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Income Taxes (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Before Income Taxes Attributable to Geographic Locations
Income (loss) before income taxes is attributable to the following geographic locations for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Domestic
$
298,009

 
$
148,500

 
$
215,010

Foreign
135,029

 
138,332

 
(55,151
)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes
$
433,038

 
$
286,832

 
$
159,859
Components of Tax Benefit (Expenses) for Income Taxes
The tax benefit (expenses) for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Current:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
$
7,085

 
$
9,346

 
$
(16,365
)
State and local
(2,663
)
 
(849
)
 
(2,147
)
Foreign
(118,175
)
 
(109,032
)
 
(62,278
)
Subtotal
(113,753
)
 
(100,535
)
 
(80,790
)
Deferred:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
(27,874
)
 
9,684

 
(11,184
)
State and local
(1,165
)
 
2,018

 
(3,328
)
Foreign
75,113

 
34,983

 
49,851

Subtotal
46,074

 
46,685

 
35,339

Provision for income taxes
$
(67,679
)
 
$
(53,850
)
 
$
(45,451
)
Income Tax Reconciliation
The fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 income tax benefit (expenses) differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21%, 35% and 35%, respectively, to pre-tax income as a result of the following for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Federal tax at statutory rate
$
(90,938
)
 
$
(100,391
)
 
$
(55,951
)
State and local tax (expense) benefit
(3,616
)
 
1,000

 
(4,895
)
Deferred tax assets generated in current year not benefited
(3,777
)
 
(7,643
)
 
(6,246
)
Foreign income tax rate differential
(4,072
)
 
26,151

 
22,016

Non-deductible expenses
(756
)
 
(2,629
)
 
(15,828
)
Stock-based compensation expense
(2,308
)
 
(616
)
 
(5,890
)
Change in valuation allowance
38,684

 
(716
)
 
11,995

Foreign financing activities
(17,548
)
 
1,319

 
(26,708
)
Loss on debt extinguishment
—

 
(1,604
)
 
(8,288
)
Gain on divestments
—

 
—

 
8,828

Uncertain tax positions reserve
(20,440
)
 
(66
)
 
(9,371
)
Tax adjustments related to REIT
32,189

 
41,973

 
45,060

Enactment of the US tax reform
—

 
(6,513
)
 
—

Other, net
4,903

 
(4,115
)
 
(173
)
Total income tax expense
$
(67,679
)
 
$
(53,850
)
 
$
(45,451
)
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The types of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are set out below as of December 31 (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Reserves and accruals
$
24,136

 
$
27,673

Stock-based compensation expense
2,524

 
1,960

Unrealized losses
1,471

 
10,768

Operating loss carryforwards
49,169

 
95,864

Gross deferred tax assets
77,300

 
136,265

Valuation allowance
(57,003
)
 
(84,573
)
Total deferred tax assets, net
20,297

 
51,692

Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Property, plant and equipment
(50,610
)
 
(65,825
)
Intangible assets
(159,237
)
 
(172,123
)
Total deferred tax liabilities
(209,847
)
 
(237,948
)
Net deferred tax liabilities
$
(189,550
)
 
$
(186,256
)
Changes in Valuation Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets
Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Beginning balance
$
84,573

 
$
29,167

 
$
29,894

Amounts from acquisitions
33,070

 
25,283

 
5,053

Amounts recognized into income
(38,684
)
 
716

 
(11,995
)
Current increase (decrease)
(13,086
)
 
28,431

 
6,557

Impact of foreign currency exchange
(8,870
)
 
976

 
(342
)
Ending balance
$
57,003

 
$
84,573

 
$
29,167
Schedule of Net Operating Loss Carryforwards
The Company's NOL carryforwards for federal, state and foreign tax purposes which expire, if not utilized, at various intervals from 2019, are outlined below (in thousands):
Expiration Date
 
Federal (1)
 
State
 
Foreign
 
Total
2019
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
8,397

 
$
8,397

2020 to 2022
 
210,114

 
—

 
14,436

 
224,550

2023 to 2025
 
26,838

 
—

 
13,596

 
40,434

2026 to 2028
 
12,186

 
45

 
2,297

 
14,528

Thereafter
 
—

 
731

 
137,333

 
138,064

 
 
$
249,138

 
$
776

 
$
176,059

 
$
425,973

 
(1) 
The total amount of NOL carryforwards that will not be available to offset the Company's future taxable income after dividend paid deduction due to Section 382 limitations was $241.8 million for federal.
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits
The beginning and ending balances of the Company's unrecognized tax benefits are reconciled below for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Beginning balance
$
82,390

 
$
72,187

 
$
30,845

Gross increases related to prior year tax positions
33,436

 
6,095

 
570

Gross increases related to current year tax positions
48,685

 
19,832

 
41,972

Decreases resulting from expiration of statute of limitation
(1,276
)
 
(15,410
)
 
(826
)
Decreases resulting from settlements
(12,305
)
 
(314
)
 
(374
)
Ending balance
$
150,930

 
$
82,390

 
$
72,187