world and are subject to risks and challenges associated with international business. We intend to seek to continue to expand our international sales efforts. The risks and challenges associated with sales to customers outside the United States or those that can affect international operations generally, include:
•regional economic and political conditions, natural disasters, acts of war, terrorism and actual or threatened public health emergencies;
•localization of our services, including translation into foreign languages and associated expenses;
•regulatory frameworks or business practices favoring local competitors;
•pressure on the creditworthiness of sovereign nations, where we have customers and a balance of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities;
•foreign currency fluctuations and controls, which may make our services more expensive for international customers and could add volatility to or negatively impact our operating results;
•compliance with complex and evolving governmental laws and regulations, including employment, tax, anti-corruption, import/export, customs, anti-boycott, sanctions and embargoes, antitrust, cybersecurity, sustainability and industry-specific laws and regulations, including rules related to compliance by our third-party resellers;
•liquidity issues or political actions by sovereign nations, including nations with a controlled currency environment, could result in decreased values of these balances or potential difficulties protecting our foreign assets or satisfying local obligations;
•vetting and monitoring our third-party resellers in new and evolving markets to confirm they maintain standards consistent with our brand and reputation;
•treatment of revenue from international sources, evolving domestic and international tax environments and changes to tax codes, including being subject to and paying withholding taxes under foreign tax laws;
•uncertainty regarding changes in trade policies, including trade wars, the threat or imposition of tariffs or other trade restrictions, as well as any retaliatory actions, or other geopolitical events, including the evolving relations between the United States and China, the United States and Russia, and ongoing conflicts, such as the war in Ukraine and the regional conflict in the Middle East;
•perceptions of U.S.-based companies in the regions where we operate or plan to operate;
•perceptions of regions or governments in the regions where we operate or plan to operate, resulting in negative publicity or reputational harm;
•regional data privacy laws and other regulatory requirements that apply to outsourced service providers and to the transmission of our customers’ data across international borders;
•different pricing environments;
•difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;
•different or lesser protection of our intellectual property, including increased risk of theft of our proprietary technology and other intellectual property, and more prevalent cybersecurity risks, particularly in jurisdictions in which we have historically chosen not to operate; and
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•longer accounts receivable payment cycles and other collection difficulties.
Any of these factors could negatively impact our business and results of operations. The above factors may also negatively impact our ability to successfully expand into emerging market countries, where we have little or no operating experience, where it can be costly and challenging to establish and maintain operations, including hiring and managing required personnel, and difficult to promote our brand, and where we may not benefit from any first-to-market advantage or otherwise succeed.
As more of our sales efforts are targeted at larger enterprise customers, our sales cycle may become more time-consuming and expensive, we may encounter pricing pressure and implementation and configuration challenges, and we may have to delay revenue recognition for some complex transactions, all of which could harm our business and operating results.
As we target more of our sales efforts at larger enterprise customers, including governmental entities, and specific industries, such as financial services and healthcare and life sciences, we may face greater costs, longer sales cycles, greater competition and less predictability in completing some of our sales. In these market segments, the customer’s decision to use our services is often an enterprise-wide decision and, if so, may require us to provide greater levels of education regarding the use and benefits of our services, as well as addressing concerns regarding privacy and data protection laws and regulations of prospective customers with international operations or whose own customers operate internationally.
In addition, larger customers and governmental entities often demand more configuration, integration services and features. As a result of these factors, these sales opportunities often require us to devote greater sales support and professional services resources to individual customers, driving up costs and time required to complete sales and diverting our own sales and professional services resources to a smaller number of larger transactions, while potentially requiring us to delay revenue recognition on some of these transactions until the technical or implementation requirements have been met.
Pricing and packaging strategies for enterprise and other customers for our existing and future service offerings, including for our AI offerings such as Agentforce, may not be widely accepted by new or existing customers. We offer certain products, such as Agentforce and Data Cloud, through a consumption-based pricing model, and we have limited experience with determining the optimal pricing for our consumption-based contracts. Due to customer flexibility in the timing of their consumption, we could have lower levels of customer consumption of our products than we expect may result in suboptimal pricing for consumption-based contracts. Our adoption of or failure to adopt, as well as the manner and time of, changes to our pricing and packaging models and strategies may harm our business.
We may lose key members of our management team or development and operations personnel, and may be unable to attract and retain employees we need to support our operations and growth.
Our success depends substantially upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key members of management, particularly our chief executive officer. We are also substantially dependent on the continued service of our existing development and operations personnel because of the complexity of our services and technologies. Our executive officers, key management, development or operations personnel could terminate their employment with us at any time. Effective succession planning for management is important to our long-term success, and changes in our management team resulting from the hiring, departure or realignment of executives may be disruptive to our business. If we do not develop adequate succession planning for our key personnel, the loss of one or more of our key employees or groups of employees could seriously harm our business.
The technology industry is subject to substantial and continuous competition for engineers with high levels of experience in designing, developing and managing software and technology services, as well as competition for sales executives, data scientists and operations personnel. We have experienced challenges with significant competition in talent recruitment and retention, particularly for engineers with experience in AI, and may not in the future be successful in recruiting or retaining such talent. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience difficulty in hiring, developing, integrating and retaining highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications. These difficulties may be amplified by evolving restrictions on immigration, travel, or availability of visas for skilled technology workers. Additionally, our compensation arrangements and benefits may not always be successful in attracting new employees or retaining and motivating our existing personnel. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be severely harmed.
In January 2023, we announced a restructuring plan intended to reduce operating costs, improve operating margins and continue advancing our ongoing commitment to profitable growth, which included a reduction of our workforce and office space reductions within certain markets. The workforce reduction was substantially completed by the end of fiscal 2024, and real estate actions are expected to be completed by the end of fiscal 2026. Additionally, throughout fiscal 2025 we initiated further targeted workforce and office space reductions. These restructuring actions, or any similar actions taken in the future, could negatively impact our ability to attract, integrate, retain and motivate key employees.
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In addition, we believe in the importance of our corporate culture, which fosters dialogue, collaboration, recognition, equality and a sense of family. As our organization has grown and expanded globally, and as our workplace plans have developed, including workforce and office space reductions related to our restructuring actions, we have experienced and may continue to experience difficulties maintaining our corporate culture globally, including managing the complexities of communicating with all employees. Any inability to maintain our corporate culture could negatively impact our ability to attract and retain employees, harm our reputation with customers or negatively impact our future growth.
Any failure in the delivery of high-quality professional and technical support services related to our online applications may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and our financial results.
Our customers sometimes require highly skilled and trained service professionals to successfully implement our applications and depend on our support organization to resolve technical issues relating to our applications. Implementation services may be performed by us, our customers, a third party, or a combination thereof. Our strategy is to work with third parties to increase the breadth of capability and depth of capacity for delivery of these services to our customers. If customers are not satisfied with the quality and timing of work by us or a third party or with the type of services or solutions delivered, we could incur additional costs to address the situation, the profitability of that work might be impaired, our revenue recognition could be impacted and the customer’s dissatisfaction with the services received could negatively impact our ability to sell our other offerings to that customer or retain existing customers. In addition, negative publicity related to our customer relationships, regardless of its accuracy, may further damage our business by affecting our ability to compete for new business with current or prospective customers. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services across our varying and diverse offerings. In addition, our sales process is highly dependent on our applications and business reputation and on positive recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure or perceived failure to maintain high-quality professional and technical support services could adversely affect our reputation, our ability to sell our service offerings to existing and prospective customers, and our business, operating results and financial position.
Strategic and Industry Risks
The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be harmed.
The market for enterprise applications and platform services is highly competitive, rapidly evolving, fragmented and subject to changing technology, low barriers to entry, shifting customer needs and frequent introductions of new products and services. Many prospective customers have invested substantial personnel and financial resources to implement and integrate their current enterprise software into their businesses and therefore may be reluctant or unwilling to migrate away from their current solution to a different enterprise software service. Additionally, third-party developers may be reluctant to build application services on our platform since they have invested in other competing technology platforms.
Our current competitors include:
•vendors of packaged business software, as well as companies offering enterprise applications delivered through on-premises offerings from enterprise software application vendors and cloud computing application service providers, either individually or with others;
•software companies that provide their product or service free of charge as a single product or when bundled with other offerings, or only charge a premium for advanced features and functionality, as well as companies that offer solutions that are sold without a direct sales organization;
•vendors who offer software tailored to specific services, industries or market segments, as opposed to our full suite of service offerings, including suppliers of traditional business intelligence and data preparation products, integration software vendors, marketing vendors, e-commerce solutions vendors or AI software and service vendors;
•productivity tool and email providers, unified communications providers and consumer application companies that have entered the business software market; and
•traditional platform development environment companies and cloud computing development platform companies who may develop toolsets and products that allow customers to build new applications, including AI-augmented applications, that run on the customers’ current infrastructure or as hosted services, as well as would-be customers who may develop enterprise applications for internal use.
In addition, we may face more competition as we expand our product offerings. Some of our current and potential competitors may have competitive advantages, such as greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more significant installed bases, broader geographic scope, broader suites of service offerings and larger marketing budgets, as well as substantially greater financial, technical, personnel and other resources. In addition, many of our current and potential competitors have established marketing relationships and access to larger customer bases, and have major distribution agreements with consultants, system integrators and resellers. We also experience competition from smaller, younger
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competitors that may be more agile in responding to customers’ demands and offer more targeted and simplified solutions. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements, or provide competitive pricing, more flexible contracts or faster implementations. Additionally, as we continue to increasingly build AI into many of our offerings, we face more competition as AI technologies are increasingly integrated into the markets in which we compete. New AI offerings may disrupt workforce needs and negatively impact demand for our offerings, or our competitors may be able to incorporate AI into their offerings more efficiently or successfully than we are able to and achieve greater and faster adoption. Even if our services are more effective than the products and services that our competitors offer, potential customers might select competitive products and services in lieu of purchasing our services. For all of these reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our competitors, which could negatively impact our future sales and harm our business.
Our efforts to expand our service offerings and to develop and integrate our existing services in order to keep pace with technological developments may not succeed and may reduce our revenue growth rate and harm our business.
Our efforts to expand our current service offerings may not succeed and may reduce our revenue growth rate. In addition, the markets and monetization strategies for certain offerings, including Agentforce and Data Cloud, remain relatively new and uncertain and as a result our expansion into such offerings, and related investments, may present additional risks and challenges. For example, we offer certain products, including Agentforce and Data Cloud, through a consumption-based business model and may increase the number of products through which we do so. We have limited experience with determining optimal pricing for our consumption-based contracts. Additionally, due to customer flexibility in the timing of their consumption, we could have lower levels of customer consumption of our products than we expect which may result in suboptimal pricing for consumption-based contracts. Further, the introduction of future platform changes and upgrades may not result in long term revenue growth.
If we are unable to develop enhancements to, and new features for, our existing or new services that keep pace with rapid technological developments, our business could be harmed. The success of enhancements, new features and services depends on several factors, including its timely completion, introduction and market acceptance, as well as our ability to integrate all of our product and service offerings and develop adequate selling capabilities in new markets. Failure in this regard may significantly impair our revenue growth as well as negatively impact our operating results if the additional costs are not offset by additional revenues. In addition, because our services are designed to operate over various network technologies and on a variety of mobile devices, operating systems and computer hardware and software platforms, we need to continuously modify and enhance our services to keep pace with changes in these technologies, as well as continue to maintain and support our services on legacy systems. We may not be successful in either developing these modifications and enhancements or in bringing them to market timely.
Additionally, if we fail to timely anticipate or identify significant technology trends and developments, or if we do not devote appropriate resources to adapting to such trends and developments, our business could be harmed. Uncertainties about the timing and nature of new network platforms or technologies, modifications to existing platforms or technologies, including text messaging capabilities, or changes in customer usage patterns thereof could increase our research and development or service delivery expenses or lead to our increased reliance on certain vendors. Any failure of our services to operate effectively with future network platforms and technologies could reduce the demand for our services, result in customer dissatisfaction and harm our business.
Our continued success depends on our ability to maintain and enhance our brands.
We believe that the brand identities we have developed, including associations with trust, customer success, innovation, equality and sustainability have significantly contributed to the success of our business. Maintaining and enhancing the Salesforce brand and our other brands is critical to expanding our base of customers, partners and employees. Our brand strength, particularly for our core services, depends largely on our ability to remain a technology leader and to continue to provide high-quality innovative products, services and features in a secure, reliable manner that enhances our customers’ success even as we scale and expand our services. In order to maintain and enhance the strength of our brands, we have made and may in the future make substantial investments to expand or improve our product offerings and services, or we may enter new markets that may be accompanied by initial complications or ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.
In addition, we have secured the naming rights to facilities controlled by third parties, such as office towers and a transit center, and any negative events or publicity arising in connection with these facilities could adversely impact our brand.
Further, entry into markets with weaker protection of brands or changes in the legal systems in countries we operate may impact our ability to protect our brands. If we fail to maintain, enhance or protect our brands, or if we incur excessive expenses in our efforts to do so, our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
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We are subject to risks associated with our strategic investments, including partial or complete loss of invested capital. Significant changes in the fair value of this portfolio could negatively impact our financial results.
We manage a portfolio of strategic investments in both privately held and publicly traded companies focused primarily on enterprise cloud companies, technology startups and system integrators. While we invest in companies that we believe are digitally transforming their industries, advancing responsible generative AI, improving customer experiences, helping us expand our solution ecosystem or supporting other corporate initiatives, we may still experience unforeseen brand or reputational harm associated with our investments. Our investments range from early to late stage companies, including investments made concurrent with a company’s initial public offering. Investments in early stage companies are inherently speculative, as these companies may not yet be revenue-generating and could still be in the process of developing their products and services at the time of our investment. The financial success of our investment in any company is typically dependent on a liquidity event, such as a public offering, acquisition or other favorable market event reflecting appreciation to the cost of our initial investment. Our investments may face challenges from regulatory authorities, including antitrust authorities, potentially resulting in unexpected costs, delays, or unfavorable conditions imposed on transactions involving our investment portfolio. In certain cases, our ability to sell these investments may be impacted by contractual obligations to hold the securities for a set period of time after a public offering. All of our investments are subject to a risk of partial or total loss of invested capital.
We are exposed to volatility in our operating results due to changes in market prices, observable price changes and impairments of our strategic investments. The measurement of our non-marketable equity securities at fair value is inherently subjective and requires management judgment and estimation. The resulting gains or losses could be material depending on market conditions and events, particularly in periods with economic uncertainty, inflation, geopolitical conflict, volatile public equity markets or unsettled global market conditions.
If third-party developers and providers do not continue to embrace our technology delivery model and enterprise cloud computing services, or if our customers seek warranties from us for third-party applications, integrations, data and content, our business could be harmed.
Our success depends on the willingness of a growing community of third-party developers and technology providers to build applications and provide integrations, data and content that are complementary to our services. Without the continued development of these applications and provision of such integrations, data and content, both current and potential customers may not find our services sufficiently attractive, which could impact future sales. In addition, for those customers who authorize a third-party technology partner to access their data, we do not provide any warranty related to the functionality, security or integrity of the data access, transmission or processing. Despite contract provisions to protect us, customers may look to us to support and provide warranties for the third-party applications, integrations, data and content, even though not developed or sold by us, which may expose us to potential claims, liabilities and obligations, all of which could harm our reputation and our business.
Social and ethical issues, including the use or capabilities of AI in our offerings, may result in reputational harm and liability.
Policies we adopt or choose not to adopt on social and ethical issues, especially regarding the use of our products, may be unpopular with some of our employees or with our customers or potential customers, and have in the past impacted and may in the future impact our ability to attract or retain employees and customers. Our decisions about whether to conduct business with potential customers, or whether to continue or expand business with existing customers, may also impact our ability to attract or retain employees and customers, and could result in negative publicity or reputational harm. Further, actions taken by our customers and employees, including through the use or misuse of our products or new technologies for illegal activities or improper information sharing, may result in reputational harm or possible liability, particularly in light of regulatory requirements like the Digital Services Act (“DSA”) from the EU. For example, we have been subject to allegations in legal proceedings that we should be liable for the use of certain of our products by third parties. Although we believe that we have a strong defense against these allegations, legal proceedings can be lengthy, expensive and disruptive to our operations and the outcome of any claims or litigation, regardless of the merits, is inherently uncertain. Regardless of outcome, these types of claims could cause reputational harm to our brand or result in liability.
We are increasingly building AI into many of our offerings, including generative and agentic AI. As with many innovations, AI offerings, such as Agentforce, and our Salesforce Platform present additional risks and challenges that could affect their adoption and therefore our business. For example, the development of our AI offerings and the Salesforce Platform, which provides information regarding our customers’ customers, present emerging ethical issues. If we enable or offer solutions that draw controversy due to their perceived or actual impact on human rights, privacy, employment, or in other social contexts, we may experience new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, brand or reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability, especially as geopolitical turmoil creates increasingly volatile political and market conditions. Inadequate or ineffective AI development, deployment, content labeling or governance by us or others that result in controversy could also impair the acceptance of AI solutions or result in unintended performance of the services. This in turn could undermine confidence in the decisions, predictions, analysis or other content that our AI applications produce, subjecting us to competitive
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harm, legal liability and brand or reputational harm. The rapid evolution of AI will require the application of resources to develop, test and maintain our products and services to help ensure that AI is implemented ethically in order to minimize unintended, harmful impact. Uncertainty around new and emerging AI applications such as generative AI content creation and AI agents will require additional investment in compliance, governance and the licensing or development of proprietary datasets, machine learning models and systems to test for accuracy, bias and other variables, which are often complex, may be costly and could impact our profit margin. Moreover, the move from AI content classification to AI content generation through our development of Agentforce and other generative AI products brings additional risks and responsibility. Known risks of generative AI currently include risks related to accuracy, bias, toxicity, privacy and security and data provenance. For example, AI technologies, including generative AI, may create content that appears correct but is factually inaccurate or flawed, or contains copyrighted or other protected material, and if our customers or others use this flawed or protected content to their detriment, or the owners of such copyrighted material seek to enforce their rights, we may be exposed to brand or reputational harm, competitive harm and/or legal liability. Developing, testing and deploying AI systems may also increase the cost profile of our offerings due to the nature of the computing costs involved in such systems. If we are unable to mitigate these risks, or if we incur excessive expenses in our efforts to do so, our reputation, business, operating results and financial condition may be harmed.
The evolving landscape related to environmental, social and governance matters may expose us to risks that could adversely affect our reputation and performance.
Equality and sustainability are core values of the Company. In furtherance of these values, we have in the past and may in the future establish and disclose quantitative and qualitative statements related to ESG matters, which are subject to numerous risks and dependencies. The proliferation of regulations and guidance addressing climate, human capital and other ESG topics at the regional, state and national levels has required and may continue to require significant effort and resources, and our practices, processes and controls may not ensure compliance with evolving standards. Further, various regulations or guidance may conflict with each other, making universal compliance challenging as a multinational company, and our status as a government contractor in various jurisdictions, including but not limited to the U.S. where we are headquartered, may also result in greater exposure or differentiated obligations or requirements with which we would seek to comply. The standards and frameworks for tracking and reporting on ESG matters continue to evolve, and our use, interpretation or application of such frameworks and standards may change from time to time or differ from those of other companies, which may result in a lack of consistent or meaningful comparative data from period to period or between Salesforce and other companies. In addition, our ESG practices and disclosures may not satisfy, appropriately respond to the concerns of or be supported by all investors, customers, partners, regulators, enforcement authorities or other stakeholders (including those in support of and those in opposition to various ESG practices), whose expectations and requirements are evolving and varied. Any violation of, non-compliance with or failure to meet such expectations or requirements, or negative publicity related to our ESG practices or disclosures, could result in harm to our reputation, our ability to attract or retain employees, and our attractiveness as an investment, business partner, acquiror or service provider, could expose us to increased scrutiny or criticism or to regulatory or enforcement actions or litigation, and could cause us to incur increased costs to address or defend against such actions.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
Privacy concerns and laws as well as evolving regulation of cloud computing, AI services, cross-border data transfer restrictions and other domestic or foreign regulations may limit the use and adoption of our services and adversely affect our business.
Regulation related to the provision of services over the Internet is evolving, as federal, state and foreign governments continue to adopt new, or modify existing, laws and regulations addressing data privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, data sovereignty and the collection, processing, storage, hosting, transfer and use of data, generally. Such regulatory actions may increase in quantity, complexity and scope in response to heightened geopolitical tensions. In some cases, data privacy laws and regulations, such as the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), impose obligations directly on us as both a data controller and a data processor, as well as on many of our customers. In addition, domestic data privacy laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (“CCPA”), and laws that have recently passed and/or gone into effect in many other states similarly impose new obligations on us and many of our customers, potentially as both a covered business and service provider. These laws continue to evolve, including, for example, India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023, and as various jurisdictions introduce similar proposals, which often include subsequent rules and regulation, we and our customers become subject to additional regulatory burdens. New EU laws, including the DSA, the Data Act and the AI Act, may impose additional rules and restrictions on the use of our products and services.
In addition, various safe harbors have historically been provided to those who hosted content provided by others, such as safe harbors from monetary damages for copyright infringement arising from copyrighted content provided by customers and others and for defamation and other torts arising from information provided by customers and others. There is an increasing demand for repealing or limiting these safe harbors by either judicial decision or legislation, and we have active legal
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proceedings that have been impacted by the repeal or limiting of safe harbors that were previously available to us. Loss of these safe harbors may require altering or limiting some of our services or may require additional contractual terms to avoid liabilities for our customers’ misconduct.
Although we monitor the regulatory, judicial and legislative environment and have invested in addressing these developments, these laws may require us to make additional changes to our practices and services to enable us or our customers to meet the new legal requirements, and may also increase our potential liability exposure through new or higher potential penalties for noncompliance, including as a result of penalties, fines and lawsuits related to data breaches. Furthermore, privacy laws and regulations are subject to differing interpretations and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions. These and other requirements are causing increased scrutiny among customers, particularly in the public sector and highly regulated industries, and may be perceived differently from customer to customer. In addition, we may be subject to increased liability exposure and scrutiny for the use of certain technology related to the collection and management of customer data, including the use of cookies. These developments could reduce demand for our services, require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to store, transfer and process data or, in some cases, impact our ability or our customers’ ability to offer our services in certain locations, to deploy our solutions, to reach current and prospective customers, or to derive insights from customer data globally. For example, statutory damages available through a private right of action for certain data breaches under the CCPA may increase our and our customers’ potential liability and the demands our customers place on us. In addition, in July 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, one of the mechanisms that allowed companies, including us, to transfer personal data from the European Economic Area (“EEA”) to the United States. Even though the CJEU decision upheld the Standard Contractual Clauses (“SCCs”) as an adequate transfer mechanism, the decision created uncertainty around the validity of all EU-to-U.S. data transfers. While the EU and U.S. governments have since adopted the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework to foster EU-to-U.S. data transfers and address the concerns raised in the aforementioned CJEU decision, it is uncertain whether this framework will be overturned in court like the previous two EU-U.S. bilateral cross-border transfer frameworks. As a result, regulators may continue to be inclined to interpret the CJEU’s decision, and the logic behind it, as significantly restricting certain cross-border transfers and the cost and complexity of providing our services in certain markets may increase. Certain countries outside of the EEA have also passed or are considering passing laws requiring varying degrees of local data residency. Additionally, recent government actions have increased the perceived risk that our services, particularly in the EU, could be disrupted, suspended, or terminated in response to evolving geopolitical and regulatory developments.
The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, privacy laws, regulations and standards may limit the use and adoption of our services, reduce overall demand for our services, make it more difficult to meet expectations from our commitments to customers and our customers’ customers, lead to significant fines, penalties or liabilities for noncompliance, impact our reputation, or slow the pace at which we close sales transactions, in particular where customers request specific warranties and unlimited indemnity for noncompliance with privacy laws, any of which could harm our business.
In addition to government activity, privacy advocates and other industry groups have established or may establish new self-regulatory standards that may place additional burdens on our ability to provide our services globally. Our customers expect us to meet voluntary certification and other standards established by third parties. If we are unable to maintain these certifications or meet these standards, it could adversely affect our ability to provide our solutions to certain customers and could harm our business. In addition, we have seen a trend toward the private enforcement of data protection obligations, including through private actions for alleged noncompliance, which could harm our business and negatively impact our reputation. For example, in 2020 we were made a party to a legal proceeding brought by a Dutch privacy advocacy group (the Privacy Collective) on behalf of certain Dutch citizens that claims we violated the GDPR and Dutch Telecommunications Act through the processing and sharing of data in connection with our Audience Studio and Data Studio products. In December 2021, the Amsterdam District Court declared the Privacy Collective’s claims against us inadmissible and dismissed the case, however, this ruling was appealed by the Privacy Collective. The appeal hearing took place in the Amsterdam Court of Appeal in February 2024 and the appellate court reversed the district court’s judgment. We have appealed that appellate decision to the Dutch Supreme Court. We were also named as a defendant in a similar lawsuit brought in the UK, which has subsequently been dismissed. Although we believe we have a strong defense for these claims, these or similar future claims could cause reputational harm to our brand or result in liability. In addition, a shift in consumers’ data privacy expectations or other social, economic or political developments could impact the regulatory enforcement of privacy regulations, which could require our cooperation and increase the cost of compliance with the imposed regulations.
Furthermore, the uncertain and shifting regulatory environment and trust climate may raise concerns regarding data privacy and cybersecurity, which may cause our customers or our customers’ customers to resist providing the data necessary to allow our customers to use our services effectively. In addition, new products we develop or acquire in connection with changing events may expose us to liability or regulatory risk. Even the perception that the privacy and security of personal information are not satisfactorily protected or do not meet regulatory requirements could inhibit sales of our products or services and could limit adoption of our cloud-based solutions.
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Industry-specific regulations and other requirements and standards are evolving and industry-specific laws, regulations, interpretive positions or standards could harm our business.
Our customers and potential customers conduct business in a variety of industries, including financial services, the public sector, healthcare and telecommunications. Regulators in certain industries have adopted and may in the future adopt regulations or interpretive positions regarding the use of cloud computing, AI services and other outsourced services. The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, industry-specific laws, regulations and interpretive positions may limit our customers’ use and adoption of our services and reduce overall demand for our services. Compliance with these regulations may also require us to devote greater resources to support certain customers, which may increase costs and lengthen sales cycles. For example, some financial services regulators have imposed guidelines for use of cloud computing services that mandate specific controls or require financial services enterprises to obtain regulatory approval prior to outsourcing certain functions. If we are unable to comply with these guidelines or controls, or if our customers are unable to obtain regulatory approval to use our services where required, our business may be harmed. In addition, an inability to satisfy the standards of certain voluntary third-party certification bodies that our customers may expect, such as an attestation of compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards, may have an adverse impact on our business and results. Any inability in the future to achieve or maintain industry-specific certifications or other requirements or standards relevant to our customers may harm our business and adversely affect our results.
Further, in some cases, industry-specific, regionally-specific or product-specific laws, regulations or interpretive positions may impact our ability, as well as the ability of our customers, partners and data providers, to collect, augment, analyze, use, transfer and share personal and other information that is integral to certain services we provide. The interpretation of many of these statutes, regulations and rulings is evolving in the courts and administrative agencies and an inability to comply may have an adverse impact on our business and results. This impact may be particularly acute in countries that have passed or are considering passing legislation that requires data to remain localized “in country,” as this may impose financial costs on companies required to store data in jurisdictions not of their choosing and to use nonstandard operational processes that add complexity and are difficult and costly to integrate with global processes. This is also true with respect to the global proliferation of laws regulating the financial services industry, including its use of cloud services. In Europe, the Digital Operational Resilience Act (“DORA”), which aims to ensure the resilience of the EU financial sectors, including through mandatory risk management, incident reporting, resilience testing and third-party outsourcing restrictions, went into effect in January 2025. The UK is advancing similar legislation and other countries may follow.
Further, countries and states are applying their data and consumer protection laws to AI, and particularly generative AI, and/or are enacting or considering legal frameworks on AI, such as the EU’s AI Act, and the Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act, the Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act and the draft CCPA regulations on automated decision-making technology. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such requirements could have an adverse impact on our business.
There are various statutes, regulations and rulings relevant to direct email marketing and text-messaging, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) and related Federal Communication Commission orders, which impose significant restrictions on the ability to utilize telephone calls and text messages to mobile telephone numbers as a means of communication, when the prior consent of the person being contacted has not been obtained. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to one or more class-action lawsuits, as well as individual lawsuits, containing allegations that one of our businesses or customers violated the TCPA. A determination that we or our customers violated the TCPA or other communications-based statutes could expose us to significant damage awards that could, individually or in the aggregate, materially harm our business. In addition, many jurisdictions across the world are currently considering, or have already begun implementing, changes to antitrust and competition laws, regulations or interpretative positions to enhance competition in digital markets and address practices by certain digital platforms that they perceive to be anticompetitive. These regulatory efforts could result in laws, regulations or interpretative positions that may require us to change certain of our business practices, undertake new compliance obligations or otherwise may have an adverse impact on our business and results.
We have been and may in the future be sued by third parties for various claims, including alleged infringement of proprietary rights.
We are involved in various legal matters arising from the normal course of business activities. These include claims, suits, government investigations and other proceedings involving alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights, as well as commercial, corporate and securities, labor and employment, class actions, wage and hour, antitrust, data privacy, cybersecurity and other matters.
The software and Internet industries are characterized by the existence of many patents, trademarks, trade secrets and copyrights and by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We have received in the past and may receive in the future communications from third parties, including practicing entities and non-practicing entities, claiming that we have infringed their intellectual property rights. We have also been, and may in the future be, sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their claimed proprietary rights. Our technologies may be subject to injunction if they are found to infringe the rights of a third party or we may be required to pay damages, or both. Further, many
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of our subscription agreements require us to indemnify our customers for third-party intellectual property infringement claims, which would increase the cost to us of an adverse ruling on such a claim.
In addition, we have in the past been, and may in the future be, sued by third parties who seek to target us for actions taken by our customers, including through the use or misuse of our products. For example, we have been subject to allegations in legal proceedings that we should be liable for the use of certain of our products by third parties. Although we believe we have a strong defense for these claims, such claims could cause reputational harm to our brand or result in liability.
Our exposure to risks associated with various claims may be increased as a result of acquisitions of other companies. For example, we are subject to ongoing securities class action litigation and related stockholder derivative claims brought against Slack that remain outstanding, and as to which we may ultimately be subject to liability or settlement costs. Additionally, we may have a lower level of visibility into the development process with respect to intellectual property or the care taken to safeguard against infringement risks with respect to acquired companies or technologies. In addition, third parties have made claims in connection with our acquisitions and may do so in the future, and they may also make infringement and similar or related claims after we have acquired technology that had not been asserted prior to our acquisition.
The outcome of any claims or litigation, regardless of the merits, is inherently uncertain. Any claims or lawsuits, and the disposition of such claims and lawsuits, whether through settlement or licensing discussions, or litigation, could be time-consuming and expensive to resolve, divert management attention from executing our business plan, result in efforts to enjoin our activities, lead to attempts on the part of other parties to pursue similar claims and, in the case of intellectual property claims, require us to change our technology, change our business practices, pay monetary damages or enter into short- or long-term royalty or licensing agreements.
Any adverse determination or settlement could prevent us from offering our services to others, could be material to our financial condition or cash flows, or both, or could otherwise adversely affect our operating results, including our operating cash flow in a particular period. In addition, depending on the nature and timing of any such dispute, an unfavorable resolution of a legal matter could materially affect our current or future results of operations or cash flows in a particular period.
Any failure to obtain registration or protection of our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand, causing us to incur significant expenses and harm our business.
If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors may gain access to our technology, affecting our brand, causing us to incur significant expenses and harming our business. Any of our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative process or litigation. While we have many U.S. patents and pending U.S. and international patent applications, we may be unable to obtain patent protection for the technology covered in our patent applications or the patent protection may not be obtained quickly enough to meet our business needs. In addition, our existing patents and any patents issued in the future may not provide us with competitive advantages, or may be successfully challenged by third parties. Similar uncertainty applies to our U.S. and international trademark registrations and applications. Furthermore, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain, and we also may face proposals to change the scope of protection for some intellectual property rights in the U.S. and elsewhere. Additionally, the intellectual property ownership and license rights, including copyright, surrounding AI technologies, which we are increasingly building into our product offerings, has not been fully addressed by U.S. courts or other federal or state laws or regulations, and the use or adoption of AI technologies in our products and services may expose us to copyright infringement or other intellectual property misappropriation claims related to AI training or output. Effective patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret protection may not be available to us in every country in which our services are available and legal changes and uncertainty in various countries’ intellectual property regimes may result in making conduct that we believe is lawful to be deemed violative of others’ rights. The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the U.S., and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. Also, our involvement in standard-setting activity, our contribution to open source projects, various competition law regimes or the need to obtain licenses from others may require us to license our intellectual property in certain circumstances. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from using our intellectual property.
We may be required to spend significant resources and expense to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. We may initiate claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights or to establish the validity of our proprietary rights. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, it could impact our ability to protect our technology and brand. Furthermore, any litigation, whether or not it is resolved in our favor, could result in significant expense to us, cause us to divert time and resources from our core business, and harm our business.
We may be subject to risks related to government contracts and related procurement regulations.
Our business depends, in part, on sales to government organizations, and significant changes in the contracting or fiscal policies of such government organizations could adversely affect our business and operating results. Contracting with federal, state, local and foreign governments or state-owned entities subjects us to various procurement regulations and other
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requirements relating to these contracts’ formation, administration and performance, and how we engage with government officials. Government contracts may also at times be modified or terminated for convenience. We are from time to time subject to audits, inquiries and investigations relating to our government contracts, which may result in adverse perceptions of our business, reductions in utilization of our services or termination of our contracts without cause and at any time. Additionally, any violations could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, refunding or suspending of payments, forfeiture of profits, payment of fines and suspension or debarment from future government business, as well as reputational harm. Additionally, our relationships with certain government entities may result in negative publicity or reputational harm. Furthermore, pressures on and uncertainty regarding the U.S. federal government’s budget and potential changes in budgetary priorities could adversely affect the funding for and purchases of our services by government organizations. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could adversely impact our future sales, costs of doing business and operating results.
We are subject to governmental sanctions and export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets and may subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable laws.
Our solutions are subject to trade control laws and regulations where we conduct our business activities, including the U.S. Commerce Department’s Export Administration Regulations, U.S. customs regulations, U.S. supply chain regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. If we fail to comply with applicable trade control laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of trade privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers; and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers. Obtaining necessary authorizations, including any required licenses, may be time-consuming, requires expenditure of corporate resources, is not guaranteed, and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities or the ability to realize value from certain acquisitions or engagements. Acquisitions may also subject us to successor liability and other integration compliance risks. Furthermore, export control and economic sanctions laws and regulations may prohibit or limit the transfer of certain products and services to embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments and parties. We can provide no assurance that any of the precautions we take to prevent our solutions from being provisioned or provided to sanctions targets in violation of applicable regulations will be effective, and, accordingly, our solutions could be provisioned or provided to those targets, including by our resellers or other third parties, which could have negative consequences for our business, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm. Changes in our solutions or trade control laws and regulations may create delays in the introduction, sale and deployment of our solutions in international markets or prevent the export or import of our solutions to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any decreased use of our solutions or limitation on our ability to export or sell our solutions may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Sanctions and export and import control regulations in the United States and other countries are subject to change and uncertainty, including as a result of tariff policy changes, rapidly evolving technology, increased government regulation of AI and cloud service solutions, and geopolitical developments such as events affecting relations between the United States and China, multi-jurisdictional sanctions on Russia, the war in Ukraine and regional conflict in the Middle East. Regulators in the United States and elsewhere have signaled an increased emphasis on sanctions and export control enforcement, including efforts to combat diversion of services to sanctioned countries and parties, several recent high-profile enforcement actions and increased pressure for companies to self-disclose potential violations.
Financial Risks
Because we generally recognize revenue from subscriptions for our services over the term of the subscription, downturns or upturns in new business may not be immediately reflected in our operating results.
We generally recognize revenue from customers ratably over the terms of their subscription and support agreements, which are typically 12 to 36 months. As a result, most of the revenue we report in each quarter is the result of subscription and support agreements entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscriptions in any one quarter may not be reflected in our revenue results for that quarter but will negatively impact our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our services, and changes in our attrition rate, may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers must be recognized over the applicable subscription and support term.
If we experience significant fluctuations in our rate of anticipated growth and fail to balance our expenses with our revenue forecasts, our business could be harmed and the market price of our common stock could decline.
Due to the unpredictability of future general economic and financial market conditions, including from the global economic impact of uncertainty regarding changes in trade policy, including the threat or imposition of tariffs or other trade restrictions, as well as retaliatory actions; ongoing conflicts, such as the war in Ukraine and the regional conflict in the Middle East; the pace of change and innovation in enterprise cloud computing services; the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; changing interest rates and inflation; the growing complexity of our business, including the use of multiple pricing
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and packaging models and fluctuations to the amount of revenue from term software license sales; and our increasing focus on enterprise cloud computing services, we may not be able to realize our projected revenue growth plans. We plan our expense and investment levels based on estimates of future revenue and future anticipated rate of growth. We may not be able to adjust our spending appropriately if the addition of new subscriptions or the renewals of existing subscriptions fall short of our expectations, and unanticipated events may cause us to incur expenses beyond what we anticipated. A portion of our expenses may also be fixed in nature for some minimum amount of time, such as with costs capitalized to obtain revenue contracts, data center and infrastructure service contracts or office leases, so it may not be possible to reduce costs in a timely manner, or at all, without the payment of fees to exit certain obligations early. Additionally, if sales through indirect channels or for consumption-based product offerings increase, this may lead to greater difficulty in forecasting revenue and anticipated rate of growth. As a result, our revenues, operating results and cash flows may fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis and revenue growth rates may not be sustainable and may decline in the future. If we are not able to provide continued operating margin expansion, our business could be harmed and the market price of our common stock could decline.
Unanticipated changes in our effective tax rate and additional tax liabilities and global tax developments may impact our financial results.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and various other jurisdictions. Significant judgment is often required in the determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes. Our effective tax rate could be impacted by changes in our earnings and losses in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in operations, changes in non-deductible expenses, changes in the tax effects of stock-based compensation expense, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and our ability to utilize them, the applicability of withholding taxes, effects from acquisitions and changes in accounting principles and tax laws. Any changes, ambiguity or uncertainty in taxing jurisdictions’ administrative interpretations, decisions, policies and positions could also materially impact our income tax liabilities. For example, as a result of the recently enacted One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”), we expect to be subject to Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“CAMT”). While certain changes brought forth by the OBBBA, notably, the immediate deduction of domestic research and development expenditures favorably impact our cash flows from operating activities, our tax provision may be adversely impacted to the extent additional clarification or interpretive guidance related to the OBBBA is released, or if there are changes to our valuation allowance assessment related to CAMT credits.
We may also be subject to additional tax liabilities and penalties due to changes in non-income based taxes resulting from changes in federal, state, local or international tax laws, changes in taxing jurisdictions’ administrative interpretations, decisions, policies and positions, results of tax examinations, settlements or judicial decisions, changes in accounting principles, or changes to our business operations, including as a result of acquisitions. Any resulting increase in our tax obligation or cash taxes paid could adversely affect our cash flows and financial results.
We are also subject to tax examinations or engaged in alternative resolutions in multiple jurisdictions. While we regularly evaluate new information that may change our judgment resulting in recognition, derecognition or changes in measurement of a tax position taken, there can be no assurance that the final determination of any examinations will not have an adverse effect on our operating results or financial position.
As our business continues to grow, increasing our brand recognition and profitability, we may be subject to increased scrutiny and corresponding tax disputes, which may impact our cash flows and financial results. Furthermore, our growing prominence may bring public attention to our tax profile, and if perceived negatively, may cause brand or reputational harm.
Global tax developments may have a material impact to our business, cash flows, or financial results. For example, heightened interest in multinationals participating in the digital economy led many countries to adopt Pillar Two, a 15% corporate minimum tax proposed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”). However, in response to trade negotiations with the United States, the Group of Seven (“G7”) countries proposed to exempt US multinationals from Pillar Two by adopting a “side-by-side” system between Pillar Two and the existing US global minimum tax provisions. These ongoing negotiations and governments’ responses may lead to tax rule changes that could materially and adversely affect our cash flows and financial results.
We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that have in the past and could in the future negatively impact our financial results and cash flows from changes in the value of the U.S. Dollar versus local currencies.
We primarily conduct our business in the following regions: the Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific. The expanding global scope of our business exposes us to risk of fluctuations in foreign currency markets, including in emerging markets. This exposure is the result of selling in multiple currencies, growth in our international investments, additional headcount in foreign locations, and operating in countries where the functional currency is the local currency. Specifically, our results of operations and cash flows are subject to currency fluctuations primarily in Euro, British Pound Sterling, Japanese Yen, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, Brazilian Real and Indian Rupee against the U.S. Dollar. These exposures may change over time as business practices evolve, economic and political conditions change and evolving tax regulations come into effect. The fluctuations of currencies in which we conduct business can both increase and decrease our overall revenue and expenses for any given fiscal period. Furthermore, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, combined with the seasonality of our business, could affect our ability to accurately predict our future results and earnings.
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Additionally, global events as well as geopolitical developments, including the war in Ukraine and regional conflict in the Middle East, fluctuating commodity prices, uncertainty regarding changes in trade policy and inflation, have caused, and may in the future cause, global economic uncertainty and uncertainty about the interest rate environment, which has and could in the future amplify the volatility of currency fluctuations. Although we attempt to mitigate some of this volatility and related risks through foreign currency hedging, our hedging activities are limited in scope and may not effectively offset the adverse financial impacts that may result from unfavorable movements in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.
Our debt service obligations, lease commitments and other contractual obligations may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
As of July 31, 2025, we had a substantial level of outstanding debt, including our Senior Notes. We are also party to the Revolving Loan Credit Agreement, which provides for our $5.0 billion Credit Facility. Although there were no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility as of July 31, 2025, we may use the proceeds of future borrowings under the Credit Facility for general corporate purposes.
In addition to the outstanding and potential debt obligations above, we have also recorded substantial liabilities associated with noncancellable future payments on our long-term lease agreements. We also have significant other contractual commitments, including leases that have not yet commenced and commitments with infrastructure service providers, which are not reflected on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Maintenance of our indebtedness and contractual commitments and any additional issuances of indebtedness could:
•impair our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, general corporate or other purposes;
•cause us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations toward debt service obligations and principal repayments; and
•make us more vulnerable to downturns in our business, our industry or the economy in general.
Our ability to meet our expenses and debt obligations will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic, regulatory and other factors. We will not be able to control many of these factors, such as economic conditions and governmental regulations. Further, our operations may not generate sufficient cash to enable us to service our debt or contractual obligations resulting from our leases. If we fail to make a payment on our debt, we could be in default on such debt. If we are at any time unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations to service our indebtedness when payment is due, we may be required to attempt to renegotiate the terms of the instruments relating to the indebtedness, seek to refinance all or a portion of the indebtedness or obtain additional financing. There can be no assurance that we would be able to successfully renegotiate such terms, that any such refinancing would be possible or that any additional financing could be obtained on terms that are favorable or acceptable to us. Any new or refinanced debt may be subject to substantially higher interest rates, which could adversely affect our financial condition and impact our business.
In addition, adverse changes by any rating agency to our credit ratings may negatively impact our reputation, the value and liquidity of both our debt and equity securities, as well as the potential costs associated with a refinancing of our debt. Downgrades in our credit ratings could also affect the terms of any such refinancing or future financing or restrict our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.
The indentures governing our Senior Notes and the Revolving Loan Credit Agreement impose restrictions on us and require us to maintain compliance with specified covenants. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control. A failure to comply with the covenants and other provisions of our outstanding debt could result in events of default under such instruments, which could permit acceleration of all of our debt and borrowings. Any required repayment of our debt as a result of a fundamental change or other acceleration would lower our current cash on our balance sheet such that we would not have those funds available for use in our business.
Lease accounting guidance requires that we record a liability for operating lease activity on our condensed consolidated balance sheet, which increases both our assets and liabilities and therefore may impact our ability to obtain the necessary financing from financial institutions at commercially viable rates or at all. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Periods beyond the noncancellable term of the lease are included in the measurement of the lease liability and associated asset only when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the associated extension option or waive the termination option. We reassess the lease term if and when a significant event or change in circumstances occurs within our control. The potential impact of these options to extend could be material to our financial position and financial results.
Risks Related to Owning Our Common Stock
Our quarterly results are likely to fluctuate, which may cause the value of our common stock to decline substantially.
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Our quarterly results are likely to fluctuate. Fluctuations have occurred due to known and unknown risks, such as the global economic impact of ongoing conflicts, including the war in Ukraine and the regional conflict in the Middle East, and uncertainty about the interest rate environment. In addition, our fiscal fourth quarter has historically been our strongest quarter for new business and renewals, and the year-over-year compounding effect of this seasonality in billing patterns and overall new business and renewal activity causes the value of invoices that we generate in the fourth quarter to continually increase in proportion to our billings in the other three quarters of our fiscal year. As a result, our fiscal first quarter has typically in the past been our largest collections and operating cash flow quarter.
Additionally, some of the important factors that may cause our revenues, operating results and cash flows to fluctuate from quarter to quarter include:
•general economic or geopolitical conditions, including the impacts of the war in Ukraine and the regional conflict in the Middle East; financial market conditions; uncertainty regarding changes in trade policies, including trade wars, the threat or imposition of tariffs or other trade restrictions, as well as any retaliatory actions; and increasing costs of operation;
•our ability to retain and increase sales to existing customers, attract new customers and satisfy our customers’ requirements, including large enterprise customers;
•the attrition rates for our services;
•the size and productivity of our workforce, as well as the cost to recruit and train new employees;
•the length of the sales cycle for our services;
•new product and service introductions by our competitors;
•changes in unearned revenue and remaining performance obligation;
•our ability to realize benefits from strategic partnerships, acquisitions or investments;
•our ability to execute and realize benefits from restructuring actions and other workforce reductions, or any similar actions taken in the future;
•variations in the revenue mix of our services and growth rates of our subscription and support offerings;
•the seasonality of our sales cycle, as well as timing of contract execution and term software license sales;
•the lack of certainty regarding customer usage and associated costs for consumption-based product offerings;
•changes in and expenses associated with our pricing policies and terms of contracts;
•the seasonality of our customers’ businesses, especially our Commerce service offering customers;
•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;
•the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the operations and expansion of our business;
•the timing of commission, bonus and other compensation payments to employees;
•the cost, timing and management effort required for the introduction of new features to our services;
•the costs associated with acquiring and integrating new businesses and technologies;
•expenses related to our real estate or changes in the nature or extent of our use of existing real estate, including our office leases and data centers;
•timing of additional investments in our enterprise cloud computing application and platform services and in our consulting services;
•expenses related to significant, unusual or discrete events, which are recorded in the period in which the events occur, including litigation or other dispute-related settlement payments;
•income tax effects resulting from, but not limited to, tax law changes, court decisions on tax matters, global tax developments applicable to multinational corporations, changes in operations or business structures and acquisition activity;
•the timing of stock awards to employees and payroll and other withholding tax expenses;
•technical difficulties or service interruptions;
•changes in interest rates and our mix of investments, which impact the return on our investments in cash and marketable securities;
•changes in the fair value of our strategic investments, including changes due to impairments, particularly in periods of significant market fluctuations;
•equity or debt issuances, including as consideration in or in conjunction with acquisitions;
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•evolving regulations of cloud computing, AI and cross-border data transfer restrictions and similar regulations; and
•regulatory compliance and acquisition costs.
Many of these factors are outside of our control, and the occurrence of one or more of them might negatively and materially impact our operating results. If we fail to meet or exceed operating results expectations or if securities analysts and investors have estimates and forecasts of our future performance that are unrealistic or that we do not meet, the market price of our common stock could decline. In addition, if one or more of the securities analysts who cover us adversely change their recommendations regarding our stock, the market price of our common stock could decline.
The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could subject us to litigation.
The trading prices of the securities of technology companies have historically been highly volatile. Accordingly, the market price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be subject to wide fluctuations. Factors affecting the market price of our common stock include:
•variations in our financial results and how those results compare to analyst expectations;
•variations in, and limitations of, the various financial and other metrics and modeling used by analysts in their research and reports about our business;
•forward-looking guidance to industry and financial analysts related to future operating results, the accuracy of which may be impacted by various factors, many of which are beyond our control;
•our ability to meet or exceed forward-looking guidance we have given or to meet or exceed the expectations of investors, analysts or others; our ability to give forward-looking guidance consistent with past practices;
•changes to previous guidance or long-range targets, in the estimates of our operating results or in recommendations by securities analysts that elect to follow our common stock;
•announcements or rumors of technological innovations, new services or service enhancements, strategic alliances, mergers or other strategic acquisitions or significant agreements by us or within our industry;
•announcements of customer additions and customer cancellations or delays in customer purchases;
•the coverage of our common stock by the financial media;
•recruitment or departure of key personnel;
•disruptions in our service due to computer hardware, software, network or data center problems;
•uncertainty regarding changes in trade policies, including trade wars, the threat or imposition of tariffs or other trade restrictions, as well as any retaliatory actions;
•the economy as a whole, geopolitical conditions, including global trade and health concerns, market conditions in our industry and the industries of our customers, and financial institution instability;
•trading activity or positions by a limited number of stockholders who together beneficially own a significant portion of our outstanding common stock, as well as other institutional or activist investors;
•our ability to execute on our Share Repurchase Program as planned, including whether we meet internal or external expectations around the timing or price of share repurchases, and any changes to the program;
•issuance of equity, debt or other convertible securities;
•any increase to or reduction, suspension or elimination of dividend payments;
•the inability to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective;
•changes to our credit ratings; and
•issues impacting our reputation.
In addition, if the market for technology stocks or the greater securities market in general experience uneven investor confidence, the market price of our common stock has and could in the future decline for reasons unrelated to us, including as a reaction to events that affect other companies within, or outside, our industry. Some companies that have experienced volatility in the trading price of their stock have been the subject of securities class action litigation, such as the securities litigation against Slack that was brought before our acquisition. Such litigation, whether against us or an acquired subsidiary, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources and any liability resulting from or the settlement of such litigation could result in material adverse impacts to our operating cash flows or results of operations for a given period.
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Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of the Company or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the market price of our common stock.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could depress the market price of our common stock by acting to discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of the Company or changes in our management that the stockholders of the Company may deem advantageous. These provisions among other things:
•permit the Board to establish the number of directors;
•authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board could use to implement a stockholder rights plan (also known as a “poison pill”);
•prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
•provide that the Board is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our bylaws; and
•establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.
In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company. Section 203 imposes certain restrictions on merger, business combinations and other transactions between us and holders of 15 percent or more of our common stock.
There can be no assurance that we will continue to declare cash dividends in any particular amounts, or at all.
Whether we continue to pay cash dividends, as well as the rate at which we pay cash dividends, in the future is subject to continued capital availability, general economic and market conditions, applicable laws and agreements and our Board continuing to determine that the declaration of dividends is in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. The declaration and payment of any dividend may be discontinued at any time and dividend amounts may be reduced at any time. A discontinuation of or reduction in our dividend payments could have a negative effect on our stock price.

General Risks
Volatile and significantly weakened global economic conditions have in the past and may in the future adversely affect our industry, business and results of operations.
Our overall performance depends in part on worldwide economic and geopolitical conditions. The United States and other key international economies have experienced significant economic and market downturns in the past, and are likely to experience additional cyclical downturns from time to time in which economic activity is impacted by falling demand for a variety of goods and services, restricted credit, poor liquidity, reduced corporate profitability, volatility in credit, equity and foreign exchange markets, inflation, bankruptcies and overall uncertainty with respect to the economy. These economic conditions can arise suddenly and the full impact of such conditions can be difficult to predict. In addition, geopolitical and domestic political developments, such as uncertainty regarding changes in trade policy, including the threat or imposition of tariffs or other trade restrictions and related retaliatory actions, as well as other events beyond our control, such as war in Ukraine and the regional conflict in the Middle East, have increased and may continue to increase levels of political and economic unpredictability globally and the volatility of global financial markets. Moreover, these conditions have affected and may continue to affect the rate of IT spending; could adversely affect our customers’ ability or willingness to attend our events or to purchase our enterprise cloud computing services; have delayed and may delay customer purchasing decisions; and have reduced and may in the future reduce the value and duration of customer subscription contracts or cause our customers to seek to modify their existing subscription contracts. All of these risks and conditions could materially adversely affect our future sales, attrition rates and operating results.
Geopolitical crises, natural disasters and other events beyond our control have in the past and may in the future materially adversely affect us.
Geopolitical crises, natural disasters or other catastrophic events have in the past and may in the future cause damage or disruption to our people, operations, international commerce and the global economy, and thus could have a strong negative effect on us. Our business operations, the business operations of third-party providers or suppliers that we rely on to conduct our business and the business operations of our customers are subject to interruption by geopolitical crises, natural disasters, fire, power or water shutoffs or shortages, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, acts of violence, political and/or civil unrest, acts of war or other military actions, actual or threatened public health emergencies and other events beyond our control. For example, the occurrence of regional conflicts, epidemics or a global pandemic have in the past and may in the future materially affect how we and our customers operate our businesses, as well as our operating results and cash flows. Although we maintain crisis management and disaster response plans, such events could make it difficult or impossible for us to deliver our services to our customers, and could decrease demand for our services. Our corporate headquarters, and a significant
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portion of our personnel, research and development activities and other critical business operations, are located near major seismic faults in the San Francisco Bay Area. Because we do not carry earthquake insurance for direct earthquake-related losses and significant recovery time could be required to resume operations, our financial condition and operating results could be materially and adversely affected in the event of a major earthquake or catastrophic event, and the adverse effects of any such catastrophic event would be exacerbated if experienced at the same time as another unexpected and adverse event.
Climate change may have an impact on our business.
While we seek to mitigate our business risks associated with climate change by establishing appropriate environmental programs and partnering with organizations who are also focused on mitigating their own climate-related risks, there are inherent climate-related risks where our business is conducted. In particular, increased energy consumption, including as a result of AI-related growth, climate-related events, energy market volatility, and power grid disruptions, may increase the operational costs related to inputs across our value chain, including for data centers. Any of our primary locations may be vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. For example, our offices globally have historically experienced, and are projected to continue to experience, climate-related events at an increasing frequency, including drought, water scarcity, heat waves, cold waves, flooding, wildfires and resultant air quality impacts and power shutoffs associated with climate-related events. These events in turn have impacts on inflation risks, the cost and availability of insurance, food security, water security (including for water availability for data center cooling), energy security and on our employees’ health, productivity and well-being. Furthermore, it is more difficult to mitigate the impact of these events on our employees working remotely or at client sites. Changing market dynamics, global policy developments and the increasing frequency and impact of extreme weather events on critical infrastructure in the United States and elsewhere have the potential to disrupt our business, the business of companies we invest in, the business of third-party providers or suppliers that we rely on to conduct our business and the business of our customers, and may cause us to experience higher attrition, losses and additional costs to maintain or resume operations. Additionally, failure to uphold, meet or make timely forward progress against our public commitments and goals related to climate action could adversely impact the resilience of our business to the impacts of climate-related events.

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ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
In connection with the Company’s acquisition of Convergence Labs Ltd. (“Convergence”), on June 11, 2025, the Company issued 57,276 shares of its common stock to certain former stockholders of Convergence that will vest over time. These issuances were made in reliance on one or more of the following exemptions or exclusions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act: Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act and Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Share repurchases of the Company’s common stock for the three months ended July 31, 2025 were as follows (in millions, except for average price paid per share):
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)Average Price Paid Per ShareTotal Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program (1)Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program
May 20252$279.482$7,193
June 20253266.2236,479
July 20253265.3735,689
Total88
(1)    The Board authorized the Share Repurchase Program, which commenced in August 2022 and had additional authorizations approved by the Board in February 2023 and February 2024, for an aggregate total authorization of $30.0 billion. In September 2025, the Board authorized an additional $20.0 billion in repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program, for an aggregate total authorized of $50.0 billion. The Share Repurchase Program does not have a fixed expiration date and does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of shares. Under the Share Repurchase Program, shares of common stock may be repurchased using a variety of methods, including privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, as part of accelerated share repurchases and other methods. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases are determined by the Company in its discretion and depend on a variety of factors, including legal requirements, price and economic and market conditions. All repurchases disclosed in the table were made pursuant to the publicly announced Share Repurchase Program.
ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable.
ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5.     OTHER INFORMATION
During the three months ended July 31, 2025, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) informed us of the adoption or termination of a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
ITEM 6.    EXHIBITS
The documents listed in the Index to Exhibits of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are incorporated by reference or are filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in each case as indicated therein (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K).

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Index to Exhibits
Exhibit
No.		Provided
Herewith		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit DescriptionFormSEC File No.ExhibitFiling Date
3.18-K001-322243.27/1/2024
3.28-K001-322243.112/10/2024
10.1*8-K001-3222410.16/9/2025
10.2*X
10.3*+X
10.48-K001-3222410.16/24/2025
10.58-K001-3222410.26/24/2025
31.1X
31.2X
32.1X
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFInline XBRL Extension Definition
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104
The Cover Page Interactive Data File, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101)
*Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
+Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
Dated: September 3, 2025  
  Salesforce, Inc.
  By: 
/s/ ROBIN WASHINGTON
   Robin Washington
President and
Chief Operating and Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
Dated: September 3, 2025  
  Salesforce, Inc.
  By: 
/s/ SUNDEEP REDDY
   Sundeep Reddy
   Executive Vice President and
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)


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