EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

         Pursuant to Rule 13d-1(k)(1)(iii) promulgated under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the undersigned agree that the Statement on
Schedule 13D to which these exhibits are attached is filed on behalf of each of
them in the capacities set forth below.

Dated:   January 4, 2002
                                QUESTOR PARTNERS FUND II, L.P.
                                a Delaware limited partnership

                                By: Questor General Partner II, L.P.,
                                     its General Partner
                                By: Questor Principals II, Inc.
                                     its General Partner

                                By:      /s/ Robert D. Denious
                                    --------------------------------------------



                                QUESTOR SIDE-BY-SIDE PARTNERS II, L.P.
                                a Delaware limited partnership

                                By:  Questor Principals II, Inc.

                                By:      /s/ Robert D. Denious
                                    --------------------------------------------



                                QUESTOR SIDE-BY-SIDE PARTNERS II 3(C)(1), L.P.
                                a Delaware limited partnership

                                By: Questor Principals II, Inc.

                                By:      /s/ Robert D. Denious
                                    --------------------------------------------


                                       9