Income Tax

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Tax

18. Income Tax

For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2025, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 25% and 28%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025 differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates, partially offset by tax benefits from (i) non-taxable investment income; (ii) a tax rate change in Japan; (iii) the reversal of previously non-deductible losses; and (iv) low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from (i) foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates; and (ii) non-deductible losses, partially offset by tax benefits from (i) non-taxable investment income; (ii) low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments; and (iii) the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation.

For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2024, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 21% and 19%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2024 was equal to the U.S. statutory rate of 21% and included tax benefits from (i) non-taxable investment income; and (ii) low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments, offset by tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates. The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2024 differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from (i) non-taxable investment income; (ii) the reversal of previously non-deductible losses; (iii) low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments; and (iv) the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation.